GROUP 12 BM - 321 POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT IS EQUAL TO POLLUTED LIFE 1

Holy Angel University

School of Business and Accountancy
Management Department

Environmental Management System

1st Semester, S.Y. 2021-2022

End of Term Paper

Submitted by:

Canlas, Lorraine
Garcia, Donna
Pajo, George
BM-321
GROUP #12

Submitted to:

Amelynn B. Corpuz

18/11/2021
GROUP 12 BM - 321 POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT IS EQUAL TO POLLUTED LIFE 2

Table of Contents

Cover Page…………………………………………………………1

Table of Contents………………………………………………….2

I. Introduction………………………………………………………3

II. Background……………………………………………………...6

III. Review of related literature …………………………………….8

IV. Assessment ……………………………………………………10

V. Action plans…………………………………………………….13

VI. References……………………………………………………16

VII. Appendices…………………………………………………..19
GROUP 12 BM - 321 POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT IS EQUAL TO POLLUTED LIFE 3

INTRODUCTION

Every day, most cultures throughout the world face an increasing health risk as a
result other world’s growing source of pollution, which are wreaking havoc on people's
bodies, animals, agricultural wealth, and all aspects of existence. This is an evident
disturbance of the global ecosystem, which is produced by the introduction of synthetic
compounds into the environment or the excessive usage of natural materials. Pollution did
not exist in ancient times, but it began to emerge in the modern era because of rapid
advances in chemical industries, as well as the use of radioactive and nuclear materials in
international conflicts, all of which have had significant effects on the environment and all
living things. (The Scientific World, 2019).

Pollution is the leading cause of sickness and death in the environment. More than 9
million people die prematurely because of pollution (16 percent of all deaths worldwide).
That's three times the number of deaths caused by AIDS, TB, and malaria put together, and
15 times the number of deaths caused by all wars and other types of violence. Global health
catastrophes, like as the current COVID-19 pandemic, underscore the necessity for
continuous environmental pollution reduction efforts. According to studies, there is a strong
relationship between air pollution and the occurrence of COVID-19-related sickness and
death. Air pollution is the most serious environmental threat to human health, costing the
world $8.1 trillion in 2019, or 6.1 percent of global GDP. Air pollution is responsible for 95%
of deaths in low- and middle-income countries. The economic burden of pollution-related
premature mortality and morbidity in various countries is also high, ranging from 5 to 14
percent of GDP (World bank, 2021).

The poor and disadvantaged are disproportionately affected by pollution. Nearly 92

percent of pollution-related deaths occur in low- and middle-income nations, and sickness
induced by pollution is most prevalent among minorities and the poor in countries of all
economic levels. Children are at a high risk of pollution-related disease, and even very low-
dose pollutant exposures during vulnerable windows in prenatal and early infancy can result
in sickness, impairment, and death in childhood and throughout their lives (Landrigan, et al.,
2018)
GROUP 12 BM - 321 POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT IS EQUAL TO POLLUTED LIFE 4

Environmental issues are defined as human-caused harm to the Earth and its natural
processes. Pollution and its impact on public health are another threat. According to studies,
black carbon makes hazardous germs more difficult to destroy and resistant to medications.
In addition, black carbon raises the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and lung cancer. The large
number of untested chemicals released into the air, as well as those found in our foods and
household objects, endangers human health. In one study, residues of lead, methylmercury,
and polychlorinated biphenyls were discovered in over 89 percent of the youngsters
examined.

Pollution is commonly regarded as a catalyst for irresponsibility and worsening

environmental conditions. The pollution that causes these detrimental impacts is, for the
most part, the result of human actions. Pollutants are released into the environment through
the exhaust from our cars, fossil fuels like oil, factories, and even our food chain. Pollution is
fortunately being addressed in a variety of ways, including the development of new pollution-
absorbing cement for smoggy cities.

There are several types of pollution, the most of which are caused by human activity.
Globalization, which has slowly begun to transform the face of the globe due to humanity's
ongoing desire for natural resources, also contributes to pollution. While the standard of
living has significantly improved, new challenges have emerged that are steadily affecting
human health and the environment. We will look at the definition, causes, and types of
pollution in this article. We'll also look at the effects of pollution on human health and the
ecosystem. (Byjus, 2021).

Pollution in the environment has a cumulative effect on human health. Allergies,

asthma, eye and nose irritation, and bronchial infections are all possible causes of air
pollution. Water contamination can induce gastrointestinal problems such as nausea,
diarrhea, and other unpleasant symptoms. Noise pollution has both physical and
psychological health repercussions, as well as the potential to impair hearing. Hazardous
chemicals, metals, and pesticides may be present in polluted soils, posing a health risk to
humans. Birth deformities, skin ailments, breathing problems, and cancer are all possible
outcomes of land pollution. (The Scientific World, 2019)
GROUP 12 BM - 321 POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT IS EQUAL TO POLLUTED LIFE 5

Motorways, skyscrapers, nuclear power plants, and smoky industrial plants have
replaced beautiful and untouched environment in most countries throughout the world. A few
unscrupulous individuals are also destroying the natural ecology for personal gain.
Unfortunately, this irreparable degradation of existence's foundation is still happening at a
breakneck pace today. The world is also committing itself to action to reducing pollution
associated with energy use, including reduction of carbon dioxide (Oke, 2004).

The study of air pollution is an important aspect of public health. According to

epidemiological research, air pollution in developing countries causes tens of thousands of
lives each year, as well as billions of dollars in medical bills and lost productivity. As a result,
many papers have been published, ranging from reviews to detailed studies of specific
topics, suited for both specialists and academicians. A combination of air pollution and
climate change is assumed to be the cause of forest degradation and decreased crop
productivity. Acid depositions, O3, SOx, NOx, and other pollutants are all examples of
pollutants. Oxidants are a type of oxidant that occurs naturally in the environment (Milton
and Rahman 1999).

Pollution is reaching alarming levels all around the planet. Increased energy
consumption and waste discharges have resulted from urbanization and industrialization, as
well as economic development. Global environmental pollution, such as greenhouse gas
emissions and acid deposition, as well as water pollution and waste management, are
considered international public health issues that should be investigated from a variety of
perspectives, including social, economic, legislative, and environmental engineering
systems, as well as lifestyle habits that promote health and strengthen environmental
systems to withstand contamination (Loux et al., 2010; Yuan., 2012)

Environmental particle exposure has been associated to an increased risk of morbidity

and mortality from a variety of illnesses, organ abnormalities, malignancies, and other
chronic diseases in numerous studies (Kargarfard et al., 2011; Coogan et al., 2012). As a
result, now is the moment to act and reduce pollution. Otherwise, the ecosystem will be
degraded by waste products from consumption, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing,
transportation, and other human activities.
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BACKGROUND

The Philippines has long struggled with air pollution. According to World Health
Organization research published in 2018, there were 45.3 air pollution-related fatalities per
100,000 persons in the Philippines in 2018. After China's 81.5 pollution-related deaths and
Mongolia's 48.8 deaths per 100,000 people, it was the third highest in the world, and it
appeared to be getting worse. The Philippines was ranked 57th out of 98 nations in IQAir's
"World most polluted countries" before the shutdown, with PM2.5 levels averaging 17.6
micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3) in 2019, up from 14.6 g/m3 in 2018 (Sabillo, 2020).

The Philippines Clean Air Act of 1999 lays out the government's plans to reduce air
pollution and incorporate environmental protection into development plans, while the
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 mandates solid waste reduction and waste
minimization measures such as recycling, composting, re-use, and other waste disposal
methods (Abano, 2019).

REPUBLIC ACT 9275 PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004: The law intends
to safeguard the country's water bodies against pollution from land-based sources
(industries and commercial establishments, agriculture, and community/household
activities). It establishes a comprehensive and integrated strategy for preventing and
reducing pollution using a multi-sectoral and participatory approach that includes all
stakeholders (GOVPH).

REPUBLIC ACT 8749 PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999: The law intends to
attain and maintain clean air across the Philippines that fulfills the National Air Quality
guideline values for criterion pollutants, while limiting the potential economic implications
(GOVPH).

According to the World Air Quality Index, the top three cities with the highest air
pollution in NCR (3) are Makati, Pasig, and Quezon City, whereas Balanga in Central Luzon
has the worst air pollution nationwide. In 2020, the Philippines was placed fifth among
Southeast Asian countries with the worst air quality, slightly behind Thailand. Even before
GROUP 12 BM - 321 POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT IS EQUAL TO POLLUTED LIFE 7

the pandemic, it was common to see average commuters wearing facemasks to avoid direct
inhalation of smoke produced by vehicles, as most accessible modes of public
transportation, particularly the jeepney, have open windows that expose occupants to
volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted by vehicles. (Balanay & Lungu, 2009).

Poor indoor air quality is also a problem in public facilities such as malls and
workplaces around the country, costing businesses money in lost productivity and medical
bills each year. Within a few hours of breathing contaminated air, building occupants may
experience serious health effects. Headaches, tiredness, and dizziness are among the
symptoms. Galvez (Galvez, 2013).
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Review of Related Literature

Due to China's fast industrialization, environmental degradation has gotten a lot of

attention. In recent years, there has been an increase in urbanization. The news of city
pollution has been widely reported in China's media (Wang et al., 2014). The societal impact
of air pollution has revealed an increase in the number of serious air pollution issues in
China, as well as the health consequences of air pollution. Air pollution can cause acute or
chronic health problems, such as mild upper respiratory tract irritation, chronic respiratory
system disease, heart disease, lung cancer, acute respiratory infection in children, and
chronic bronchitis in adults. Furthermore, air pollution worsens asthma, heart disease, and
lung illness, as well as raising the chance of death (Brunekreef et al., 2002
&Castanas,2008). Meanwhile, the health impacts of air pollution vary substantially for
persons of various social backgrounds Even though Beck claimed that poverty was a
hierarchical and systemic problem, chemical smog was democratic , according to some
studies, with individuals and groups of varying socioeconomic positions being exposed to
different levels of air pollution and suffering from diverse health effects. (Beck, 1992).
According to Kelishadi et al., (2009); Kelishadi & Poursafa (2010) Perinatal disorders,
infant mortality, respiratory diseases, allergies, malignancies, cardiovascular disorders,
increased oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, mental disorders, and several other
detrimental consequences are some of the most major deleterious impacts of environmental
contaminants. Though the short-term impacts of environmental pollutants are frequently
addressed, the wide range of risks of air pollution beginning in childhood and their potential
impact on chronic non-communicable diseases in adulthood should be emphasized.

Different types of remedies should be considered based on the strength of scientific

evidence about the negative health impacts of environmental pollution and the magnitude of
their public health impact. Public awareness, in addition to industrial aspects, should be
raised in this regard. Similarly, health professionals have a unique ability to assist in the
prevention and mitigation of negative environmental consequences, and this capability
should be emphasized in their everyday practice (Kelishadi, 2012).

Despite significant progress in cleaning the air since 1970, air pollution continues to
impact people's health and the environment in the United States. Under the Clean Air Act,
GROUP 12 BM - 321 POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT IS EQUAL TO POLLUTED LIFE 9

the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) continues to collaborate with state, local, and
tribal governments, as well as other federal agencies and stakeholders, to minimize air
pollution and the harm it causes. National air quality guidelines, which the EPA created in
1971 and updates on a regular basis based on the latest science, have made significant
improvement. Visible air pollution is less common and ubiquitous than it was in the 1970s,
which is a sign of progress. (EPA, 2011).

Air pollution, on the other hand, can be damaging even when it is not apparent. Some
contaminants can impair public health and wellbeing even at very low levels, according to
newer scientific studies. In recent years, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
changed regulations for five of the six most frequent contaminants subject to national air
quality guidelines. Because fresh, peer-reviewed scientific research demonstrated that
existing requirements were insufficient to protect public health and the environment, the EPA
strengthened the standards.

While total air toxics emissions have decreased dramatically since 1990, considerable
amounts of toxic chemicals are still emitted into the atmosphere. In metropolitan regions,
near industrial sites, and in places with heavy transportation emissions, the hazards are
higher. The Clean Air Act lists 187 pollutants as hazardous air pollutants, commonly known
as air toxics. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has the authority to include
pollutants that are known or suspected of causing cancer or other major health impacts,
such as reproductive damage or birth abnormalities, or that have negative environmental
consequences.

According to the EPA's most recent national evaluation of inhalation hazards from air
toxics, the entire country faces lifetime cancer risks of more than ten in a million, with almost
14 million people in more than 60 urban areas facing lifetime cancer risks of more than 100
in a million. EPA rules have mandated significant further reductions in harmful emissions
since that 2005 study. Risks are frequently highest in large urban areas with various
pollution sources, communities near industrial sites, and/or regions near major highways or
transportation hubs. Benzene and formaldehyde are two of the most common cancer risk
factors, while acrolein is the most common non-cancer danger.
GROUP 12 BM - 321 POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT IS EQUAL TO POLLUTED LIFE 10

ASSESMENT

Manila's population has increased at a higher rate than any other city in the world.
Since 1970, no other metropolis has grown to a population of at least 12 million people, with
there are 12 600 persons per square kilometer. The city is continually blanketed in smog, 2.2
million cars cause traffic congestion, and pedestrians wear handkerchiefs over their mouths
and noses. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that lead levels in the air in
Manila are more than three times the stated safety limit and suspended particulate matter
concentrations are also dangerously high other contaminants haven't been quantified yet.
The priority legislation could be passed in as little as two months, and it would phase out the
use of leaded fuel in 18 months, reduce industrial emissions, promote recycling, phase out
vehicles older than 15 years, prohibit incineration, and dramatically increase fines for
polluting vehicle owners (Wallerstein, 1999).

MANILA, Philippines — Concerned about the rising effects of air pollution in this
country of more than 108 million people, health experts in the Philippines are urging for
tougher enforcement of clean air and environmental protection legislation to address the
threats to public health. According to a 2018 World Health Organization research, air
pollution is one of the most serious health issues in the Asia-Pacific region, with the
Philippines having the third-highest rate of air pollution-related deaths per 100,000 people in
the world. China tops the list with 81.5 deaths, followed by Mongolia with 48.8. Fine particles
in stale air enter deep into people's lungs and cardiovascular systems, raising the risk of
heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and respiratory
infections including pneumonia. According to the WHO report, the Western Pacific Region,
which includes the Philippines, accounts for around 2.2 million of the world's 7 million
premature deaths attributable to household and ambient air pollution each year (Abano,
2019).

The Philippines' air quality is classified as moderately dangerous by the World

Health Organization. The garment and forestry industries, petroleum refining, vehicular
emissions, and garbage burning all contribute to poor air quality in the Philippines. According
to available data, Manila's air pollution levels are constantly high. Chemicals, particulate
matter, and biological materials react with each other to generate microscopic harmful
particles in outdoor air pollution. Breathing issues, chronic diseases, higher hospitalization,
GROUP 12 BM - 321 POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT IS EQUAL TO POLLUTED LIFE 11

and premature mortality are all linked to it. Because particulate matter (PM) is the most
frequent air contaminant that impacts both short- and long-term health, it is a major air
quality indicator. Air quality is measured using two types of particulate matter: tiny particles
with a diameter of less than 2.5 m (PM2.5) and coarse particles with a diameter of less than
10 m (PM10). Since of their small size, PM2.5 particles are more dangerous because they
can go deeper into the cardiopulmonary system. According to WHO air quality guidelines,
annual mean PM2.5 concentrations should not exceed 10 g/m3 and PM10 concentrations
should not exceed 20 g/m3.

Air pollution affects cities and rural places all over the world. To limit the effects of
air pollution, consider your health state, age, destination, length of trip, and season while
planning a trip. Itchy eyes, nose, and throat, wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, chest
pain, headaches, nausea, and upper respiratory infections are all short-term symptoms of air
pollution exposure (bronchitis and pneumonia). It also makes asthma and emphysema
worse. Lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory sickness, and the
development of allergies are all long-term impacts. Heart attacks and strokes have also
been linked to air pollution. To prevent air pollution, it is important to comply with air pollution
advisories - inquire around and see what locals are doing, and avoid vigorous activities.
Travelers with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) should bring an
inhaler, antibiotic, or oral steroid, as determined by their doctor. Prior to departure, older
travelers with pre-existing diseases should get a health examination that includes a stress
and lung capacity test. Newborns and young children should avoid being exposed to
polluted air as much as possible or avoid traveling to polluted places altogether. Consult
your doctor to see if a face mask is appropriate for you. (IAMAT, 2021).

MANILA, Philippines — The Philippines, or the Republic of the Philippines, is a

republic in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific made up of 7,107 islands. The Luzon Strait,
the South China Sea, the Sulu Sea, the Celebes Sea, and the Philippine Sea border the
country. Uncontrolled, rapid population expansion, according to the United Nations, has
contributed to extreme poverty, environmental degradation, and pollution in the Philippines.
(Borgen, 2016).
In the Philippines, water contamination is a big issue. Agriculture covers 32 percent
of the Philippines' land mass, or around 96,000 square kilometers, according to the Water
GROUP 12 BM - 321 POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT IS EQUAL TO POLLUTED LIFE 12

Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA). Palay (rice), corn, sugar cane, fruit, root crops,
vegetables, and trees are the main crops (for rubber). In the Philippines, population growth,
urbanization, agriculture, and industry have all lowered water quality.

According to WEPA, the effects of water pollution cost the Philippines $1.3 billion
each year. The government continues to try to clean up the mess by imposing fines on
polluters and imposing environmental levies, but many issues remain unresolved. According
to government monitoring statistics, coliform was found in up to 58 percent of the
groundwater analyzed, and water-borne sources were responsible for around one-third of
the illnesses observed over a five-year period. Furthermore, many places have water
shortages throughout the dry season.

The World Bank has aided in the resolution of the sewage wastewater problem in
Manila Bay. Its Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) addressed the sewage issues that
come with an expanding metropolitan population. Between 2005 and 2012, about 77,000
connections to water and sewage were provided as part of the initiative. Between 2008 and
2012, an additional 50,000 septic tanks were de-sludge per year, for a total of nearly
262,000. From 2005 to 2012, the project's "public information campaign" educated about 3.5
million people. Women and children had greater health and cleanliness because of having
access to water, and they had more time because they didn't have to spend time gathering
and sanitizing water. The use of purified sewage as fertilizer increased soil conditions and
agricultural production. Urban renewal efforts ignited in towns where wastewater treatment
plants were erected, with teams cleaning upriver banks, parks being built, and social
interaction taking place.

Despite an 18 years ago a waste management act was implemented in the

Philippines is the world's third-largest ocean polluter. Who are the perpetrators? Corruption,
a lack of political will, and a dependency on single-use plastic sachets are all factors. Plastic
rubbish swirling in streams, junk filling drainage canals, and massive smelling dump sites
are just a few of the most visible signs of the Philippines' waste crisis. The Philippines was
ranked third-largest source of wasted plastic that ends up in the ocean in a 2015 report on
plastic pollution by the Ocean Conservancy organization and the McKinsey Centre for
Business and Environment, behind China and Indonesia (Vila, 2018)
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ACTION PLAN

The Ministers of Health, the Ministers of the Environment, and the Heads of Delegation
in the Philippines signed the Manila Declaration. Governments, the international
development community, civil society organizations, and the commercial sector were all
urged to work together to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals by the Regional
Forum. (SDG) aims in the areas of environment and health, with a focus on the priority
actions and developing policy priorities listed below, the following is according to
(HPAP,2019).

Combating climate change and its consequences, as well as orienting development

and public health systems to become more climate resilient. Reduce the number of fatalities
and illnesses caused by air pollution through improving air quality. Prevent transboundary
haze from reoccurring through promoting sustainable forest management and preventing
land degradation and biodiversity loss. Ensure universal access to water and sanitation, as
well as integrated and long-term management of these resources, particularly for women
and girls.

Reduce the number of deaths and illnesses caused by hazardous chemicals, as well as
pollution and contamination of the air, water, and soil, by ensuring environmentally sound
management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycles, as well as significant
waste reduction through prevention, reduction, recycling, and reuse.

The Manila Declaration identified the following emerging policy priorities: Short-lived
climate pollutants, as well as transboundary air pollution. Illegal trash shipment and disposal
across international borders. Coral reefs are being destroyed, and there is a lot of pollution
in the ocean. Antimicrobial resistance, resulting from, among other things, poor management
of healthcare wastes and wastewater. Promotion of environmental and health impact
assessments as a tool for achieving a more sustainable and equitable development,
including the valuation of health and environmental costs due to pollution.

UN Environment Program (2020) stated the following that the City of Manila pledges to
attain safe air quality for our residents by 2030 and will align our climate change and air
pollution strategies to increase the number of people breathing clean air. In November 2019,
GROUP 12 BM - 321 POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT IS EQUAL TO POLLUTED LIFE 14

the Manila City Government signed a Memorandum of Understanding for the "Asia Blue
Skies Program" with Clean Air Asia and 3M Philippines to produce a science-based Clean
Air Action Plan for the City of Manila, bolstering its present efforts to improve air quality.
Three air quality sensors were deployed in various locations throughout the city in the first
quarter of 2020 to measure levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and other pollutants in
designated parts of the city to support this effort. The results of the air quality monitoring, as
well as the emissions inventory and health mapping, will be used to better understand air
quality in Manila.

In addition, the city has reached an agreement with the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources to create a real-time continuous ambient air quality monitoring station.
The reference station, a Teledyne T640 PM Analyzer, is the Philippines' first of its kind,
measuring ambient particulate matter in real time and providing much-needed data for
planning and monitoring air pollution in the city. Other initiatives to improve air quality and
urban liveability include the City Government's plans to create 1,600 hectares of green
space, which the World Health Organization (WHO) considers a requirement for a livable
and healthy city, through the establishment of vertical gardening and roof gardens. To do so,
Hon. Francisco "Isko Moreno" Domagoso signed City Ordinance No. 8607, titled "An
Ordinance declaring a parcel of land, known as DECS property, located at Arroceros Street,
Manila, across the street from Metropolitan Theater and the Mehan Garden, and beside the
Pasig River, as a permanent forest park pursuant to Republic Act No. 5752, to be known as
the "Arroceros Forest Park," and allocating funds therefor."

The city government already has plans in place to renovate all of the city's parks and
plazas. The City of Manila has 59 parks with a total land area of 147,330.10 square meters.
Kartilya ng Katipunan, Bacood Park, Plaza Salamanca, Plaza Lawton, and others are
among the parks and plazas that have already been rehabilitated.

Lastly, the City of Manila has deployed 115 e-tricycles, inaugurated the Solar-powered
Manila City Council session hall, and implemented City Ordinance No. 8371 (also known as
the Environmental Code for the City of Manila) and City Ordinance No. 8174 to combat
emissions from certain sectors (also known as the Vehicle Emission Control Ordinance).
GROUP 12 BM - 321 POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT IS EQUAL TO POLLUTED LIFE 15

(1) Prohibition of smoking in public places and vehicles; (2) Prohibition of incineration or
open burning of solid wastes; (3) Industrial air pollution control; (4) Promotion of
environmentally friendly alternative transportation systems; and (5) Promotion of energy-
saving practices are some of the provisions of the Environmental Code.
GROUP 12 BM - 321 POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT IS EQUAL TO POLLUTED LIFE 16

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APPENDICES