Indian Power System Problems & measures to tackle them by adoption of renewable

energy
Introduction
The demand for power is increasing rapidly with rising levels of populations & increasing
disposable incomes due to rapid growth in various sectors like agriculture & services. As per
Figure 1 we can observe the demand for electricity is increasing over the period more so in the
last decade. In June 2017, Indian government declared the country power surplus with no paucity
of coal production & power generation. Presently India is still a coal dependent power economy
with nearly more than 70% of its electricity coming from thermal based generation. Fig 2 shows
the generation wised breakup of various energy resources producing power. However, with
increasing Climate change concerns & stress on curbing the emission due to fossil fuel in order to
arrest the issues of Global warming, it has been consistently argued to reduce dependence on
coal by increasing more & more renewable energy resources.
The Power System is still beset with various problems related to power supply & ease of access.
There is difference between maximum peak demand for electricity & actual electricity generated
called peak deficit. It varies from state to state. In 2017-18, energy deficit in the country was 0.7%,
and peak deficit was 2%. Another key issue is poor financial situation of distribution network
which has affected their ability to improve supply network & do the restructuring. The capacity of
coal-based power plants is declining in terms of capacity utilization called plant load factor.
Therefore, it has become all the more essential that we overcome our reliance on a single energy
resource which is quiet perishable in nature involving increasing costs of producing energy which
is inefficient & involves large quantum of carbon dioxide emission which involves more of
environmental catastrophe. Hence there is a need to have an energy mix which has more of
renewable energy resources which are abundantly available in our country & which can efficiently
produce electricity which may help us in garnering the carbon credits & help in sustainable growth
with less environmental damage. This increase has become all the more essential due to global
commitment we have done in Paris climate change conference Cop-21 i.e., Intended nationally
determined contribution to the world (INCDC). All nations have agreed to contain global warming
below 2 degrees centigrade to pre-industrial level. INCDC for India aims to provide 40% of total
power generation with non-fossil fuels by 2030.

Fig 1: Ref: https://cea.nic.in/dashboard/?lang=en CEA website dashboard indicating increasing

Energy demand over the past decade.
Fig 2: Ref: https://cea.nic.in/dashboard/?lang=en CEA website dashboard indicating breakup of
different energy resources producing electricity.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is devise investigate the various issues plaguing the Indian power
sector & what policy & an effective communication intervention strategy is required which can
alleviate the issues of power sector create a greater awareness among stake holders, policy
makers about the need for adoption of renewable energy resources for sustainable growth &
development by commensurate optimization of renewable resource of energy without impacting
the environment & achieving cohesive development of society. Communication is an important tool
of creating greater awareness, mitigating challenges in adoption of renewable energy mix.
Communication of governments with citizens proactively will help in increasing acceptance of
sources of energy so that he may appreciate how small changes may bring about more & more
sensitiveness towards environment goals. The campaign’s success measures from building
confidence among stakeholders to adopt particular policy which will result in removal of hurdles &
allocation of greater resources for the aim of mitigating challenges about the power sector &
creating reasonable solutions.
Power sector in India
Power sector is most important sector for infrastructure development & growth of particular
economy of the country. The availability of sustainable power which perennial source of energy is
of paramount importance for achieving justifiable pace of growth. Though India has diverse energy
mix but the contribution of renewable energy is quenching the demand of electricity is meagre in
comparison to fossil fuels like coal & still the average per unit consumption is lower in comparison
to developed countries like USA, France. Hence, this consumption is going to increase one way or
the other so have to devise the strategy how we can increase the per capita consumption without
relying on Thermal Energy. To meet the target of India INCDC India has set target of 175GW of
electricity to be generated by 2022, out of which 100GW is through Solar, 60GW through Wind,
10GW through Bio Mass & 5GW through small hydro power. For achieving this communication
among the various stake holders is of paramount importance & we should devise a strategy so
that challenges during implementation stages are met effectively in a well-coordinated manner.
Road ahead for India is very challenging and all the stakeholders, must handhold to achieve the
above INCDC target of Paris & lead by example as how to implement such target successfully
homogenously taking all aspects together. Also, there is golden opportunity with wind power &
solar power being commercially viable we can effectively implement the above to achieve the
target.
Stakeholders in Power Sector
Communication among various stake holders to visualize the problems in power sector is
important. The following are the important stack holders in the electricity sector:
1. Generation
Generation is process of generating power using different energy resources & is produced at
generating stations. Various resources used to generate power like coal, hydro, nuclear &
renewable energy resources. The Overall generation (Including generation from grid connected
renewable sources) in the country has been increased from 1110.458 BU during 2014-15 to
1381.855 BU during 2020-21*. As on Sept 2021 the installed capacity for generation was 388.194
GW which has increased from 349GW dated 2018*. This increase in power generation capacity
may be attributed to delicensing of power generation leading to greater competition &
improvement in overall efficiency. The increase in generation is depicted in Fig 3. The proportion
of central utilities in generation is 25.2% & state utilities 26.8% & Private utilities generate
maximum share at 48% leading overall augmentation of potential of increase in generation
supplies. The performance of Category wise generation during the year 2020-21 was as follows: -
Thermal Reduced by 0.98%, Hydro Increased by 3.51%, Nuclear Increased by 7.41 %, Bhutan
Import Increased by 51.27 %, Solar, Wind & Other RES 6.44 %, Overall Growth rate recorded
was 0.52 %.
However, is pertinent to note that more than 55% of the electricity is generated through coal &
total share of fossil fuel in energy generation is in excess of 65%. This is biggest bottleneck in
growth with renewable capacity as we have to supply base load for large population & this can
only be supplied through generation through fossil fuels. Hence, for considerable time we would
have to depend on fossil fuels for energy needs. However, by rapid growth in renewable
generation we can offset the dependency on fossil fuels & achieve greater energy securities with
economic & efficient ways.
Fig 3: Ref: Power Sector at a Glance ALL
INDIA | Government of India | Ministry of
Power (powermin.gov.in) depicting
growth in generation capacity.
Renewable energy sources include
wind, solar, bio power, and small
hydro power. In March 2019, the
Union Cabinet announced that hydro
power projects will be also classified
as renewable energy projects.
Renewable sources could either be
connected to the grid, or be off-grid
systems. Off grid systems help in
meeting the energy requirements of
remote areas, and areas which are
not likely to be electrified in the near future. Examples of off-grid systems include biomass-based
heat and power projects, industrial waste-to-energy projects, and solar roof-top systems. Based on
target of 175GW to be achieved by 2022, we need to add roughly 33GW of renewable capacity
each year. The plant load factor of wind & solar plants is lower than thermal power plants due to
lower utilization as they have large variation & variability in the generation. Hence proper
forecasting of load & variations in accordance to supply is required for stability of the system.
Hence, many countries like Russia, Japan have switched to cleaner sources of energy like Gas &
some countries like Brazil use more of Wind & Solar energy.
2. Transmission:
Transmission is carried out by central & state transmission utilities & is a natural monopoly & has
primarily remained a government-controlled activity. The transmission network was segmented
from generation utility in 1989 & POWERGRID corporation was set up which primarily owned 93%
of transmission assets of the country & acted as Central Transmission Utility (CTU) for planning &
development of transmission network. POWERGRID is engaged in bulk transmission of power
through its EHVAC (upto 765 kV level) and +800/+500kV HVDC transmission network.
POWERGRID’s transmission network consists of about 172,154 circuit kilometers (ckm) of
transmission lines and transformation capacity of 446,940 Mega Volt Amperes (MVA) with 262
substations as on 30.06.2021. The transmission system availability of its system is consistently
maintained above 99% which is at par with international utilities, by deploying best operation and
maintenance practices.
Recently, Government has announced the CTU function to be separated from POWERGRID for
greater transparency & eliminate conflict of interest while resolving dispute with various private
generators in case of conflict about the completion of particular transmission & generation
projects. The CTU will take role of planning the transmission network & play the role of regulator in
case of medium term & long-term power agreements between utilities. Also, Govt announced that
all the transmission project will be awarded based on Tariff based competitive bidding (TBCB)
route signaling departure from Cost plus regime, hence now competition has also been introduced
in Transmission sector. This will motivate more private player participation in transmission market
& promote greater efficiency leading overall cost reduction.
3. System Operator (POSOCO):
The Electricity Act, 2003 allows for open access which enables consumers to buy power from any
power generating plant through non-discriminatory access to transmission and distribution lines, in
a manner specified by the state regulator. The National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC) manages
the scheduling and dispatch of electricity over inter-regional links in accordance with grid
standards, and monitors the national transmission grid. It is also the nodal agency providing
transmission access to the power exchanges. The Regional Load Despatch Centres (RLDCs)
manage the operation of the power system grid in the respective regions. The system operator
come under the ambit of single company called POSOCO which is a mini ratna PSU formed after
separation from POWERGRID.
4. Distribution:
Distribution is the most important link in the entire power sector value chain. As the only interface
between utilities and consumers, it is the cash register for the entire sector. Under the Indian
Constitution, power is a Concurrent subject and the responsibility for distribution and supply of
power to rural and urban consumers rests with the states. Government of India provides
assistance to states through various Central Sector / centrally sponsored schemes for improving
the distribution sector. Distribution includes maintenance of the distribution network and retail
supply of electricity to the consumers. It is mostly carried out by state-owned distribution
companies (discoms). Discoms (or distribution licensees) purchase power from generation
companies through power purchase agreements (PPAs), and supply it to their consumers (in the
area of distribution). PPAs are bilateral contracts between the procurers (discoms) and the
generators (power plants). Each PPA has specific terms and conditions setting out the rights and
obligations of the generators and the procurers. This includes the price at which electricity would
be purchased, the mechanism for adjustment of tariffs for select events, mutually agreed
conditions for risk sharing and termination of the PPAs. Typically, PPAs tend to be long-term in
nature, i.e., around 20-25 years. One of the key issues with the power sector currently is the poor
financial situation of state discoms. This has been affecting their ability to buy power for supply,
and the ability to invest in improving the distribution infrastructure. Consequently, this impacts the
quality of electricity that consumers receive.
4. Regulator (CERC & SERC’s):
Currently, the Electricity Act, 2003 is the primary law regulating the electricity sector. 27 State
Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs), and the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission
(CERC) regulate inter-state and intra-state matters in generation, transmission, trading and
distribution of power. Independent regulators were set up at both the central and state level, and
Appellate Tribunals were established to hear appeals against these commissions. One of the key
roles of the Commissions (typically SERCs) is to approve the tariff for retail sale of electricity. Tariff
determined in case of fixed & variable costs for producing electricity. The Fixed cost include
depreciation, maintenance, Return on equity & operation & maintenance costs. The Variable cost
is primarily the fuel costs. Discoms/utilities are required to file their tariff petitions annually with
respective SERC to approve tariff for sale of electricity. If the utility does not file petition for change
in tariff, when cost of production of electricity increases, the appellate tribunal come into the
picture to pass judgement on the dispute.
5. Power Exchange (IEX & PXIL)
Power exchanges are set up to enable trading or delivery of electricity contract between buyers &
sellers for contracts having duration less than 11 days. Hence, the exchange allows the trading
short term duration & nearly 5% of electricity which is generated is being traded in the country.
This is very low percentage, considering large per capita population as medium, long-term
contracts & Power purchase agreements which are bilateral contacts were allowed to be traded on
the exchange. However, recent judgement by Honorable Supreme Court dated 07.10.2021 has
opened the floodgates for inclusion of medium term & long-term electricity contracts can be traded
on SEBI regulated exchanges like NSE, BSE, MCX while if the partly wants a delivery-based
contract with provision to buy electricity then he will get physical delivery through CERC regulated
power exchange like IEX, PXIL. Hence derivative electricity contract of duration greater than 11
days has been allowed & can be regulated by SEBI hence, increasing the trading volume of
electricity. Also, PPA’s shall have to come through exchange route which will lead efficient market-
based price discovery mechanism of transacting electricity between supplier & consumers which
was not present earlier due to non-resolution of dispute between SEBI & CERC.

ISSUES PLAGUING THE POWER SECTOR

1. Peak Deficit:
Generation capacity has increased over the years. Thermal generation capacity has had an
average annual growth of 5-7% between 2005-06 and 2020-21 depicted in Fig 3. However, the
country continues to face a peak deficit of 2%. The situation has improved in particular regions & it
is still problematic in fewer regions. Though India was developed power surplus state in 2017-18,
few regions like Jammu & Kashmir & North eastern states continue to have peak generation deficit
& energy deficit depicted in Fig 4. Also, few states having considerable generation capacity
continue to suffer from peak energy deficit like Chhattisgarh, Odisha
2. Low-Capacity Utilization of Thermal Plants:
While generation capacity is steadily increasing, the average capacity utilization of thermal plants
has decreased over the last decade from as high as 70-80% in 2010-11 to 60%-65% in 2020-21.
The generation capacity has increased over the years but the demand has not kept pace with the
generation hence, capacity of many generators has become idle since supply being greater than
demand. Underutilization will lead to several consequences may be primarily due to non-
availability of fuel supply, surplus capacity. The operation of thermal plants requires incurring of
significant fixed cost on plant & machinery which may deemed the operation of plant un-
economical & increase in cost of production of electricity. Therefore, it may be pertinent to analyze
the capacity utilization of thermal plants in reference to planning of future thermal plant capacity &
allocating resources to them.

Fig 3: Ref: Dashboard - Central

Electricity Authority (cea.nic.in) Depicting
power deficit in the country

Fig 4: Ref: Dashboard - Central Electricity

Authority (cea.nic.in) Depicting large power
deficit in few regions of the country like UT’s of
J&K, Ladakh & few north-eastern states.

3. Balanced Energy Mix for efficient Capacity Utilization

The economical electricity tariffs of solar power plants & its low gestation period has posed a
significant challenge to economic variability. While the growth in solar energy is a good sign,
thermal power is principal energy producer & will continue to remain so in coming years. The
Country has understood, that dependence on Thermal Plants should be reduced in certain sense
but they will continue to flourish & co-exist with renewable power as they are required to cater to
the base load which is not intermittent in supply & continue to operate over long periods of time.
For few areas where solar energy is available an alternate source of energy will be required at
night as solar is not available at night. This alternate source may be Gas or hydro based power
which are cleaner sources of energy. Hence low utilization can be offset by balancing energy
sources which gives us diverse energy mix & greater capacity utilization. Also, growth of hydro
energy will also improve power situations in J&K and North eastern states leading to conversion
power deficit state to power surplus state.
4. Undeveloped Renewable market
Renewable markets are not evenly spread across the country. Also, the buyers available for
renewable power is very less as compared to conventional sources due to higher installation cost
involved & logistics cost which are passed on the consumers. Hence, several discom’s are
hesitating in developing infrastructure for renewable power evacuation as they want to ensure
minimum level of consumer demand for the same. Due to intermittent nature of the renewable
supply, making renewable generation & purchase mandatory will be a challenge & may lead to
problems. Though, electricity act 2003 has made provisions for generation & distribution certain
percentage of renewable power mandatory there is still long way to go. Renewable purchase
obligation is defined as the minimum percentage of electricity that must be procured by supply
licensees from renewable sources. Renewable generation obligation is defined as the capacity
that must be installed or procured by a coal or lignite-based generation station, from renewable
sources, or an instrument representing renewable energy (such as renewable energy certificates).
Also, discom’s had come into PPA’S with generators at higher tariff but now are hesitating to go
forward as prices of solar generation has been reduced & all time low.
4) High Cost of Power:
The Standing Committee on Energy (2017) noted that higher tariff is also a key reason for lower
electricity demand. Note that for discoms the cost of purchasing power from a power plant is
roughly 75-80% of the total expenditure. Therefore, any shift in the cost of power can significantly
affect the retail tariff. The Committee noted that running power plants at lower PLF also escalates
the generation cost. There is a latent demand for power, which will surface once tariff is made
more affordable.
5) Environmental concerns in Thermal generation:
The Environmental sustainability is one of the major concerns with respect to thermal generators
as they product large amounts of carbon emissions in the environment like CO2, NO2, SO2 which
are degrading the environment in a significant manner. In 2012, India contributed to about 6% of
the world’s CO2 emissions.36 The annual per capita emission of CO2 in India is about 1.6 tonnes
as compared to the world average of 4.9 tonnes.36 With the push towards more domestic
manufacturing and industrialisation, majority of the energy in India being generated from thermal
sources, and increasing levels of consumption, environmental sustainability could become a much
bigger concern in the years to come. In April 2016, India, as a member country of the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, signed on to undertake certain climate
actions known as Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). India’s INDCs include
achieving the following targets by 2030: (i) reducing greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP by
33-35% from 2005 levels; (ii) achieving 40% of installed electric power capacity from non-fuel-
based energy sources (such as solar, wind, hydropower); and (iii) creating additional carbon
storage and absorption capacity for 2.5- 3 billion tonnes of CO2 by increasing forest and tree
cover. With regard to these specific INDCs, note that between 2005 and 2014, greenhouse gas
emissions per unit of GDP decreased by 19%.37 However, with about 64% of India’s power
coming from thermal sources, and a focus on increasing thermal generation capacity through
UMPPs and captive mining, it is unclear how a 35% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions will be
achieved. The share of renewable power is 34% presently which has to increase by 40% thereby
causing reduction in thermal power.

6. Poor financial health of discom’s:

Discom’s are suffering from high losses & debt which has weakened their functioning & lead to
decrease in quality of supply causing different issues. Also, non-payment of dues by them has
caused a cascading effect leading to financial stress in generators & Loans becoming NPA leading
to stalled economic growth.
7. Differential tariff’s & cross-subsidy:
Currently, different consumers buy electricity at different rates. As of September 2019, the gap
between average cost of supply and the average revenue realised is Rs 0.25/unit. 49 One of the
key reasons for this gap between ACS and ARR is differential tariff structure for different
consumers. Currently, consumers are charged different tariff rates based on their consumption
category. State governments provide subsidies to most discoms to allow them to charge such
differential tariff (from low paying consumers). In addition to these direct subsidies from the state
governments, low paying consumers (agricultural and residential) are also cross-subsidised by
high paying consumers (commercial and industrial). In case of cross-subsidies, subsidisation is
inbuilt in the tariff. However, the overall revenue realisation may not meet the total cost of supply.
Communication & Policy intervention to provide redressal in power sector & ensure
development
1. Effective communication between stakeholders, regulators, utilities:
Various committees were formed between different stakeholders were formed like Power
coordination committee, regional power committee to discuss various issues arising in power
sector in a particular region & to develop a core understanding over the issues. Also, the
committee’s intended to develop among stakeholders to integrate more sustainable means of
development through increased usage of renewable energy sources of energy by giving them
policy assurances & need to make it a goal to achieve more output than conventional sources of
energy.
2. Policy intervention:
1. Rationalization of coal supplies by buying coal from the mine closer to the power plant through
(SHAKTI) has resulted in significant savings in the transportation costs. It further noted that
auctioning coal linkages through SHAKTI will give consumers the option to bid for a source of their
choice, thereby reducing coal transportation costs. The Ministry of Coal had constituted an inter-
ministerial group to review the existing sources of coal for independent power producers (IPPs)
with coal linkages in October 2017.30 This group suggested that the coal linkage of an IPP may
be transferred from one coal company to another.
2. Target formulation:
The Ministries of Power, and Non and Renewable Energy have set a few targets. Some of these
include: (i) achieving 40% of electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel by 2030; (ii)
generating 175 GW of renewable energy by 2022, and increasing capacity under the National
Solar Mission from 20 to 100 GW; (iii) development of a National Smart Grid Mission & Green
Energy Corridor for efficient transmission & distribution network; (iv) reduction in fossil fuel
subsidies; and (v) providing tax free infrastructure bonds introduced for renewable energy.
3. Financial Restructuring of Stressed Utilities:
In 2012, the central government had announced a Financial Restructuring Package (FRP) to solve
the immediate funding needs of the highly distressed state discoms.47 Under the scheme, state
governments were to assume 50% of respective utility’s short-term debt while the balance 50%
would be restructured. States were also expected to enact a legislation mandating prudent
management of their utilities. The central government would provide a grant for AT&C loss
reduction in excess of the targets under the Restructured Accelerated Power Development and
Reforms Programme (R-APDRP). In November 2015, the central government announced another
bailout scheme for the distressed state discoms, the Ujwal Discom Assurance Yojana (UDAY).
The scheme was optional for states – 27 states signed up for it. Under the scheme, states had to
take over 75% of discoms debt (as on September 30, 2015) over two years (50% in the first year
and 25% in the second year). The debt taken over by the states was not counted in their fiscal
deficit for the first two years. States that accepted the scheme are to receive additional benefits
from the central government. These include: (i) additional or priority funding through Deendayal
Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY), Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS), Power
System Development Fund (PSDF) or any other such schemes, and (ii) supply of additional coal
at notified prices and low-cost power from NTPC and other central PSUs (depending on
availability).
4. Proposed segregation of the distribution function:

The distribution was segregated between supply utilities & network utilities. The 2018 draft
amendments retained the segregation of distribution into the network and supply business. This
would allow for multiple supply licensees in an area of supply, and consumers may choose to buy
electricity from multiple suppliers in an area. This would entail choice for consumers to have a say
in which type of distribution utility he would like to take supply. Also, the mechanism to switch
between different supply entities in lesser costs so that consumer may derive benefits of cheaper
& economic power.
5. Removing cross-subsidies in the sector:

The policy was made that any subsidy to any category of consumer will be provided by the state or
central government through direct benefit transfer (DBT). Further, the cross subsidisation within a
distribution area will not exceed 20%, and will be progressively reduced and eliminated within
three years. The CERC/SERC will have to ensure that the reduction in cross subsidy is not less
than six percent in a year.
6. Regulators & Appellate tribunal strengthened
There is need to strengthen the regulators so that they implement the policy decisions speedily &
their personnel policies must be encouraging with attractive pay structure so that employee morale
may be high & working environment may be smooth. Also, regulators must not be arbitrary in their
approach & penalize a single party must take a whole hearted view of the system. Penalties must
be imposed on case-by-case basis.
7. Incentivizing Renewable generation & adoption through various subsidy:
All the stakeholders must arrive a decision to pass on the benefits of cheaper renewable power to
consumers by allowing them discounts & government must offer subsidies in purchase pf various
equipment’s, installation of solar panels so that more & more people adopt this mode of electricity.
This will create sustainable development & help us achieve targets set for climate change.
8. Improving Quality of supply in rural areas:
More Policy like Rajeev Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana RGGVY must be undertaken to
improve rural electrification so that each household may get access to the electricity & also overall
quality of supply is improved by various voltage stabilization measures so that industrial growth &
medium and small-scale enterprises may get boost in rural setting.

Conclusion
As we were able to vividly visualize what are the stakeholders in power sector, what is right mix of
communication strategy & policy intervention we must employ to achieve right kind of balance of
energy mix so that we may have optimum capacity utilization with respect to renewable energy
resources. Since, we were able to realize the Indian power sector is beset with problems which
have strangled the pace of development, however suitable policy decisions have been to rectify
the different aspects of power deficiencies & stress has been for development of energy resources
which are cleaner & less polluting and will go a long way in achieve Paris Climate Targets.
However, we have become also aware for sustainable developments we must appreciate we
cannot do away with fossil-based energy resources & they will continue to be our main stay of
Energy Generation but we must reduce our reliance on them so as to achieve carbon neutrality.
All stakeholders must hand hold each other to alleviate the issues plaguing the power sector by
communicating clear goals & objectives, making transparent policies to remove bottlenecks in the
implementation & make power more accessible with quality to people. Also, we must incentivize
use of renewable energy so that competition will motivate individuals due to lower costs, & lesser
abetment costs of emission standard maintenance.
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25.https://prsindia.org/files%2Fpolicy%2Fpolicy_analytical_reports%2FOverview_of_the_Power_S
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26. Sep 20, 2019 — INSIGHTS. Surplus generation capacity but deficits continue, capacity
utilisation declining. Two years ago, the central government announced ...

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