The Structure of the Atom

Chapter 2: The Structure of the Atom.

Matter
- Made up of tiny and discrete particles.
- Has mass and occupied space.

Atoms Molecules Ions

The smallest neutral particles Made up of 2 @ more atoms of Are formed when an atoms receive
that can take part in chemical the same @ different element. @ donate electrons.
reaction. Examples: Cation = positively charged, donate
Examples: Carbon dioxide CO2 and electron. Na+
Carbon, C and Hydrogen, H hydrogen gas, H2. Anion = negatively charged, receive
electron, Cl-

Diffusion occurs when particles of a substance move in between the particles of another substance.
* Three States of matter :

Matter Solid Liquid Gas

Diagram

Arrangement of Are packed closely Are packed closely but Very far apart and in a
particles together in an orderly not in an orderly manner random mo
manner

Forces of attraction Strong forces Strong forces but weaker Weak forces
than the forces in a solid

Kinetic energy Weak Strong Very strong

Movement of particles Particles vibrate and Particles vibrate rotate Particles vibrate rotate
rotate about their fixed and move throughout the and move freely. The
position liquid. They collide rate of collision is
against each other. greater than in the
liquid.
Density High Moderate Low

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 The Structure of the Atom

Kinetic Theory of matter - Described the characteristic of matter.

- based on assumptions
1) matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles.
2) particles in matter are always vibrating or moving and colliding with each
other.
3) particles often move randomly.
4) there are force of attraction btw particles of matter. The attraction force will
increase as the distance btw the particles become closer.
5) the higher the temperature, the higher the kinetics energy of the particles.

Temperature , kinetic energy , force of attraction

Inter-conversion of the states of matter

Gas

sublimation
Boiling @ evaporation
desublimation
Condensation

freezing
Solid Liquid

melting

Heating process

Cooling process

Increasing heat / absorbed energy / heating

Solid Liquid Gas
Decreasing heat / released energy / cooling

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 The Structure of the Atom

Heating of naphthalene
The set – up of the apparatus:

Temperature, ºC
T1 = melting point
D

T1 B
C

Time , s

Point A : Naphthalene exists as solid.

A–B : Naphthalene is heated, heat energy is absorbed. This cause the particles to gain kinetic
energy and vibrate faster . The temperature increase from A to B.
Point B : Solids naphthalene begins to melt. During the melting process, the temperature of
naphthalene remain unchangedeven through heating continues. The temperature remains
constant because the heat energy absorbed by the particles is used to overcome the forces
between particles so that the solid can turn into liquid . At this temperature, both solid and
liquid are present. This constant temperature is the melting point of naphthalene.
Point C : All the solid naphthalene has melted.
Point C-D : The particles in liquid naphthalene absorb heat energy and move faster . The temperature
increase from point C to point D.

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 The Structure of the Atom

Cooling of naphthalene
The set – up of the apparatus:

Cooling of naphthalene

Temperature, ºC
T2 = Freezing point
E

T2 F G

Point E : Naphthalene exists as liquid.

E–F : Naphthalene is cooled, the particles in the liquid lose their kinetic energy. They move slower as
the temperature decreases from E to F.
Point F : Liquid naphthalene begins to freeze. During the freezing process, the temperature of naphthalene
remains constant because the heat loss to the surroundings exactly balanced by the heat energy
liberated as the particles attract one another to form solid. At this temperature, both solid and
liquid are present.
Point G : All the liquid naphthalene has freeze.
Point G-H : The particles in solid naphthalene release heat energy and vibrate slower . The temperature
decreases from point G to point H.

Super cooling may occur if a liquid is cooled too quickly. Its temperature falls below its normal freezing
point without the appearance of solid.

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 The Structure of the Atom

The Atomic Structure

The historical development of atomic models
Scientist Atomic Models
1. John Dalton

- imagined the atom as a small indivisible ball similar to a very tiny

ball
2. J. J. Thomson

- described the atom as a sphere of positive charge which contains a

few negatively-charged particles called electrons.

3. Ernest Rutherford

- discovered proton
- the positive charge and most of the mass of the atom are
concentrated in a small, central region called the nucleus
- electrons move in a space that is larger than the space occupied by
the nucleus

4. Neils Bohr

- proposed that the electrons in an atom move in shells around the

nucleus
5. James Chadwick

- proved the existence of neutrons, the neutral particles in the

nucleus. Neutrons contribute approximately to half the mass of an
atom.

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 The Structure of the Atom

Protons, neutrons and electrons are subatomic particles of an atom.

Subatomic particle Relative mass Relative charge Position in the atom
Proton, p 1 +1 Nucleus
Neutron, n 1 0 Nucleus
Electron, e 1/1840 or 0.0005 -1 shells

Proton Number of an element is the number of protons in its atom

Nucleon Number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

Nucleon Number = Proton number + number of neutron

Nucleon Number
A
Symbol of element
Z
X
Proton Number

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 The Structure of the Atom

Isotopes - different atoms of the same element.

- have same proton number but different nucleon number.
- Therefore, atom remain neutral.
Element Isotopes
1 2 3
Hydrogen 1H 1H 1H

1 proton 1 proton 1 proton

0 neutron 1 neutron 2 neutrons
12 13 14
Carbon 6C 6C 6C

6 protons 6 protons 6 protons

6 neutrons 7 neutrons 8 neutrons
16 17 18
Oxygen 8O 8O 8O

8 protons 8 protons 8 protons

8 neutrons 9 neutrons 10 neutrons

Agriculture
Phosphorus-32:
Medicine To determine the rate of absorption
Cobalt – 60: of fertilizer the plant
Used in radiotherapy for Carbon – 14:
the treatment of cancer To study the photosynthesis in plant
Iodine – 131:
Used in the treatment of
thyroid diseases.

Uses of isotopes

Industry
Archeology Sodium – 24:
Carbon – 14: To trace the leak in gas or
To estimate the age Food Irradiation oil pipe.
of bone, wood or Cobalt – 60:
fossils by measuring To destroy bacteria
the fraction of C – which causes the food to
14 contain. spoil without changing
the quality, flavour or
texture of the food.

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 The Structure of the Atom

Same number of protons and electron same chemical properties & form compound with the same formula
Different number of neutrons slightly Different physical properties.
The Electronic structure of an Atom

The maximum number of electrons in each shell for elements the proton number 1 to 20

The first shell (2 electron) Nucleus

The second shell (8 electrons)

The third shell (8 electrons)

The forth shell (2 electrons)

For atoms with more than 20 electrons, the third shell can hold up to a maximum of 18 electrons.
In order to write out the electron arrangement of an atom, we must find out the proton number of an
atom.
Proton number of Helium is 2 2 electrons in a He atom.
＊ the electron arrangement of helium is 2
※ the number of shell is 1

Proton number of Carbon is 6 6 electrons in a C atom.

＊ the electron arrangement of carbon is 2.4
※ the number of shell is 2

Proton number of Sodium is 11 11 electrons in a Na atom.

＊ the electron arrangement of sodium is 2.8.1
※ the number of shell is 3

Valence electron – Are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.

- the number of valence electron is the number of electrons in the outermost shell of
an atom.
- valence electrons are the electrons that will take part in chemical reaction.

＊ to find out valence electrons must find out / determine the electron arrangement of an atom./element.

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 The Structure of the Atom

Exercises:
Complete the table below:
Element Symbol of Proton Nucleon Number of Number of Electron
element number number neutrons electrons arrangement
Hydrogen H 1 1 0 1 1
Helium He 2 4 2 2 2
Lithium Li 3 7 4 3 2.1
Beryllium Be 4 9 5 4 2.2
Boron B 5 11 6 5 2.3
Carbon C 6 12 6 6 2.4
Nitrogen N 7 14 7 7 2.5
Oxygen O 8 16 8 8 2.6
Fluorine F 9 19 10 9 2.7
Neon Ne 10 20 10 10 2.8
Sodium Na 11 23 12 11 2.8.1
Magnesium Mg 12 24 12 12 2.8.2
Aluminium Al 13 27 14 13 2.8.3
Silicon Si 14 28 14 14 2.8.4
Phosphorus P 15 31 16 15 2.8.5
Sulphur S 16 32 16 16 2.8.6
Chlorine Cl 17 35 18 17 2.8.7
Argon Ar 18 40 22 18 2.8.8
Potassium K 19 39 20 19 2.8.8.1
Calcium Ca 20 40 20 20 2.8.8.2

Draw the diagrams to show the electron arrangement of

i. Boron ii. Potassium

iii. Chlorine iv. Sodium