Republic of the Philippines

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Central Mindanao University
CMU LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL
University Town, Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon

DETAILED LESSON PLAN IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY 11

Topic: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Sub-topic: Phase Changes and Phase Diagrams
Grade Level: Grade 11
Time Allotment: 60 minutes
Date: January 18, 2022
Teacher: Chyna Mae C. Tabalba
CONTENT STANDARD
The learners demonstrate phase changes in terms of the accompanying changes in energy and forces between
particles.

PERFORMANCE STANDARD
The learners shall be able to design a simple investigation to determine the effect on boiling point or freezing
point when a solid is dissolved in water.

LEARNING COMPETENCIES
The learners shall be able to describe the nature of the following phase changes in terms of energy change
and the increase or decrease in molecular order: solid-liquid, liquid-vapor, and solid-vapor; and interpret the
phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide. STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-106 & STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-107

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

a. describe the transitions among gas, liquids, and solids in terms of increase or decrease in molecular
order;
b. explain what is happening as a system is heated and relate phase changes to heat and temperature
changes;
c. explain solid-liquid, liquid vapor, and solid-vapor transitions in terms of amount of energy change;
d. define phase diagram;
e. identify triple point, critical point and phases in equilibrium in a phase diagram;
f. interpret phase diagrams; and
g. explain the importance of phase diagrams.

ELICIT – 5 minutes
Teacher’s Activity Student’s Activity Materials
“Good afternoon, class!” “Good afternoon, Ma’am!”

“May I ask for a volunteer to lead the prayer?” (Student lead the prayer)
“Now, let us check the attendance, biddle, are there any
absentees today? (Biddle response)

“Okay, before we begin our lesson for today, I'd like to

remind you to turn off your microphone unless you've
called in and to use the chat box for any questions you
may have later. Please raise your hand if you want to
give answers. Also, turn on your camera so that I can
clearly see which students are paying attention to our
lesson for today.”

“Before we proceed our lesson for today, I'd like to call

on a student who would like to volunteer and recall the
different phase changes by completing the diagram.”

(Student recall the previous

topic about phase changes.)

“Very good, (Name of Student)!

ENGAGE – 5 minutes
“Have you been paying attention to where phase PowerPoint
changes occur in your home? So, for today’s activity Presentation
you were going to identify what phases of matter exist
in the following images. Please raise your hand if you
know the answer. These will act as proof of your
participation in this class.”

“Okay, let’s begin!”

(The teacher plays the first slide of the PowerPoint

presentation)

"The first image depicts the phase change of?”

“Yes, (name of student)?” (Student response)

“Awesome.”

(The teacher plays the second slide of the PowerPoint

presentation)

“The second picture depicts the phase change of?”

“Yes, (name of student)?” (Student response)

“Very good!”

(The teacher plays the third slide of PowerPoint

presentation)

“The third picture depicts the phase change of?”

“Yes, (name of student)?” (Student response)

“Excellent!”
“So,

EXPLORE – 10 minutes
“Another activity is to analyze the picture and describe PowerPoint
the components of phase diagrams.” Presentation

“How can this effect be achieved using

CO2 or dry ice? What are your thoughts?”

“Yes, (name of student)?” (Student response)

“Very good!”

“What does LPG stand for? How can a gas be liquefied?

What conditions are needed to convert a gas into a
liquid?”

“Yes, (name of student)?” (Student response)

“Very good!”

“Wow! I'm amazed by the entire class. I know you're all

smart. "I'm looking forward to this class."
EXPLAIN – 15 minutes
(Show a video clip about the Phase changes.) (Students will focus on Video Clip for Phase
watching the video clip) changes

Figure 1. Phase Changes

“Phase changes are transformations of matter from one (Students are focused and
physical state to another. They occur when energy will participates in the
(usually in the form of heat) is added or removed from a discussion) Power Point
substance. They are characterized by changes in Presentation
molecular order; molecules in the solid phase have the
greatest order, while those in the gas phase have the
greatest randomness or disorder.”

“The figure below illustrates the difference in molecular

order of a substance in the solid, liquid and gaseous
states.”

Figure 2. Molecular order of a substance in the solid,

liquid and gaseous
states

“The next figure shown below summarizes the types of Power Point
phase changes.” Presentation
 (Students are focused and
will participates in the
discussion)

Figure 3. Types of Chnages

“The change from solid to liquid is melting, liquid to

gas is vaporization, and solid to gas is
sublimation. These changes take place when heat is
absorbed (heat gained). They are endothermic
processes.”

“The reverse change from gas to liquid is condensation,

gas to solid is deposition, and liquid to solid is freezing.
These changes give off heat (heat lost) and are
exothermic processes.”

“Phase changes occur when heat is added or removed

from a substance. When a substance is heated, the added
energy is used by the substance in either of two ways: a.
The added heat increases the kinetic energy of the
particles and the particles move faster. The increase in
kinetic energy is accompanied by an increase in
temperature; b. The added heat is used to break
attractive forces between particles. There is no observed
increase in temperature when this happens. Often a
change in the physical appearance of the substance is
observed, such as a phase change; c. Conversely, the
removal or release of heat results in two ways: A
decrease in kinetic energy of the particles. The motion
of the particles slow down. A decrease in temperature is
observed; and forces of attraction are formed, and a
phase change may occur. No change in temperature is
observed.”
 Figure 4. Heating Curve

“The change in temperature of a substance as it is being

heated can be shown in a graph called the heating curve,
such as the figure shown in the previous page. The
heating curve is a plot of temperature and heat added to
the substance. Often, time is used instead of heat added
in the abscissa, because it is assumed that heat is
uniformly added per unit time.”

Figure 5. Cooling Curve

“In both the heating and cooling curves, there are

certain portions where the temperature changes as heat
is being added or removed, and portions where the
temperature remains constant even if heat is being
added or removed. What is happening at these
portions?”
1. When heat change is accompanied by a change in
temperature, a change in kinetic energies of the particles
in the substance is occurring. The particles are either
moving faster or slowing down. (Students are focused and
2. When temperature remains constant during heat will participates in the
change, the particles move at the same speed. The heat discussion)
added or removed is involved in breaking or forming
attractive forces. A phase change occurs at this
temperature: solid melts or liquid freezes at the melting
point, which is also the freezing point; liquid boils, or
gas condenses at the boiling point, which is also the
condensation point.
“During phase changes, two physical states of the
substance exist at the same time. When addition or
removal of heat is stopped at this temperature, the two
physical states will interconvert from one state to the
other, and will be at equilibrium.”

MELTING AND FREEZING: SOLID- LIQUID

EQUILIBRIUM
“When a solid is heated, its temperature increases until
it reaches its melting point. At this temperature, the
average kinetic energy of the molecules has become
sufficiently large to begin overcoming the
intermolecular forces that hold the molecules of a solid
state together. The heat absorbed is used to break apart
more and more of the molecules in the solid. The
transformation of solid to liquid is called melting, and
the reverse process is called freezing.”

BOILING AND CONDENSING: LIQUID-VAPOR

EQUILIBRIUM
“In the liquid phase, there are still attractions among its
particles. The particles are still in contact with each
other but are not locked into fixed positions and are free
to move past each other. Although they lack the total
freedom of gaseous molecules, these molecules are in
constant motion.”

SOLID-VAPOR EQUILIBRIUM
“In a solid, the particles may be in fixed positions, but
they are able to vibrate in place and with increasing
intensity as temperature increases. When particles are
able to acquire enough energy to break attractive forces
with adjacent particles, the energetic particles may
move into the gaseous state. This phase change is called
sublimation. One of the most familiar examples of
sublimation is that of dry ice.”

“Phase diagrams are plots of pressure (usually in

atmospheres) versus temperature (usually in degrees
Celsius or Kelvin). The diagram is divided into three
areas: solid, liquid and gaseous states. The boundary
between the liquid and gaseous regions stop at point C,
the critical temperature for the substance.”
“The three areas are marked solid, liquid, and vapor.
Under a set of conditions in the diagram, a substance
can exist in a solid, liquid, or vapor (gas) phase. The
labels on the graph represent the stable states of a
system in equilibrium. Suppose a pure substance is
found at three different sets of conditions of temperature
and pressure corresponding to A, B, and C as shown in
the following diagram:

(Phase diagram with three sets of conditions)

ELABORATE – 15 minutes
Phase diagrams are plots of pressure (usually in
atmospheres) versus temperature (usually in degrees
Celsius or Kelvin). The diagram is divided into three
areas: solid, liquid and gaseous states. The boundary
between the liquid and gaseous regions stop at point C,
the critical temperature for the substance. The labels on (Students are focused and Power Point
the graph represent the stable states of a system in will participates in the Presentation
equilibrium. discussion)

Melting (or freezing) curve – the curve on a phase

diagram which represents the transition between liquid
and solid states. It shows the effect of pressure on the
melting point of the solid. Anywhere on this line, there
is equilibrium between the solid and the liquid.

Power Point
Presentation
(The freezing (or melting) curve)

Vaporization (or condensation) curve – the curve on a

phase diagram which represents the transition between
gaseous and liquid states. It shows the effect of pressure
on the boiling point of the liquid. Anywhere along this
line, there will be equilibrium between the liquid and
the vapor.

(Students are focused and

(The vaporization or condensation curve)
will participates in the
discussion)
Sublimation (or deposition) curve – the curve on a
phase diagram which represents the transition between
gaseous and solid states. It represents the effect of
increased temperature on a solid at a very low constant
pressure, lower than the triple point.
 (The Sublimation or Deposition Curve)

Beyond the temperature of the critical point, the merged

single phase is known as a supercritical fluid. The
temperature and pressure corresponding to this are
known as the critical temperature and critical
pressure. If the pressure on a gas (vapor) is increased at
a temperature lower than the critical temperature, vapor
will condense to give a liquid.

(The Critical Temperature and Critical Pressure)

The Phase Diagram for Water

For water, the melting point gets lower at higher

pressures. This is because solid ice is less dense than
liquid water. This phenomenon is caused by the crystal
structure of the solid phase. In the solid forms of water
and some other substances, the molecules crystallize in
a lattice with greater average space between molecules,
thus resulting in a solid occupying a larger volume and
consequently with a lower density than the liquid. When
it melts, the liquid water formed occupies a smaller
volume
ice ⇋ water
An increase in pressure will move the above equilibrium
to the side with the smaller volume. Liquid water is
produced. To make the liquid water freeze again at this
higher pressure, the temperature should be reduced.
Higher pressures mean lower melting (freezing) points.

(Phase Diagram of Water)

The Phase Diagram for Carbon Dioxide

At 1 atm pressure, carbon dioxide will sublime at a

temperature of 197.5 K (-75.5 °C). This is the reason
why solid carbon dioxide is often known as "dry ice."
There is no liquid carbon dioxide under normal
conditions - only the solid or the vapor.

(Phase Diagram of Carbon Dioxide)

EVALUATE – 5 minutes
Interpreting a Phase Diagram and Reflection: Google Form

Here's the link to today's quiz in Google Form:

https://forms.gle/p3xGLPXiRXgorQXN7

1. In what phase is the substance at 50 °C and 1 atm

pressure?
2. At what pressure and temperature conditions will
all three phases of the substance be present?
3. What is the normal melting point of the
substance?
4. What phase(s) will exist at 1 atm and 70 °C?

Reflect:

I have learned that...

I want to ask my teacher about… ______________

EXTEND – 0 minute
List down three importance of knowing phase diagrams Padlet
of substances in the chemical process industries. Write
your answers in the Padlet wall.
https://tinyurl.com/phase-diagram

REFERENCES
 Teaching Guide for Senior High School in General Chemistry 2 Published by the Commission on
Higher Education in collaboration with the Philippine Normal University, 2016
 General Chemistry 1 & 2 Curriculum Guide