Ms.

Pallavi Chopade
§ Croxton and Cowdon defined it as ‘the science which deals with the collection,
analysis and interpretation of numerical data’.
§ Raw material prices, consumer-preferences, sales records, demand of products,
labour conditions, taxes, etc.
§ Descriptive statistics is the term given to the analysis of data that helps describe,
show or summarize data in a meaningful way such that, for example, patterns might
emerge from the data.
§ Descriptive statistics therefore enables us to present the data in a more meaningful
way, which allows simpler interpretation of the data.
§ When we use descriptive statistics it is useful to summarize our group of data using
a combination of tabulated description (i.e., tables), graphical description (i.e.,
graphs and charts) and statistical commentary (i.e., a discussion of the results).
§ Inferential statistics are techniques that allow us to use these samples to make
generalizations about the populations from which the samples were drawn
1) Statistics and planning :- Statistics is very important into planning in the modern
age. Almost all over the world the govt are re-storing to planning for economic
development.

2) Statistics and economics:- Statistical data and technique of statistical analysis are
immensely useful in solving economical problem. Such as wages price, time series
analysis, termed analysis.

3) Statistics and business :- Statistics is an necessary tool for production control.

Business executive are relying more and more on statistical technique for
studying the desire of valued customers.
4) Statistics and industry :- In industry is widely used in quality control. In production
engineering to find out whether the product is confirming to the specification or not.
Statistical tools such as inspection plan, control chart, CPM, etc.

5) Statistics and Modern science :- In medical science the statistical tools for
collection and incidence of diseases and result of application of various drugs and
Medicines are of great importance.
Comparison Population Sample
Meaning Collection of all the units or elements A subgroup of the members of the
that possess common characteristics population

Includes Each and every element of a group Only includes a handful of units of
population

Characteristics Parameter Statistic

Data Collection Complete enumeration or census Sampling or sample survey

Focus on Identification of the characteristics Making inferences about the

population
§ Data can be defined as a systematic record of a particular quantity.

§ It is the different values of that quantity represented together in a set.

§ It
is a collection of facts and figures to be used for a specific purpose
such as a survey or analysis.

§ When arranged in an organized form, can be called information.

§ Primary data
§ Secondary data
§ Quantitative data
§ Qualitative data
Difference between Qualitative and Quantitative Research

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

A method for developing a better It is the method used to generate

understanding of human and social numerical data by using a lot of
sciences, in understanding human techniques such as logical, statistical
behaviour and personalities better and mathematical techniques

It employees a subjective approach It employees an objective approach

It is expressed using the graphs and

It is generally expressed using words
numbers

It has open-ended questions It has multiple choice questions

The qualitative research needs only a The quantitative research requires

few respondents many respondents

The data collection methods involved The data collection methods involved
are interviews, focus groups, literature are experiments, surveys, and
review, ethnography observations expressed in numbers
Difference between Qualitative and Quantitative Research

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Qualitative research is holistic in nature Quantitative Research is particularistic in
nature
The reasoning used to synthesis data in The reasoning used to synthesis data in
this research is inductive this research is deductive

This method involves a process-oriented This method does not involve a process-
inquiry oriented inquiry

It develops the initial understanding of It recommends a final course of action

data
The data taken in the Qualitative research The data taken in this method is pretty
method is pretty verbal measurable

The objective of this research method is The main objective of Quantitative

to engage and discover various ideas research is to examine the cause and
effect between the variables

It is one of the exploratory research type It is a conclusive research type method

methods
§ There are two sources of data in Statistics.

§ Statistical
sources refer to data that are collected for some official
purposes and include censuses and officially conducted surveys.

§ Non-statisticalsources refer to the data that are collected for other

administrative purposes or for the private sector.
§ Personal investigation: The surveyor collects the data himself/herself. The
data so collected is reliable but is suited for small projects.

§ Collection Via
Investigators: Trained investigators are employed to contact
the respondents to collect data.

§ Questionnaires: Questionnaires may be used to ask specific questions that

suit the study and get responses from the respondents. These
questionnaires may be mailed as well.

§ Telephonic Investigation: The collection of data

is done through asking
questions over the telephone to give quick and accurate information.
§ Official publications such as the Ministry of Finance, Statistical
Departments of the government, Federal Bureaus, Agricultural
Statistical boards, etc. Semi-official sources include state bank,
Boards of Economic Enquiry, etc.

§ Data published by Chambers of Commerce and trade

associations and boards.

§ Articles in the newspaper, from journals and technical

publications.
§ Statistics
§ Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
§ Scope of Statistics

§ Types of Data
§ Primary data & Secondary Data
§ Quantitative & Qualitative Data

§ Sources of Data
§ Methods of Data Collection