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Reasoning Bank Kundan - by WWW - Learnengineering.in
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in
Chapter 20
Blood Relation
Introduction Now consider another example,
Ex. 2: Nandini is the only daughter of Madan’s sister
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Problems of this type involve analysis of certain blood Sangita’s br other . How is Nandini related to
relations and then inferring on the basis of the given Madan?
informations. Some examples of such questions are given 1) Daughter 2) Niece
below that will better illustrate our point: 3) Cousin 4) Niece or Daughter
Ex. 1: Pointing to a man in a photograph, a woman said,
ng
5) None of these
‘His brot her ’s f at her is t he only son of my Soln.: Nandini = the only daughter of Madan’s sister
grandfather.’ How is the woman related to the Sangita’s brother
man in the photograph? = the only daughter of Madan/Madan’s
1) Mother 2) Aunt 3) Sister brother
eri
4) Daughter 5) Grandmother = Madan’s daughter/niece
Soln.: For such type of questions, it is best to ‘back- Hence (4) is the correct answer.
track’, ie start with the last information and Ex. 3: M is brother of K. T is sister of M. J is brother of
proceed backward for example, if it is given that T. H is father of J. How is K related to H?
he is the son of the mother of my grandfather’s
daught er , then we pr oceed wit h the last
e 1) Niece
4) Sister
2) Son
5) Data Inadequate
3) Brother
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infor mat ion: ‘gr andf at her ’s daught er ’. Soln.: To solve such types of questions, we need to draw
Grandfather’s daughter means aunt (sister of a family tree diagram. We have already discussed,
father). Now, ‘mother of my grandfather’s daughter’ in det ail in ear lier chapters, ( “Puzzle” and
becomes ‘mother of my aunt’. Mother of my aunt “Coded Relationship”) about “What is family
is my grandmother. Hence, he is the son of the tree?” and “How to draw the family tree for the
mother of my grandfather’s daughter become ‘son given relationship-string?”. Let us draw family
En
of my grandmother’ which is either father or tree on the basis of the information given in the
uncle. above question, we have,
Now, solve the given example, H(+)
His brother’s father is only son of my grandfather |
His brother’s father is my father (since only
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Exercise–1
w.
1. Pointing to a man in a photograph, Leesha said, ‘his photograph 2.” How is Mr ‘X’ related to the person in
mother’s only daughter is my mother’. How is Leesha photograph 2?
related to that man? 1) Grandson 2) Granddaughter
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father? 5) None of these
1) Can’t say 2) Mother 3) Aunt 17. Pointing to a woman in a photograph, a man says,
4) Niece 5) None of these “She is the mother-in-law of the sister-in-law of the
8. Pointing to a woman in a photograph, a man says, only sister of my son.” How is the woman related to
“She is the mother-in-law of the husband of the only the man?
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granddaughter of my own mother-in-law”. How is 1) sister 2) sister-in-law
the woman related to the man? 3) mother 4) wife
1) daughter 2) wife 3) sister-in-law 5) Can’t say
4) Niece 5) daughter-in-law 18. Pointing to a man, Radhika said, “His sister is my
eri
9. Introducing a man, a woman says, “His wife is the daughter’s brother’s mother.” How is the man related
only daughter of my father.” How is the man related to Radhika?
to the woman? 1) Brother 2) Father 3) Uncle
1) Brother 2) Father-in-law 4) Grandfather 5) Cousin
3) Maternal uncle
5) None of these
4) Paternal uncle
the same. But they were not brothers. What was the How is sheela related to that man?
relationship between them? 1) Wife 2) Sister 3) Niece
1) Brother and sister 2) One of them was lying 4) Daughter 5) Either Niece or Daughter
3) Cousins 4) Data inadequate 22. Pointing to a lady in the photograph, Rajesh said,
5) None of these “she is my grandfather’s only sons’ mother.” How is
12. Pointing to Kedar, Veena said, “His mother’s brother the women related to Rajesh?
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is the father of my son Nitin.” How is Kedar related 1) Daughter 2) Sister 3) Mother
to Veena? 4) Grandmother 5) Aunt
1) Niece 2) Aunt 3) Nephew 23. Pointing to a photograph, a woman says, “This man’s
4) Sister-in-law 5) None of these son’s sister is my mother”. How is the woman related
w.
13. Pointing to a photograph, a man said to a woman, to the man in the photograph?
“She is one of the sisters of the son of the only son 1) Daughter 2) Mother
of your grandfather.” If the woman in the photograph 3) Granddaughter 4) Mother-in-law
is the sister of the son of the man’s father-in-law, 5) None of these
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then how is the man related to the woman (with 24. A man pointing to a lady says, “Her brother is the
whom the man was talking)? father of my only son’s sister”. How is that lady
1) Husband 2) Brother 3) Brother-in-law related to the man?
4) Either 1) or 3) 5) None of these 1) Daughter 2) Sister
14. Pointing towards a photograph, Raju said, “His sister 3) Granddaughter 4) Niece
is the mother of Vinay, the son of my brother.” How 5) None of these
is Raju is related to Vinay? Raju is the father of Alok. 25. Pointing towards a person in a photograph, Anita
1) Brother 2) Uncle said, “He is the only son of the father of my sister’s
3) Nephew 4) Brother-in-law brother.” How is that person related to Anita?
5) None of these 1) Father 2) Cousin
15. A man, pointing to a photograph, says, “The lady in 3) Maternal Uncle 4) Brother
t he phot ograph is my nephew’s mat ernal 5) None of these
grandmother.” How is the lady in the photograph 26. Pointing to a woman in a photograph a man says:
related to the man’s sister who has no other sister? “She is the only daughter of the only daughter of my
K KUNDAN
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1) Husband 2) Brother 3) Son 1) mother 2) mother-in-law
4) Nephew 5) Brother-in-law 3) sister 4) sister-in-law
29. Pointing to a man in a photograph a woman says. 5) daughter
“He is the only son of the only daughter-in-law of my 40. Pointing to a woman a man says, “She is the sister-
only son’s father”. How is the man related to the in-law of the only daughter of my mother-in-law’s
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woman? husband”. How is the woman related to the man?
1) Son 2) Father 3) Son-in-law 1) daughter 2) mother
4) Grandson 5) Can’t say 3) sister-in-law 4) daughter-in-law
30. Pointing to a woman in a photograph a man says, 5) sister
eri
“She is the only daughter of my father’s only daughter- 41. Pointing to a man in the photograph a woman says:
in-law.” How is the woman related to the man? “He is the son of my sister’s mother’s husband.” How
1) wife 2) daughter is the man related to the woman?
3) daughter-in-law 4) sister 1) Brother 2) Father
31.
5) sister-in-law
Pointing to a man in a photograph a woman says:
e 3) Uncle
5) Father-in-law
4) Brother-in-law
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“He is the father of my only daughter-in-law’s father- 42. Pointing to a man in the photograph a woman says:
in-law”. What is the man to the woman? “He is the father of my daughter-in-law’s brother-in-
1) Father 2) Brother law.” How is the man related to the woman?
3) Husband 4) Brother-in-law 1) husband 2) brother
5) Father-in-law 3) brother-in-law 4) father
32. Pointing to a woman in a photograph a man says: 5) father-in-law
En
“She is the only daughter of my wife’s mother-in- 43. Pointing to a woman in a photograph, a man says,
law”. How is the woman related to the man? “She is the mother of my daughter-in-law’s husband’s
1) Daughter 2) Wife only sister.” How is the woman related to the man?
3) Sister 4) Sister-in-law 1) wife 2) mother 3) sister
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1) Son 2) Brother only son’s father.” How is the man related to the
3) Brother-in-law 4) Nephew woman?
5) Can’t be exactly determined 1) Son 2) Father 3) Son-in-law
35. Pointing to a photograph a woman says: “He is the 4) Grandson 5) Can’t say
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son of the wife of my husband’s father”. How is the 46. Pointing to a man, a woman says: “He is the brother-
man related to the woman? in-law of t he only son-in-law of my mot her’s
1) son 2) son-in-law husband.” How is the man related to the woman?
3) brother-in-law 4) brother 1) brother 2) husband 3) brother-in-law
5) None of these 4) son 5) son-in-law
36. Pointing to a man in a photograph a woman says: 47. Pointing to a person a man said; “This man is the
“He is the f ather -in-law of the wife of t he only son of my brother-in-law’s father’s only daughter.”
grandson of my own father-in-law”. How is the man How is the man related to the speaker?
related to the woman? 1) Son 2) Father
1) son 2) husband 3) cousin 3) Brother 4) Brother-in-law
4) nephew 5) son-in-law 5) None of these
37. Pointing to a woman in a photograph, a man says 48. Showing a photograph Rajeev told Shweta. “His
“She is the mother-in-law of the wife of the father of mother is the only daughter of your father.” How
my only son”. How is the woman related to the man? was Shweta related to the man in the photograph?
K KUNDAN
1) Aunt 2) Mother 3) Wife 58. Pointing to a person Rohit said ‘He is the younger of
4) Daughter 5) None of these the two brothers of the daughter of my father’s wife’.
49. Pointing to a photograph, a man said, “She is the How is the person related to Rohit?
daughter of my grandfather’s only son.” How is the 1) nephew 2) son 3) uncle
woman related to the man? 4) brother 5) father
1) Mother 2) Daughter] 59. Pointing to a woman, Anil said, ‘She is the daughter
3) Sister 4) Sister-in-law of my grandfather’s only son’s wife.’ How is Anil
5) None of these related to that girl?
50. Pointing to a woman, a man says: “She is the mother 1) Brother 2) cousin 3) Father
of my son-in-law’s brother’s only sister-in-law.” How 4) Uncle 5) Husband
is the woman related to the man? 60. Pointing to a boy in a photograph, Akhil says, “He is
1) mother 2) wife 3) sister the son of my mother’s only son.” How is Akhil related
4) mother-in-law 5) sister-in-law to that boy?
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51. Pointing to a lady a man said, her mother’s husband’s 1) Uncle 2) Brother 3) Father
sister in my aunt. How is the lady related to the 4) Cousin 5) None of these
man? 61. Pointing to a boy, Meena says, “He is the son of my
1) Mother 2) Sister 3) Aunt grandfather’s only son.” How is the boy’s mother
4) Daughter 5) Granddaughter related to Meena?
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52. Pointing to Rekha, Anuj said, “She is the daughter 1) Mother 2) Aunt
of my grandfather’s son.” How is Rekha related to 3) Sister 4) Data inadequate
Anuj? 5) None of these
1) Aunt 2) Sister 3) Niece 62. Pointing to Kedar, Veena said, ‘His mother’s brother
eri
4) Mother 5) Sister-in-law is the father of my son Nitin.’ How is Kedar related
53. Pointing to a lady in the photograph, Dev Anand to Veena?
said, “This woman is my sister’s father’s son-in-law’s 1) Niece 2) Aunt
wife”. How is Dev Anand related to the woman? 3) Nephew 4) Sister-in-law
1) Mother
3) Can’t be determined
2) Sister
4) Wife
e 5) None of these
63. Pointing to a boy, Namrata says, “He is the son of my
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5) None of these grandfather’s only child.” How is the boy related to
54. Pointing to a photograph Monica said, “He is the Namrata?
brother of the son of my grandfather’s only daughter. 1) Brother 2) Cousin
“How is the man related to Monica? 3) Uncle 4) Data inadequate
1) brother 2) cousin 3) nephew 5) None of these
4) Can’t say 5) None of these 64. Pointing to a girl, Abhishek said, “She is daughter of
En
55. Pointing to a joker, Madhu says, “He is the son of my the only child of my father.” How is Abhishek’s wife
father’s brother’s only sister-in-law.” How is the joker related to that girl?
related to Madhu? 1) Daughter 2) Mother 3) Aunt
1) Son 2) Brother 3) Cousin 4) Sister 5) None of these
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4) Uncle 5) None of these 65. Pointing to a woman, Nirmal said, “She is the daughter
56. Pointing to a photograph Arun said, “She is the mother of my wife’s grandfather’s only child.” How is the
of my brother’s son’s wife’s daughter”. How is Arun woman related to Nirmal?
related to the lady? 1) Wife 2) Sister-in-law
1) cousin 2) aunt 3) Sister 4) Data inadequate
3) daughter-in-law 4) uncle 5) None of these
Le
5) None of these 66. Pointing to a girl, Arun said, “She is the only daughter
57. Pointing to a man, Rohit recalled, ‘He is the son of of my grandfather’s son.” How is the girl related to
the mother of the father of my daughter.’ How is Arun?
Rohit related to the man? 1) Daughter 2) Sister
w.
Exercise–2
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1. L is mother-in-law of K, who is mother-in-law of R. 3. Pankaj is the brother of Rekha. Rekha is the wife of
How is the husband of R related to X, who is the Rahul. Rahul is the brother of Suman. What is the
father of P? It is also given that K is the daughter-in- relation of Suman to Pankaj?
law of X and P has no brothers or sisters. 1) Sister 2) Sister-in-law
1) Grandson 2) Grandfather 3) Son 3) Brother 4) Brother-in-law
4) Can’t say 5) None of these 5) No specific relation
2 . If Raju is the son of the wife of the son of the father 4. X’s mother is the mother-in-law of the father of Z. Z
of Amrendra’s father, how is Raju related to Amrendra, is the brother of Y while X is the father of M. How is
if Raju’s grandfather has no granddaughter? X related to Z?
1) Brother 2) Cousin 1) Paternal uncle 2) Maternal uncle
3) Either 1 or 2 4) Can’t say 3) Cousin 4) Grandfather
5) None of these
K KUNDAN 5) Brother-in-law
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Q related to P? 3) Four 4) Data inadequate
1) Uncle 2) Father 5) None of these
3) Brother 4) Sister 14. M is sister of D. R is brother of D. F is father of M
5) Can’t be determined and T is mother of R. How is D related to T?
8. A said to B that B’s mother was the mother-in-law of 1) Brother 2) Son
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A’s mother. How is A’s mother related to B’s mother? 3) Daughter 4) Data inadequate
1) Daughter-in-law 2) Mother-in-law 5) None of these
3) Sister 4) Aunt 15. K is brother of T. M is mother of K. W is brother of M.
5) Sister-in-law How is W related to T?
eri
9. While going to his office P meets a man Q who is 1) Maternal uncle
related to P, because P has R, a son, who is married 2) Paternal uncle
to T. T is the daughter of Q. T has daughter A. How 3) Grandfather
is P related to A? 4) Data inadequate
1) Grandfather
3) Uncle
2) Grandmother
4) Father-in-law
e 16.
5) None of these
M is sister of K. D is brother of K. F is mother of M.
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5) None of these How is K related to F?
10. Ramesh says that “Rekha is the sister-in-law of the 1) Son 2) Daughter
only daughter of my mother-in-law’s husband.” How 3) Son or Daughter 4) Data inadequate
is Rekha related to Ramesh? 5) None of these
1) Sister-in-law 2) Mother 17. D is brother of B. M is brother of B. K is father of M.
3) Daughter-in-law 4) Sister T is wife of K. How is B related to T?
En
Exercise–1
niece.
2 . 2; Man’s mother is the only daughter of Neha’s X’s grandfather
mother . Ther ef or e, Neha’s mot her is t he Maternal grandmother Father of X
grandmother of man. Hence man is the grandson of Priti
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of Neha’s mother.
3. 5; Mr X is the grandson of the brother of the person
in photograph 2. Mother of Priti Rishu’s father (say X)
4. 3; The man in the photograph is the father-in-law
of the man’s brother. Priti Rishu
5. 5; Only daughter of one’s grandfather’s only son
One’s sister. Now father of the husband of one’s Now, if Sushma is the only sister of X then she
sister means father-in-law of one’s sister. Hence is the mother of Priti, otherwise aunt.
‘None of these’ is correct choice. 8. 3; The only granddaughter of the man’s own mother-
6. 1; If Purnima is the only daughter of her father then in-law means the daughter of the man’s brother-in-
the boy is her son. But, here we do not know the law.
number of sisters Purnima has. Now, the daughter’s husband’s mother-in-law
means wife of the man’s brother-in-law. Hence,
K KUNDAN the woman is man’s sister-in-law.
9. 5; The only daughter of the woman’s father is the 24. 2; “Her brother is the father of my only son’s sister
woman her self . Ther ef or e, t he man is the (= daughter)”
husband of the woman. “Her brother is the father of my daughter (=
10. 1; The wife of the father-in-law of the person’s wife himself)”
the mother of the person. “Her brother is himself”
Now, the only son of the person’s mother is the the lady in picture is her sister
person himself. 25. 4; He is the only son of the father of my sister’s
Hence, the girl is the person’s only daughter. brother (= brother)
11. 4; Here, how many sons and daughters the man in He is the only son of the father of my brother
the photo has is not clear. Therefore we can’t (= father)
reach a definite conclusion. He is the only son of my father (= brother)
12. 3; His mother’s brother is the father of my son 26. 3; Daughter of daughter of brother-in-law’s father =
= His mother’s brother is my husband daughter of daughter of father-in-law = daughter
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= His mother is my husband’s sister of wife = daughter.
= He is the son of my husband’s sister 27. 4; mother of son’s daughter = son’s wife = daughter-
= He is my husband’s nephew in-law
13. 4; “The son of the only son of woman’s grandfather” 28. 1; Grandson of my father-in-law = my son
the brother of the woman. Hence the woman his father = my husband.
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in the photograph is the woman’s sister or the 29. 4; my only son’s father = my husband.
woman herself with whom the man is talking. daughter-in-law of husband = daughter-in-law.
Again “the sister of the son of man’s father-in- only son of daughter-in-law = grandson.
law” either wife or sister-in-law of the man. 30. 2; Father’s daughter-in-law = wife
eri
Still we are uncertain that who is the wife of the daughter of wife = daughter
man but it is certain that the man is either 31. 5; daughter-in-law’s father-in-law = husband
husband or brother-in-law of the woman. husband’s father = father-in-law
14. 2; From the last part it is clear that Raju is male 32. 3; wife’s mother-in-law = mother
and Vinay is his nephew, ie Raju is uncle of
Vinay.
e daughter of mother = sister
33. 2; father’s mother-in-law = grandmother
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15. 5; No specific relation. Because, my nephew implies daughter of grandmother = mother
either my sister’s son or my brother’s son. 34. 1; Mother-in-law’s only son = husband.
16. 3; Each was pointing towards photographs of his/ Daughter of husband = daughter.
her maternal uncle. Among the two photographs, Brother of daughter = son.
one was either of Mr X or Mr Y. It is given that 35. 5; Husband’s father = father-in-law
the photograph, towards which Y was pointing, wife of father-in-law = mother-in-law
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brother’s uncle’s son = mother of Shanti’s uncle’s 40. 5; My mother-in-law’s husband = My father-in-law.
son Only daughter of my father-in-law = Wife.
= Shanti’s uncle’s wife (Since mother of son = Sister-in-law of wife = Sister.
wife) 41. 1; mother’s husband = father,
w.
Now, the problem boils down to: Her sister = my 43. 1; Husband’s only sister = sister in law,
sister daughter-in-law’s sister in law = daughter,
So she is either the lady’s sister or the lady mother of daughter = wife
herself. 44. 1; My wife’s only son = my son.
21. 5; The man in the picture can be her father or uncle, Father of my son = myself.
so she is either niece or daughter of the man. Mother of myself = my mother.
2 2 . 4; Rajesh said “she is my grandfather’s only son’s 45. 4; my only son’s father = my husband.
mother” daughter-in-law of husband = daughter-in-law.
“she is my father’s mother” only son of daughter-in-law = grandson.
“she is my grandmother” 46. 1; Mother’s husband = father.
23. 3; Woman says, “This man’s sister is my mother” Only son-in-law of father = husband
“This man’s daughter is my mother” Brother-in-law of husband = brother.
Man is grandfather (from mother’s side) 47. 1; Father’s only daughter = only sister.
So, woman is granddaughter Brother-in-law’s only sister = wife
K KUNDAN Son of wife = son.
48. 2; Only daughter of your (Shweta’s) father Shweta Daughter of my mother my sister.
herself. Thus Shweta is the mother of the man Brother of my sister myself or my brother
in the photograph. 59. 1; Anil’s gr andf ather ’s only son’s wife = Anil’s
49. 3; Grandfather’s only son father sister. mother, Anil’s mother’s daughter is his sister.
50. 2; A’s brother’s only sister-in-law = A’s wife. Therefore Anil is the girl’s brother.
Son-in-law’s brother’s only sister-in-law 60. 3; Photograph is the son of Akhil’s mother’s only
= son-in-law’s wife = daughter. son.
mother of daughter = wife. or, Photograph is the son of Akhil.
51. 2; Lady’s mother’s husband = lady’s father, lady’s or, Akhil is the father of the boy.
father’s sister = lady’s aunt. As is given, lady’s 61. 1; One’s grandfather’s only son one’s father. And
aunt is man’s aunt, therefore, lady is man’s sister. the son of one’s father One’s brother or oneself.
52. 2; Anuj’s grandfathers only son = Anuj’s father Hence, the mother of the boy is Meena’s mother.
Now, Anuj’s father’s daughter = Anuj’s sister = 62. 3;
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Rekha. Veena
53. 2; Sister’s father means father ** *
Father’s son-in-law’s wife means sister ( ) — ( ) ( )
Hence Dev Anand’s sister. | |
54. 4; Her gr andf ather’s only daughter may be her Kedar () Nitin
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mother or aunt. Hence, Kedar is Veena’s nephew.
55. 2; Brother’s only sister-in-law = Wife 63. 1; Son of Namrata’s grandfather’s only child is
Father’s wife = Mother Namrata’s brother
Son of mother = Brother 64. 2; Girl is daughter of the only child of Abhishek’s
eri
56. 5; The lady in question is Arun’s brother’s daughter- father or, Girl is daughter of Abhishek
in-law. Thus Arun is father-in-law’s brother of Hence girl is daughter of Abhisek’s wife.
the lady. 65. 1; W oman = daught er o f Nir mal's wif e's
57. 2; Rohit’s daughter’s father Rohit. grandfather's only child
= daughter of Nirmal's wife's father
Mother of Rohit’s daughter’s father Rohit’s
mother.
e = Nirmal's wife
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Son other than Rohit of Rohit’s mother Rohit’s 66. 4; Girl = the only daughter of Arun's grandfather's
brother son
58. 4; My father’s wife my mother = the only daughter of Arun's father or uncle
= Arun's sister or cousin
Exercise–2
En
| |
H R (-) D — E (–)
Hence, H is the grandson of X. A is uncle of D
2 . 3; Father of the father of Amrendra Grandfather 7. 5; Q can be either brother or sister of P, but since
of Amrendra. Now, t he wif e of t he son of sex of Q is not known, the exact relationship
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K KUNDAN
12. 5; 15. 1;
16. 3;
13. 1;
T (+) F (-)
.in
D(+) – B – M (+)
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D is either son or daughter of T.
e eri
gin
En
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Le
w.
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K KUNDAN
Chapter Two
Assumptions
What is an Assumption? that the girl won’t fail (effect) because she is very
clever (cause). Obviously it is assumed that very
.in
An assumption is something which is assumed, supposed clever girls do not fail.
and taken for granted. When somebody says something Ex. 5: Statement:
he doesnot put everything, every aspect of his idea into Of all the TV sets manufactured in India, X brand
words. There is a lot which he leaves unsaid. That which has the largest sale.
he leaves unsaid, that which he takes for granted, may be
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Assumption:
defined as an assumption. The sale of all the TV sets manufactured in India
See the example given below that will better illustrate is known.
the concept of assumption. Ex planation:
Ex. 1: Statement: The assumption is valid. Here, it is claimed that
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“According t o me, you should get your child of all the TV sets manufactured, X brand has the
examined by specialist doctor.” largest sale. No such claim could be made if the
Assumptions: sale figures of all brands was not known. Hence,
K
Specialist doctors are able to diagnose better than it must have been implicitly assumed in the
ordinary doctors.
Ex planation:
e statement that the sale figures of all brands is
known.
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The assumption is valid. One is advising (perhaps
his f r iend) t o get his child examined by a Some Standard Types of Assumptions (Validity
specialist doctor. Obviously, he must be assuming of a Given Assumption)
t hat specialist doctors diagnose bett er t han
or dinar y ones, ot her wise he would not have Following are the standard categories of assumptions:
advised thus.
En
Ex. 2: Statement:
(a) Existence / Non-existence of the subject
The book is intended to guide the layman to study This category makes a very simple assumption that
yoga in the absence of a teacher. what is being talked about must be existing. Similarly, if
Assumptions: its absence is being talked about, it must not be existing.
KUNDAN
I. A teacher of yoga may not be available to Ex. 6: Statement:
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teacher. This means that the absence of teachers existence of what is being talked about.)
is a possibility: hence I is valid. That the book Ex. 7: Statement:
intends to teach yoga implies that II is also valid. The company will not go into profit unless a
Ex. 3: Statement: foreign-trained manager is brought.
w.
Assumptions 5
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be explicitly stated (see Ex 10), sometimes it may be in run through maze (puzzle). It was seen that starved
the form of “because no cause, hence no effect”(see Ex 11) monkeys could not make their way fast. This
and sometimes in the form of “Although cause, yet no proves that the lower intelligence of people in
effect” (see Ex 12). poor countries is the result of malnutrition.
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Ex. 10: Statement: Valid Assumption:
It r ained last night. The grounds must have The effect of malnutrition on the intelligence of
become wet. the monkeys is parallel to those on human beings.
Valid Assumption:
When it rains, grounds become wet. (f) Advertisement/notices/appeals
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Ex. 11: Statement: In the cases of advertisements, notice, appeals etc.
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As you do not have the expertise, you cannot be following assumptions will be considered valid:
selected. ( i ) An advertisement / appeal / notice does have
Valid Assumption: some effect (see Assumption I, Ex. 15, 16, 17, 18).
Expertise is essential for selection.
Ex. 12: Statement:
e ( i i) In case of an advertisement, that which is being
highlighted is looked for and expected by the people
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Although the city was under knee-deep water (see Assumption II, Ex. 15).
for four days in this monsoon, there was no ( i ii ) In case of a public-interest notice, it is the duty of
outbreak of cholera. those who issue it, to issue such notices (see
Valid Assumption: Assumption II, Ex. 18).
Water-logging usually leads to cholera. ( iv) In case of a public interest notice, what is being
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is given followed by a suggested course of action. Let us (v) In case of an appeal, the reason for issuing it exists
call the given fact / data etc X and the suggested course (you can determine the reason using your common
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of action Y. Then either some negative aspect of X is sense) (see Assumption II, Ex. 17).
mentioned and a course of action Y is suggested or some ( vi) In case of an of ficial notice, t he eff ect of it s
positive aspect of X is mentioned and a course of action Y implement at ion will be benef icial f or t he
is suggested. In the former case, ie, when some negative organisation (see Assumption II, Ex. 16).
aspect of X is mentioned, the following assumptions will Ex. 15: Statement:
be valid: Banking Services Chronicle—the only magazine that
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( i ) X needs improvement. (see Assumption I, Ex. 13) gives exclusive articles on reasoning and quicker
( i i) The negat iv e aspect s of X (if mentioned) ar e mathematics. —an advertisement.
undesirable/harmful. (see Assumption II, Ex. 13) Valid Assumptions:
( i ii ) Y will improve X. (see Assumption III, Ex. 13) I. The advertisement will have some effect on
w.
( iv) The advantages of adopting Y far outweigh the those who read it.
disadvantages (if any) of not adopting it. (see II. People look forward to exclusive articles on
Assumption IV, Ex. 13) reasoning and quicker mathematics.
Ex. 13: Statement: The working atmosphere in our Ex. 16: Statement:
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public sector units can only be described as From next month onwards, it has been made
indisciplined and uncoordinated. Therefore, some compulsory for every worker to submit a daily
harsh disciplinary actions need to be taken. report. - a notice issued in a company.
Valid Assumptions: Valid Assumptions:
I. The working atmosphere of our public sector I. The notice will be read by the workers.
units is not ideal / needs improvement. II. The daily submission of reports by workers
II. Indiscipline and lack of coor dination are will prove beneficial for the company.
undesirable in any industry. Ex. 17: Statement:
III. Taking har sh disciplinar y act ion would Donate money for the earthquake victims. — an
improve the working atmosphere of our public appeal
sectors. Valid Assumptions:
IV. The benefits outweigh the disadvantages (if I. The appeal will have some effect on people.
any) of taking harsh disciplinary actions. II. Ther e has been an ear thquake and the
Similarly, you may contemplat e and evaluate t he condition of the earthquake victims is pitiable.
Ex. 18: Statement: revenue. Yes, when they raise prices they do try to raise
Please do not lean out of the running train. —a rices of only those goods in particular whose prices are
notice in the railway compartment lower than what could be tolerated. But even then, the
Valid Assumptions: word “Very low” in the given assumption is definitely
I. The people are likely to pay attention to this questionable.
notice.
II. It is the duty of the Railways to issue such (ii) When an Assumption Cannot be Outrightly
notices. Rejected
III. Leaning out of running trains is dangerous.
IV. Not leaning out of running trains ensures (a) Restatement
safety.
An assumption will be invalid if it is a mere restatement
Cases and Reasons wherein an Assumption — putting it in different words of the given statement.
The following examples illustrate this point:
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Becomes Invalid or Incorrect Ex. 22: Statement:
Br oady, t her e may be t wo cat egor ies of inv alid Since certain sections of the society are going to
assumptions: be unhappy whenever reforms are implemented,
( i ) Where the assumption is outrightly incorrect, and there is little that can be done to prevent it except
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( i i) W her e t he giv en assumpt ion does not look abandoning it.
outrightly incorrect but a close look shoWs that it Invalid Assumption:
is invalid. Some people would not like the implementation
of reforms.
(i) Wh en an As sump tion can be Outr ight ly
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Ex. 23: Statement:
Rejected Of all the TV sets manufactured in India, brand
See the examples given below that will illustrate the X has the largest sale.
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concept: Invalid Assumption:
Ex. 19: Statement: No other brand of TV sets has as high a sale as
“Use aluminium—the versatile metal—for packing”.
e brand X.
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—an advertisement (b) Obversion
Invalid Assumption:
Aluminium is the only metal used for packing. Obversion is a slightly different case of restating the
It is obvious by the statement that aluminium is same fact. In it, two of the trio (subject, verb, predicate)
a versatile metal for packaging. These may be many more are changed into negative which changes the appearance
but not all would be versatile. Where does one get any of the sentence without changing its meaning. An obverted
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hint t hat aluminium is t he only met al possible for form of the statement is an invalid assumption.
packaging? Ex. 24: Statement:
Ex. 20: Statement: Friendship is beneficial.
“Get your child examined by a specialist doctor”.— Invalid Assumptions:
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A tells B. I. Enmity is harmful.
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Take another example to further illustrate this point. Non-smoking promotes health.
Statement:
(c) Conversion
A’s advice to B—“If you want to study Accounts, join
Institute Y.” The given assumption will be invalid if it is only a
converted form of the given statement.
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Assumptions:
I. Institute Y provides good Accounts education. Ex. 26: Statement:
II. B listens to A’s advice. Some / many historians harm the society by
[Here, both the assumptions are valid. If A advises B distorting facts.
to join a particular institute, A must have assumed Invalid Assumption:
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that the particular institute was a good institute. Some of those who distort facts and harm society
While advising B, A must also have thought that B are historians.
would listen to A’s advice.] Ex. 27: Statement:
Ex. 21: Statement: No unexperienced fellow could be employed.
The government has increased the price of bread. Invalid Assumption:
Invalid Assumption: No one who could be employed should lack in
The price of bread was very low. experience.
Generally prices are increased not beause they are
low but because these are compulsions agency that goes (d) Inference
around raising prices of everything that is cheap. In fact, The given assumption is invalid if it is an inference
all Govts try their best to keep inflation under control derivable from the given statement. Because we know that
(that is, tï keep the prices low.) They raise prices only a statement is based on assumption but an inference is
because they are not left with any choice and they need based an statement.
Assumptions 7
Ex. 28: Statement: reason is that I, III and IV use definitive words
Ram went to Gaya on 27th July. Shyam went such as ‘best’, ‘only’ and ‘definitely’. The statement
two days after him. in the question mentions a fact that the BoP crisis
Invalid Assumption: has worsened and then makes a suggestion that
Shyam went to Gaya on 29th July. export s should be boosted. Undoubtedly, the
Ex. 29: Statement: author of the advice is assuming that exports
Religion is based primarily and mainly upon fear; should help the country overcome the BoP crisis
it is partly the fear of the unknown and partly or that exports are a good (or, say, ‘reasonably
the wish to feel that one has a saviour who will good’) solution to BoP crisis. But there is no hint
stand by in times of despair and defeat. whatsoever that exports are the only solution or
Invalid Assumption: the best solution or a definitely effective solution.
Man’s fear of the unknown and defeat makes him The above example illustrates how the use of definitive
religious. words may lend a different ‘tone’ to a sentence and how
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one should be careful about them.
(e) Long-drawn conclusion
(b) Conjunctions
An assumption will be invalid if it makes too far-fetched
reasoning or long-drawn conclusion, even if it appears to When a statement consists of two clauses and the
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be probably correct. clauses are connected by a conjunction, the nature of
The following examples illustrate the point: the conjunction used, goes a long way in detecting the
Ex. 30: Statement: assumpt ion t hat t he author must hav e made. Some
Religious instruction leads t o a cur iosity for significant conjunctions are : ‘because’, ‘so’, ‘therefore’,
knowledge. So all teaching should be done in ‘despite’, ‘in spite of’, ‘even after’, ‘although’, ‘as’,
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religious spirit. ‘as a result of’. When one clause of the sentence mentions
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Invalid Assumption: an event / fact / suggestion called A (let us say) and the
Curious persons are good persons. other clause of the sentence mentions another event/
Ex. 31: Statement: f act /suggest ion called B, t hen depending upon t he
The Central Excise Collectorate has begun the
exercise of smooth transition from licence system
e conjunction the following assumptions can be concluded.
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t o simplif ied r egistr at ion system f or all the (a) A (because / as a result of ) B It is assumed that
manufacturers. - a news item B leads to A.
Invalid Assumption: Ex. 33: Statement:
The Central Excise Collectorate had carefully The lit er acy scenario will improve af t er the
reviewed the licence system. national awareness drive.
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Valid Assumption:
Keywords National awareness drive on literacy is a good
In judging the validity of a given assumption, special means of improving the literacy rate.
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case should be taken of some keywords. See the difference (b) A (therefore / hence) B It is assumed that A leads
that a single word/phrase can make. to B.
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(c) Connotive Phrases (a) It would be highly misleading to say that ...
(b) Nothing could be farther from truth than....
Sometimes it so happens that an author would say what
(c) It is baseless to say that ....
he wants to say but you may miss that he has said any
Although the role of connotative phrases in the type of
such thing because the words that the author uses to say
questions that are asked thesedays is very limited, they
it are slightly indirect, slightly unconventional. We shall
have been mentioned so they do not escape your eyes
call these connotative or connotive phrases. For example,
whenever you come across them.
“It is true that ...” can be written as
(a) It would be correct to say that... Thumb Rule
(b) Even the most sceptic of men would agree that...
(c) It can be claimed with reasonable degree of truth ( i ) The answer-choice “either of them is implicit”
that... is very rarely correct for assumption questions.
Similarly, “It is false” can be written as: ( i i) Remember Ex. 6 to Ex. 18 and f ollow t hese
examples as rules.
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Practice Exercise–1
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Directions: In each question below is given a his work? Sounds ridiculous! It is the same thing
statement followed by two assumptions numbered I about a film: one must see it in the form the director
and II. An assumption is something supposed or taken wants us to see it.
for granted. You have to consider the statement and Assumptions:
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the following assumptions and decide which of the I. Boards usually pressurise directors of a film to
assumptions is implicit in the statement. Give answer cut some shots.
1) if only assumption I is implicit. II. Filmmaker s should hav e t he r ight to show
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2) if only assumption II is implicit. whatever they want.
3) if either I or II is implicit. 7. Statement: Except emer gency ser v ices like
4) if neither I nor II is implicit.
5) if both I and II are implicit.
e ambulance, fire brigade and the police, no vehicle
should be given priority on the roads.
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1. Statement: Teachers should strive to acquire learning Assumptions:
competence, develop commitment to objectives and I. There are some vehicles other than emergency
improve performance. services which are given priority on the roads.
Assumptions: II. People will not mind the disturbance in traffic
I. Nowadays, teachers are money-minded and have caused by emergency services vehicles.
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strayed away from their main objective. 8. Statement: Mahatma Gandhi would have been pained
II. The future of a country depends a lot on teachers. to see that leaders in his country have been reduced
2 . Statement: Most of the defence personnel are capable to high living and simple thinking, instead of the
of choosing between right and wrong since they have other way round.
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basic qualifications. Assumptions:
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3. Statement: Mr ‘X’ has already played the best part of reminding you of your democratic right — the right
his cricketing life and now he is just passing time. to cast your vote.
Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. Mr ‘X’ should now quit cricket. I. The pre-recorded voice will increase the polling
II. Mr ‘X’ does not want to quit cricket. percentage.
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4. Statement: Unless the officials do their duty honestly II. People avoid casting their votes.
and wit h the spir it t o serv e the nat ion, the 10. Statement: The Bhagavad Gita speaks of God’s
constitution of any number of safety boards amounts intervention in the affairs of human beings to restore
to nothing but paper work. righteousness.
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Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. Safety boards are useless. I. Bhagavad Gita is a holy book.
II. Employees of t he depar t ment can pr event II. Human beings are guided by God.
accidents. 11. Statement: Some are forced to leave their novels just
5. Statement: In India, whenever a disaster occurs it is when they are reaching its tantalising end.
time for the government to constitute a committee. Assumptions:
Assumptions: I. Novels are very interesting and no one wants to
I. Making committees is an unnecessary exercise put it down without finishing it.
and is meant to fool the public. II. Students generally are afraid of their parents
II. No commit t ee’s r ecommendat ions has been while reading novels.
implemented in the past. 12. Statement: There is no good coaching arrangement
6. Statement: A film is no different from a poem, a story for CBSE board exam available anywhere in the
or a painting. Can one think of erasing a painting countr y. Students are forced to depend on sub-
for instance? Or, ask a poet to delete some lines of standard private tuitions of their locality.
Assumptions 9
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values are not necessarily different. I. People lack civic sense.
Assumptions: II. The speaker knows civic manner.
I. The speaker and his wife belong to two different 23. Statement: Infiltration of criminals into politics is a
countries. dangerous development and the voters should oppose
II. Gener ally, people dif f erent iat e bet ween t wo such candidates irrespective of their party labels.
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cultures. Assumptions:
15. Statement: Not even a collapsing world looks dark I. Criminals can fight elections.
to a man who is about to make his fortune. II. Ev en big nat ional par t ies gr ant t icket s t o
Assumptions: criminals.
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I. Entrepreneurs are ready to face any challenge 24. Statement: The big boys are getting ready — and
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that comes their way. this battle could be more viciously fought than ever
II. The statement will only boost up the morale of before.
the listener. Assumptions:
16. Statement: We protect other living things such as
plants and animals because they are not really any
e I. There is a price war going on between two leading
companies.
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threat to us. II. People enjoy watching such battles.
Assumptions: 25. Statement: With the help of General Motors, Daewoo
I. Carnivorous animals are not a threat to us. in India could be one of the strongest players in the
II. Man is strongest and wisest among all living auto market.
creatures. Assumptions:
17. Statement: The government of India has requested I. Daewoo alone is not sufficient to be strongest in
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exist ing t wo lanes to 4/6 lanes of the Nat ional entry was restricted.
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Highways. Assumptions:
Assumptions: I. The organisers know who are to be allowed in
I. IBRD will provide the loan to the government of the show.
India. II. There are ways possible other than that through
II. The number of vehicles is increasing in India. tickets to restrict the entry in the show.
18. Statement: Although our literacy rate is increasing, 27. Statement: Do not buy any gold jewellery till this
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II. Literate persons can think better than illiterate II. Law and order problem will not be there after
persons. Monday.
19. Statement: All astrology is fake. Some eminent people 28. Statement: “Buy the most contemporary design. That
have categorically stated that stars and planets have way you’ll be seen driving the latest. And in case
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no influence on human life. you want to sell it, you will always get a good price
Assumptions: ....” — Advertisement of a car.
I. The speaker believes the statement of eminent Assumptions:
people. I. People want to buy those models of cars whose
II. Eminent people never give wrong statements. resale value is high.
20. Statement: The DTC has the lowest fares in the II. The design of a car plays an important role in
country and perhaps, as a consequence, provides purchasing it.
also the worst city bus service anywhere. 29. Statement: The dawn of the new millennium could
Assumptions: affect computers and computer-run activities.
I. The fare of buses depends on the prices of diesel Assumptions:
oils. I. The dawn of the new millennium will be sad for
II. The increased f are will improve the ser vices some people.
provided by DTC buses. II. The Y2K specialist can solve the problem.
30. Statement: If a doctor’s degree is your ambition, then 40. Statement: Paging indust r ies have been going
the choice of a good guidance institution is half the through tough times partly because of the fact that
job done. the industry went through a period of unsustainable
Assumptions: growth where subscribers were attracted more by the
I. Without proper guidance, it is very hard to be a gifts accompanying a pager than by the service which
doctor. it offered.
II. Institute alone can’t help a student in his success. Assumptions:
31. Statement: You need one who is as serious as you I. Gifts accompanying a product always attract large
are — and equally dedicated. number of customers.
Assumptions: II. Unsustainable growth is found harmful in the
I. Nothing can be done alone. long run.
II. The speaker is talking about a student and his 41. Statement: A brand is essentially a seller’s promise
teacher. to consistently deliver a specific set of features,
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32. Statement: The skills are aplenty and the ambition benefits and services to the buyers.
and capability are already in our hands; now, we Assumptions:
need to break down the barriers. I. A branded good always gives satisfaction to the
Assumptions: buyers.
I. Skills, ambit ion and capability ar e t he pre- II. An unbranded good does possess the same set of
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requisites for any major task. features as that of branded goods.
II. Breaking of barriers is very hard task. 42. Statement: From the worldwide advertising hype one
33. Statement: The gestation period for a business on would imagine that the new year 2000 will be a magic
the net is a tenth or a hundredth of that in the wand changing with a swishing wave, India and
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physical world. the world.
Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. Business through net is preferable. I. One’s imagining gr eat ly depends on
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II. Saving of time is very important in business. advertisement.
34. Statement: He continues to be busy as he was while
handling the premier investigating agency.
e II. There will be nothing new on the millennium
eve.
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Assumptions: 43. Statement: If there were posters available of these
I. Nowadays he is busy writing books. men, they would have replaced Shahrukh and Sachin
II. The speaker is talking about the ex-CBI chief. on many host el walls by now. — about t op IT
35. Statement: The Shiv Sainik is like a burning torch, professionals.
who shall burn the evil and show the path of life to Assumptions:
those struggling in darkness. I. The posters of IT professionals are not available
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36. Statement: Political circles in the capital were puzzled for West Asia.
over the publication of an advertisement in some Assumptions:
newspapers. I. Most IT entrepreneurs of the world are Indians.
Assumptions: II. India can have a monopoly in IT sector in the
I. Politicians read newspapers. world market.
II. The advertisement in the newspaper was a rare 45. Statement: Have fun this new year eve, but not at
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I. CIA is the best detective agency of the world. II. People will enjoy the new year eve with a bang.
II. It is very hard to keep eyes and ears everywhere. 46. Statement: Reckless partying can lead to health
38. Statement: The Environmental Pollution Authority problems and you may reach a hospital straight from
hs proposed that the auto-rickshaws which clog the discotheque.
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Assumptions 11
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around and www.bigwaste.com is one of them, the I. So many accidents take place everyday because
difference being that it admits to being a big waste of of drunken drivers.
time. II. Alcometers is a machine which can identify the
Assumptions: drunken persons very easily.
I. Most of the websites claim to be useful ever when 59. Statement: Residents of XYZ colony agitated for
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they are not so. irregular water supply.
II. The Net has no mechanism to distinguish useless Assumptions:
sites from useful ones. I. Agitation is a right way to get the water supply.
51. Statement: “We are in talks with the Japanese Bank II. Residents of the colony have acute problem of
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for International Cooperation (JBIC) for the second water supply.
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t ranche of Rs 1,600 cr or e.” - Delhi Met ro Rail 60. Statement: “Come and join my political campaign.”
Corporation (DMRC) chairman — A political leader to film stars.
Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. DMRC has already received the first tranche of
the loan from JBIC.
e I. People have more faith on the film stars.
II. Film stars are big crowd-pullers.
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II. Talks for receiving the first tranche of the JBIC 61. Statement: “There should be no screening of film
loan have been finalised. Kohram until further decision.” — A High Court order.
52. Statement: “In every community where we sell our Assumptions:
brands, we must remember we do not do business in I. People abide by the decision of High Court.
markets; we do business in societies.” — A marketer II. Kohram is an objectionable movie.
Assumptions: 62. Statement: “Nobel laureate Dr. Amartya Sen will be
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I. Shops and markets are of no use in selling a presented a Lifetime Card for free travel.” — Chairman
brand. of Indian Airlines.
I. The understanding of social behaviour is a must Assumptions:
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for the marketers. I. This is a good way of advertising the company.
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53. Statement: Consumers are often deceived by terms II. Dr Amartya Sen is the pride of India.
like “goods once sold will not be taken back” or the 63. Statement: “This time electronic voting machines
goods are transported at “owner’s risk”. will be used during elections. ”— Chief Election
Assumptions: Commissioner.
I. Bearing in mind these phrases, consumers are Assumptions:
reluctant to seek compensation. I. It will reduce malpractices during counting of
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II. On some days the papers carry sensational news. II. It is the Election Commission which can curtail
55. Statement: Mr Speight with the help of some gunmen the election expenditure.
arrested the PM of Fiji. 65. Statement: The world gold production has continued
Assumptions: to grow irrespective of the price hike.
I. The Prime Minister was corrupt and was not keen Assumptions:
in the development of the country. I. Quantity of gold produced doesn’t affect its price
II. Democratic system is very weak in the country. in the market.
56. Statement: “Students are not allowed to wear western II. In case of price hike the production of gold should
dresses on the university campus.” — V.C. of a be reduced.
reputed university. 66. Statement: In t he countr y, which has ov er 70
Assumptions: t elev ision channels, hundreds of newspapers,
I. It looks vulgar and encourages more eve-teasing. thousands of magazines and a sensation through
II. If the girls will come to the college in Indian ‘dotcoms’, the demand for journalists would never
die down.
Assumptions: II. The speaker has witnessed the vices of the society
I. TV channels and dot com companies ar e being controlled by undisciplined leaders.
mushrooming by the day. 75. Statement: Today when there is so much talk about
II. Journalists are the pillar of our democracy. r ev ising the Const it ut ion, we hav e to consider
67. Statement: “Strict action would be taken against the whether it is the Constitution that has failed us or it
Municipal Corporation of Delhi employees if found is we who have failed the Constitution.
guilty of connivance in illegal encroachments.” — Assumptions:
The new Municipal Commissioner. I. Only the revision of Constitution will not serve
Assumptions: the intended purpose unless there is willingness
I. Some employees of MCD indulge in corruption. among the people to abide by it.
II. The warning given by Municipal Commissioner II. All is not right with governance.
will minimise corruption. 76. Statement: People of Indian Origin (PIO) maintain
68. Statement: Thick milk does not mean high-quality their cultural traditions and values even though they
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milk — Issued in public interest by a reputed milk have settled comfortably in their adopted countries.
company. Assumptions:
Assumptions: I. Indian culture is flexible enough to be adjusted
I. There is misconception among the people that with any other culture.
thick milk is good. II. Indian culture is superior to other cultures.
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II. Some companies are producing adulterated thick 77. Statement: DTC aut hor it ies have planned t o
milk. advertise various products on bus tickets to put them
69. Statement: Citizens and nations reveal their character to good use.
by the way they treat their elderly and the disabled. Assumptions:
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Assumptions: I. Passangers will read the advertisement printed
I. Elderly and disabled are the most respectable in on tickets.
society. II. DTC authorities will get advertisements under
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II. Elderly and disabled are the people who need this proposal.
70.
help of the society.
Statement: Unemployment has increased in spite of
e 78. Statement: The par ent s of st udent s ar e
demonstrating at Legislative Council to protest against
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the Indian economy growing well. f ee hike r ev ision by t he capit al’s educat ional
Assumptions: institutions.
I. Economic growth is supposed to create more job Assumptions:
opportunities. I. The parents are unable to afford increased fee.
II. There are certain factors other than economic II. In view of large-scale protestation Legislative
growth which influence employment. Council may direct the capit al’s educat ional
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71. Statement: It is not unknown in India that inquiry institutions to stop the fee hike.
reports, usually compiled with considerable care, are 79. Statement: “All the State Govts and UTs should go
shelved and forgotten as soon as the initial outrage for compulsory video-filming of the post-mortem
dies down. examinations in the cases of custodial deaths.” —
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given and taken votes based on caste/religion and 80. Statement: Income in the hands of women
not principles. contributes much more to the household food security
Assumptions: and child nutrition than the income controlled by
I. The days of value-based voting are numbered in men.
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India. Assumptions:
II. The voting based on principles has the potential I. W omen pay mor e at tent ion to household
to nullify the problems created by the politics of nutrition.
caste and religion. II. Men are more interested in outside affairs.
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73. Statement: “Our population is now 100 cr. Let’s have 81. Statement: “The state’s executive machinery should
small family for stronger India.”— a nasal message take all necessary measures to stop hazardous and
sent by the MTNL. poisonous ef fluent s f rom being discharged int o
Assumptions: Yamuna.” — A court order
I. Public messages sent through communication Assumptions:
media are effective tools to achieve the desired I. The water of Yamuna is contaminated.
end. II. State machinery has failed to t ake adequate
II. The runaway population growth seems to be a measures to prevent the problem of water pollution
major cause of worry for the government. in Yamuna.
74. Statement: A society is in danger when those who 82. Statement: If betting and match-fixing play a vital
have never learned to obey have been given the right r ole in cricket , which makes the game
to command. ungentlemanly and ugly, there is absolutely no use
Assumptions: of wasting precious time to watch the game of cricket
I. A good commander should be disciplined. which cheats the innocent.
Assumptions 13
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84. Statement: If you lose after competing hard that’s II. People ar e r esponsible f or making t he
fine. If you lose without trying hard, that’s what environment polluted.
disappoints me. 93. Statement: It may sound harsh but it is true that
Assumptions: people no longer feel safe in the hands of the police.
I. Losing after trying hard is excusable. Assumptions:
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II. Losing without effort is regrettable. I. Police are unable to protect the citizens.
85. Statement: In India that is short of nearly every II. There is no certainty of one’s life in police custody.
essential commodity, there is only one product that 94. Statement: Gov er nment s, NGOs and social
we stock in excess: ministers. organisations routinely come up with announcements
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Assumptions: and inf or mat ive adv er tising t o cr eat e public
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I. The more the number of ministers the easier it is awareness about various health threats and lifestyle-
to stock larger commodities. related diseases.
II. The strength of ministry should be reduced. Assumptions:
86. Statement: Courts are no longer cathedrals. They
are casinos where the throw of the dice matters.
e I. These advertisements will help to minimize the
health-related problems.
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Assumptions: II. Such advertisements create awareness among the
I. Nowadays, the courts do not provide justice to people.
deserving people. 95. Statement: Ideas have always been more potent than
II. The courts are not fulfilling the objective for which the actual protagonists who act them out.
they were established. Assumptions:
87. Statement: There are lessons to be learnt even in I. Famous protagonists can make any idea famous
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II. The people who learn in their defeat may become 96. Statement: The NDMC is wasting money and
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89. Statement: People are bound to reject changes in I. Doing things differently matters a lot.
the basic structure of t he Constitution and any II. Slow and steady wins the race.
interference in the traditional communal harmony. 98. Statement: “If the Indian men play to potential they
Assumptions: have a good chance to make the grade this time in
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I. This is a statement given by a leader of a party in Thomas Cup.” — The coach of Indian badminton
opposition. team.
II. The government in power is making a move to Assumptions:
amend the Constitution. I. Indian men have the potential to win the trophy.
90. Statement: Ov er t he year s, successiv e r ailway II. Indian men have the potential but they do not
ministers have utilised the employment potential of want to perform good.
the railways in order to boost their political careers. 99. Statement: Police-community relationship has been
Assumptions: going downhill over the years and the gap between
I. Ov er t he year s, Railways has wit nessed public expectation and police performance has been
tremendous vacancies for employment. constantly widening.
II. The political career of a political leader depends Assumptions:
upon the direct benefit given by him to the people I. Police is a part of community.
of his constituency. II. The police-community r elationship should be
91. Statement: “Safety will be the primary concern. I healthy.
100.Statement: If a region is crying for development, 108. Statement: “Develop a strategic plan for Internet
establish a new university, an advanced medical adoption. Do not treat the Internet any differently
institute and a centre for agricultural research there than you would treat any other crucial business
— and wait for the results. decision.” — A Manager, IBM India
Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. Only creation of new states would not speed up I. All crucial businesses need a strategic plan to
development. succeed.
II. Dev elopment can be achiev ed by spreading II. Internet is the need of the hour.
education. 109. Statement: Nowadays some people have made it a
101. Statement: For members at IIC, seek out those who business to or ganise rallies and demonstrations
hav e topped t he ser v ices exams, dist inguished agianst big projects citing environmental and social
themselves in graduate studies or have made a mark reasons.
at an early age in the arts or the media. Assumptions:
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Assumptions: I. Big projects are necessary.
I. The present selection process for membership II. Environmental and social reasons attract people
has lack of transparancy. towards rallies.
II. Present members of IIC ar e not up t o the 110. Statement: Various state governments will compete
expectations of the IIC. with one another to announce cash prizes they intend
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102.Statement: “Disconnect your TV cable connections” to facilitate Olympic medal-winners with.
— A maulana issued a fatwa because of thin attendance Assumptions:
during prayers at the mosque. I. Such announcements by the state governments
Assumptions: will boost the morale of players.
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I. TV programmes are more popular than prayers. II. Winning medal in Olympics is a matter of pride
II. Prayer is more important than watching TVs. for the state governments.
103. Statement: The long-term health of the nation and 111. Statement: The textbook variety of the profession
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its democratic policy should be primary concern of and practice of democracy has not worked in countries
v iolat e t he inter nat ional declar at ions and I. Aspiring singers should concentrate on ghazal
conventions and covenants relating to the minorities. rather than on pop.
Assumptions: II. Ghazal has been written off by many.
I. All civilised st at es enforce t he international 113. Statement: “Railway wagons of Eastern Railway will
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declarations, conventions and covenants equally. carry your message.” - ad by Eastern Railway.
II. Minorities all over the world should be given Assumptions:
protection by the concerned governments. I. Other railways are already in practice and earning
105. Statement: “A statesman or a man who has to deal profits.
with public affairs cannot ignore realities. The non- II. The railway will get responses for the above ad.
recognition of realities leads to artificial policies and 114. Statement: Order can be maintained only when law
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II. In general, people at the helm of affairs ignore I. The acceptance of a law by the people is a must
realities and undertake populist measures. for its effectiveness.
106. Statement: In the present globalised scenario it is II. There is a section of people who are law unto
time for a total overhaul of the system. themselves.
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Assumptions 15
117. Statement: To India and Indians, monsoon can be a 126. Statement: Keeping in mind the visual aspect of
bringer of bounty as well as harbinger of death. theatre, only selected incidents of Buddha’s life have
Assumptions: been taken.
I. The economy and the vast majority of the people Assumptions:
in India are still dependent on rain. I. The romantic aspect of Buddha’s lif e will be
II. In India, almost every year some part or the other shown in the play.
is ravaged by floods. II. Not every aspect of one’s life is worthy of being
118. Statement: So long as there is a caste-based society enacted on the stage.
in our country, there is no harm in having caste- 127. Statement: “If the play on Buddha is received well,
based organisations to look after the welfare of their we may even do a play on the life of Lord Krishna
castes. and Ram.” — A director
Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. Ther e is not hing wrong in hav ing r eligious I. If one play goes well, then others also will.
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organisations to spread their ideals. II. The success of this play will be an indication of
II. Political parties cannot look after the welfare of the people’s taste.
different castes like caste-based organisations 128. Statement: In order to check incidents of fire in the
can. Walled City area, godowns of hazardous chemicals
119. Statement: After destroying the Kshatriya kings, and paper of the area will be shifted to Narela and
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Parasuram asked the gods a way of penance. Ghazipur respectively.
Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. Parasuram deemed the act of destroying the kings I. Incident s of f ir e cannot occur in Nar ela or
to be a sin. Ghazipur.
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II. There is a way out even after having committed II. Paper is a highly combustible material.
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such ghastly acts. 129. Statement: “W hile weighing sweets, we do not
120. Statement: We grew up in joint families, which meant include the weight of the box which is used to carry
less space for the individual. the sweets.” — A notice in a sweet shop
Assumptions:
I. Big houses were unknown in the past.
e Assumptions:
I. Cost price of a box is not less than the cost of
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II. One has to make much adjustment in a joint any sweets in terms of the cost price of each
family. according to weight per gram.
121. Statement: Our urban young are less at ease with II. People prefer to pay only for the weight of the
their own language than with English! sweets they buy.
Assumptions: 130. Statement: “In my opinion if one is desirous of
I. One f eels most comf or table with one’s purchasing a car one should buy Mercedes only
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mothertongue. because the least number of cars that are stolen each
II. English language books sell more t han their year is that of Mercedes.” —Mr X says to Mr Y.
vernacular counterparts. Assumptions:
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122. Statement: The average American can afford hobbies I. People who want to purchase a car are financially
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that a typical middle-class Indian can only dream of. capable of buying Mercedes car.
Assumptions: II. Mercedes car is one of those cars, percentage
I. Ther e is much dif fer ence in mat er ial share of which is meagre in total cars sold in
circumstances between India and the US. India.
II. Economic prosperity offers a conducive climate 131. Statement: “People of state X were ‘forced to eat rats’
for a variety of interests to flourish. due to starvation and malnutrition.” — A public
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123. Statement: Banking has traditionally been a highly- interest writ petition filed in the court by an NGO.
sought-after career because of its stability and the Assumptions:
growth prospects it offers. I. The cour t will issue a not ice to t he stat e
Assumptions: government to relieve the vast sections of the
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I. People of modern times do not value stability any people of such acute distress.
longer. II. The court has the power to issue direction to the
II. People love stability but not stagnation. r espect iv e st at e to ensur e pr ot ection and
124. Statement: “Well, if we accept all the demands - preservation of human rights.
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we’ll end up with 763 new states!” — A caption in a 132. Statement: “With Corp Junior Account stop worrying
cartoon about money, concentrat e on your st udies. Our
Assumptions: features are: No delays, no transaction cost ... plus
I. Demands have been voiced for the creation of the safety of dealing with a Government of India
763 states. enterprise.” — An advertisement of a Bank X
II. The demand of new st at es is hit ting t he Assumptions:
headlines. I. Most of the people have faith in dealing with a
125. Statement: “I am actually enjoying my experience in Government of India enterprise.
the forest and even my health is quite fine.” — A II. Customers want t he cheapest and t he most
message from a hostage hasslefree service.
Assumptions: 133. Statement: “When forces like the Special Operation
I. The well-wishers of the hostage may panic. Group (SOG) are set up, some excesses are bound to
II. The well-wishers of the hostage may go into a happen and some innocents suffer. But we should
frenzy. be satisfied with the success of this SOG.”—View of
a citizen of an area where SOG has launched its 139. Statement: “Our state does not need State Human
operation Rights Commission, therefore we have abolished State
Assumptions: Human Rights Commission.” — CM of state ‘X’
I. Seen in the larger interest of the people, agonies Assumptions:
of the innocent is a small price to pay. I. There will be no cases of violation of human rights
II. It is quite difficult for SOG to get the desired in state ‘X’.
result without any negative impact. II. State ‘X’ has alternative provision to tackle cases
134. Statement: Instead of burning the leaves, bury them of human rights violation.
in compost pits, by which it gets converted to natural 140. Statement: “We need to instil a sense of pride among
manure, making it beneficial for the soil. — A notice the people for the rich cultural heritage of the country
issued in public int er est by Depar tment of and its various regions.” — Speaker of the Lok Sabha
Environment Assumptions:
Assumptions: I. Culture is what gives meaning to our lives and
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I. Whenever leaves are burnt in the open, the air identity to us as a social community.
gets laden with tiny particulate matter which II. To instil a sense of pride among the people for
raises air pollution to alarming levels, which the rich cultural heritage is almost impossible.
causes severe r espirat or y disorder s and eye 141. Statement: Faculty of a reputed institute ‘Y’ has
infections to those exposed to it. advised the students to buy Magical Book Series of
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II. Benefits gained from ashes of leaves burnt are BSC Publishing Co if they do not want to miss the
not as much as the benefits gained from the opportunities of being recruited as PO in PNB.
natural manure obtained from leaves by burning Assumptions:
it. I. Students may ignore the advice and continue to
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135. Statement: “A tempting cup of garma garam Georgia prepare with the study materials provided only
now awaits you at every street corner. So no matter by coaching Y.
who you are or where you go, a Georgia Vending II. Students of the institute Y have enough money
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Machine will hand you the same clean, delicious to arrange for the books.
cup of tea in Regular, Adrak, Elaichi and Masala.
And if you’re looking for a change try the Regular,
e 142. Statement: “Always use zebra crossings and subways
to cross the road safely.” — A notice by the City Traffic
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Mocha and Cappuccino coffee. One sip will make Police
you realise why every other alternative is a mere Assumptions:
compromise!”—An advertisement I. Road safety is not an opt ion but a must for
Assumptions: pedestrians.
I. Most of the people need delicious cup of tea or II. Safety can be increased by making people aware
coffee with a change in taste. of tips regarding road safety.
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II. Every person is addicted to either tea or coffee. 143. Statement: “High-tension wire can be extremely
136. Statement: “If you ask me about the daunting dangerous. Keep a safe distance from them.” — A
challenges t hat I face, I would say t hat my notice by Delhi Transco Limited
government’s first priority is to improve the existing Assumptions:
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law and order situation. Then follows the issue of I. High-t ension wir es ar e laid in complet e
prices of commodities.”—Mr Y, a newly appointed accordance with the law along routes that are
PM of country X legally approved by the concerned authorities.
Assumptions: II. Buildings are sometimes constructed near high-
I. If a citizen of country X can sleep peacefully, he/ tension lines after they have been laid, thereby
she can then think of providing food to his/her reducing the minimum required safe distance to
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family, ponder over education and move about high tension wires.
freely in the country. 144. Statement: “Honourable citizens of state, ‘X’ please
II. Prices of the commodities affect the common man rise and rat on your power-thrieving neighbour. You
greatly. could win a motorcycle, a colour TV set or a washing
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137. Statement: “Human rights are only for human beings, machine.” — UPPCL
not for terrorists. It is an insult to human rights to Assumptions:
protest on behalf of those found guilty of terrorism.” I. In order to get these gadgets, people of state ‘X’
— Mr X will put , ev en t heir good r elat ion wit h t he
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Assumptions 17
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147. Statement: “Buy durable pillows of company ‘X’. The spreads it s t entacles slowly but steadily. When
pillows have been made from 100% imported downs billions of dollars are being pumped in to counter
and feather; have the natural property to take the terrorism, such a seriousness is not being observed
contour and shape of your head, neck and shoulder against this sure killer. — Comments of a citizen
while you sleep; and are very popular abroad as well Assumptions:
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as in the domestic market.” — An advertisement I. Government’s perception of AIDS requires to
Assumptions: undergo a sea change.
I. Immense popularity of a product is a sign of the II. AIDS poses more threats to human life than
good quality of a product and its usefulness. terrorism.
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II. People desire for blissful sleep that keeps them 155. Statement: “When Mr X and Mr Y stepped out for
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ticking for the rest of the day. toss on the ground it was evident that one of them
148. Statement: “Oil the wheels that India moves on” is was in positive frame of mind while the other was
the cry of bicycle manufacturers in the country. t ense, f earing def eat and eliminat ion fr om t he
Assumptions:
I. The bicycle and components industry is a priority
e tournament.”—An ex-captain of a cricket team
Assumptions:
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focus area possessing capability of thrusting I. Panic always sets in when a team is playing after
export. a spate of defeats.
II. Bicycle is the most affordable mode of transport. II. There are some days when a player achieves
149. Statement: “No representative is authorised to collect magical heights, when he is unstoppable and
cash. Do not pay cash to anybody. All subscribers when every ot her player in t he arena looks
ar e r equested to make payment s only t hr ough woefully inadequate.
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cheques/DD in f av our of t he company. ”— An 156. Statement: “Mail your grievance and confidential
instruction to subscribers by company X information to the commissioner of police.” — Request
Assumptions: of city police to citizens
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I. If it is not said explicitly, the subscriber may Assumptions:
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claim for their payments in cash in case any I. All categories of people, be it the poor or the senior
irregularities are made by the representatives. citizens, might have grievances.
II. Representatives of company X are not trustworthy. II. People have blind faith in the efficiency of flying
150. Statement: “On this auspicious occasion of Republic squad of vigilance branch.
Day let us take the resolution to help the drought- 157. Statement: “Beware! Recycled coloured plastic bags
affected 4.3 crore population and 4.5 crore livestock contain harmful colour pigments, which, on coming
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of the state.”—An appeal by the CM of state X to its in contact with food particles, make food unfit for
citizens consumpt ion, result ing in sev er e food poison,
Assumptions: allergies and in ext reme cases ev en death. ”—A
I. Citizens’ par ticipation will ensure pr ide and scientist
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II. Some children have died by drowning. Assumptions:
162. Statement: “I think illiterate and drunk drivers I. Students may hesitate to eat the cooked meal
should not be employed, at least for children.” — provided by the Government.
says X. II. The cooked meal served to the students may be
Assumptions: hazardous for the health of students.
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I. Literacy helps in driving. 171. Statement: “Although no war was witnessed during
II. Children have a status equal to the adults. the tenure of prime ministership of Mr X, a large
163. Statement: Owing to urgent repair on a main line number of top bravery medals were conferred upon
from the Wazirabad waterworks, water supply will many cops in the name of curbing terrorism and
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be at low pressure on Thursday. eliminating terrorists of different organisations
Assumptions: belonging to our own states.” — View of a citizen
I. Repair impedes water supply. Assumptions:
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II. Water can be had even on low pressure. I. It is disgraceful of cops to name the act of killing
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166. Statement: “People who swindle crores of taxpayers’ political outlook are also equally important.
money go scot-free while petty thieves, who probably II. Execut iv e consult ation will ensur e gr eat er
r ob out of desper ation, ar e given thir d-degr ee transparency of the appointment.
punishment and ar e of ten vict ims of cust odial 173. Statement: “Never use obvious PIN like your car
deaths.” — View of Mr X registration no., birthdate, telephone no., etc. Change
Assumptions: your pin every three months.” — An instruction to
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I. All persons should be equal before law. customers of a bank who enjoy ATM facilities
II. Punishment should be giv en t o t he culpr it Assumptions:
accor ding t o t he degree of the inf ringement I. ATM cards issued by a bank to customers might
committed by the culprit. be lost by some customers.
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167. Statement: “Look under your seat. There could be a II. Some people may try to use ATM cards of others
bomb. Raise alarm. Earn r eward.” — A writt en clandestinely to withdraw money.
instruction to passengers of a bus 174. Statement: “We pr ov ide subsidised t ea t o t he
Assumptions: labourers — pay only Rs 2 instead of Rs 2.50 and get
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I. Passengers will read the instruction and may a cuppa of tea.” — An advertisement
abide by it. Assumptions:
II. Passenger s’ par t icipation may ensur e mor e I. Labourers may afford a cup of tea at Rs 2 per
security. cuppa.
168. Statement: The Government X has proposed to create II. Subsidised prices attract customers.
two new service cadres of Rural Development Service 175. Statement: Dowry system can not be eradicated from
and Rural Engineering Service to strengthen the our society unless we change the people’s mindset.
Panchayati Raj model. Assumptions:
Assumptions: I. Existence of dowry system is not desirable in a
I. New cadres may help implement the Government’s society.
schemes for empowerment of rural communities. II. It is possible to bring a radical change in people’s
II. Ther e may be some pr act ical dif ficult ies in mindset.
implementation of various schemes launched by 176. Statement: “No war, yet 1874 Indian Armymen killed
the Government X. or hurt during the 10-month forward deployment
Assumptions 19
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activities. If a person does not respect the law, let collateral security.
him at least fear it. 184. Statement: In an attempt to make the conditional
Assumptions: access system “consumer-friendly”, the government
I. When a man is sentenced to death for whatever issued a notification asking cable operators to declare
crime he has committed, he should at least die a pay channel rates by June 15.
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painless death. Assumptions:
II. A person convicted of a heinous crime deserves I. Cable operators may not be able to declare pay
no kindness. channel rates by June 15 due to lack of adequate
178. Statement: “It is tall claims that our state X is time.
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pr ogr essing on indust r ial f ront . Rising II. Everyone has their own business compulsions
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unemployment by leaps and bounds is enough to and wish to test their own market.
collaborate it.” — View of a politician of state X 185. Statement: “Despite a draconian crackdown against
Assumptions: software pirates announced by country X last year,
I. If the state were progressing on the industrial
f r ont it should have been ref lect ed in t he
e the country remains the world’s third largest market
for bootleg computer programs.” — A journalist
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unemployment situation. Assumptions:
II. Progress on industrial front reduces financial I. Computer pir acy is declining globally but
crunch. increasing in country X.
179. Statement: In a bid to discourage cattle owners from II. A draconian crackdown against software pirates
letting their animals loose on the roads the Municipal may bring the bootleggers to heel.
Corporation of City X has enhanced the fine from Rs 186. Statement: “Problems with your spouse and too little
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4000 to Rs 5000. time to hash things out? Online couple therapy may
Assumptions: be for you.” — An advertisement
I. Increase in fine may decrease the stray cattle Assumptions:
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menace. I. People may have faith in online therapy.
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II. The subsequent fine is quite a large sum and it II. Couples on the run expect comparable results
should prompt the owner to get his cattle back as from online “chats” mediated by a professional
early as possible. and face-to-face therapy on a psychologist’s couch.
180. Statement: “Learn to solve Quantitative Aptitude in 187. Statement: “If you see any street lights on during
3 seconds besides Dat a Inter pr et at ion (without the day, or notice pilferage of electricity, do inform
written steps) by our experts or take back Rs 10,000/ us.” — A notice by NDPL to common people
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within three seconds by a candidate. conserve power would help maintain reliable
II. It will be a hard nut to crack for all aspirants to supply of electricity.
solve questions of Data Interpretation without any 188. Statement: One of the groups of militants of our
written work. organisation, which had been successful in making
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181. Statement: High Court of state ‘X’ has decided to do its way into the Indian territory, kidnapped a local
away with the summer vacations in order to dispose resident of the area and forced him to act as a guide.
of pending cases. Assumptions:
Assumptions: I. Local residents of a particular area possess good
I. Vacation for the courts is a vestige of the Raj knowledge about the path in and around the area.
period. II. Despite the use of force against an individual,
II. The step taken by the judiciary will compel the he or she may guide properly and accurately.
Government to fill up all the vacancies in the 189. Statement: Being unable to accommodate adequate
court. training session for the national team, country X
182. Statement: The Government has transferred the has decided not to defend the LG Cup it won last
entire staff of police station ‘X’ and a magisterial year in the city Z.
inquiry has been ordered into the mysterious death Assumptions:
of a man in the police station. I. Without playing several matches against major
soccer-playing nations, it will be futile to defend
the LG Cup.
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as an initiative, following 67% hike in on-board tradition of respect for cultural diversity and spiritual
courier rates by domestic airlines. values has been the bedrock for its intercultural
Assumptions: dialogue and interaction with civilisations, countries
I. If the cour ier rates were not increased, the and nations.” — Ministry of HRD
industry would suffer huge losses which would Assumptions:
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retard its growth, leading to closure of operations. I. Other countries have no respect for cultural
II. The hike in courier and the parcel rates may be diversity and spiritual values.
able to reimburse the expenses incurred due to II. The concept of a “Dialogue Among Civilisations”
hike in on-board courier rates by the domestic has assumed gr eat er impor t ance wit h t he
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airlines. emergence of the global scenario.
192. Statement: “Before you hire a domestic help, get his/ 199. Statement: The cabinet decided to wind up various
her background verified through us. Your family’s existing authorities on environment and set up a
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safety depends on this simple step.” — City police National Authority headed by a Supreme Court judge
Assumptions:
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I. Police verification of domestic help is an effective
besides six regional authorities to help Ministry of
Environment and Forests.
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step in crime prevention. Assumptions:
II. Ver if icat ion of people’s domest ic help’s I. These new authorities may be able to look after a
antecedents is a simple process. particular eco-sensitive area or a regional issue.
193. Statement: “My life has become a burden for too many II. These new authorities may help re-organise and
people and my step of jumping off a multistoreyed str eamline the of functioning of Minist ry of
housing complex will bring happiness for many Environment and Forests.
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people. I do not blame anyone for my act. Please let 200. Statement: “It is very regrettable though issues
me die peacefully.” — A suicide note written by a 19- per taining to t he elderly and the disadvantaged
year-old girl. children do find space in the media, the “treatment”
Assumptions: given to them is often shallow and rarely reflects
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I. Jumping off a multistoreyed housing complex will their actual condition.” — View of Mr ‘X’
cause death. Assumptions:
II. Jumping off a multistoreyed housing complex is I. The media should not gloss over the real problem
the easiest among the various way of ending lives, faced by the old.
such as hanging, burning and consuming poison. II. The r adio and pr int media t ouch upon the
194. Statement: “Despite hike in tariff, power is still problems of the elderly but t he informat ion
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cheap in the city X.” — Power Minister supplied has little practical value.
Assumptions: 201. Statement: “Gov ernment employees, including
I. The cost of purchasing electricity or its generation doct or s working in st ate-r un hospitals and
is much more in city X than in the neighbouring dispensaries, have no right — fundamental, legal,
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Assumptions 21
203. Statement: “No matter which career path you choose Assumptions:
in photography, there are skills you need in order to I. The vehicle people want to sell could be misused
succeed: visual skills, technical, camera and lighting by terrorists.
skills and digital imaging skills besides the most II. Each and every individual wants to buy old cars/
important element of success — proper training.” — vehicles.
View of Mr Z 209.Statement: I will not resign until proved guilty. - A
Assumptions: politician in his speech
I. A strong sense of visual style and compositional Assumptions:
skills in addition to training in the technical I. There are demands for his resignation.
int r icacies of phot ography may make a II. Ther e are some charges levelled against t he
photographer more successful. politician.
II. A sound educat ion pr ov ided by a qualit y 210. Statement: Buy ‘X’ dairy milk - fresh, pure and
photography training can help one to gain the hygienic. - An advertisement
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skills one needs to succeed. Assumptions:
204. Statement: “The monsoon is her e. So ar e t he I. Other brands of milk are also available.
mosquitoes Beware of total diseases! So do not leave II. ‘X’ dairy’s milk is the most expensive.
in open on the roof of the house, unused/broken 211. Statement: Woman is the embodiment of sacrifices.
articles like bottle, cups, tyres etc.” — A notice issued Assumptions:
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in public interest by Directorate of Health Services I. Man should not make sacrifices as this role is
[DHS] entrusted to females.
Assumptions: II. Women usually make sacrifices.
I. Mosquito spreads fatal diseases and steps to 212.Statement: It is none other than humans who destroy
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control mosquito breeding can prevent the spread humanity.
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of the diseases. Assumptions:
II. Unused/broken articles are capable of holding I. Man is man’s enemy.
rainwater. II. Humans are destructive.
205. Statement: The Law Commission of India has called
for sweeping changes in life insurance laws not only
e 213. Statement: The government should reject the demand
for a separate state for tribals in state A.
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to promote insurance business in the country but Assumptions:
also to protect policy holders from hassles in claiming I. The government has the power to grant a separate
settlements. state.
Assumptions: II. Tribals are generally very cruel.
I. The interests of policy holders had not been 214. Statement: When the hammer does not work, use a
entirely satisfied particularly in the area of claims sledge hammer.
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settlement. Assumptions:
II. Sweeping changes in life insurance laws are I. A sledgehammer is more powerful than a hammer.
possible. II. Different tools are required in different conditions.
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206. Statement: “Are you creative and outgoing? Do you 215. Statement: This move has been taken from the point
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enjoy communicating ideas and working with others? of view of exchange rate management.
A career in photography offers the opportunity to Assumptions:
create art and work in a rewarding professional field I. Such a move is not desirable.
of endeavour.” — An advertisement II. No other move is possible.
Assumptions: 216. Statement: “Vote for the Congress to complete the
I. Making commer cial quality phot ogr apher s unfinished agenda st arted by great leaders like
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requires technical expertise and creativity. Nehru, Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi, and to tackle
II. There are some people who want to be successful problems faced by the country such as poverty,
photographer. injustice and exploitation of the poor, women and
207. Statement: “If you are serious about professional children.” — a leader.
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Assumptions: voters.
I. Those who are looking for a stepping-stone to 217. Statement: One should see the problems the so-called
gain confidence and knowledge need training Asian Tigers are undergoing, and the huge loans
classes. they are forced to take from the IMF. India should
II. Professional photographers at the institutes offer lear n fr om what has happened in t hese Asian
hands-on instruction, opportunities to enhance countries.
portfolios, and lifelong contacts that can help Assumptions:
students build careers in photography. I. If India does not exercise caution, it will also go
208. Statement: “If you are selling your car/vehicle, retain the way Asian Tigers have.
copies of identification documents with photographs II. Taking loan from IMF is not a good sign.
of buyer, such as driving licence, ration card, election 218. Statement: “I endorse X’s demand to reveal the names
ID card etc. A simple way to fight terror.” — A notice involv ed in t he kickbacks immediately.” — Y, a
issued in public interest by city police X political leader
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other NBFCs. foreign investors who are ready to invest in India
Assumptions: but shying away t hemselv es due t o some
I. An influence in the corridors of power leads to unadaptable process of clearness.
relaxations. II. Foreign investors will welcome this new policy.
II. Both Sahara and Peerless are NBFCs. 227. Statement: “Our country has decided to give all types
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221.Statement: “The fundament al r equir ement is a of support to country X in its objective to itself polio-
government that seeks a consensus and cooperation. free by 2002.” — Health minister of country Y
It is when governments behave arbitrarily and try to Assumptions:
impose their will without discussion and when they I. Without the support of country Y, country X will
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consider dissent as anti-national and approach the not be able to make itself polio-free.
house with closed mind that disruption arises.” — II. Country X is not capable of making itself polio-
Leader of the opposition free by 2002.
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Assumptions: 228. Statement: “Our country X has decided not to provide
I. If the Government takes a decision keeping the
view of opposition in mind, there might not be
e air passage for the aeroplanes of country Y because
it was later found hatching conspiracy to br ing
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any act of disruption. anarchy in our country through destructive work of
II. Views of opposition is a matter of great concern. sev er al milit ant out f it s. ” — Spokesman of t he
222. Statement: “It has never happened in Parliamentary government
history that a member has been selected by the Prime Assumptions:
Minister, given oath by the President, and another I. The pressure mounted by this move is likely to
member does not want to ask him a question.” — PM change the overt and covert policy of country Y
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of country X when some members of Lok Sabha refuse towards intentions country X.
to ask any question from the defence minister. II. This move is likely to attract global attention
Assumptions: towards the evil of country Y against country X.
I. If a person does not give due respect to a person 229. Statement: Bhar at Sanchar Nigam Limited has
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who has been appointed constitutionally, it is a announced a sharp reduction in STD rates for both
matter of concern. peak and non-peak hours despite knowing the fact
II. Happening of new things in parliament ar e that this move will compel it to incur a loss of Rs
incorrect and illegal. 3000 crore in the first six months.
223.Statement: “The Indir a Gandhi Nat ional Open Assumptions:
University (IGNOU) has indicated that it would soon I. Other major telecom companies may reduce their
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be commissioning 15 more transmitters for ‘Gyan STD rates for both peak and non-peak hours.
Vani’, a radio channel on education, to include Delhi, II. Reduct ion in STD r at es is likely t o pr ovide
Visakhapatnam, Lucknow, Bhopal, Mysore, Raipur, enormous profit in the long run.
Ahemadabad, Rajkot, Guwahati and Varanasi.” — 230. Statement: Keshav’s mother instructed him to return
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Director of IGNOU. from the city by train instead of taking the river route
Assumptions: if flood situation became grimmer.
I. People of t hese area need educat ional Assumptions:
information. I. Keshav may not be able to decide on a proper
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II. IGNOU’s existing infrastructure is capable of course of action if the situation of flood turns
making these facilities available. worse.
224.Statement: The PM of country X warned country Y II. Both the routes will continue to function even
not to interfere with the Island’s legislative election after the aggravated flood situation.
because the vote represents the people’s will. 231. Statement: People living in border areas of country
Assumptions: X have started selling their crops at low prices after
I. Leaders of country Y have tried to influence the the tense situation with neighbouring country Y.
polls during the past elections. Assumptions:
II. The election in country X is its internal affairs. I. The tense situation in the border area is likely to
225.Statement: “To defuse the hotbed of instability in lead to a war, which may further harm their
country X, it is necessary to use a flexible combination livestock.
of forces—political, legal and economic measures— II. The neighbour ing countr y might succeed in
to target the sources of terrorist, extremist and forefeiting their crops if disputes erupt in the
narcotic threats.” — A member of Commonwealth of border areas.
Assumptions 23
232. Statement: Buy our magical book on quicker maths 239. Statement: “Entry of HTVs is banned.” —A notice
and get techniques to solve those complicated sums on the main entrance of a flyover
within seconds which you were unable to solve in Assumptions:
quicker way. — An advertisement of X pub co of books I. People know the meaning of HTV.
for students II. The notice will have no impact on the people.
Assumptions: 240.Statement: “While solving a sum related to cubes
I. Students know the procedure of solving the sum and cuboids you compelled me to draw a sketch of
through tradit ional or other met hods except cuboid on the black board but what will happen when
quicker methods. you will go through the chapter of Profit and Loss,
II. Only the books of quicker maths of X publishing where you will have to calculate profit gained by a
company contains short-cut techniques. dishonest shopkeeper?” — A teacher X to a student
233. Statement: We have neither sufficient vehicles for Y.
patrolling nor night vision glasses and sophisticated Assumptions:
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weapons; how can we be able to curb the militancy? I. The st udent will r equire a sketch of while
— A Commander of Border Security Force calculat ing pr of it ear ned by t he dishonest
Assumptions: shopkeeper.
I. Militancy can’t be curbed. II. The student should try to solve the sum related
II. Physical facilit ies of securit y f or ces help in to cubes and cuboids without drawing a sketch
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increasing of efficiency of forces. of cuboid.
234. Statement: Since my childhood I always liked the 241. Statement: “Despite knowing the fact t hat the
poem of poet X and I made my efforts to learn from examination paper of X will consist of hundr ed
the style of the poet to be a good poet. — Mr Y questions on Reasoning we can’t predict the ratio of
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Assumptions: verbal to non-verbal reasoning.” — A tells B.
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I. It is possible to learn some qualities from the Assumptions:
poems of a good poet. I. Examination paper of X will consist of both verbal
II. Poems of poet X were in existence during the and non-verbal reasoning.
childhood of Mr Y.
235. Statement: Our book on Non-Verbal Reasoning has
e II. Some candidat es who are appear ing f or the
examination X need some information regarding
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been written systematically for students who are new the ratio of the questions of verbal and non-verbal
to the subject and now they do not require to join reasoning.
any coaching institute to learn the subject. — An 242.Statement: “The inv estor s who hav e made
advertisement investment through Agents may get their coupons
Assumptions: from the Agents on production of original savings
I. Students need a systematically written book on instrument to the Agent.” — A condition to public
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bring their own typewriters at the time of the test of to investors.
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typing skill.” — A condition in an advertisement II. No coupon will be provided directly from the main
Assumptions: office.
I. Candidates will not be able to bring their own 243. Statement: “How can an alliance be possible with
typewriters. those hypocritical parties who fight for the poor and
II. Candidat es will be able t o br ing t heir own use billionaires as symbols?” — Leader of party Y
typewriters at the time of skill test. Assumptions:
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237. Statement: “Instances of brides being illtreated for I. Party ‘Y’ is the only real fighter for the poor and
insufficient dowry are too common to make news the downtrodden.
and it seems that even position and rank are no II. The objectives of the parties should reflect in
guarantee that a woman will receive her in-laws’ their deeds also.
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respect.” — A report in a newspaper 244. Statement: The courts should strive to give speedy
Assumptions: and fair justice and keep off from politics as well as
I. It does not behove a woman at a higher post to be corr uption. At t he same t ime it should dev elop
deprived of in-laws’ respect for insufficient dowry. commitment to objectives and improve its performance.
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246. Statement: “How is it that only the northern part of 252. Statement: “Wit h our adv anced br oadband
the country is involved in the Ram temple movement technology, you can now experience the best action
when the whole nation has Ram devotees? If we on the internet without the worry of huge telephone
want to rise above these petty political machinations bills, and at prices as low as Rs 500 per month. —
there is an urgent need for a new breed of Indians An advertisement of company X.
with a mindset attuned to the present scenario and Assumptions:
instilled with values generated by centuries of true I. Now more people will have access to internet.
Indian civilisation.” — Mr Y II. People need to experience the best action on the
Assumptions: internet.
I. India comprises different types of mindsets. 253. Statement: “English is easy if you follow our book
II. True Indian civilisation among the citizens is English Is Easy.” — An advertisement of a Publishing
desirable to inculcate the citizens with a lesson Company
of harmony. Assumptions:
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247. Statement: The leader of country ‘X’ has sent his I. Most people aspire to learn English.
special envoy to the capital of country ‘Y’, seeking II. One can’t learn English without following the
the help of its PM to defuse the western crisis. — A book English Is Easy.
report in a newspaper 254. Statement: “Soft drinks’ penetration in rural areas
Assumptions: is only 10 per cent. If we have to hook the rural folk
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I. ‘Y’ is one of the western countries which has we need to give them single-serve soft drink packs
responded positively in building international at low price points.” — CEO of ‘X’ Company
peace. Assumptions:
II. Efforts made by the PM of ‘Y’ is likely to defuse I. Purchasing power of the people living in rural
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the crisis in the western country. areas is low and it will make the people unable
248. Statement: “With 17” PC Monitor of company X, get to purchase the beverage of company ‘X’ even at
Laxmark Z13 colour Inkjet Printer absolutely free low price points.
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with one-year guarantee period.” — an advertisement II. Low margin-high volumes is a way of successful
Assumptions:
I. More people will now be attracted towards 17”
e business.
255. Statement: “Why do we put pressures on children
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PC Monitor of company X due to this scheme. to do exercises when they become adamant not to do
II. Offer of providing free goods to the customers the same? Why not opt for other mediums such as
with some other goods of a company is likely to break-dance etc to fulfil the desired objectives?”
increase the sale of the company. Assumptions:
249. Statement: “Medical and defence communities should I. Break-dances and exercises have some common
always keep vigil as prompt diagnosis and early benefits.
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intervention could reduce morbidity and mortality II. Childr en would not hav e any hesit ation
and mitigate the ill-effects of a biological attack.” — participating in breakdances.
Mr ‘X’ makes ‘Y’ aware of his opinion. 256. Statement: “We do not know why government is
Assumptions: saying an agreement has been reached on the issue
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I. Biological attack is not desirable for society. of proposed dilution of government holding in the
II. Medical and defence communities are equipped joint sector automobile company, when neither party
with the instruments of diagnosis. is, however, willing to divulge details of the proposed
250.Statement: “New auto policy allows 100% foreign rights issue.” — Senior representative of Company
funding and has kept in mind the need to address ‘Y’.
emerging problems and make the auto sector WTO- Assumptions:
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Assumptions 25
II. In the field of software India has become far better Assumptions:
than any other country of the world. I. A person equipped with true qualities of humanity
259. Statement: Mr ‘x’, the fast bowler of country ‘y’, bid is mor e likely t o encourage harmony among
adieu to Test cricket to focus more on next year’s communities.
World Cup. — Mr Z II. To assuage the feelings of the communities is
Assumptions: not a hard nut to crack.
I. Mr ‘x’ will be fit for next year’s World Cup. 266. Statement: “How painful it is that even fifty years
II. World Cup cricket is more important than Test aft er Independence a sect ion of t he count ry’s
cricket. population is not being considered as its citizens!”
260. Statement: “As far as prediction about your success — A note in a newspaper about citizenship of a section
in the forthcoming PO examination is concerned, it in country X.
becomes necessary to know your level of preparation.” Assumptions:
— ‘A’ tells ‘B’ I. Fifty years is a long time span during which it is
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Assumptions: feasible to provide citizenship to every section of
I. Knowledge of pr epar ation of ‘B’ will indicate the population of country X.
whether ‘B’ will succeed in the examination or II. Independence of a country ensures more powers
not. to its citizens.
II. Every competitor needs prediction about the result 267. Statement: “Sanjay Leela Bhansali (a film director)
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of his/her preparation for the examination. should be lauded and not criticised for the huge budget
261. Statement: “If Miss ‘J’ can ask for the extradition of of Devdas (a film).” — A comment by Mr X
Mr ‘Z’, supremo of a militant organisation, for the Assumptions:
assassination of former PM, why can’t families of I. A person is not worthy of criticism only because
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Br it ish citizens, killed in st at e ‘X’ wit h t he of violation of limit of a single factor.
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connivance of chief minister ‘Y’, ask f or his II. Unless a person pumps in money, he/she cannot
extradition to UK to stand trial?” — A criticism made be the best in a field like cinema.
by a person. 268. Statement: “Had my father been alive, he would never
Assumptions:
I. Killings in st at e ‘X’ wer e as deadly as t he
e have allowed me to join films.”— Miss X, a singer
Assumptions:
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assassination of the former prime minister. I. Sometimes tragedy brings prosperity in the life
II. Mr ‘Y’ is a culprit and so is Mr ‘Z’. of an individual.
262. Statement: “If you have any information about drugs II. Film industry witnesses many ups and downs,
you can contact the officers of Narcotics Control therefore there is no guarantee that prosperity
Bureau.” — An instruction to the people by Narcotics will come in life.
Control Bureau 269. Statement: “Our study materials do not necessarily
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II. If it is not said explicitly, people will not convey Assumptions:
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the information they have about illegal drug I. Need to become a PO can be satisfied with certain
trafficking. amount of efforts but one’s greed can not be
263. Statement: “Please change the colour pattern of your satisfied with certainty.
number plate of vehicle on or before 1st July, 2002 II. Desires of most of the people (who aspire for PO)
as per the directions by Transport Department.” — A are not conducive to their real requirements.
request by Transport Department to owners of two- 270.Statement: “If you believe that stars and planets
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wheelers and four-wheelers. influence the course of your life, then the four-album
Assumptions: series Navagraha is meant for you. It is the collector’s
I. The stipulated time is enough for the owners to series for those who want to keep their fortunes
make requisite changes in number plates. intact.”— An advertisement
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suffer in the research for cure for these man-made cautions one against unfavourable situations.
ills?” — View of Mr Y 271. Statement: “Only you know what is better strategy
Assumptions: for you. So listen to various views but implement
I. Initiatives aimed at prevention are better than what suits you the best.” —An ultimate success
cure of a disease. formula to youngsters by an IAS topper among women.
II. It is not desirable to harass a species for the faults Assumptions:
of another species. I. Some people need help f r om other s while
265. Statement: “There is a need to take steps that would choosing an appropriate strategy for preparations.
assuage the feelings of all the communities and II. Each individual has the capacity to judge herself
strengthen the forces of tolerance, brotherhood and as well as adopt right courses of action after self-
amity in state ‘X’, where communal violence has done evaluation.
immense damage.” — Mr Z, leader of opposition. 272.Statement: “There should be a joint patrolling by
Indian and Pakistani forces to check infiltration of
militants into Jammu and Kashmir.”—PM of India
Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. Joint patrolling scheme is the only possible and I. Scholarship will attract the children to school.
practical way to check infiltration. II. Those children who are deprived of money but
II. Pakistan Gover nment will tur n down India’s intelligent will attend the school and scholarship
proposal of joint patrolling of LoC as unworkable will make their aspirations feasible.
in the present circumstances. 280. Statement: “Smartness cannot be the only criteria
273. Statement: “Unrestricted, free and fair competition for deciding a person’s personality.”— Mr Y
is the only process to bring out the most competent Assumptions:
and committed of the aspirants to political leadership.” I. Persons with equal smartness are not necessarily
— A note in a newspaper treated equally.
Assumption: II. Personality of a person is not linked only with
I. Polit ical leadership is facing character crisis smartness.
everywhere. 281. Statement: “Everyone desires to buy a mobile phone.”
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II. Existing condition of the country is conducive to — a student
unrestricted, free and fair competition so that Assumptions:
the most competent and committed candidate can I. Mobile phones are not a necessity but an item of
be found out. luxury.
274. Statement: “Readers are recommended to make II. Mobile phone makes one more active.
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appropriate enquiries before sending money, incurring 282. Statement: “Top rankers of forthcoming examination
any expenses or entering into any commitment in for probationary officers will definitely be from our
r elat ion to any adv er tisement published in our classr oom coaching.” — Co-or dinat or of XYZ
newspaper.” — An instruction to readers through classroom coaching
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newspaper ‘X’. Assumptions:
Assumptions: I. Most of the intelligent competitors are from XYZ
I. Most of the readers can be persuaded easily by coaching institutes.
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false and alluring advertisements. II. Question-paper of the forthcoming examination
II. Appropriate enquiries are likely to reduce the
cases of fraud and other malpractices.
e will be entirely based on the concept-building
papers of XYZ institute.
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275. Statement: “Register as a voter and secure your voting 283. Statement: “It has become the need of the hour that
right.”— Notice issued in public interest by Chief we should entrust all the power, regulating our
Electoral Officer f ranchisees, t o one per son t o maint ain smoot h
Assumptions: r unning of our f r anchisees as well as t he
I. Some people still lack right of voting due to lack organisation.”— An employee of XYZ institute.
of proper registration. Assumptions:
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II. “Voting right” is essential to make one’s life more I. Entrusting powers to more persons will cause
dynamic, comfortable and prosperous. f lexibility and indiscipline and as a r esult
276. Statement: “We realise that your needs change over regulation of organisational work will be hindered.
time. Our wide range of insur ance solutions is II. Smooth running of franchisees is necessary for
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situation in state ‘X’ and gauge the feasibility of say physical assault , molestat ion, ev e-teasing,
holding early Assembly elections. harassment or any such situation but are reluctant
Assumptions: to report to the Police Station, call 3317004 and get
I. State ‘X’ has just got out of its predicament as a prompt assistance from specially trained Women
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Assumptions 27
of the film) are together in the ongoing debate on II. Playing wit h t he minor it y car ds giv es some
vulgarity in the film. The former has decided to get a leaders political berth but the status of their
stay while the latter has decided to go ahead with subjects remains unchanged.
the release only because they knew the movie didn’t 294. Statement: India’s strength lies in its pluralism and
have much in it. —View of a viewer of the movie Ek diver sity. In f act, even western countries which
Chhotisi Love Story tended to be quite monolithic are fast becoming
Assumptions: pluralistic and diverse.
I. Raising much hue and cry on trivial issues is Assumptions:
likely to give boost to a weak film. I. Diversity has become the order of the day.
II. A controversy over a film generates curiosity II. No country can ignore the diversity among their
among viewers. populace.
287. Statement: Religion-based parties are a negation of 295. Statement: When corrupt practices become a way of
our political system. Rather than solve problems, they life, society degenerates and political stability is
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will only aggravate them. endangered.
Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. India is a secular country. I. Corruption harms every segment of society.
II. Indian people follow different religions. II. Only corruption-free society can have political
288. Statement: There can be no heroism without courage. stability.
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But courage is characteristic of many kinds of people 296. Statement: “Those without a voter identity card will
who are by no means heroes, such as pirates, robbers not be permitted to vote even if their names are in
and blood-thirsty raiders. the eligible voters’ list.” — Election Commissioner
Assumptions: on the eve of election
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I. A person who risks or loses life only for the sake Assumptions:
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of some noble cause is a hero. I. Voter identity cards have been issued to all the
II. Heroism can not be thought of without some sort voters in the country.
of violence. II. Voter identity cards have not been issued to all
289. Statement: For making any democracy successful,
judiciary must be free from the control of executive
e the voters in the country.
297. Statement: The disinv est ment in banks will
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or legislature. eliminat e scams and also reduce NPAs thus
Assumptions: strengthening the nation’s finances.
I. Judiciary is the only wing which cares for the Assumptions:
needs and aspirations of citizens. I. Privatisation of banks will improve the Indian
II. Any kind of interference in the functioning of economy.
judiciary will hamper its spirit. II. Corruption in private organisations is less than
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290. Statement: The progress in the IT field has been that in government organisations.
tremendous, despite the country running into rough 298. Statement: If universities in each state adopt the
weather on political as well as economic front. regional language as their medium of instruction, it
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Assumptions: will severely rest rict the int er -stat e mobilit y of
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I. Though the political and economic scene in the students and teachers.
countr y has been abysmal it has not cast a Assumptions:
shadow over the growth of the IT sector. I. Inter-state mobility of students and teachers is a
II. Ther e is no linkage between t he polit ical, major problem for the government.
economic and corporate-related activities within II. There are so many languages in India.
the country. 299. Statement: Care should be taken to see that language
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291. Statement: Democracy will suffer great damage if learning does not become much of a burden on the
t he all-perv ading nexus bet ween cr iminals and students.
politicians is not effectively questioned by enlightened Assumptions:
people from all walks of life. I. Students are already overburdened.
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nexus between politicians and criminals. hurdles as India tries to integrate its economy into
292. Statement: Politicians turning into ministers is a the global market.
nat ur al t ransfor mat ion ev en if t he qualit y of Assumptions:
performance rarely matches expectations. I. The investment policies need to be changed for
Assumptions: large-scale globalisation in India.
I. No ministers have adequate quality and skills. II. Bureaucrats in India are corrupt.
II. Ministers should be able to handle their job 301. Statement: Neglecting the manufacturing sector and
efficiently. veering towards the information technology industry
293. Statement: Some ambit ious political leader s is what has led to the slowdown in the economy.
themselves use grievances of minorities as empty Assumptions:
slogans to grab political power. I. The growth in manufacturing sector can boost
Assumptions: the Indian economy.
I. Such leaders have no mass base nor genuine II. Infor mat ion t echnology indust r y needs less
support , except for an occasional emot ional manpower than manufacturing sector.
upsurge.
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I. International players should be cautious in their II. Private companies can manage the country’s
approach. resourses more efficiently.
II. Most of international players lack good behaviour 311. Statement: With the entire administrative system of
on the field. the country steeped in corruption, any attempt at
304. Statement: Globalisation should not be seen as an diluting the powers of the CVC must be thwarted by
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automatic remedy for all economic maladies. It must all, and especially the media.
be tinkered so that its benefits are not denied to the Assumptions:
poor. I. Media works as the most important instrument
Assumptions: of control against the people in power.
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I. Until poverty is wiped out, economy can’t be II. CVC reputation is beyond reproach.
boosted up. 312. Statement: The emergence of acute competition
II. Globalisation is the only solution for making because of fresh entry of companies benefits the
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economy healthy. consumer.
305. Statement: “Nowadays the audiences too have become
very intelligent. You cannot con them with money.”
e Assumptions:
I. The monopoly of a company in a specific sector
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— Anupam Kher after his removal from the multicrore is not good for consumers.
television game show Sawal Das Crore Ka II. When competition among companies increases,
Assumptions: the consumer get better quality, new technology,
I. Sawal Das Crore Ka is not a very popular game discounts and innovative sales schemes.
show. 313. Statement: India suf fer s a huge loss of power
II. Intelligent persons cannot be lured by money only. annually. Technically described as transmission and
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306. Statement: No reform of income-tax law can be distribution losses, this is a euphemism for large-
completed without a reasonable and rational personal scale theft.
income-tax rate structure in our country. Assumptions:
Assumptions: I. India has an adequate power generation capacity.
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I. Until the present exemption limit for individuals II. Large-scale transmission and distribution losses
is not raised, tax evasion and black money can’t are not possible.
be checked. 314. Statement: The most important quality a model
II. Developed countries have reasonable income-tax should possess is conf idence. One need not be
rate structure. conventionally good-looking to be a model.
307. Statement: India has had a long and honourable Assumptions:
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history of writers on social concerns but the problem I. To become a model what counts is not a good-
is that Indians don’t have a sense of history. looking f ace but knowledge, conf idence and
Assumptions: elegance.
I. The individual bias of an author affects the spirit II. Good looks are no criteria for being a model.
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of history but this is not the case with social 315. Statement: “The economic fortunes of the USA would
issues. determine the health of the Indian economy.” — FICCI
II. The present issues of social concern can not president
constitute a part of history. Assumptions:
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308. Statement: The functioning of Nehru’s democratic I. Indian economy has no independent existence
system remains the best guarantee of Indian pluralism. of its own.
But it has also served to create and perpetuate India’s II. The US economy influences the world economy.
various particularisms. 316. Statement: Integrity and simplicity of life are not
Assumptions: regarded as virtues any more.
I. No leadership other than that of Nehru’s could Assumptions:
ensure harmony in diversity in India. I. Nowadays cunning and fraud is the gateway of
II. In a diverse country like India it is not easy to success.
mitigate particularisms. II. Only those qualities are virtues which help to
309. Statement: Anybody smitten by the urge of seizing earn name and fame.
and wielding power forms a political party, gets it 317. Statement: Legislat ion alone cannot change
registered and starts collecting funds for the party entrenched customs and social attitudes. Women’s
through various means. plight is compounded by their ignorance of rights
Assumptions 29
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II. Most of the mysteries of the universe have already wickets taken by a bowler stretched over several
been solved. matches is the real index to judge them as good
319. Statement:The investment in human development or bad performers.
must cont inue because only wit h t he help of 327. Statement: “Invest in the pension plans of LIC and
educational institutions of a high standard can the ensure lifelong security and best returns.” — An
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country maintain the flow of talent. advertisement.
Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. A country can’t be branded as developed if it lacks I. People will respond to this ad.
talented persons. II. People want lifelong security.
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II. In the present scenario high-standard educational 328. Statement: “They started it and as long as they were
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institutes are lesser in number than that required. doing it, it was all fine. But the moment we do it, it
320. Statement: Urdu is neither the language of Indian all goes wrong.” — Finance minister of country `X’
Muslims only nor of all of them. It is an Indian on the Opposition’s stand on privatisation.
language which belongs to all of us like all great
languages.
e Assumptions:
I. The Opposition should respond positively to well-
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Assumptions: intentioned actions of the government.
I. Urdu originated and developed in India. II. Privatisation is good for the health of country X’s
II. Muslims under st and that Ur du is their own economy.
language. 329. Statement: Good mar ks alone don’t make you
321. Statement: “There is enough for man’s need, and successful in life. It is how many marks you got by
not for his greed.” — Gandhiji understanding the subject that matters.
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Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. Needs can always be satisf ied wit h cer tain I. Higher marks can be scored in exams by rote.
amount of effort but greed can not be at any cost II. The utility of education is not confined to exams
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. alone; it has much wider importance in our life.
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II. Man is greedy by nature. 330. Statement: Don’t take a job just for money. Take a
322. Statement: There is no value-based education at all. job to serve people and benefit them more and more.
Educat ion has become commer cial with sev er al Assumptions:
malpractices taking place at various levels. I. Most of the people work solely for money.
Assumptions: II. A job/assignment undertaken out of interest and
I. Commercialisation of education has immensely social responsibility not only gives money and
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harmed our social interests. status to a person but also a mission in life.
II. Values and education should be synonymous with 331. Statement: For the educated and ambitious people
each other. the only alternative to enforced poverty now seems
323. Statement: Hist ory should not be used in t he t o seek business f or t une and employment
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using history for political ends. II. Educated and ambitious people are not satisfied
II. History should be seen within itself and not wit h the av ailable business f or t unes and
outside its purview. employment opportunities.
324. Statement: “People will be ready to spend big money 332. Statement: “Despite being busy directing films and
on a course, if big money can be made in a related producing serials for TV, I am always on the look-
industry.” — An industrialist out for acting assignments” — An actor director in
Assumptions: an interview.
I. The demand of any professional course is related Assumptions:
to its relevance. I. Direction is a responsibility which one can’t enjoy
II. A less expensive course lands a person in a less- because it is a high-calibre job.
earning net. II. A good actor is paid more heavily than a good
325. Statement: An earthquake is a natural phenomenon director.
but the scale of death is definitely not. 333. Statement: Any democratic process is deeply flawed
if it excludes women from polity.
Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. Like men, women are an integral part of society. I. The soul is like a clothes-hanger.
II. Except in a few developed countries, women have II. The soul is immortal.
not been given proper representation in polity. 342. Statement: Those who say that the Indians have a
334. Statement: Stagnant industrial growth in the past dangerous level of tolerance — to the extent that
two years has crippled job opportunities in urban they would tolerate even non-independence for peace
India. — forget the history of India.
Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. Industrial growth in India is linked with global I. Some persons believe that Indians are tolerant to
industrial ups and downs. a dangerous level.
II. Industries are the mainstay for job-seekers in II. Some persons do not believe that Indians are
urban areas. tolerant to a dangerous level.
335. Statement: Winning votes and capturing power alone 343. Statement: A chariot is made of wheels, horses etc.
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is not enough. Winning the hearts of the people also But none of these parts is the chariot itself.
matters. Assumptions:
Assumptions: I. A chariot is an incomplete construction.
I. People expect their representatives to behave II. Parts can never substitute the whole.
impartially, transparently and work for public 344. Statement: When I retaliate, I shall go one step
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welf are. further in violence.
II. Winning votes and winning the hearts of the Assumptions:
people are interrelated. I. Violence has been used against me.
336. Statement: Central Recruitment Board has declared II. I do not take an offence lying down.
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final results for Bank PO and (CRB) enlisted 218 345. Statement: When we can’t even buy a fan, how can
candidates, twenty more than the announcement in we afford a cooler?
advertisement. Assumptions:
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Assumptions: I. We can’t afford a cooler.
I. Sur plus candidat es
provisionally.
might be
e
selected II. A cooler is costlier than a fan.
346. Statement: Some people think that they can achieve
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II. The CRB has the power to alter the number of anything with practice. They forget that there is a
candidates to be recruited. thing called “born genius”.
337. Statement: “I don’t think our bowlers bowled badly. Assumptions:
We just didn’t have the runs on the board to win us I. Practice is not necessary for success.
the game.”— A captain of ‘X’ cricket team. II. A born genius is always successful.
Assumptions: 347. Statement: Some of our staff are not giving their full
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I. Bowlers alone cannot bring victory for a country output. We must punish them. - A manager to his
in a match. colleague
II. In spite of bad bowling, batsmen can bring the Assumptions:
match in their team’s favour. I. The manager is in a position to punish the erring
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339. Statement: We have to fashion liberalisation for 349. Statement: “I always listened to my inner voice. And
ourselves. If you have to wear a hat of liberalisation, that is why I was saved from sin on many occasions.”
please wear one that fits your head. — Former PM of — Gandhi in his autobiography
country X. Assumptions:
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Assumptions 31
352. Statement: There must be some addictive substance I. In other countries, the police do not have to
in Gutkha. Whenever I don’t chew it for more than undergo stress and strain while doing their duty.
two hours, I feel uneasy. II. The police are expected to do their duties without
Assumptions: stress or strain.
I. Feeling uneasy is a sign of addiction. 363. Statement: If children are to manage our world in
II. Gutkha should be taken once every two hours. future, then they need to be equipped to do so.
353. Statement: I can’t make it in the UPSC exam. I am Assumptions:
just not hardworking. I. The world has always educated children.
Assumptions: II. It is possible to educate children.
I. Hard work is necessary to succeed in UPSC exam. 364. Statement: There is no shopping complex for this
II. UPSC exam is tough. colony; people have to go to the main market.
354. Statement: I hope to succeed in the SBI PO exam. Assumptions:
They had more vacancies. I. This colony may be far from main market.
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Assumptions: II. The people do not want to go to the main market.
I. The more the vacancies, the greater the chances 365. Statement: Take t his ‘ov en’ home and you can
of success. prepare very tasty dishes which you were unable to
II. SBI PO exam is easier. prepare earlier. - An advertisement of X brand oven.
355. Statement: It is high time the RBI took a look at Assumptions:
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infrastructure lending by commercial banks. I. The user knows the procedure recipe of tasty
Assumptions: dishes but does not have the proper oven to cook.
I. Infr astr uctur e lending is the best ser vice II. Only ‘X’ brand oven can cook very tasty dishes.
commercial banks can provide. 366. Statement: “Please note that the company will provide
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II. At present the RBI does not pay attention to accommodation to only outside candidates if selected.”
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infrastructure lending by commercial banks. — A condition in an advertisement.
356. Statement: By wining the Booker Prize, Arundhati Assumptions:
Roy gives Indian writ ing in English global I. The local candidates would be having some or
acceptance.
Assumptions:
e other arrangement for their stay.
II. The company plans to select only local
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I. Booker prize is a sign of recognition for English candidates.
wr iting. 367. Statement: Traffic police be given anti-pollution
II. Indian writing in English has come of age. masks while manning traffic signals.
357. Statement: Indians are no longer aghast when they Assumptions:
come across stories of corruption. I. The traffic police will be able to carry out their
Assumptions: work after wearing the mask.
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I. Earlier, corruption came to Indians as a shock. II. The masks are safe for wearing and there is no
II. Corruption is not a new phenomenon. other adverse side-effect.
358. Statement: The people promoting aids to hedonistic 368. Statement: Since the First Five-Year Plan, the Indian
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activities are far more dangerous than our external policy-maker s hav e acknowledged t he ser v ices
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pakistan 4-1 in Toronto to lift the Sahara Cup. 369. Statement: As a nation we are committed to protect
Assumptions: and promote the interests of all those who are socio-
I. Both India and Pakistan participated in the Sahara economically vulnerable.
Cup. Assumptions:
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II. Only India and Pakistan part icipated in t he I. It is possible to protect and promote interests of
Sahara Cup. socio-economically weak people.
360. Statement: This book is for those who are interested II. A nation should have certain commitments for
to know more about ‘Indian History’. its people.
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Assumptions: 370. Statement: ‘This book has been written for every
I. People who are interested to know about the one and does not requir e reader s to hav e any
author may read books. experience in handling computers.’ — An author of
II. Every book may attract some readers. a book on computers.
361. Statement: Helping the poor is the real service to Assumptions:
humanity. I. It is possible to learn computers with the help of
Assumptions: a book only.
I. Poor people are in need of help from others. II. It is possible to learn to handle computers only
II. If we do not help poor, we will not be called after reading the book.
human beings. 371. Statement: Health is the foundation of well-being,
362. Statement: The police in India have to cope with virtue, prosperity, wealth, happiness and salvation.
t remendous st ress and st r ain while having t o Assumptions:
maintain security and order. I. Happiness results in health and well-being.
Assumptions: II. People desir e t o be happy, pr osperous and
virtuous.
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of pollution. 381. Statement: The organisat ion should pr omot e
II. Media is likely to influence people to raise their employees on the basis of merit alone and not on the
sensitivity towards various problems. basis of length of service or seniority.
374. Statement: In country ‘X’ a public servant cannot Assumptions:
claim immunity from prosecution for any objectionable I. Length of service or seniority does not alone
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act committed while performing his official duty. reflect merit of an employee.
Assumptions: II. It is possible to determine and measure merit of
I. A public ser v ant is likely to commit an an employee.
objectionable act while performing his official 382. Statement: Highly brilliant and industrious students
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duty. do not always excel in the written examination.
II. Every one is equal before law. Assumptions:
375. Statement: The entry of multinational companies in I. The wr itt en examinat ion is good mainly for
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India has led to higher eff iciency of the Indian mediocre students.
companies who are competing with them.
Assumptions:
e II. The brilliant and industrious students cannot
always write good answer in the exam.
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I. Employees of multinationals may serve as models 383. Statement: ‘Country A would explore all channels
for Indian company’s employees. to diffuse current tensions with country B and bring
II. Competition will reduce many Indian companies peace on its borders.’ — Statement of spokesperson
to ashes. of country A.
376. Statement: ‘Only candidates having B. Tech., B.E., Assumptions:
MBA and MCA with at least one year’s exposure to I. Country A is desirous to diffuse current tension
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software will be considered for admission to our and restore peace with country B
course’ - Admission criterion of a reputed software II. It is desirable to use more than one channel when
training institute. complex issues are to be settled amicably.
Assumptions: 384. Statement: Two months ago, it was announced that
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I. The candidates having requisite background are Central government pensioners would get dearness
likely to complete the course successfully. relief with immediate effect but till date, banks have
II. The institute is choosy about admitting candidates not credited the arrears.’ — A statement from a
to its courses. Pensioners’ Forum.
377. Statement: ‘If you would like to have any more Assumptions:
information of XYZ credit card, call us between 8.00 I. Most of the banks normally take care of the
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service. 128 crores and even civil bus service is not utilising
II. The company values and appreciates the need of it. What a pity to see it grossly underutilised!’ — A
the customers. citizen’s view on a new flyover linking east and west
378. Statement: ‘You are expected to be frank and objective sides of a suburb.
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Assumptions 33
387. Statement: The traders of State K would observe a will be convenient. — Appeal of residents of Cheka
statewide bandh as the state has failed to meet their Naka to the city bus company.
demand to resolve sales tax and other issues. Assumptions:
Assumptions: I. The convenience of the city bus company is much
I. The traders of State K have earlier tried other more important than the needs of the consumers.
usual procedures to get their problems solved. II. The city bus company is indif f er ent t o t he
II. State K is not keen to solve the problem of traders. aspirations of the residents of Shramnagar.
388. Statement: India must earn a lot of foreign exchange 397. Statement: Desirable and qualified candidates should
to achieve her target of economic development. submit their application form along with the requisite
Assumptions: qualifications and their biodata. — An advertisement
I. India desires to achieve the target of economic for admission.
development. Assumptions:
II. It is possible f or India to earn more foreign I. Merely having qualification and aptitude for the
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exchange. job does not make a person suitable for the job.
389. Statement: “As you want to succeed in life, you must II. Many candidates shall apply because they are
work hard.” `A’ tells `B’. interested in the job.
Assumptions: 398. Statement: It has been felt that at a time when the
I. ‘B’ is capable of doing hard work. airline faces tough competition and is passing through
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II. All those who have worked hard have succeeded critical economic conditions, the remaining higher
in life. posts should be opened for outside professionals
390. Statement: The nutritional status of children in India instead of filling them up with insider applicants.
is bet t er compar ed to that in other dev eloping Assumptions:
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countries. I. The internal applicants only aspire for promotion
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Assumptions: without contributing much to the organisation.
I. It is not possible t o est imat e nut rit ional II. It is most likely that problems of the airline would
requirement of children in other countries. be solved by experienced professionals.
II. India can become a developed country.
391. Statement: He teaches behavioral science but see
e 399. Statement: KLM company has decided t o issue
debentures to mop up resources.
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how he behaves with others? Assumptions:
Assumptions: I. KLM company has already explored other sources
I. Our behaviour is controlled by others. to collect resources.
II. One is expected to follow what one preaches. II. There are very few competitors in the market for
392. Statement: Economic development and social justice the products of KLM company.
should go hand in hand. 400.Statement: “Tenders are invit ed f r om r eput ed
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II. Life without social justice is worth not living. I. The company seeks to do quality business.
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393. Statement: “I have not received telephone bills for II. The company expects contractual and competitive
nine months in spite of several complaints.” — A rates for its work.
telephone customer’s letter to the editor of a daily. 401. Statement: The state government ‘X’ is committed to
Assumptions: restrict smoke levels on the roads of the metropolis
I. Every customer has a right to get bills regularly as per the desired parameters.
from the telephone company. Assumptions:
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II. The customers complaints point to defect in the I. It is possible to determine the smoke levels.
service which is expected to be corrected. II. A commit ted gov er nment can car ry for war d
394. Statement: Greater public participation results in welfare measures for its people.
good civic governance. — Statement of Municipal 402.Statement: “To reduce the oil pool deficit it has been
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Commissioner of city ‘A’. decided to hike the prices of diesel and petrol.”—
Assumptions: The spokesman of the government
I. The municipal office is not competent to effect Assumptions:
good civic administration. I. The amount earned by this increase may be
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II. Good civic governance is a matter of collective substantial enough to reduce the deficit.
will and effort of the people and administration. II. There may be widespread protests against the
395. Statement: To investigate the murder of the lone price hike.
resident of a flat, the police interrogated the domestic 403. Statement: The X passenger car manufact uring
servant, the watchman of the multistoried buildings company announced a sharp reduction in the prices
and the liftman. of their luxury cars.
Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. The domestic servant, watchman and the liftman I. There may be an increase in the sale of their
can give a clue about the suspected murder. luxury cars.
II. Generally in such cases the persons known to II. Other such car manufacturers may also reduce
the resident is directly or indirectly involved in their prices.
the murder. 404. Statement: A foreign film producer rendered his
396. Statement: If the city bus which runs between Cheka apology before Indian society for misinterpreting an
Naka and Vande Park is extended to Shramnagar, it Indian epic.
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tension in the area. I. Most people like to become ideal leaders.
Assumptions: II. One can’t become ideal leader unless one wears
I. The neighbouring country may agree to participate ‘X’ brand of shoes.
in the track II dialogue. 414. Statement: Every citizen must be committed to the
II. The people involved in track II dialogue may be social cause; if he is not, his citizenship should be
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able to persuade their respective Governments. cancelled.
407. Statement: The host in one of t he popular TV Assumptions:
programmes announced that the channel will contact I. It is possible t o f ind out whet her a
the viewers between 6.00 a.m. and 8.00 p.m. on citizen is committed to the social cause or not.
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weekdays and the lucky ones will be given fabulous II. Citizenship of any citizen can be cancelled.
prizes. 415. Statement: An advertisement: Now you can own a
Assumptions: new car in just Rs 1,999 per month.
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I. The people may remain indoors to receive the Assumptions:
phone call.
II. More people may start watching the programme.
e I. People do not want to buy used cars.
II. Most people can afford to pay Rs 1,999 per month
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408. Statement: The ‘X’ group of employees’ association for a new car.
have opposed Voluntary Retirement Scheme to the 416. Statement: Beware of dogs. Our dogs do not bark but
employees of some organisations. they are trained to distinguish between genuine
Assumptions: guests and intruders.
I. Only those employees who are not efficient may Assumptions:
opt for the scheme. I. Barking dogs rarely bite.
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II. The response of the employees may be lukewarm II. Our dogs could be dangerous for intruders.
towards the scheme and it may not benefit the 417. Statement: W it hout r efor ming t he entir e
organisation to the desired level. administ r ativ e system, we cannot eradicat e
409. Statement: In view of the statement on the ongoing corruption and prejudice from the society.
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II. The str iking employees may withdr aw t heir stock prices.
agitation with immediate effect and start working. Assumptions:
410. Statement: The head of t he or ganisation I. The investors may regain confidence in stock
congratulated the entire staff in his speech for their market by this decision.
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sincere effort to bring down the deficit and urged II. The review committee has the expertise to find
them to give their best for attaining a more profitable out the causes for volatility in the stock market.
position in future. 419. Statement: “Get rid of your past for future, get our
Assumptions: new-generation fridge at a discount in exchange of
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Assumptions 35
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II. The employees may be encouraged to apply their extra cost for those who avail housing loan from it.
mind to earn the reward. Assumptions:
423. Statement: The civ ic authority has adv ised the I. The customers may prefer to take housing loan
residents in the area to use mosquito repellents or from ‘X’ Housing Finance Company as they can
sleep inside nets as a large number of people are sav e a lot of their time and money spent in
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suffering from malaria. searching a suitable home.
Assumptions: II. No other Housing Finance Company has offered
I. Local residents have enough money to arrange any such extra services alongwith housing loan.
for the repellents or nets. 432. Statement: World Health Organisation has decided
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II. People may ignore and continue to get mosquito to double its assistance to various health programmes
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bites as they have other pressing needs. in India as per capita expenditure on health in India
424. Statement: The Government should engage the Army is very low compared to many other countries.
for the rapid rehabilitation of people affected by the Assumptions:
cyclone.
Assumptions:
e I. The enhanced assist ance may subst ant ially
increase the per capita expenditure on health in
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I. Only the Army can rehabilitate the people affected India and bring it on par with other countries.
by the cyclone quickly. II. The Government funding is less than adequate
II. The Army can take up works other than war also. to provide basic medical facilities in India.
425. Statement: His recent investment in the shares of 433. Statement: The government has decided to hold the
company ‘A’ is only a gamble. employers responsible for deducting tax at source
Assumptions: for all its employees.
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least this year for the rehabilitation of people affected II. The employees may not allow the employers to
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427. Statement: It is not true always that the adoption of unchanged even after the hike of fare.
latest technology ensures increased productivity and II. Other air line companies may also hike t he
capacity. passenger fares.
Assumptions: 435. Statement: “Our bank provides all your banking
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disastrous terrorist activities. graduates as they may not get adequate number
Assumptions: of applications.
I. It is impossible to put an end to terrorist activities. II. First class graduates may get attracted and apply
II. Efforts to control the terrorist activities are on. to this organisation.
440. Statement: Wars must be discouraged vehemently 448. Statement: Provide mid-day meals to the children
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even though majority of the victims might have been in primary schools to increase the number of students
a nuisance to peace-loving people. attending schools.
Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. Some people create problems to peace-loving I. Mid-day meals will attract the children to the
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people. schools.
II. Wars kill majority of the wicked people. II. Those children who are otherwise deprived of
441. Statement: In the recently imposed war, global public good food will attend the schools.
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opinion was dishonoured by the economically strong 449. Statement: Salary cannot be the only criteria for
and scientifically advanced superpower.
Assumptions:
e deciding a person’s potential.
Assumptions:
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I. Superpowers need not take any heed of global I. Persons with equal potential are not necessarily
public opinion. paid equally.
II. Global public opinion should have been against II. Salary of a person is not linked only with the
the imposition of war. potential.
442. Statement: Wars must be discouraged vehemently 450. Statement: “Everyone desires to buy a personal
even though majority of the victims might have been computer.” — statement of a college student.
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I. The airlines may be able to restore all the flights II. The functions of the Institute are too complex to
after four days. be handled manually.
II. The Pilots’ Association may withdraw the strike 453. Statement: “‘Music Loving Club’ has announced a
call within four days. wide v ar iety of pr ogr ammes by the visiting
445. Statement: The civic authority has appealed to the musicians.” — An advertisement
citizens to cooperate in curbing rampant power theft Assumptions:
in the locality. I. A large number of people are interested to get
Assumptions: entertainment through the programme.
I. The local citizens group may respond to the request II. The art ist es may att r act a large number of
and form groups of people to detect such cases of audience.
power theft. 454. Statement: Central Bank, which is the largest bank
II. Those who are engaged in stealing power may in the country, has decided to reduce its workforce
stop doing so for fear of social castigation. by 30 per cent so that its banks may work efficiently.
446. Statement: The Parent Teacher Association (PTA) Assumptions:
Assumptions 37
I. The Bank can perform all its activities after the 462. Statement: The Govt. has made an appeal to all the
reduction in workforce. citizens to honestly pay income tax and file returns
II. The surplus employees may be asked to adopt r ef lect ing t he t r ue income level to help the
early retirement scheme before leaving the bank. Government to carry out developmental activities.
455. Statement: The Principal instructed all the teachers Assumptions:
to be careful in class because some students may I. People may now st ar t paying more taxes in
disturb other students. response to the appeal.
Assumptions: II. The total income tax collection may considerably
I. The teachers may handle the situation properly increase in the near future.
and they may restrict the naughty students. 463. Statement: “We should revise the wage structure in
II. The students will welcome the decision of the order to retain our good employees.” — Comment of a
Pr incipal. member of the Management Committee of a company
456. Statement: The State Government has abolished the Assumptions:
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scheme of pr ov iding concessional air t icket t o I. Wage structures of other companies involved in
students. parallel activities are better.
Assumptions: II. Wage structure is one of the most important factors
I. Students will not travel by air in future. for the employees of the company.
II. The students who resort to travel by air can bear 464. Statement: “Do not indulge in unfair practices or
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the expenses of air ticket. else you will be sacked from the college.” — Warning
457. Statement: The police has served a notice to the to the students from the principal of a college.
residents with immediate effect to be careful of the Assumptions:
antisocial elements wandering in their areas. I. Some of the students were found using unfair
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Assumptions: practices.
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I. The local residents may pay heed to this notice. II. The principal’s warning may deter the students
II. The antisocial elements may ply to other areas. from using unfair practices.
458. Statement: The General Administration Department 465. Statement: “Invest in our regular scheme and earn
has issued a circular to all the employees informing
them that henceforth the employees can avail their
e an interest of at least 10% .” — Advertisement by a
Financial Institution
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lunch break in any of the half-hour slot between Assumptions:
1.00 p.m. and 2.30 p.m. I. 10% interest may att ract a good number of
Assumptions: investors.
I. The employees may welcome the decision and II. No other scheme offers interest as high as 10%.
avail lunch break at different time slots. 466. Statement: “Make use of computers to maintain your
II. There may not be any break in the work of the data and get rid of the hassle.”—An advice to the
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organisation as the employees will have their administrative staff by the management
lunch break in different time slots. Assumptions:
459. Statement: The state government has decided to I. Members of the administrative staff are conversant
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appoint four t housand primary school teachers in operating computers.
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during the next financial year. II. Maintaining administrative data is an important
Assumptions: activity for any organisation.
I. Ther e ar e enough schools in t he stat e t o 467. Statement: “For easier and faster communication,
accommodate four thousand additional primary use our broadband connections.” — An advertisement
school teachers. Assumptions:
II. The eligible candidates may not be interested to I. Many people ar e looking up for best
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seventy from the next academic session to bridge the get the advantage of our 20% discount offer.” - An
gap between income and expenditure to a large extent. advertisement by a coaching class
Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. The income generated by way of f ees of t he I. Discount offer is bound to attract good students
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471. Statement: As a measure to avoid occurrence of the II. Ther e may be adequat e number of eligible
epidemics due to monsoon the civic authorities have chartered accountants who may want to join a
organised free vaccination camps all over the city. nationalised bank.
Assumptions: 479. Statement: The municipal authority announced
I. There may be a good r esponse to the camps before the onset of monsoon that the roads within
organized by civic authorities. the city will be free of potholes during monsoon.
II. People are generally aware about the need for Assumptions:
vaccination. I. The roads were repaired so well that potholes
472. Statement: In view of the large number of cases of may not reappear.
suicides committed by the farmers in State X the II. People may not complain even if the potholes
St at e Government has decided to waive off t he reappear.
agricultural loans granted to the farmers. 480. Statement: “Our Europe Holiday Package costs less
Assumptions: t han some of the holiday packages wit hin the
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I. This may stop further cases of suicides committed country.” — An advertisement by an Indian travel
by the farmers in State X. company
II. This move of the Government may be welcomed Assumptions:
by the public at large. I. People may prefer to travel to foreign destinations
473. Statement: The government has decided to provide t han to t he places within t he count r y at
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monetary relief to the farmers in the drought-hit areas. comparable cost.
Assumptions: II. People generally take their travel decisions after
I. The farmers of the affected areas may accept the getting information from such advertisements.
government relief. 481. Statement: The retail vegetable vendors increased
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II. The government machinery may be able to reach the prices of vegetables by about 20 per cent due to
the affected farmers to provide relief. non-availability of vegetables at lower prices at the
474. Statement: All t he st udent s of a school wer e wholesale market.
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instructed by the Principal to reach school at least Assumptions:
15 minutes before the stipulated time for the coming
month.
e I. The customers may totally stop buying vegetables
at higher prices.
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Assumptions: II. The customers may still buy vegetables from the
I. The parents of the students of the school may retail vendors.
protest against the Principal’s instruction. 482. Statement: A large number of students and parents
II. The par ents may r equest t he Principal t o stood in the queue to collect forms for admission to
withdraw the instruction. various under-graduate courses in the college.
475. Statement: Railway authority has started Internet Assumptions:
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booking facilit y of long-distance trains and also I. The college authority may be able to admit all
delivering the tickets at the doorstep through courier those who stood in the queue.
service at a little extra cost. II. The college authority may have adequate number
Assumptions: of forms for all those standing in the queue.
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I. Many customers may now book t heir tickets 483. Statement: The General Administration Department
through internet, resulting into less crowd at has issued a circular to all the employees informing
ticket booking offices. them that henceforth the employees can avail their
II. Most of the customers may still buy their railway lunch break at any of the half-hour slots between
tickets at the booking counters. 1.00 pm and 2.30 pm.
476. Statement: “If you have obtained 75 per cent or more Assumptions:
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marks in X Std examination, your admission to our I. The employees may welcome the decision and
coaching class f or XII Std is guaranteed. ”— An avail lunch break at different time slots.
advertisement II. There may not be any break in the work of the
Assumptions: organisation as the employees will have their
w.
I. Bright students do not generally opt for attending lunch break at different time slots.
coaching classes. 484. Statement: The Government has decided against
II. The coaching class has adequat e capacity to reduction of prices of petroleum products though
accommodate all such students. there is a significant drop in the crude oil prices in
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477. Statement:The municipal corporat ion has given the international market.
permission for holding fun fairs in the local football Assumptions:
ground during the holiday season. I. The prices of crude oil in the international market
Assumptions: may again increase in the near future.
I. The local r esident s may protest against the II. The present price difference of petroleum products
corporation’s decision. will help t he gov er nment to wit hstand any
II. Many people may not participate in the fun fair. possible price rise in future.
478. Statement: A nat ionalised bank issued an 485. Statement: The Govt has made an appeal to all the
advertisement in the national dailies asking the citizens to honestly pay income tax and file returns
eligible candidates to apply for 100 posts of chartered r ef lect ing t he t r ue income level to help the
accountants. Government to carry out developmental activities.
Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. The eligible chartered accountants may respond I. People may now st ar t paying more taxes in
to the advertisement. response to the appeal.
Assumptions 39
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increase the number of students in each classroom 495. Statement: The Govt has decided to levy congestion
to seventy from the next academic session to bridge tax on passengers traveling by air to and from the
the gap between income and expenditure to a larger metro cities.
extent. Assumptions:
Assumptions: I. The tax so collected may be adequate to meet part
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I. The income generated by way of f ees of t he of the expenses for providing additional resources
additional students will be sufficient enough to to handle huge traffic.
bridge the gap. II. Passengers traveling by air to and from these
II. The school will get all the additional students in cities may be able to pay extra amount by way of
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each class from the next academic session. congestion tax.
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488. Statement: Even though t he number of sugar 496. Statement: The local citizens group submitted a
factories is increasing at a fast rate in India, we still memorandum to the civic authority for allowing them
continue to import it from other countries. to convert the vacant plot in the locality into a garden
Assumptions:
I. Even the increased number of factories may not
e at their own cost.
Assumptions:
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be able to meet the demand of sugar in India. I. The local citizen group may be able to gather enough
II. The demand for sugar may increase substantially funds to develop the garden.
in future. II. The civic authority may not accede to the request
489. Statement: The government announced a heavy of the local citizen group.
compensation package for all the victims of the 497. Statement: Most of the private companies have
terrorist attacks. decided against awarding annual increase in the
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II. Compensation may mitigate the anger among the I. Majority of the employees may leave their job to
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II. Online mode of examinations helps in recruiting him at the venue of the meeting and hand over the
more capable personnel. relevant documents.
491. Statement: Government has decided to relocate all Assumptions:
the factories from the city with immediate effect to I. Mr X may arrive at the meeting place before 11.00
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II. People may be able to manage travelling daily to introduced air-conditioned buses on various routes
the relocated factories. to attract people travelling to their work places by
492. Statement: Gambling through lotteries is banned by car and hence reduce congestion on the roads.
t he Cent r al Gov er nment in all t he st ates wit h Assumptions:
immediate effect. I. Majority of the people may still prefer to travel to
Assumptions: their work places in their own cars.
I. This may save innocent citizens from getting II. Many people may now opt for these buses for
cheated of their hard-earned money. travelling to their work places.
II. The citizens may not gamble in any other way if 500.Statement: The state govt has announced an amnesty
the lotteries are banned. scheme for all the housing societies defaulting on
493. Statement: Many employees of the organisation payment of municipal taxes asking these societies to
applied for special sabbatical leave of two years to pay upfront six per cent of the dues and regularize
pursue higher education. their status without any penalty.
Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. Most of the defaulting housing societies may now I. The traffic department may be able to divert
opt for the amnesty scheme and pay up their dues. movement of vehicles through alternate roads.
II. Other housing societies which have been paying II. The people travelling in the nearby areas may
their taxes regularly may file case against the demonstrate to protest against the authority’s
govt for discriminatory practices. decision.
501. Statement: The railway authority has announced 508. Statement: A major retail store announced thirty per
suspension of movements of train on the main track cent reduction on all food items during the weekend.
within the city limit for carrying out major repair Assumptions:
works on Saturday and Sunday and advised the I. People may still prefer buying food items from
commuters to plan their journey accordingly. other stores.
Assumptions: II. A large number of customers may visit the retail
I. The commuters may protest against the decision store and buy food items.
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of the railway authority and may disrupt other 509. Statement: The railway authority has rescheduled
transport services. the departure time of many long-distance trains and
II. The municipal authority may be able to deploy put up the revised timing on its website.
additional buses during Saturday and Sunday to Assumptions:
help the commuters. I. The passengers may note the change in departure
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502.Statement: “If you are a first-class graduate with good times from the website.
communication skills and also have work experience II. The passengers may be able to notice the change
of at least two years in sales-related activities, you are and board their respective trains before departure.
welcome in our or ganizat ion. ” —An employment 510. Statement: The school authority has decided to give
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advertisement. five grace marks in English to all the students of Std
Assumptions: IX as the performance of these students in English
I. Many with good communication skills may not was below expectation.
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respond to the advertisement. Assumptions:
II. All the first-class graduates may possess good
communication skills.
e I. Majority of the students of Std IX may still fail in
English even after giving grace marks.
gin
503. Statement: Many people fell ill after consuming meal II. Majority of the students of Std IX may now pass
at a wedding reception and were rushed to the nearby in English after giving grace marks.
govt and private hospitals. 511. Statement: The civic administration has asked the
Assumptions: residents of the dilapidated buildings to move out as
I. The relatives of the affected people may refuse to these buildings will be demolished within the next
take them to the Govt hospitals. thirty days.
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may postpone their journey by a day unless they II. There may not be more than thirty who may attend
have very urgent work in that area. Mohan’s birthday party.
506. Statement: The government has instructed all the 514. Statement: A very large number of aspiring students
private schools in the city to maintain the current applied for admission to the professional courses run
fees for at least two more years. by the renowned college in town.
Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. The authorities of private schools may not follow I. All the applicants may be able to get admission to
the govt instruction as they are not dependent the college.
on govt funds. II. The admission process adopted by the renowned
II. The parents of the students of private schools of college may be fair to all the applicants.
the city may still be eager to pay higher fees. 515. Statement: The stat e administ rat ion banned
507. Statement: The municipal authority has decided to gathering of more than fifty people at any place during
demolish the old bridge on a bus road for constructing the visit of foreign dignitaries to the city.
a new flyover.
Assumptions 41
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incurred for constructing the superhighway from stop consuming alcohol.
the toll tax collection. II. The doctor may be able to cure the patient from
517. Statement: The teachers of all the degree colleges t he ailment if t he pat ient st ops consuming
went on an indefinite strike in protest against the alcohol.
Govt’s decision to postpone the pay revision to next 525. Statement: The Chairman of the company urged all
ng
year. the employees to refrain from making long personal
Assumptions: calls dur ing wor king hour s in or der t o boost
I. The Govt may suspend all the striking teachers. productivity.
II. The Govt may r ev ise t he pay of t he college Assumptions:
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teachers in the current year. I. Majority of the employees may respond positively
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518. Statement: The govt has decided t o ear mark a to the Chairman’s appeal.
separate lane in the metropolis for passenger vehicles II. Most of the employees may continue to make long
with more than one occupant. personal calls during working hours.
Assumptions:
I. The move may help decongest the roads of the
e 526. Statement: The local cultural club decided to organise
a musical event to raise money for the construction
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metropolis. of the club building.
II. Many people may resort to car pool system to avoid Assumptions:
traffic snarls. I. The local residents may not allow t he club to
519. Statement: Manish invited all his friends to his organise the musical event in the locality.
house for dinner on his birthday and requested his II. The money collected by organising the musical
mother to arrange for the birthday party. event may be substantial enough for the club to
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II. Manish’s mother may be able to make all the city, warning drivers to refrain from using cell phones
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arrangements including food for all his friends. while dr iving or else t heir licences will be
520. Statement: The civic authority of the metropolis has impounded.
decided to suspend sanctioning of new building Assumptions:
proposals for six months and assess the impact of I. The dr iv er s of t he v ehicles may ignor e t he
the current building projects on the city’s amenities. warning and continue using cell phones while
Assumptions: driving.
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I. The builders’ lobby may move the court against II. The traffic police department may be able to nab
the civic body’s decision. most of the offenders and impound their licences.
II. The civic authority may be able to complete the 528. Statement: The largest domestic airlines corporation
impact study in about six months. has announced new summer schedules in which
w.
521. Statement: The railway authority has announced more number of flights in trunk routes are introduced.
that it will carry out major repair work for two days Assumptions:
beginning Saturday on the main line connecting the I. More number of passengers may travel by this
two big cities in the state, bringing the rail service airlines corporation during summer months in
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530. Statement: The largest computer manufacturing city and relocate themselves elsewhere in the
company slashed the prices of most of the desktop state.
models by about 15 per cent with immediate effect. II. Majority of the people living in the shanties along
Assumptions: the beach may try to relocate to higher places
I. The company may incur heavy losses due to during monsoon.
reduction in prices of the desktop. 538. Statement: Please send an official letter rather than
II. The sales of desktop manufactured by the company semiofficial on this subject this time.
may increase substantially in the near future. Assumptions:
531. Statement: The school authority decided to rent out I. The format and emphasis of different types of
the school premises during weekends and holidays letters is different.
for or ganising var ious functions to augment its II. We can send different types of letters on the same
resources to meet the growing needs of the school. subject.
Assumptions: 539. Statement: Please check the availability of two tickets
.in
I. The parents of the school students may protest from Delhi to Lucknow.
against the decision of the school authority. Assumptions:
II. There may not be enough demand for hiring the I. The person checking knows the desired mode of
school premises for organising functions. travel.
532. Statement: The local civic body has urged all the II. The person checking knows the details of the
ng
residents to voluntarily reduce consumption of potable person travelling.
water by about 30 per cent to tide over the water 540. Statement: If you want to increase your writing
crisis. speed, use 0.7 pen.
Assumptions: Assumptions:
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I. Many r esidents may r educe consumpt ion of I. There are different types of pen available.
potable water. II. The person being told understands what is 0.7
II. Many activists may welcome the civic body’s move pen.
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and spread awareness among residents. 541. Statement: In order to build more space, extra FSI
e
533. Statement: A very large number of people stood in the
queue for buying tickets for the one-day international
needs to be bought.
Assumptions:
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cricket match scheduled to be played in the city on I. The person being told does not know the meaning
the next day. of FSI.
Assumptions: II. More space will reduce the construction cost.
I. No other one-day international cricket match may 542. Statement: Let there be a signboard also indicating
be played in the city for the next six months. the directions and instructions.
II. Majority of those who stood in the queue may be Assumptions:
En
able to get ticket for the one-day international I. Signboard can be prepared without using any
cricket match. language.
534. Statement: The highway police authority put up large II. Signboard is the only effective tool to indicate
boards at regular intervals indicating the speed limit directions.
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and dangers of over-speeding on the highways. 543. Statement: Banks should always check financial
Assumptions: status before lending money to a client.
I. Most of the motorists may drive their vehicles Assumptions:
within the speed limit on the highways. I. Checking bef ore lending would give a t rue
II. Motorists generally ignore such cautions and over- picture of the client’s financial status.
speed on the highways. II. Clients sometimes may not present the correct
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535. Statement: The employees’ association urged its picture of their ability to repay loan amount to
members to stay away from the annual function as the bank.
many of t heir demands wer e not met by t he 544. Statement: The government has decided to run all
management. commercial vehicles on bio-fuels in order to save the
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536. Statement: The sarpanch of the village called a II. Sufficient amount of bio-fuel can be produced in
meeting of all the heads of the families to discuss the country to run all commercial vehicles.
the problem of acute shortage of drinking water in 545. Statement: To save the environment enforce total ban
the village. on illegal mining throughout the country.
Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. The sarpanch had earlier called such meetings I. Mining which is done legally does not cause any
to discuss about various problems. harm to the environment.
II. Most of the heads of families may attend the II. Mining is one of the fact or s responsible for
meeting called by the sarpanch. environmental degradation.
537. Statement: The municipal corporation advised all 546. Statement: Give adequate job-related training to the
the people living in the shanties along the beaches employees before assigning them full-fledged work.
to move to higher places during monsoon. Assumptions:
Assumptions: I. Training helps in boosting the performance of
I. Many people living in the shanties may leave the employees.
Assumptions 43
II. Employees have no skill sets before training is 552. Statement: A leading NGO decided to open a library
provided to them. cont aining books and newspapers of all major
547. Statement: Take a ferry or a boat instead of a bus to publishers in a remote village.
reach the Kravi islands faster. Assumptions:
Assumptions: I. All other nearby villages already have similar
I. The islands being in remote location are not easily libraries.
accessible. II. There is adequate number of literate people in
II. Ferries and boats are available to travel to Kravi the village.
islands. 553. Statement: If parking space is not available in office,
548. Statement: A leading university has begun a practice park your vehicles in the mall and walk to the office.
of displaying results only on the Internet rather than Assumptions:
on the main notice boards. I. The mall is at a walkable distance from the office.
Assumptions: II. The office does not allow visitors’ vehicles in its
.in
I. All the students enrolled with the university have premises.
access to Internet at home. 554. Statement: Farmers must immediately switch over
II. Most of the student s r eferred t o the results to organic fertilizers from chemical fertilizers for
displayed on both the internet as well as the better yield.
notice boards earlier. Assumptions:
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549. Statement: In order to replenish the nutrients in I. All the farmers use only chemical fertilizers.
the soil, it is important to grow different types of II. Organic fertilizers are readily available to the
crops every alternate season. farmers.
Assumptions: 555. Statement: An advertisement by bank X — ‘Our
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I. A crop can never be grown for the second time in interest rates for education loans are lower than those
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the same field. of any other bank.’
II. If a different crop is grown in the successive Assumptions:
season, no additional nutrients such as fertilizers I. Some other banks also provide education loans.
are required to be added to the soil.
550. Statement: If farmers want to improve their yield,
e II. Interest rates charged on education loans are
different for different banks.
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they must use organic fertilizers in place of chemical 556. Statement: For any kind of problem with your mobile
fertilizers. phone, contact our helpdesk immediately.
Assumptions: Assumptions:
I. Chemical fertilizers have certain ill effects on I. Helpdesk has a solution to all kinds of problems
health. r elat ed t o mobile phones or will guide
II. Chemical fertilizers do not produce as much yield accordingly.
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KUNDAN
Assumptions: obesity.
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Practice Exercise–2
Directions: In each question below is given a 3) Only I and III 4) All I, II and III
w.
assumptions is implicit in the statement. Then decide with the AIDMK and the BJP outvoting the combined
which of the answers (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) is the opposition of the DMK, the Congress, the Pattali
correct answer. Makkal Katchi and the Left parties. — A news
1. Statement: “Bar Council of India (BCI) has decided Assumptions:
to go on a hunger strike to protest the implementation I. Conversions create resentment among several
of the Legal Services Authority (Amendment) Act.” — sections and also inflame religious passions,
Chairman of BCI leading to communal clashes.
Assumptions: II. Conversions only lead t o the isolation of the
I. The amendment has several loopholes and is converted.
bound to hurt the litigants’ interests. III. Strong opposition puts hindrance before a bill in
II. All the members of BCI will welcome the decision. taking final shape.
III. The hunger strike held in front of the court will 1) All I, II and III 2) Only I and II
put a pressure on the respective authority. 3) Only I and III 4) Only II and III
1) Only I 2) Only I and II 5) None of these
3. Statement: For the third time in a row this week, and will be compelled to improve the condition
the Indira Gandhi International Airport was put on of the institutes if the names of the institutes are
a full alert today after Air India received an anonymous published in the weekly magazine.
message that two terrorists laden with explosives II. The move will be helpful for admission-seekers
were aboard its Mumbai-Delhi-Hong Kong flight. — from being a victim of degraded standard of the
An authority of Indira Gandhi International Airport institutions.
Assumptions: III. The editor may concede the request and take
I. Anonymous message is not likely to be hoax call. positive steps in this regard.
II. Anonymous message is likely to be a hoax call. 1) Only I and II 2) Only II and III
III. Aler t ness might be helpf ul in reducing t he 3) Only I and III 4) All I, II and III
menace. 5) None of these
1) Only I and III 2) Only II and III 8. Statement: “City ‘X’ should have more women driving
3) Either I or II and III 4) Only III public transport because most do not like to speed
.in
5) None of these unnecessarily, prefer not to talk on mobiles while
4. Statement: “You should be very careful so that the driving, do not listen to blaring music and rarely
society does not adversely comment on the police skip red lights.” — A minister of state X
leadership.” — A statement made by a CBI officer to Assumptions:
the newly recruited young officers I. More women driving buses and autos will usher
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Assumptions: more job opportunities for women.
I. The society always indulge in adverse comments II. Women are more disciplined than men on the
II. People’s trust in the police force is not up to the roads.
desired level. III. If women start driving buses and autos it would
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III. Society has the efficiency to judge accurately about increase chances of safety for commuters.
the police leadership. 1) Only I and II 2) Only II and III
1) Only I and II 2) Only II and III 3) Only I and III 4) All I, II and III
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3) Only I and III 4) None 5) None of these
5.
5) None of these
Statement: “If we really want to reduce the menace
e 9. Statement: “Performing complex mental tasks whilst
driving is dangerous.” — A psychologist
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of smoking, we need to reflect our intention through Assumptions:
our deeds, our creations such as movies, in which I. Thinking too much reduces the ability to spot
incidence of smoking is shown much higher than potential problems and react to them safely.
the actual cigarette consumption among the Indian II. Handsfree phone conversations are as safe—or
population.” — View of Mr X. as risky — as talking to a passenger, depending
Assumptions: upon the demands of conversation.
En
I. There is a strong link between films and viewers’ III. Insecurity of humans is a man-made problem.
behaviour. 1) Only I and II 2) Only II and III
II. Smoking shown in mov ies r esult s in 3) Only I and III 4) All I, II and III
corresponding increase in smoking among the 5) None of these
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6. Statement: “Why ar e only highprof ile people I. Profits gained by franchisees in urban area differ
considered to be adventurous? The villagers in India, from that in rural areas.
who have no buses, walk barefoot for miles on dusty, II. Franchisees will be able to pay the respective
untarred roads. Isn’t that more adventurous than charges according to the respective categories.
w.
rafting or gliding?” — View of a person III. It is feasible to expand branches and control them
Assumptions: by fixing a target.
I. It is a Herculean task to walk barefoot for miles 1) Only I 2) Only II
on dusty untarred roads. 3) Only I and II 4) Only III
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Assumptions 45
III. It is desirable that education be imparted by 16. Statement: Hurdles in restoring security in travelling
considering those factors in mind which are in through train will be removed by the railway ministry
tune with the needs of the student. and travelling by train will once again be perceived
1) Only I 2) Only II as safe.
3) Both I and II 4) Both II and III Assumptions:
5) None of these I. The railway ministry has cr eat ed hurdles in
12. Statement: “We must select educat or s and not travellers’ security.
academics. They should have the ability to teach in II. Today travelling by train is not considered safe.
the canteen or even at bus stop!” — Mr X III. It is possible to make train journey safe.
Assumptions: 1) Only I and II 2) Only II and III
I. Teaching is an ar t . It asks f or a thor ough 3) Only I and III 4) All I, II and III
knowledge of the subject as well as the ability to 5) None of these
put across that knowledge to others. 17. Statement: “Addictive ‘gutka’ and ‘paan masala’ with
.in
II. The skills required in transmitting knowledge or without tobacco has been banned from Aug 1, 2002
are, at times, quite different from a person’s in Maharashtr a, wher e even school and college
receiving skills. student s wer e increasingly becoming t heir
III. It is not necessarily true that a good student will consumers.” — A court notice
also be a good teacher. Assumptions:
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1) Only I 2) Only I and III I. Some of the ‘gutka’ manufacturers may not abide
3) Only II and III 4) All by the court’s directions.
5) None of these II. School childr en and college student s ar e
13. Statement: The World Food Summit in Rome was on vulnerable to gutka.
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the verge of becoming a fiasco on its opening day III. Consumers as well as manufacturers of ‘gutka’
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when western countries stayed away, prompting will abide by the court’s directions.
accuslations of indif ference to the f ate of the 1) Only II 2) Either I or III and II
malnourished and starving people because the third 3) Either I or III only 4) Only II and III
world countries send civil servants and ministers
rather than prime ministers and presidents.
e 5) None of these
18. Statement: “Some lessons from Israel, especially in
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Assumptions: the field of curbing terrorism, would be relevant to
I. Prime ministers and presidents are more efficient us.” — Defence Minister of India.
than civil servants and ministers. Assumptions:
II. Prime ministers and presidents enjoy more power I. Israel has a good strategy and a better facility to
than civil servants and ministers. counter terrorism.
III. A meaningful outcome can be obtained only when II. Isr ael has a bit ter experience of count er ing
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5) None of these 1) Only I and II 2) Only I and III
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14. Statement: Mandatory verification of identity before 3) Only II and III 4) Only II
acquiring a prepaid cellular connection is taking a 5) None of these
toll on numbers. — CEO of a cellular company 19. Statement: “The return of country X as a full-fledged
Assumptions: member of the Commonwealth is dependent on the
I. Lesser subscribers have joined due to decrease ‘credibility’ of the election which will be in process
in subscription rate. next year.” — Head of Commonwealth Observers’
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1) Only I and II 2) Only II and III II. Election process in country X always remains a
3) Only I and III 4) None matter of debate for the world community.
5) None of these III. World community has a common desire to restore
15. Statement: “If you did not have a mobile connection democracy and its ethics all over the world.
ww
of MTNL you will feel a jolt when you come to know 1) All I, II and II 2) None
about a unique, free incoming facility from 10 PM to 3) Only I 4) Only II
8 AM, without any condition, for any network.” — X 5) None of these
tells Y 2 0 . Statement: “The Indian Meteorological Department
Assumptions: has proposed to hold a brainstorming session of
I. X knows about the facilities provided by other weather experts next month to try and study the
mobile services. causes for the failure of the just-concluded summer
II. X wants Y to be a subscriber of MTNL mobile monsoon in the country.”—Spokesperson of Indian
services. Meteorological Department
III. People like free incoming facilities without any Assumptions:
condition. I. The behaviour of the just-concluded monsoon was
1) Only I 2) Only I and II intriguing.
3) Only II and III 4) Only I and III II. Thorough scientific investigation is likely to reveal
5) None of these the causes of failure of the monsoon.
.in
3) Only I and II 4) Only II and III III. It is possible to distinguish whether a declaration
5) None of these is dubious or not.
22. Statement: Non-Brahmin well-versed with rituals, 1) Only I 2) Only I and II
could be appointed as a pujari as well. — Ruling of 3) Only II and III 4) Only III
Supreme Court. 5) None of these
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Assumptions: 27. Statement: “The ‘X’ st ate cabinet endorsed our
I. Brahmins don’t have a monopoly over performing proposal to stagger shopping timing by allowing
puja in a temple. markets to remain open til 10 PM to make it more
II. Mere eligibility for a post is enough to lay claim dynamic.” — A leader of traders
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to the candidatureship for the post. Assumptions:
III. People will comply with the verdict given by SC. I. If it is taken well by traders, the state government
1) All I, II and III 2) Only I and II will permanently alter the closing time for all
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3) Only II and III 4) Only I and III prominent markets in the city.
23.
5) None of these
Statement: “Every successful person who claims to
e II. There is a need to boost the commercial activities
in the city.
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have come from a village has achieved success after III. Keeping the market open longer is likely to
he or she left the village.” — A leader of party X enhance sales as well as making shopping more
Assumptions: convenient for people with late working hours.
I. The average Indian village is a place with little 1) Only I 2) Only I and II
capital, low technology and limited market access. 3) Only II and III 4) Only I and III
II. Opportunity for growth is more in metro cities. 5) None of these
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III. Opportunities for growth are scarce in villages. 28. Statement: The high court of state ‘X’ has directed
1) All I, II and III 2) Only I and III the state government ‘X’ to issue a notification making
3) Only II and III 4) Only I and II speed governors compulsory for all four-wheelers in
5) None of these the city to check high-speed driving.
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1) All I, II and III 2) Either I or II and III already taken place in the value of the rupee is
3) Only II and III 4) Only I and III adequate. There is no ground for a further weakening
5) None of these of the rupee.” — RBI governor
25. Statement: “An asteroid which burned up in the Assumptions:
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earth’s atmosphere in June could have triggered a I. The value of the rupee has depreciated recently.
mistaken nuclear war between India and Pakistan II. Dollar-buying has been on the rise.
had it detonated over South Asia.” — Statement of Mr III. Currencies do not fall after a certain level.
X in a report in The New York Times. 1) None 2) Only III
Assumptions: 3) Only I and III 4) Only II
I. India and Pakistan are equipped with nuclear 5) Only I and II
weapons. 30. Statement: For realising a 7% GDP growth rate, we
II. Neither India nor Pakistan had the sophisticated would need our gross investments to increase to 28-
sensors t hat could det ermine the dif ference 30 per cent. This is not a tall order.
between a natural NEO (near-earth object) impact Assumptions:
and a nuclear detonation. I. 7% GDP growth rate seems to be a far cry.
III. India and Pakistan have no good relationship II. The more you invest, the better the GDP growth.
with each other. III. The GDP growth rate is the indicator of a nation’s
development.
Assumptions 47
1) Only I 2) All the three I. Nothing is impossible if proper efforts are made.
3) Only II 4) Only II and III II. Technology needs ar e diff erent f or dif fer ent
5) Only III sections of society.
31. Statement: “Let us enter into a deal with company Y III. It is possible to develop appropriate technologies
to come out of our financial crisis.” — Company X for various economic sections of the society.
Assumptions: 1) Only I 2) Only III
I. Company Y can bail company X out of its financial 3) Only II 4) Both II and III
crisis. 5) None of these
II. Two companies can enter into a deal. 37. Statement: “We have the distinction of being the
III. Company Y is financially sound. only company in India as well as the second in the
1) Only II and III 2) Only II world to have won an ISO 9002 quality certification
3) Only I and III 4) Only III in our line of business”- Statement of company X’s
5) None of these Chairman.
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32. Statement: “Though party A is firm on the ouster of Assumptions:
party B, it is unlikely to reap any benefit from it.” — I. There were not many companies in the line of
a political observer business of Company ‘X’.
Assumptions: II. Gett ing ISO 9002 in the line of business of
I. Party A expects to benefit from the ouster of party Company ‘X’ is not easy.
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B. III. The company ‘X’ desires to expand its business.
II. Polit ics is a game of manoeuv ring and 1) Only I 2) Only II
manipulations. 3) Only III 4) Only II and III
III. The political scenario is peaceful. 5) None of these
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1) Only I 2) Only II 38. Statement: Move into the upper echelons without
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3) Only III 4) All the three paying a steep price. Book a luxurious flat with us.
5) None of these — Advt. of a construction company for its prestigious
33. Statement: The ‘licence r aj’ might hav e been project
vanquished by the reforms but ‘inspector raj’ is
thriving.
e Assumptions:
I. It is possible to join the select band of rich people
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Assumptions: by hard work.
I. The ‘licence raj’ is the same as the ‘inspector raj’. II. Staying in luxury without paying steep price is
II. The reforms should have put an end to the ‘licence the criterion of upper crust of society.
raj’. III. Booking a luxurious flat is very easy now.
III. The ‘inspector raj’ is a menace. 1) Only II 2) Only III
1) None 3) Only II and III 4) None
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5) Only III examination for Clerical cadre recruitment to prevent
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II. Computer industry is growing at a fast pace. III. At higher level written examination may not be
III. It is possible to be a professional as well as a of much use.
housewife. 1) Only I and II 2) Only II and III
1) Only I and II 2) Only II and III 3) Only III 4) Only I and III
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41. Statement: The ‘X’ car manufacturing company has III. The general public may support the cause of the
decided to increase price of the cars in A, B and C cinema hall owners and put pressure on the
segments ranging from 5% to 10% with immediate government to accept their demands.
effect as the steel prices have risen considerably in 1) None is implicit
the recent past. 2) Only I is implicit
Assumptions: 3) Only III is implicit
I. The prices of cars other than in A, B and C 4) Only II is implicit
segments are already very high and need not be 5) All are implicit
increased. 45. Statement: A one-day token strike was called by the
II. The rival car manufacturing companies may also employees in Government organisations to protest
increase the prices of cars in these segments. against privatization of profit-making Public Sector
III. There may be adequate demand in the market of Undertakings.”
the cars in these segments even after the price Assumptions:
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hike. I. The Government may favourably consider the
1) Only I is implicit views of the employees.
2) Only II is implicit II. Strike is the most popular tool used by people to
3) Only III is implicit protest.
4) Both I and III are implicit III. The strike may bring pressure on the Government,
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5) All are implicit forcing them to reconsider the decision.
42. Statement: The university authority has decided to 1) Only I is implicit
decentralise conduct of terminal examinations and 2) Only II is implicit
give this responsibility to each college for its students 3) Only I and III are implicit
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to avoid delay in declaration of results. 4) All I, II and III are implicit
Assumptions: 5) None of these
I. The colleges are equipped t o car r y out t his 46. Statement: “Buy a variety of items from our shop
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responsibility. and get upto 20% discount.” - An advertisement
II. There may not be uniformity in evaluation standard
across the colleges.
e Assumptions:
I. Many people will visit the shop to get the benefit
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III. The students may welcome this new development. of discount.
1) None is implicit II. Customers may go to some other shop if the
2) Only II and III are implicit discount is not offered.
3) Only I and II are implicit III. Of fering discount is the best way t o att ract
4) Only I and III are implicit customers.
5) None of these 1) Only I is implicit
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43. Statement: The civic authority has decided that all 2) Only II is implicit
the factories located inside the city limit be shifted 3) Only III is implicit
outside to reduce the level of environmental pollution 4) Only I and II are implicit
in the city. 5) None of these
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III. Many of these factories may shift to some other minimum requirements providing infrastructure
smaller town to remain profitable. in the area for the newly constructed building.
1) Only I is implicit II. Corporation is expecting good earnings by way of
2) Only I and II are implicit taxes from the high-rise buildings.
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3) Only II is implicit III. The corporation has taken the residents of the
4) Only II and III are implicit area into confidence and assured them of no
5) None of these inconvenience to them due to new construction.
44. Statement: All the single-screen theatre halls in the 1) Only I is implicit
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city have declared indefinite strike and have warned 2) Only II is implicit
t hat they will not withdr aw str ike unless t he 3) Only III is implicit
gover nment accept s t heir demand of reducing 4) Only I and II are implicit
entertainment tax to 50% of the present level and 5) None of these
also treat these halls at par with multi-screen halls 48. Statement: “Our school provides all facilities like
on all the relevant matters. school bus serv ice, computer tr aining, spor t s
Assumptions: facilities. it also gives opportunity to participate in
I. The employees of all the cinema halls may various extra-curricular activities apart from studies.”
disagree with the management and may appeal - An advertisement by a public school.
to the government to declare the strike illegal. Assumptions:
II. The government may accept all the demands of I. Nowadays extra-curricular activities assume more
the striking cinema halls to avoid any backlash importance than studies.
from the public. II. Many parents would like to send their children
to the school as it provides all the facilities.
Assumptions 49
III. Overall care of the child has become the need of (C) The Govt may not allow the apex body t o
the time as many women are working. implement its decision in all the colleges as it
1) Only I is implicit may lead to chaos.
2) Only II is implicit 1) None is implicit
3) Only I and II are implicit 2) Only (A) is implicit
4) All I, II and III are implicit 3) Only (B) is implicit
5) None of these 4) Only (C) is implicit
49. Statement: “Graduates with first-class are eligible 5) Only (A) and (B) are implicit
to apply for the admission to MBA courses in our 52. Statement: Govt has urged all the citizens to use
Institute”. - An advertisement by a Management electronic media for carrying out their daily activities,
Institute. whenever possible, instead of using paper as the
Assumptions: manufacture of paper requires the cutting down of a
I. Only those who are first-class graduates can cope large number of trees causing severe damage to the
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up with the studies for MBA courses. ecosystem.
II. There are plenty of first class graduates who are Which of the following assumptions is/are implicit
likely to apply for admission to MBA. in the above statement?
III. The reputation of the Institute may get affected if (A) Most people may be capable of using electronic
students having less than first class are admitted. media to carry out various routines.
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1) Only I is implicit (B) Most people may have access to electronic media
2) Only II is implicit for carrying out their daily routine activities.
3) Only III is implicit (C) People at large may reject the govt’s appeal and
4) Only I and II are implicit continue using paper as before.
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5) All I, II and III are implicit 1) Only (A) is implicit
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Directions (Q. 50-54): In each question below is 2) Only (B) is implicit
given a statement followed by three assumptions (A), 3) Only (A) and (B) are implicit
(B) and (C). An assumption is something supposed or 4) Only (C) is implicit
taken for granted. You have to consider the statement
and the following assumptions and decide which of
e 5) None of these
53. Statement: The Govt has decided to auction constru-
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the assumptions is implicit in the statement. ction of highways to private entities in several blocks
50. Statement: The police authority cordoned off the across the country on build-operate-transfer basis.
entire locality for the entire day and stopped all Which of the following assumptions is/are implicit
vehicular movement for the visit of a top functionary in the above statement?
of the government in view of the threat perception (A) An adequate number of private entities may not
and advised all the residents in the area to limit respond to the Government’s auction notification.
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their movement outside their dwellings. (B) Many private entities in the country are capable
Which of the following assumptions is/are implicit of constructing highways within a reasonable
in the above statement? time.
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(A) The police personnel may not be able to control (C) The Govt’s proposal of build-operate-transfer may
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the vehicular movement in the locality and may financially benefit the private entities.
seek help from the armed forces. 1) Only (A) and (B) are implicit
(B) People living in the locality may move out of their 2) Only (B) and (C) are implicit
houses for the day to avoid inconvenience. 3) Only (B) is implicit
(C) The Govt functionary may request the police 4) Only (A) and (C) are implicit
authority to lift the ban on the movement of 5) None of these
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residents of the locality outside their dwellings. 54. Statement: The airlines have requested all their bona
1) None is implicit fide passengers to check the status of flight operations
2) Only (A) is implicit before leaving their homes as heavy fog is causing
3) Only (B) is implicit immense problems to normal flight operations.
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all the technical courses to make them focused (B) The Govt may take serious objection to the notice
towards the present needs of the industry, thereby issued by the airline company.
making the technical graduates more employable than (C) Majority of the passengers may cancel their tickets
they are at present. and postpone their jour ney till the situation
Which of the following assumptions is/are implicit becomes normal.
in the above statement? 1) None is implicit
(A) Technical colleges af f iliated to dif f erent 2) Only (A) is implicit
universities may not welcome the apex body’s 3) Only (B) is implicit
decision and may continue with the same syllabus 4) Only (C) is implicit
as at present. 5) Only (A) and (C) are implicit
(B) The industry may welcome the decision of the
apex body and scale up their hiring from these
colleges.
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differentiate between right and wrong. 2 0 . 2; The worst bus service is because of lowest fares.
3. 5; Both ar e implicit. The phr ase ‘passing time’ So, it is clear that the speaker is assuming that
confirms both the assumptions. increase in fare will improve the service. Hence
4. 2; Even a good suggestion by safety boards cannot II is implicit. The speaker is relating fare with
prevent accidents if the employees will not desire services only. Hence I can’t be an assumption.
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to implement those suggestions. Hence II is 21. 2; Why did management search ingenious idea for
implicit and I is not implicit. shirking work? Definitely because of II. Hence II
5. 4; Nothing can be assumed about the success and is assumed. Nothing can be assumed about the
failure of the committees. employee strength of the corporation.
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6. 5; The context is that of films. And the comparisons 2 2 . 2; I may be a restatement or conclusion, but it is not
are to “erasing” a painting and “deleting” lines. an assumption. Hence I is not implicit. As the
Hence I is implicit. The entire statement is a plea speaker is pointing out about bad manners, it
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for II. can be assumed that he knows civic manner.
7. 1; I is implicit; hence the distinction is being made.
II is not implicit: giving priority to emergency
e 23. 5; As t he speaker is adv ising to oppose cr iminal
candidates in elections, it can be assumed that
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services is a social necessity; one can’t bother criminals can fight elections. Hence I is implicit.
for whether the people will mind or not. The phrase irrespective of their party labels hints
8. 2; Mahatma Gandhi would have been pained to see about II.
“high living and simple thinking” leaders means 24. 4; I is not exhaustive. It may be about elections on
that he believes in the exactly opposite nature, tough fight between two popular candidates; may
ie simple living and high thinking. Hence II is be the war between the US and Russia .... Hence
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implicit. I cannot be assumed from the given I is not implicit. About II, nothing can be assumed.
statement. 25. 1; As the speaker is predicting that General Motors
9. 5; Why does the concerned authority need to remind and Daewoo can be strongest player in the auto
people about democratic right? Definitely because maket only together, clearly means that he is
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of II. Hence II is implicit. When people will cast assuming that Daewoo alone is not sufficient to
t heir v ot e natur ally polling per cent age will be No. 1.
increase. Hence I is implicit. 26. 5; Imposing tickets generally serves two purposes
10. 1; The book which speaks about God is holy book. — restricting unlimited entry and raising money.
11. 1; ‘Forced to leave’ clearly indicates that no one The latt er has no use her e. Now, in t he
wants to put it down on their own and everyone statement, it is given that there were no tickets
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enjoys reading it. Hence I is implicit. II has no and entry was restricted, clearly indicates that
relation with the statement. both are implicit.
12. 2; Why too many sub-standard private tuition centres 27. 4; I and II may be the reason for stating such a
in all locality? — only because of assumption II. warning. But these are not exhaustive.
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Hence II is implicit. I is not implicit. 28. 5; Both are implicit. That is why the advertiser is
13. 5; Why does Railways need to show a good safety stressing on both design and its resale value.
performance? Definitely because of II. 29. 4; II can’t be assumed from the statement because
14. 5; As speaker is comparing cultures and talking nothing is given about Y2K specialist. I is not an
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Assumptions 51
33. 4; The speaker is comparing between the two types illness-causing element — is the culprit.
of business. So neither we can assume which 47. 5; I is implicit in the tone of warning. II is implicit
one is preferable nor whether saving of time in because when we st op people f r om doing
business is important or not. It is certain that something, we assume that they generally do so.
time can be saved, but whether it is important or 48. 5; The way the poor performance on excise and
not can’t be assumed from the statement. customs fronts has been shown to be the cause
34. 4; Neither the name of the department nor the post of the “huge revenue deficit” makes I implicit.
held by him can be assumed from the statement. Similarly, II is implicit from the way it affected
Hence II is not implicit. Also, nothing about his customs and excise.
present job status can be assumed. Hence I is not 49. 2; Assumption I is in fact a conclusion. Assumption
implicit. II is implicit from the word “disintermediate”.
35. 1; II may be a conclusion but it is not an assumption. 50. 1; I is implicit from the “difference” being pointed
I is implicit. That is why the speaker is saying out. II is beyond the scope of the statement.
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so. 51. 2; Talks for second tranche is expected only after
36. 5; How did they know about the advertisement? talks for the first tranche have been finalised.
Hence it can be assumed that they read newspapers. But the actual amount may still be in the pipeline.
Why did they get puzzled over the publication of 52. 2; The sentence should not be taken too literally.
the advertisement in t he newspaper? All the 53. 5; Both the assumptions are implicit. This is why
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advertisements can’t puzzle all persons of the same t he speaker believ es t hat consumer s ar e
profession. Hence it can be assumed that the “deceived”.
advertisement was a rare one. 54. 2; I is not implicit. Maybe, the “you” here refers only
37. 4; Neither can we assume about the CIA nor about t o t he elit e. But II is implicit ; t hat is why
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the toughness of its work from the statement. “adrenaline kicks in” on opening the papers.
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38. 5; Assumption I is implicit because otherwise it 55. 4; Both may be conclusions, but not assumptions.
would not hav e been pr escr ibed. As t he 56. 1; The VC is assuming I; t hat is why he has
Environmental Pollution Authority is concerned r est r ict ed wear ing west er n dr esses on t he
with auto-rickshaws, assumption II seems quite
plausible.
e campus. We can’t relate their studies with their
dress and hence assumption II is not implicit.
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39. 4; National interest could or could nto be paramount 57. 4; The assumptions are not implicit because it is
for other industrial concerns. So assumption I is possible that the minister has neither of these
not implicit . There is not even a mention of convictions but is acting under sheer political
env ir onment al r esour ces. We can t reat compulsion.
assumpt ion II as a possibilit y but it is not 58. 5; The move to make use of alcometers must have
necessarily so. been necessitated because of the large number of
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40. 2; Gift scheme gave a spurt to paging industry but accidents. Hence I is implicit. II is implicit from
we cannot generalise it. So assumption I is not the fact that it will identify drunken drivers.
implicit because of the word always. II is implicit. 59. 2; The statement is merely a report while I is a
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That is why paging industries are now going value-judgement. Hene it is not implicit. II is
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“one would imagine” makes I implicit. II is not I. II is not implicit because the court has merely
implicit: what the speaker assumes is that there assumed that the film is controversial. Whether
might be some change but not on the grand scale it is objectionable will be established only when
being talked about. the decision is finally taken.
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43. 5; The speaker has used the name of Sachin and 62. 5; Companies like Indian Airlines regard conferring
Shahrukh because of t heir popularity among of such lar gesse on popular f igur es like Dr
young students. Replacing their posters clearly Amartya Sen as a standing publicity of its own.
hints that II is implicit. I is clearly an assumption. Hence both the assumptions are implicit.
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44. 5; West Asia has a large stock of oil resources; that 63. 5; W hy t he need to use t he elect ronic v oting
is why t hey hav e monopoly in this sector . machine? Chief Elect ion Commissioner is
Similarly, the speaker is assuming that India has definitely assuming I. Any system won’t be
human resources (in the form of IT entrepreneurs) recommended if it is not convenient to use for
which will lead it to become no. 1 in this field or common people. Hence II is implicit.
contribute a large part to India’s economy. Hence 64. 2; The term only is objectionable in I. Hence I is not
both are implicit. implicit. Why has the President directed the
45. 2; Here “others’ cost” means others’ peace, others’ Election Commission to curtail the expenditure?
safety.... but certainly not others’ expenses. Hence Definitely, he is assuming II.
I is not implicit. II is implicit; that is why Delhi 65. 2; The speaker is assuming II; that is why he has
police has issued the statement. used the term irrespective while comparing the
46. 3; When we say that “reckless partying can lead to gold production with price hike (inflation). I is
health problems”, we assume that either heavy not implicit; the assumption is that price hike
drinking or dancing — we can’t think of any other affects gold production.
66. 4; I may be a conclusion but it is not an assumption. 82. 2; I is not implicit . The st at ement has no
Hence I is not implicit. Nor is he assuming about relationship to other games. II is implicit because
t he role of journalist s in t he societ y bef or e the speaker talks about the consequence only after
delivering his statement. Hence II is not implicit. assuming this.
67. 5; Whenever a warning of this sort is given, the 83. 2; It is hard to reduce the generalised version to a
following assumptions are implicit: I. There is particular field. Other possibilities may also be
something foul in the air; there can be no smoke considered, such as sanitation problem, ... Hence
without fire; and II. The warning will have a I is not implicit. II is implicit because it is this
positive effect in checking the problem. that makes the speaker take potshot at metros.
68. 1; I is implicit; it is to dispel this myth that the 84. 4; Both are sort of restatements.
statement has been issued in public interest. but 85. 2; From the tone of the statement it is clear that the
being inferior in quality is not the same as being speaker is not satisfied with the large (excess)
adulterated; hence II is not implicit. number of ministers in India and wants reduction
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69. 5; The need to treat properly the elderly and the in this number. Hence II is an assumption. I is
disabled stems from both the assumptions. not an assumption.
70. 1; The speaker is assuming I; that is why he has 86. 5; Both assumptions I and II have nearly same
st at ed so. In his opinion as t he economy is meaning. Clearly, the speaker is assuming that
growing well, employment rate should increase. courts are not fulfilling the objective (provide
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He is not assuming about any other factor that justice to deserving people) for which they were
influences employment. established. The rich can change the judgment
71. 4; From the statement it is clear that the speaker in their favour (throwing dice).
has no doubt about the credibility of inquiry 87. 2; Taking defeat seriously and taking lessons from
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reports. Hence I is not implicit. II has too strong the defeat are two different matters. Hence I is
a word in never. not implicit. Why do we need to take lessons
72. 4; I is not implicit because it implies that value- from our defeat? The answer clearly is to be
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based voting still prevails, though it does not have successful in future. Hence II is implicit.
too long a futur e. But t he statement clearly
suggests that value-based voting is absent. What
e 88. 2; I is not implicit. It is possible that the situation
is improving instead of deteriorating, but t he
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about Assumption II, which talks of the potential stat ement is being made because t his
of value-based voting? Well, the only potential improvement is not enough. On the other hand,
the speaker has in mind is that it’s a step in the II is implicit because it is this essentiality that
positive direction. But can it undo what has been makes the speaker talk about what the Govt
done? We don’t know. needs to do.
73. 5; Such messages ar e sent to get contr ol of a 89. 2; The statement may be given by a lawyer or any
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problem. II is the implicit problem. I is expected other critic. So we can’t assume that this is given
to help in getting control of the problem. by an opposition leader. But t he speaker is
74. 1; The speaker is assuming that there should be assuming II. That is why he takes about people
certain qualities in the commander to command rejecting the changes.
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the society well. I is a genuine quality. Hence I 90. 5; I is implicit: this is what the speaker has in
is implicit. It is possible t hat the speaker is mind when he talks of having “util is ed t he
predicting on the basis of his knowledge and not employment potential.” The speaker is assuming
experience. Hence II is not implicit. II that is why he is relating the employment
75. 5; The speaker is assuming I; that is why he has potential of railway with the political career of
at tached equal impor t ance t o both — t he the leader.
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constitution and adherence of the people to its 91. 5; The railway minister is assuming that previous
provisions. The speaker assumes II; that is why ministers have failed in providing adequate safety
he delves into its causes. to the passengers. That is why she will give more
76. 1; I is implicit ; t hat is why t he PIOs hav e attention to safety, hoping that her step will
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mainatined t he Indian cultur e even in alien pr ev ent accident in f utur e. Hence bot h t he
sett ings. But II is not implicit because a assumptions are implicit.
comparaison between the two cultures is nowhere 92. 1; I is implicit here. That is why the speaker is
hinted at. talking about another way of living when the
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77. 5; DTC aut horit ies are assuming bot h t he envir onment has been polluted. II can’t be
assumptions; that is why they have planned so. assumed from the statement.
78. 2; Even able parents may be not willing to pay the 93. 3; From the term harsh it is clear that the speaker
increased fee. Hence I can’t be assumed. Why is assuming that the police are not serving the
are they demonstrating in front of Legislative purpose for which they are there. The meaning
Council? Clearly, they are assuming II. Hence II of the two assumptions is different. Hence either
is implicit. I or II.
79. 5; The NHRC is assuming both; that is why this 94. 5; Why are these advertisements given by these
new system has been made compulsory. organisations? Clearly, they are assuming both I
80. 2; I is a restatement. But II is implicit because it is and II.
on this assumption that the comparison has been 95. 4; Both assumptions contradict the statements.
made. 96. 3; Either of the two is implicit. Maybe, the speaker
81. 5; Why did the court intervene and direct the state’s t hinks t hat irr espect iv e of how much you
executive machinery? advertise, you won’t attract tax-filers. The other
Assumptions 53
possibility is: why waste money when less of it Hence I is not implicit. In assumption II, the
can be as effective? term ‘civilized society’ twists his view.
97. 1; I is implicit: it does matter a lot; that is why it 117. 5; Both are implicit.
goes on to make winners. II does not fit here. 118. 2; I is not implicit. Note: So long as there is ....
98. 1; The coach is assuming I, otherwise he won’t means option is situational. He assumes that
stress on his men’s potential. II can’t be assumed: caste-based organisations are the best caretaker
the intention of player is a different matter. of caste-based society. Hence II is implicit.
99. 2; The speaker is assuming II; that is why he is 119. 1; I is implicit in the word penance — an act to
concerned about the failure of the relationship. wash away one’s sins. II is not implicit. From
100. 2; The speaker is assuming II that is why he has the statement, we don’t know whether the gods
referred to things related to education. Assumption showed Parasuram the way out.
I has not been hinted at in the statement. 120.2; Here “less space” does not imply physical space
101. 2; From the given statement it cannot be inferred so much. Instead, it implies less freedom.
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whether transparency exists or not. Hence I is 121. 1; Note the exclamation mark(!). Which implies that
not implicit. II is a valid assumption; that is why t he phenomenon is sur pr ising. Hence I is
the speaker has jotted down new guidelines for implicit. II is a conclusion, not an assumption.
selection process. 122.5; Both are implicit in the affordability factor.
102. 5; The maulana is assuming both. He feels that 123. 2; We don’t know whether “people of modern times”
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t hough pr ogr ammes ar e mor e popular than are opposed to what has “traditionally” been there.
prayers, they are less important. Hence the appeal. Hence I is not implicit. II is implicit because
“growth prospects” are as important as “stability”.
103. 2; The speaker is assuming II, that is why he has 124. 2; Note that the caption is one in a cartoon. So 763
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put emphasis on long-term measures rather than is clearly an exaggeration.
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short-term ones. Nothing about the election- 125. 3; The message from the hostage is an attempt to
winning interests has been hinted at here. keep his well-wishers normal. If not calmed, they
104. 2; I may have a broad range. Hence it is not implicit. may react in either of the two ways.
II can be assumed from the statement.
105. 1; Nehru is assuming I; that is why he is against
e 126. 2; I is not implicit because the speaker does not
have any particular aspect in mind. II is implicit,
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artificial policies. II is not implicit. hence the editing with the visual aspect in mind.
106. 5; I is implicit; that is why the need for overhaul of 127. 2; The statement is not one about staging of plays
the system. II is also implicit in the phrase “the in general. Hence I is not implicit. It is about
present globalised scenario”. whether the depiction of a religious figure on
107. 2; II is definitely an assumption. But nothing about stage appeals to the audience. Hence II is implicit.
the policies of different companies can be found 128. 2; I is not implicit. The assumption is not that fire
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out from the statement. cannot occur but that it is less likely in Narela or
108. 2; I is not implicit. We don’t know about success of Ghazipur. II is implicit; that is why, of all the items,
businesses in general. II is implicit; hence the hazardous chemicals and paper are being moved out.
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appeal for Internet adoption. 129. 2; The objective behind the notice is t o attr act
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110. 5; The announcement of awards serves both the 132. 5; The features highlighted by the advertisement
purposes. are based on assumptions I and II.
111. 4; Her e the assumpt ion is: The met hod of 133. 5; Why are some excesses bound to happen? The
governance of a country should be according to speaker must be assuming II. Again, to be satisfied
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the ground realities of that country. Hence I is with the success of SOG implies that the speaker
not implicit. II is not implicit because we don’t must be assuming I also.
know whether the speaker has other countries 134. 2; Assumption I goes very deep. Hence, it is not
in mind. implicit. But, assumption II is implicit. That is
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112. 2; II is implicit by the very need of the singer to why the notice stresses on buying the leaves
defend ghazal. I is not implicit because the singer instead of burning it.
does not compare ghazal to pop. 135. 1; Assumpt ion I is implicit . That is why t he
113. 2; Eastern Railway may be initiator of this practice. advertisement highlights “And if you’re looking
Hence I is not implicit. Assuming I, the Eastern for a change”.
Railways officials have advertised so. 136. 4; I is not implicit because it assumes too many
114. 5; Because he is assuming I that is why he has things: education and free movement are beyond
used the term ‘enforceable’ in his stat ment. the scope of the statement. II is not implicit
Speaker is assuming II; that is why he stressed because the PM only assumes that law and order
that law should be obeyed by all without exception. affects the common man more than prices do.
115. 5; Both are implicit. The term ‘dead’ clears speaker’s 137. 5; Both I and II are implicit. The speaker does not
intention. consider ter r or ists as human. He must be
116. 4; The newspaper’s view on the expensiveness of assuming II. Hence, II is implicit. Why is the
justice can’t be guessed from the given statement. speaker not in favour of using human rights to
pr ot est f or t hose found guilt y? He must be quality control regime. Hence, the companies’
assuming I also. authorities must be assuming I. Assumption II is
138. 1; The t one of t he st at ement implies that t he also implicit in the last part of the statement.
speaker must be assuming I. That is why he 153. 1; I is implicit. Otherwise how can the number of
uses the word ‘significant’ for the analysis done. heart patients in all countries of the world be
The wor d ‘alt hough’ used in t he stat ement compared to one another? II is not implicit because
implies that the speaker makes the assumption the statement does not talk about population.
that lesser the size of sample, lesser the chances 154. 5; Both I and II are implicit. I is implicit. That is
of reliability. why the speaker points towards the lackadaisical
139. 3; It is not clear from the statement what the CM is approach of the government in combating AIDS.
exactly assuming. But the tone of the statement The word ‘sure killer’ implies the speaker must
implies he must be assuming either I or II. be assuming II also.
140. 1; Why the need to instil such a sense of pride 155. 4; I is not implicit because ‘spate of defeats’ can’t be
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among the people? The speaker must be assuming correlated with the statement. On a similar basis
I. II is not implicit because one does not desire II also can’t be correlated with the statement.
for a need unless one assumes it to be feasible. 156. 4; The request of the city police implies that the
141. 2; Note that if one advises others to purchase a thing cit y police assume t hat “some people hav e
X, the former assumes that the latter have enough grievances”. Assumption I is not implicit due to
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money to purchase it. the words “All categories”. II is also not implicit
142. 5; Both I and II are implicit. Why did the city traffic because the statement does not say anything about
police need to issue such a notice? It must have flying squad of vigilance branch.
assumed II. Again the word ‘always’ used in the 157. 2; Non-biodegradable nature of plastic bag can’t be
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notice makes I implicit. cor r elat ed with t he stat ement because t he
143. 4; Both I and II can’t be cor related wit h t he stat ement does not say whet her plast ic is
statement. Hence, neither I nor II is implicit. biodegradable or nonbiodegradable. Hence, I is
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144. 5; I is an assumption because the statement uses not implicit. But II is obviously implicit. That is
the gadgets as an allurement. II is obvious. Note
that the initiative is aimed at improving the
e why the scientist uses the word ‘Beware’ in his
statement before asserting the negative features
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financial condition of the company by reducing of plastic bags.
theft. Hence, the company must be assuming II. 158. 1; Only I is implicit. That is why Mr X advocates
145. 1; I is implicit. The “badly shaken lives” will be for the need for a consensus to trim government
headed through development. “That things would expenditure.
not go haywire” can be assured through good 159. 2; I is not implicit because of its last portion, ie “all
governance. II is not implicit: we don’t know over the world”. II is implicit since betting is on
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focussed on in the ad is conducive to facilitating statement: “passed away in the Yamuna waters”
sound sleep. Hence, II is also implicit. itself means “died by drowning in the Yamuna.”
148. 2; I may or may not be an assumption. But II is 162. 1; I is implicit: the proposal that drivers employed
obviously implicit. That is why the manufacturers should not be illiterate has to be based on this
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need to oil the wheels that India moves on. assumpt ion. II is not implicit. In f act , the
149. 1; Only I is implicit. Why does the company need assumption is just the contrary. The use of “at
to issue such instruction? It must be assuming I. least for children” assumes that children are or
The motive behind the instruction may be to should be privileged ones.
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ensur e conv enience in keeping t he r ecor ds 163. 5; I is implicit because of the cause-ef fect
regarding transaction of the company. Hence, II relationship. II is also implicit because a thing
is not implicit. cannot happen unless it is possible.
150. 2; I may or may not be an assumption. But II is 164. 2; I is not an assumption. It is an inference being
obvious. That is why the CM appeals for people’s drawn out of the “strange thing.” But assumption
participation. II is implicit. It is this departure from the usual
151. 1; W hy does the agr icultur ist f ocus on ‘bet ter that makes “last night” strange.
under standing’, ‘co-oper at ion’ and 165. 5; Why does the person gives an advice to provide
‘complementing’ among the exporters? He must vocational training to women in work? There must
be assuming I. Assumption II can’t be correlated be a positive and constructive role of the training.
with the statement. Hence, II is not implicit. Hence I is implicit. II is also implicit. Otherwise
152. 5; The ground on which the authorities of the bottled the training will be useless.
water companies ruled out any contamination in 166. 5; The view of the speaker is in the form of a critic.
their product is its production under rigorous He feels against the discrimination in punishment
Assumptions 55
given to the swindlers and petty thieves. Hence, at delving into the reasons of the mysterious
he must be assuming I and II also. death and also at punishing the guilty. Order of
167. 5; The purpose to get help from the instruction to magisterial inquiry implies that the government
ensure security can’t be fulf illed unless t he must be assuming I. Why has the entire staff of
instruction is read by the passengers. Hence, both police station X been transferred? The government
I and II are implicit. must be assuming II also.
168. 1; Name of the given service cadres implies that 183. 4; The st at ement does not ment ion anyt hing
these cadres may help in upliftment of the living r egar ding r epayment st ruct ur e or collat eral
condition of rural people. Now, the government security. Hence, neither I nor II is implicit.
proposition implies that the government must be 184. 4; The timeframe given by the government implies
assuming I. that the government must be assuming that the
169. 5; I is implicit because it make no sense to talk of time given is adequate for operators to declare
something without the existence of its possibility. pay channel rates. Hence, assumption I is not
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II is implicit; that is why the speaker suggests implicit. Assumption II is not implicit because it
tools to make change in the women’s status. is beyond the scope of the statement.
170. 4; We cannot say what ground the critic assumes 185. 2; Global computer piracy is not mentioned in the
on the basis of which be terms it “not a proper statement. Therefore, assumption I is not implicit.
and judicious step”. But assumption II is implicit. That is why the
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171. 4; I is not valid because we don’t know whether the journalist uses the word ‘despite’ in his statement.
contrast expressed in the view is critical or merely 186. 1; Why has such an advertisement been published
a statement of fact. II, if at all an assumption, by the advertiser? Definitely, the advertiser is
can only be false. assuming I. Assumption II is not implicit because
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172. 2; I is not implicit because it goes into unnecessary it goes into details.
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details. II is implicit; that is why the speaker 187. 2; Assumption I may not be implicit. It is beyond
str esses on t he r ole of executiv e in the the scope of the statement due to lack of any
appointment of High Court Judges. specific clue. But assumption II seems quite
173. 5; The instruction to customers is aimed at ensuring
saf ety and r est r icing unaut hor ised person’s
e plausible. That is why people’s participation has
been sought.
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accessibility to any individual’s account. Hence, 188. 5; Assumpt ion I is implicit . That is why t he
t he speaker must be assuming that an milit ant s kidnapped t he local r esident .
unauthorised person can access others’ account. Assumption II is also implicit. Otherwise the
174. 5; Both I and II are implicit. Why is the rate of the militants would not have faith in the resident.
cup of tea reduced to Rs 2 for labourers? I must 189. 2; The tone of the statement implies that the speaker
have beeen assumed. Again, the real motto of an assumes training session is necessary for the
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ad is to increase the number of customers as well team. Hence, assumption II is implicit. But the
as sales. Hence, II must also be assumed. statement does not indicate what type of training
175. 1; Only I is implicit. II is not implicit because of the session it should be. Hence, assumption I is not
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word ‘radical’. implicit.
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176. 2; I goes into details. Hence, I is not implicit. But II 190. 1; Since the given statement has been made by the
is implicit; that is why the opposition leader water man while educat ing people on t he
issues such a statement. communit y’s r ight , t he wat erman must be
177. 2; I is irrelevant. Hence I is not implicit. But II is assuming indulgence of MNCs in water business
implicit; that is why the speaker suggests the as disastrous for the people. Note that the speaker
stringent punishment. is not averse to indulgence of MNCs in road
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178. 1; Here II is irrelevant. Hence, II is not implicit. construction or some other areas. This implies
But I must have been assumed by the politician; water business has some special importance.
ot her wise how can the st at us of indust rial Hence assumption I is implicit. Assumption II is
progress be related with unemployment? not implicit because the indulgence of MNCs does
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179. 1; I is implicit because this is the motive behind not necessarily imply that they are going to buy
increasing the fine. II is not implicit because of the rivers.
the second part of the statement. 191. 2; Assumption I goes into details, therefore, it is
180. 2; The adver tisement is based on the following not implicit. Again the initiative to be taken is
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194. 2; Assumption I is not implicit because it rather professional photographers’ contribution. Hence
contradicts the statement. But assumption II is II is not an assumption.
implicit; that is why the word “despite” has been 208.1; Why retain a photograph document? So that it
used in the statement. comes handy in fighting terror. In other words,
195. 4; Assumption I is not implicit because introducing who knows the buyer may be a terrorist or may
polythene packets may have nothing to do with serve as a means of terrorism. Hence I is implicit.
writing on the notes. Assumption II is not implicit II is beside the statement.
because of the word ‘only’. 209.5; If there were no demands for resignation, why
196. 2; I may or may not be an assumpt ion. But would the politician say, “I will not resign”? Hence
assumption II is implicit ; t hat is why I is implicit. Again, he talks of being proved guilty.
communication is termed as having a vital role A proof of guilt comes only after the levelling of
in quick decision-making. charges. Hence II is implicit.
197. 2; The tone of the statement implies that the person 210.1; I is implicit because advertisement of a particular
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assumes that the historic house is more precious brand is usually placed in order to compete with
than his life. But assumption I includes all human other available brands. II is not implicit because
lives. Hence, I is not implicit. Again, caring for price and quality are not inextricably related.
the house, putting lives to risk, implies that the 211. 2; I is a bizarre assumption. The statement does not
speaker must be assuming II. assume anything about what men or women
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198. 2; Nothing has been ment ioned about other should (not) do. II is implicit because to become
count ries. Hence, I is not implicit . But the embodiment of something, much has to be
assumption II is implicit. That is why the ministry proved first.
focusses on intercultural dialogue and interaction 212.2; I is not an assumption but an inference. II is
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with civilisations, countries and nations. implicit because unless one is destructive, one
199. 5; The decision of t he Cabinet t o set up new cannot destroy something.
authorities implies that the cabinet must be 213. 1; I is implicit because the power to reject something
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assuming I. Hence, I is implicit. II is also implicit; is usually possible only when one has the power
that is why the cabinet displaced the existing
authority with a new one.
e to grant it.
II has no connect ion what soev er wit h the
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200. 1; I is implicit; that is why in the speaker’s view statement.
the matter is regrettable. II is not implicit. Note 214. 3; If A needs to be substituted by B, we assume that
that the statement says about media, not the radio B is mor e appropriate t han A. Now, t he
or print media especially. appropriateness of sledgehammer may be due to
201. 4; The decision of the SC implies that the SC must either of the following reasons: (a) a sledgehammer
be assuming the strike by the employee to be is more powerful; (b) though not more powerful,
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detrimental for the society and at the same time it works because different tools are required in
it must be dissatisfied with the way of strike. different conditions. (b) may be explained by the
But the word ‘ransom’ can’t be correlated with following example: A chalk cannot be said to be
the statement. Hence, I is not implicit. The same more powerful than a pen. But when it comes to
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is t r ue f or t he wor ds ‘chaos’ and ‘t otal writing on a blackboard, you would use a chalk,
maladministration’. not a pen.
202. 5; Why did the city police need to issue such notice? 215. 4; I is not implicit: since the statement is silent on
It must be assuming that people lack awareness whether the move would have a good or a bad
of the ill-effects of touching unclaimed objects. impact, it does not make any assumption about
Hence, both I and II are implicit. the move’s desirability. II is also not implicit. In
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203.5; I is implicit; that is why the speaker mentions fact, the assumption is on the contrary. If we say
the desired skills in addition to proper training. that this move has been taken from a particular
Again, why does an entr ant need a pr oper point of view (that of exchange rate management),
t raining? Obv iously, the speaker must be we assume that other moves are also possible.
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it. Again, how can unused/broken articles lying seriously concerns them.
on the roof can be mosquito-friendly? Obviously, 217. 1; I is implicit : India is being asked to learn. Which
II is the assumption behind it. assumes India may also be threatened by a similar
205.5; Why was the need felt to make the change? There problem. Note carefully that II is not implicit.
was certainly something dissatisfactory. Hence I What is assumed is that being forced to take loan
is the assumption behind it. II is obvious. from the IMF is not a good sign. If one simply
206.2; I is rejected because nothing has been told about takes loan, that is, voluntarily so, that may be
technical expertise. The advertisement must have considered a healthy growth.
been targeted at the people who want t o be 218. 2; I is not an assumption but an inference, and that
successf ul photogr apher . Hence II is an too a wrong one. II is implicit : why else would a
assumption. political leader ask for revelations if it were not
207.1; The person A is certainly assuming that to get for some gain?
start ed one needs some teaching. Hence I is 219. 1; I is implicit because of the word representative.
clearly an assumption. But nothing is said about W hen we t alk of X being a leader or a
Assumptions 57
representative, we assume that X leads a group of not make effort to reach an impossible target. The
persons with similar bent of mind. In other wor ding ‘Since my childhood’ makes II also
words, he is not the only one of that kind. II is implicit.
not implicit. 235. 3; The ad assumes that there are two options: either
220. 5; I is implicit. If X seems to have happened, it is lear n f r om a good book or join a coaching
usually assumed that X happens. Again, II is also institute. However, the former option is assumed
implicit: since the speaker compares Sahara and to be preferable.
Peerless to other NBFCs, he assumes that these 236. 2; Gener ally any condit ion is giv en in an
two are also NBFCs. adv er tisement (especially in the for m of
221. 5; Assuming II only, the leader of the opposition instruction) with an assumption that people have
has made such statement. I is also implicit because the ability to follow it. Hence I is not implicit. II
the root cause of disruption in the house is lack is obvious.
of consensus. 237. 5; I is implicit because the focus of the statement is
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222. 1; I is implicit but II is not. Happening of new things on a woman at higher post. II is implicit from the
might be good or bad in nature. wording ‘too common to make news’.
223. 5; Whenever a plan is aimed at for a particular 238. 1; You don’t advise someone unless he needs it.
locality, the planner assumes that the locality Hence I is implicit. But II is not because of the
needs that plan. Hence I is implicit. II is also word ‘only’.
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implicit. If an institution makes a plan to provide 239. 1; Whenever a notice is issued it is assumed that
facilities to the people, clearly those facilities are there will be some impact of this notice on the
missing and are required. people. Hence II is not implicit. But I is obvious.
224. 2; I is not implicit. II is implicit. Because if any 240.5; X giv es an example and compar es in such a
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country warns another country not to interfere manner that he assumes a situation similar to
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with the happening in its country, then it must t he exist ing problem; ther ef or e he must be
have been assumed that the happening in its assuming I. II is also implicit because it is the
own country is its internal affair. motive behind the statement of X.
225. 5; The statement is made by assuming II. That is
why such measures have been aimed at. The talk
e 241. 5; The word ‘ratio’ used by A makes I implicit. Need
of prediction of the ratio of questions of verbal to
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of the requirement of the combination makes I those of non-verbal reasoning makes II implicit.
implicit. 242.1; Authorising the agents to distribute coupons
226. 2; Assumption I is not implicit because it goes into makes I implicit. But II can’t be correlated with
details which cannot be assumed. II is implicit the statement.
because when you announce a policy, you 243. 2; I is not implicit due to the word ‘only’. II is obvious
generally assume that it will find favour with because this is the assumption on which the
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hinges only on this external support. Hence I is implicit. The judiciary should be ideal but there
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229. 2; Assumption I is not implicit because though the assume the desirability of true Indian civilisation.
perceived threat of competition may be one of the But is it for “harmony”? We don’t.
reasons behind this move, we can’t say so with 247. 2; I is not implicit. But II is implicit because seeking
certainty. But II is implicit: shrewd warriors often help from the PM of the country Y implies that
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lose the battle to win the war. the leader of country X has some hope from the
230. 5; I is implicit because this is why Keshav’s mother PM of the country Y.
needed to instruct him. II is also implicit because 248. 5; People looks for goods which are cheap as well
a choice between two options can be made only as durable. Hence I is implicit. Since the scheme
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when both the options exist. has been initiated with the aim of attracting more
231. 1; War between two countries makes the life of the cust omer s and fur t her str engt hening t he
people miserable. Selling of crops at low prices company, II is also implicit.
is on the basis of assumption I. II is not implicit 249. 5; Advocating prompt diagnosis makes II implicit.
because it is far-fetched. Again, making effort in the direction of mitigating
232. 1; I is implicit from the phrase “unable to solve in the ill-effects of a biological attack indicates that
quicker way”. The wor d ‘only’ makes t he the speaker must be assuming I.
assumption II non-implicit. 250.2; Assumption II is implicit. That is why the minister
233. 2; I is not implicit because t he commander is stresses on “WTO compatible”. I is irrelevant.
considering about the equipment required to curb 251. 5; Both I and II are implicit. Efforts made by the
militancy. He must be assuming II. Consideration company is aimed at the problem related with
over equipment is related with the efficiency of corrosion. Hence the MD must be assuming I. II
forces. is also implicit on the same ground.
234. 5; Efforts of Y obviously makes I implicit. One does 252.5; Purpose of advertisement is aimed at making more
people have access to internet. Hence I is implicit. 267. 4; I is not implicit because we don’t know what X
Advocating f or best action on the int ernet assumes about other factors. II is not implicit
indicates that the speaker must be assuming II. either. We don’t know why X assumes him to be
253. 1; I is implicit ; t hat is why t he company has lauded.
advertised thus. II is not implicit: the ad does 268. 4; I is not implicit because we can’t say with certainty
not claim it to be the only way to learn English. that Miss ‘X’ assumes her life to be full of prosperity
254. 2; Low pr ice points hav e been accept ed as and the prosperity in her life came only after the
instruments for penetration in rural areas. Hence death of her father. II may or may not be the true
II must have been assumed. I is obviously not reason behind the reluctance of her father. Hence,
implicit . Because if a company decides t o II is also not implicit.
penetrate in rural areas by providing the drinks 269. 5; I is implicit ; that is why the adv er t isement
at low price points then the company must be advocates to satisfy one’s need. II is also implicit
assuming that people in rural areas will be able because if study materials of ‘X’ coaching institute
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to purchase the cold drinks at reduced price. are capable of satisfying one’s need for PO, it
255. 5; Talking of break-dances as a substitute for exercise must be capable of satisfying the real requirements
makes I implicit . At the same t ime when a of a true aspirant for PO. Hence, the speaker
substitute is talked about it must have been must be assuming II.
assumed that it will be suitable for the existing 270. 2; I may or may not be a true assumption. Hence I is
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situation. Hence II is also implicit. not implicit. II is obviously implicit; otherwise
256. 4; I is not implicit. In fact, the statement assumes there would not have been the advertisement.
that it’s no use saying that an agreement has 271. 5; Both I and II are implicit. If someone gives a
been reached as long as the det ails are not ultimate success formula to youngster, then he/
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divulged. II is distorting the statement too much. she assumes I. Second sentence of the statement
257. 4; The statement is based on the hindrances and makes II implicit.
ill-eff ect s of delay in proper act ion. Neit her 272. 4; Hence, I is not implicit because of only. II is also
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assumption carries the above sense. Hence both not implicit because if PM is talking about joint
258. 1;
are not implicit.
Assumption I holds good because otherwise the
e patrolling then PM must be assuming that other
party will also support the plan.
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said institutions could not have fulfilled the 273. 2; Suggestion made in the note is aimed at
r espectiv e demands of ot her count r ies. adopting a way t hat brings out committ ed
Assumption II is not implicit: just because you aspirants for political leadership. This implies
lend someone a part icular help (excellent in political leadership is facing a crisis of t rue
nature) does not imply your overall superiority. leadership. But can we assume t hat it is so
259. 5; When you prepare yourself for an event, you everywhere? No. Hence, I is not implicit. If one
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assume your participation in it. Bidding adieu to suggests something to someone, he assumes
Test cricket and focussing on the forthcoming his/her suggestion is pract ically possible.
World Cup makes asumption II implicit. Hence, II is implicit.
260.1; I is implicit in the words “it becomes necessary”. 274. 5; One does not give instruction to any one unless
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II is not implicit because of the word “every”. he/she assumes the latter needs it. This implies
261. 5; Comparison made by the person between events that the readers need the instruction. This makes
I and II indicates that the speaker must be I implicit. Again, if one suggests someone an
assuming both I and II. initiative, the former assumes the initiative is likely
262.2; I is not implicit because of the word ‘ev ery’. to solve the respective problem of the latter. Hence
Narcotics Control Bureau assumes that some of II is also implicit.
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the people must have information; but it does not 275. 1; Why such notice? CEO must be assuming I.
assume that all the people have informat ion 276. 5; The advertisement t alks about renov ation in
regarding drug trafficking. II is obviously implicit. schemes and wide range of solutions. Why such
That is why instruction is being given. ads? It is likely t hat these t wo qualities of
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263. 5; The request comprises a fixed time. If one fixes a schemes will attract customers. Hence both I and
deadline for a particular thing, one must be II are implicit.
assuming I. II is also implicit because if a person 277. 2; I is not an assumption. Deputing a high level team
requests for something from another, the former for a particular objective implies that the EC is
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assumes that the latter will abide by it. assuming the team will succeed in its objective and
264. 5; I is implicit. Look at how Mr Y is blaming “faulty for this people of the state will co-operate with the
lifestyles” and “bad eating habits” — they are team.
inst ances of brazen v iolat ion of pr ev entiv e 278. 5; The statement is in the form of a suggestion and
measur es. II is implicit , that is why Mr Y it is aimed at stopping child marriages. Note that
expresses his resentment. one does not suggest any initiative to remove a
265. 4; The statement assumes nothing about the kind problem unless he assumes the problem is still
of people who are fit to deliver the goods. Hence in existence. Hence, I is implicit. Now, why a
I is not implicit. Again, the statement says there sever e punishment ? The speaker must be
is a need to assuage the feelings. But it does not assuming. II. Hence, II is also implicit.
assume whet her doing so would be easy or 279. 5; The scheme will attract students, particularly
difficult. Hence II is not implicit. those students who have no money to pursue
266. 1; Only I is implicit because of the words ‘even fifty education. So both assumptions are implicit.
years after’. II is not implicit. 280. 2; Tone of the statement makes II implicit.
Assumptions 59
281. 4; The student doesn’t necessarily assume the basis told so. While making the statement, his prime
of this desire. concern was corruption and not political stability.
282. 4; Neit her I nor II is implicit . Only intelligent Hence II is not implicit.
competitors are not the basis of the statement of 296. 2; If ‘I’ were the Election Commissoner’s assumption,
the co-ordinator. Hence I is not implicit. II may he would not have talked of “those without a voter
or may not be assumption. Hence, II is also not identity card”. So II is a valid assumption.
implicit. 297. 2; I is a r estat ement . Hence does not f ollow.
283. 2; I goes deep into r eason. Hence I is not an Disinvestment in banks means moving towards
assumption. II is obvious; that is why the person privatisation. Clearly, the speaker is assuming
suggests his/her view. II; that is why he talks about elimination of scams.
284. 2; I may or may not be an assumption. Advertisement 298. 2; I is not implicit. On the contrary, the restriction
of a product is done keeping in mind that there of this motility is assumed to be a problem. II is
must be some buyers. Hence, I is not implicit due implicit ; that is why we t alk of “regional
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to the word ‘Most’. But since the objective of the language”.
advertisement is to attract customers by giving 299. 4; It is possible that because of the difficulty of
them a chance of free trip to Asian Games, the language learning courses, students quit their
speaker must be assuming II. Otherwise, why studies in the middle. Assuming this reason, he
will people prefer a free trip to a foreign country? may have stated so.
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285. 5; Why an assurance of ensuring confidentiality 300.1; There may be other reasons for bureaucratic
along with an easy access to register a complaint? delays, e.g. long enquiry process by different
The speaker must be assuming I. Again, why departments on different angles. Hence II is not
specially t rained Women Police Of ficers? The implicit. I is implicit; that is why he has told so.
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speaker must be assuming II also. 301. 4; He may be assuming that manufacturing sector
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286. 5; The tone of the viewer implies the entire hue and information technology industry should be
and cry over the film is not genuine. Since the r un t oget her wit h equal str ess t o boost the
viewer is convinced that the duo (the director economy.
288. 1; The speaker is assuming I; that is why in spite 303. 1; I is implicit. It is possible that his statement is
of the courageous deeds of robbers, pirates, .... general and his intention is only to explain the
and other anti-social elements, t hey are not impact of players on the youngsters.
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heroes. Courageous work can be undertaken in 304. 4; The speaker is more concerned about poverty and
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both violent and non-violent ways. Hence II is wants that the impact of globalisation reach to
not implicit. the poor to eliminate their poverty. He is thinking
289. 2; Judiciary also cares but it is not the only wing little about the booming of the economy.
which cares. Hence I is not implicit. Clearly, the 305. 5; From the tone of Kher ’s r emar ks bot h the
speaker is assuming t hat judiciar y must be assumptions can be considered.
independent so that it can do its best. Hence II 306. 4; Assumption I is not exhaustive. Hence it is not
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use despite in his statement. Hence II is not concerns are two different subjects and both have
implicit. different ways of writings. Hence II is implicit.
291. 5; Why does the speaker want that people take But I is not implicit.
action in the matter? Clearly, he is assuming II. 308. 4; It is clear that Nehru was the best leader to
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I is also implicit in “Democracy will suffer”. ensure harmony. This implies that there were
292. 2; The speaker is assuming II; that is why he is not other leaders also to ensure harmony though
happy wit h t he qualit y of per for mance of Nehru was the best. Hence I is not implicit. II
ministers. Hence II is implicit. I is an extreme can be a conclusion.
case. It is possible that most of the ministers are 309. 5; From the tone of the statement it is clear that the
inefficient but not all. Hence I is not implicit. speaker is assuming both.
293. 2; II is implicit. The term “ambitious” confirms it. It 310. 5; According to the speaker, it is because of I the
is possible that they have some mass base and public sector employees do not want the transition
they use the grievances to take lead over their of their sector into private sector. Hence I is
rivals. Hence I is not implicit. implicit . II is implicit because corr uption
294. 4; Here both may be conclusions but certainly are decreases efficiency.
not assumptions. The speaker is a supporter of 311. 5; Why is the speaker against diluting the powers
pluralistic society. of CVC? Clearly he is assuming II. The speaker
295. 1; The speaker is assuming I; that is why he has is assuming I; that is why he is pleading for the
media to do its work. opposing only for the sake of opposing. Which
312. 5; If competition benefits the consumer, monopoly means the measure he is advocating, namely
must be harmful to him. Hence I is implicit. II is privatisation, is good. Hence II is implicit. And
implicit because these are the ways in which a once II is assumed, I also becomes implicit.
consumer benefits from competition. 329. 2; Higher marks can also be scored by using unfair
313. 2; If there is a huge loss of power, it is being assumed means. Hence I is not implicit. II is implicit.
that a lot of power is being generated. But one 330. 1; I is implicit; hence the warning. II is not implicit
can’t assume whet her t he generat ion or it s because we can’t assume t hat all social
capacity is adequate. Hence I is not implicit. II is responsibility jobs give money.
assumed from the element of suspicion present 331. 1; The speaker is assuming I. And its solution he
in the statement. has advised in his statement. II is also implicit.
314. 4; I is a restatement. Hence it is not implicit. Good Hence the need to seek fortune abroad.
looks are not the same as being conventionally 332. 4; I and II may or may not be an assumption. It is
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good-looking. Confidence brings good looks even possible that he is assuming that an actor is more
to the conventionally not-so-good-looking. Since popular among the audience than directors and
good looks ar e being r uled out only in t he producers and that is why he looks out for acting
conventional sense, II is not implicit. assignments.
315. 4; Influence of one economy on the other does not 333. 1; I is implicit; that is why the speaker talks about
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imply t hat t he latt er has no independent the flaw in the “democratic process”. II is not
existence. Hence I is not implicit. Just because implicit in the given theoretical statement.
the US economy influences the Indian economy, 334. 2; I is not implicit because the statement has nothing
one can’t conclude that II is being implied. The to do with “global” phenomenon. II is implicit;
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influence can be felt even if India’s bilateral trade that is why job opportunities have been crippled.
with the US is of a large volume. 335. 1; I is a valid assumption. This is the way to win
316. 5; The speaker assumes that the very notion of value the hearts of the people. II is not implicit. The
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system has changed. statement points to the fact that winners of votes
317. 2; The speaker is assuming II that is why he is
talking about the entrenched customs and social
e 336. 2;
often pay little attention to hearts.
How do we know whether the select ion is
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attitudes towards women and about their plight provisional? Hence I is not implcit. II is implicit:
getting compounded. I is not an assumption here. that is why it has selected 20 more candidates.
318. 5; I is implicit by the link established by the speaker 337. 1; The blame is being squarely laid on the batsmen.
between “physics” and “myst er ies of t he 338. 5; I is implicit from the speaker’s demerit being
universe”. II is also implicit because 20 years is pointed out. II is also implicit. That is why “the
not too big a period. anti-defection law is ineffective”.
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319. 1; I is implicit fr om t he t hr ust on human 339. 2; The former prime minister is against the way
development through educational institutions. II liberalisation policy is being pursued by the govt
is not implicit: we don’t know whether t he and not against the idea of liberalisation itself.
investment is needed to open new institutions 340. 4; The ad does not promot e chocolate eating in
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or merely maintain the old ones. general; it only says that if one eats chocolates,
320.1; Assuming I, it is an Indian language. II is not why not eat the tastier one? So I is not implicit.
the assumption here because it is possible that II is of course contrary to what the ad says.
other communities have this bias. 341. 4; The soul accepts new bodies just as a person
321. 5; You can arrive at the statement only when you accepts new clothes - this being equated to the
assume I. Hence I is implicit. He is assuming II soul being a clot hshanger is v ery crude
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and he wants that this habit should be given up. philosophy. I should be rejected. Again, t he
322.5; Clearly, the statement is a lament for the fact immortality of the soul is not proved beyond doubt
that education is turning into just a money- in the given statement. Unless a statement clearly
spinning business. It is getting detached from said that the soul never ceases to accept new
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values, which are at the care of a society. Hence, clothes this assumption would be suspect.
both are implicit. 342. 5; The statement talks about some persons who say
323. 4; Who are using history in the contemporary context that Indians are tolerant to a dangerous level. So
can’t be determined. Hence I is not implicit. It I is assumed in as much as such people are
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may be used to spread harmony among various assumed to be existing. Further, the author refutes
communities. Hence II is not implicit. the claims of such persons. Hence, the author
324. 1; I is implicit because it is this demand that makes himself is proof that there are some persons who
people “spend big money”. II is beside the point. do not believe that Indians are tolerant to a
325. 4; There may be several other reasons for the large- dangerous level.
scale deaths during earthquakes. eg use of low- 343. 2; The crux of the statement is that although the
quality building materials, electric current. wheels, horses etc. make up the chariot, they
326. 5; Clearly, the speaker does not believe in one-match are not the chariot. In other words, parts can
wonders. Hence, I is implicit. II is also implicit never substitute for the whole. So II is implicit. I
because consistently good performance over a is not hinted at in the statement.
long stretch can be measured in terms of average. 344. 5; The phrase “one step further” implies that some
327. 5; Because of II LIC has advertised so. If I were not violence has already occurred and the author
the assumption, they would never advertise. plans to move “one step further” from this level
328. 5; The finance minister says that the Opposition is of violence. Further the word “retaliate” implies
Assumptions 61
that violence has been against the author to 356. 1; I is implicit because if Booker Prize brings global
which he plans to give a befitting reply. Hence acceptance, it must be a sign of recognition. II is
both I and II are implicit. not implicit. The coming of age of Indian writing
345. 5; I is obvious from the statement. II is obvious by in English may be an inference, but not an
t he way cooler is compar ed t o f an in the assumption.
statement. 357. 5; If a thing is no longer so, we assume that earlier
346. 4; I is not true for everybody. The statement means it was so. Hence I is implicit. Again, if corruption
to say that practice may not be sufficient for came as a shock earlier, we further assume that
success if one is pitted against a born genius. In corruption was there. Hence II is implicit.
other words, it means that practice is necessary 358. 4; If X is more dangerous than Y, we assume that Y
but it may not be sufficient. II is not implied is also dangerous. But I is not implicit because it
beyond doubt. It is supported by the statement states just the contrary. II is also not implicit.
only in a vague fashion. We rather assume that hedonistic activities can
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347. 1; If a manager contemplates punishment for the be performed with aids.
er ring st af f, a capability t o punish must be 359. 1; I is implicit because one team cannot defeat the
assumed. ot her unless bot h par t icipate. II cannot be
348. 2. Allowing pass-holders without checking does not assumed. There may have been other teams which
necessarily mean less risks. It could be done were eliminated before India met Pakistan in a
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because of time factor or other reasons. But one five-match final.
thing is definite. Those having passes must be 360. 2; I is not implicit because it talks about a subject,
assumed worthy of trust. Without this being true, not the author. II is implicit because when we
allowing t hem wit hout check-ups makes no say that a book is for a particular target segment,
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sense. Hence II is implicit. we assume that such a target segment exists.
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349. 1; If listening to the inner voice can save one from 361. 1; I is implicit: how else can helping the poor be a
sin, assumption I must be valid. Assumption II is service? II is not implicit because not all human
uncertain. The statement merely says that Gandhi beings are in the “service” business.
was saved from sinning on many (not every)
occasions. So chances of a few transgressions
e 362. 2; I is not implicit because the statement is based
only on what happens in India. II is implicit
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can’t be ruled out merely on the basis of the given because of the concern shown by the statement.
statement. 363. 2; I is not implicit because we don’t know whether
350. 1; If a polite person’s son being rude is a matter of the statement is based on past experience. II is
shock then it must be assumed that politeness implicit because education is very important in
usually passes from father to son. So I is implicit. equipping the children.
351. 1; First the author says that whenever he watches, 364. 5; Both the assumptions are implicit because of the
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India lose a wicket. Then he declares that “so” need felt for a shopping complex in the colony
he will not see t he next crucial match. The itself.
assumption here obviously is that if he doesn’t 365. 1; The term ‘which you were unable to prepare earlier’
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watch the match India will not lose wickets. In clearly means even though t he user knows the
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other words, his coming to watch is one cause of procedure of some special preparation, he does not
India losing a wicket. II is uncertain. No hint is have a proper oven to cook. Hence I is implicit. The
made on winning or losing. statement assumes that ‘X’ can cook tasty dishes but
352. 4; Feeling uneasy is not a sign of addiction in itself. does not rule out all other ovens from doing so.
Feeling uneasy after avoiding Gutkha is a sign of 366. 1; Accommodation to only outside candidates clearly
addiction. [Read I carefully. If you have the book indicates that local candidates will be having
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Magical Book: Analytical Reasoning, refer to page it t heir own ar r angement f or stay. Hence I is
immediately.] Secondly, a thing that is suspected implicit. It is no where mentioned that outside
to be addictive can never be advised to be taken candidates will not be selected. Hence II is not
every two hours! Both I and II are not implicit. implicit.
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353. 5; The author says that he won’t succeed in UPSC 367. 5; Providing anything for a solution automatically
exam. Reason? Because he is not hardworking. leads to the fact that the provider has assumed
Obviously, hard work is essential for success at that neither it will disturb while working nor it
UPSC exam. Further, if hard work is a necessary has any adverse side effect, and that it will rather
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prerequisite of any exam, the exam can’t be easy. promote the work.
Both I and II are implicit. 368. 1; I is implicit. Because of I, the policy-makers have
354. 1; The author says that he hopes to succeed in SBI acknowledged the ser v ices r ender ed by t he
PO exam. Reason? They had more vacancies. voluntary agencies. II is not implicit. Designing
Clearly, more vacancies are taken as giving a and service contribution are two different things.
higher chance to succeed. So I is implicit. II is 369. 5; If it is impossible then why would a nation commit
not. The statement makes no comment about the so? Hence I is implicit. The term As a nation used
degree of toughness of the exam. in the statement and then about its commitment
355. 2; If we say that it is high time X did something, for its people confirms II.
we assume that X is not doing that at present. 370. 4; As only is used in both the assumptions, none is
Hence, assumption II is implicit. But I is not implicit.
implicit. Infrast ructure lending is one of the 371. 2; I is not implicit. The statement puts it the other
services but whether it is the best we do not way round. That is, health results in happiness.
know. II is implicit, hence the statement.
372. 5; Definitely because of assumption I and II the II is implicit because it makes no sense to talk of
publisher has warned in the cover page of the somet hing wit hout the exist ience of it s
book. possibility.
373. 5; Sensitivity can be created by the media only when 389. 1; ‘A’ is assuming I, that is why he has suggested
it possesses both these attributes. hard work to B. Hence I is implicit. The word All
374. 1; I is implicit. The provision would not have existed is too strong in II. Hence II is not implicit.
if there were no likelihood of such an act being 390. 4; Assumption I contradicts the statement. Nothing
committed. II is not implicit. Merely debarring can be assumed about the scale of becoming
public servants from immunity does not ensure developed. Hence II is not implicit.
equality for all. 391. 2; I is not implicit. There is no hint regarding who
375. 3; Higher efficiency will be brought about in either cont r ols our behav iour . II is implicit . The
t he case. W hen you have good models, the statement takes exception at the fact that he does
environment improves. On the other hand, even not apply to himself what he teaches.
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if this not be case, fear of being eliminated leads 392. 2; I is not implicit. The statement only says that
to adaptation in the Darwinian fashion. the two should go together, not that one results
376. 5; I is implicit . That is why t he demand f or from the other. II is implicit; that is why the
qualification and experience. II is also implicit. emphasis on social justice.
Unless the institute were choosy, it would have 393. 5; The customer is assuming I that is why he has
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welcomed one and all, without imposing any lodged several complaints of not receiving his
restrictions. telephone bills. As he has informed about this to
377. 2; I is not implicit: Competition from whom? There the editor of a daily, he expects to correct the
are no such hints in the statement. II is implicit: system. Hence II.
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it is this appreciation that has propelled the credit 394. 2; The statement does not point to the competence
card company towards such an excellent customer of anybody. It merely hints at the power of co-
service. operation.
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378. 1; I is implicit; hence the caution “to be frank and 395. 5; The police is assuming I that is why they have
objective”. II is not implicit. The statement does
not hint towards the motive of the report.
e interrogated them. Hence I is implicit. II is a more
generalised form of I. Hence implicit.
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379. 5; I is implicit; that is why the talk of “observational 396. 4; We are in no position to pass any judgment at
learning”. II is also implicit; note the use of the present. We may assume these only if the appeal
word merely. is rejected.
380. 5; I is implicit : it is wit h this belief that t he 397. 4; I is not implicit because this is an ad for admission,
shopkeeper makes the recommendation. II is also not for a job. II is also not implicit for the same
implicit; that is why the shopkeeper emphasises reason. You don’t seek admission.
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that you make it the basis for further decision. 399. 1; Whenever a decision is taken by the company it
382. 2; What we are being told about brilliant students goes through every aspect threadbare. Hence I is
does not have anything to do with mediocre implicit. Debentures can be issued even when
students. Hence I is not implicit. But II is implicit. there are a large number of competitors. Hence II
This must be the reason why t he brilliant is not implicit.
students do not always excel. 400. 5; The company’s authority is assuming both that
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383. 5; I is implicit. If the desire were not there, why is why they have invited tenders from reputed
the statement? II is also implicit ; hence the contractors. The term reputed confirms I. II is a
emphasis on “explore all channels”. universal assumption as the principal reason of
384. 2; I is not implicit. The grievance is against the inviting tenders.
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govt, not against the banks. Banks serve only as 401. 5; The govt has promised to bring down the smoke
a medium for transfer of money. II is implicit level because it is possible to determine the level.
from the phrase “two months ago”. Hence I is implicit. II is implicit because
385. 2; I is not implicit in its present form. The author containing pollution is also a welfare measure.
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assumes that it is unproductive unless utilised. 402.1; Any measure is taken with its efficacy in mind.
II is implicit ; hence t he lament on it s Hence I is implicit. But II is not implicit because
underutilisation. there is nothing in the statement that suggests
386. 5; The company is assuming II, that is why it has the fear of a threat.
manuf act ur ed t he medicine. W hy has t he 403. 3; The company may have either of the two situations
company stressed on the constituents and the in mind. Generally, reduction in price is expected
effect in its advertisment? Definitely because the to lead to increase in sales. Hence I is implicit.
company management is assuming I. Alternatively, it is possible that the decision has
387. 1; Failure to meet the demands is possible only been taken with other manufacturers in mind.
when the demands have been raised in the first In that case II may be implicit even without
place. Hence I is implicit. II may be a conclusion assumption I.
but not an assumption. 404. 5; W hy t he apology? It is a submission t o the
388. 5; I is implicit. Tools for an objective are talked about sensitivity of the Indians. Hence I is implicit. II
only when the desire for such an objective exists. is implicit in the word misinterpreting.
Assumptions 63
405. 5; Lalit’s mother is instructing him what course to enthuse employees to evolv e innov ativ e
take if it rains heavily. Clearly, she assumes his techniques. Hence, II is implicit. On the other
incompetence in taking a decision of his own. side, seeking help from employees in order to
Hence I is implicit. Returning by train is possible evolv e an innovative t echniques implies that
only when the trains ply. Hence II is implicit. employees may have the required calibre. Hence,
406. 5; A decision to start any sort of dialogue with one’s I is also implicit.
neighbour assumes that the neighbour will also 423. 1; I is implicit; that is why the civic authorities are
participate in it. Hence I is implicit. II is implicit advising so. II is not implicit. No one gives advice
because track II dialogue can be meaningful only to another unless the former assumes that the
when the respective Govts agree to abide by it. latter will follow the advice.
407. 5; The host of the programme is assuming both. 424. 2; Engaging the Army for the rehabilitation work by
Announcement to distribute fabulous prizes has the government implies that t he gover nment
the clear purpose to enhance the viewership. assumes that the Army possesses the required
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408. 4; The employees’ association is generally concerned ability to rehabilitate the affected people rapidly.
with the welfare of employees and not with the Hence, II is implicit but I is not implicit because
benef it of t he or ganisat ion. Hence II is not of the word ‘only’.
implicit. I, also, is not an assumption. 425. 3; Investment in the shares of company ‘A’ has been
409. 2; Assuming II only, the government has agreed to termed as ‘a gamble’. This implies the speaker
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work out an effective social security programme. must be assuming that the investment may either
410. 1; To motivate the employees and hence for the incur loss or bear profit.
enhancement of their work, t he head of t he 426. 4; I is not implicit (note the word ‘at least this year’).
organisation congratulated the entire staff in his II can’t be correlated. Hence, II is also not implicit.
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speech and appreciated their effort. 427. 1; The wor ds ‘not t r ue always’ implies t hat
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411. 1; Whenever such notices are displayed it is assumed sometimes the move bears positive results. Hence,
that those who are concerned with the notice the speaker must be assuming I. II is obviously
will read the notice and follow the messages in not implicit.
it. Hence I is implicit. If II were true, it is not
necessary to display such notices.
e 428. 4; The tone of the statement only implies that the
speaker assumes t hat newspaper s ar e mor e
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412. 5; Here both the assumptions are valid. If it were effective than oral call. The given assumption I
not so, there would be no benefit of setting up is not implicit because of the word ‘rarely’. II is
such mission. also not implicit because it contradicts the valid
413. 1; I is implicit; that is why the advertisement has assumption. Note that here the valid assumption
been given. Second one is absurd. is “people will r ead an adver t isement in a
414. 5; I is obviously implicit. II is also implicit; that is newspaper”.
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why cancellation of citizenship has been talked 429. 2; I is not implicit. It is assumed that people will
about. pay taxes. That is why II is implicit. But the
415. 2; I is vague. But II is implicit because the fixation Govt does not necessarily assume that people will
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of amount as Rs 1999 per month must have been cont inue wit h t hese schemes. Maybe it is
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done after assuming II. discouraging people from being mere savers rather
416. 2; The wording “Beware of dogs” makes II implicit. than investors.
417. 4; I is not implicit. The valid assumption is that 430. 5; No government decides to impose extra taxes
the existence of corruption and prejudice is not unless it assumes that the amount it has is
desirable. II is also not implicit. The statement insufficient to serve its pur pose. Hence, I is
is silent on whether the administrative system implicit . II is also implicit ; ot her wise the
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does not entrust a work to another unless the 432. 2; The real concern of WHO is the low per capita
former assumes that the latter has the efficiency expenditure on health in India. Now, how will
to do that work. Hence, II is also implicit. t he init iat iv e t aken by W HO minimise the
419. 5; Assumption I is implicit . Why has such concern? The assumption is that the enhanced
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advertisement been published by the advertisers? assistance may substantially increase the per
Definitely, the advertiser is assuming I. II is also capita expendit ure on healt h in India. But ,
implicit; that is why advertiser advocates doing assumption I is not implicit due to the last part
so. of it, ie ‘and bring it on par with other countries.’
420. 5; The idea behind facilitating learning computer Again, no one provides help to others unless one
at no cost is aimed at attracting learners. Hence assumes t hat t he other needs it . Hence,
I is implicit. II is also an assumption; that is assumption II is implicit.
why t he adv er tisement adv ocat es lear ning 433. 4; When decisions are taken, the assumptions are
computer. positive. It is assumed that various sections would
421. 5; Both I and II are implicit. The government does facilitate the implementation of the decision.
not launch its programme unless it assumes that Hence neither is implicit.
it has the basic infrastructure to implement it. 434. 1; The step taken by the airlines must have been
422. 5; Why a reward for a good suggestion? Obviously, aimed at to earn more revenue. The desired result
authorities are assuming that the reward will can’t be obtained without assuming I. Hence, I is
implicit. II may or may not be an assumption. request made by the authorities implies that the
435. 5; Generally, an advertisement is given to attract authorities must be assuming that their effort will
customers. Hence, assumption II is implicit. The reduce the problem of power theft. Now, how
advertisement mentions some feature. Why will can t hey assume t his? Obv iously, II is an
the mentioned feature attract customers? Hence assumption.
I must be assumed. 446. 5; Why did PTA take such a harsh decision? They
436. 2; Why did bank ‘A’ reduce the interest rate on retail must be assuming that its decision may compel
lending? The step taken by the bank must be the principal to reconsider the school fees. Hence,
aimed at generating more revenue. Hence, II must assumption II is implicit. Again, how can the
be assumed. I may or may not be an assumption. decision usher such result? Obviously, PTA must
Hence, I is not implicit. be assuming that parents of the students will
437. 5; When a notice is given by an organisation to a cooperate. Hence, assumption I is also implicit.
group of persons, the former assumes that the 447. 2; Assumpt ion I can’t be cor related wit h t he
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latter will follow it. Hence, I is implicit. statement. Hence, assumption I is not implicit.
438. 2; The tone of the statement implies that sometimes Now, why did the aut hor it y go f or t he
the mightiest superpower does not get accolades advertisement? Obviously, II must be assumed.
from other countries even after winning the war. Hence, only II is implicit.
Hence the speaker must be assuming II. The tone 448. 5; The scheme will attract the children, particularly
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of the statement stresses on the failure of the those who have no good food available at home.
mightiest to get accolades from other countries So both assumptions are implicit.
despite winning t he war . Hence, I is not 449. 1; I is implicit. If it wee not so, equal potential would
necessarily implicit. have implied equal salary and vice versa. This
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439. 2; I is not implicit. In fact, the statement suggests one-to-one cor respondence could hav e made
it is possible to contain terrorist activities. What salary the only criteria to judge potential.
is disputed is “how long”. But II is implicit. The If II were implicit, if would mean salary is linked
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action has begun, though its end is not in sight. with factors other than potential. That is, potential
440. 1; I is implicit from the victims being “nuisance to
peace-loving people.” II is not an assumption.
e can’t be the only criteria to decide salary. But
t his is on a t r ack dif fer ent fr om wheat the
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Note that the assumption here may be: “Majority statement goes on.
of the people killed in wars are wicked.” 450. 4; Material desires of a person are determined by
441. 4; Dishonour ing of global public opinion by the three factors — the basic necessity, the utility of
superpower implies t hat the speaker must be items purchased and the appetite for luxury items.
assuming that the global public opinion is against Hence I can’t be the assumption. II is also not
the imposition of war. But note that II says: “... implicit.
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should have been ... .” Hence, not implicit. I is not 451. 1; As a Principal, he t rust s his t eacher that they
implicit either. It is, in fact, contrary to the speaker’s would have prepared the students thouroughly. So
assumption. that they could appear in the list of toppers. Hence
442. 5; The word ‘vehemently’ used in the statement I is implicit.
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implies that the speaker must be assuming II. Only intelligence cannot be t he basis of t he
Why is the speaker in favour of discouraging wars Principal’s statement. Hence II is not implicit.
vehemently even though majority of the victims 452. 5; I is implicit from the need “to maintain the present
might hav e been a nuisance to peace-loving position”. But why the question of lag? Must be
people? The speaker must be assuming that war because computers are much more efficient than
is disastrous for peace-loving people also. Hence, manual labourers. And this holds true only for
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decision to compensate the vict im unless it may be able to play a variety of programmes to
assumes that it has adequate fund to satisfy the interest the people. Besides this, they must be
expenses. II can’t be correlated. Hence, II is not assuming also that the programme will attract
implicit. audience. Thus, both I and II are implicit.
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444. 1; Why has the suspension of flights been mad for 454. 1; I is implicit; that is why the bank expects to
a limited period of four days? It must have been wor k ef f iciently. II may or may not be an
assumed by the authorities of X-Airlines that the assumption. Hence, II is not implicit.
crisis may be over after this limited period. Hence, 455. 1; I is implicit; that is why the principal instructed
assumption I is implicit. II may or may not be an the teachers to carry the responsibility. II is not
assumption. Hence, II is not implicit. implicit. The mischievous section may not welcome
445. 2; Request made by civic authorities to the citizens the decision.
implies that the authorities must be assuming that 456. 2; I is not implicit. In reality it contradicts the actual
the citizens will respond positively. Now look at assumption. Again, why, has gover nment
assumption I. It may or may not be an assumption abolished the scheme? The government must be
because the way of responding by the citizens may assuming II.
not necessarily be the same as mentioned in the 457. 1; The notice has been aimed at reducing criminal
assumption. activities. How can the criminal activities be
Hence, assumption I is not implicit . Again, reduced without people’s participation? Hence,
Assumptions 65
the police must be assuming I. But we are not * Most of the students want coaching classes
sure about II. Hence, II is not implicit. at a lesser fee.
458. 5; If any circular is issued for an individual or a 469. 2; I is not implicit because of the word 'medication'.
gr oup of people then it is assumed that t he The objectiv e of the adv er t isement can't be
individual or the group of people will abide by it. achieved without II. Hence, II is implicit.
Hence, I is implicit. Again, why did the authority 470. 2; I is not implicit because of the word "All". II is
need to issue such cir cular? It must hav e a implicit: it is this that makes the speaker say
const r uct iv e pur pose r egar ding t he ser vices "you must have at least the basic knowledge of
provided by the organisation. Hence, II is also computers.
implicit. 471. 5; How can the objective of the civic authorities be
459. 1; Why did the government take such an initiative? meaningful without the people's participation?
The government must be assuming that these Hence, I must be assumed. Again, how can the
teachers may be useful in improvement of primary people's participation be possible wit hout II?
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education. How can the objective mentioned above Hence, II must be assumed.
be obtained without assuming I. II is absurd. 472. 5; I is an assumption because the government is
Hence, II is not implicit. assuming that the initiative taken by it is an effort
460. 4; I is not implicit because according to the statement to rectify the problem. II is obvious because the
the move is supposed to bridge the gap between initiative taken by the government has been aimed
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income and expenditure to a larger extent. II may at benefiting the farmers.
or may not be an assumption because of the word 473. 5; If the government has made a plan to provide relief
‘will’. to the farmers, it must be assuming that the plan
461. 1; The government is adamant not to reduce the can be executed. The objective can't be fulfilled
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prices of pet roleum product s despit e the without I and II. Hence, both I and II are implicit.
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significant drop in the crude oil prices in the 474. 4; The Principal must be assuming that the students
international market. Why? It must have some will abide by the instruction. Note that if a person
const r uct ive objectiv e which compelled t he instructs someone or a group of persons, the
government to do so. Hence, I is implicit. We
e
can’t correlate II with the statement. Hence, II is
former assumes that the latter will abide by it.
Hence, both I and II are not implicit.
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not implicit. 475. 1; The initiative taken by the railway authority has
462. 5; Why did the government go for the appeal? It been aimed at making the ser vice-customer
must be assuming that the people will abide by it friendly. Hence, I is implicit. II may nor may not
and t he appeal may generat e mor e r evenue. be an assumption. Hence, II is not implicit.
Hence, both I and II are implicit. 476. 2; From the adv ert isement, it is obv ious t he
463. 2; I may or may not be an assumption. Note that if the advertiser must be assuming II. Hence, II is
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two companies X and Y are paying equal salaries implicit. I goes rather against the statement.
to their employees and the growth prospects of Hence, I is not implicit.
employees is better in Y (in comparison of X) then 477. 4; The step taken by municipal corporation has been
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many employees working for the company X may aimed at good entertainment for the local residents
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prefer to work for the company Y. But II is obvious. during the holidays. The municipal corporation
Hence, only II is implicit. must be assuming that local r esident s may
464. 5; Why did the principal of the college warn the participate in the fun fair with great fanfare. Since
students? The principal must be assuming that I and II go against the above assumption both I and
t he war ning may bring t he sit uat ion under II are not implicit.
control. And how can the situation be under 478. 5; The advertisement would become meaningless if
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control without II? Hence, II must be assumed. the two assumptions were not implicit.
Again, what compelled the principal to go for 479. 1; I is implicit in the claim being made in t he
such a warning. It is I. Hence, I is also implicit. announcement. When you make a claim, you
465. 1; How can the advertisement be meaningful without highlight your achievement. But II is irrelevant.
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I? Hence, I is implicit. II may or may not be an Such "cooperation" from the people one does not
assumption. Hence, II is not implicit. expect.
466. 5; If ‘A’ advises ‘B’ to do something, then the former 480. 5; Assumption I is implicit as the motive behind
assumes that the latter has the required expertise the comparison. II is implicit in the purpose of
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neither I nor II is implicit. In fact, the truth is 502. 4; If the response does not come, as Assumption I
that our petroleum companies are running losses says, the ad won't make sense. Hence I is not
even after the drop in international prices. implicit. II is not implicit; hence the qualification
485. 5; Both are imminent positive outcomes assumed. "with good communication skills".
486. 1; I is implicit because teachers can't be appointed 503. 2; Assumption I is absurd. In such illnesses, the
in a vacuum. II is more of a presumption. patients are rushed to hospitals, irrespective of
487. 5; When a move is made, it is assumed to be effective. how the relatives may behave. II is implicit in
Hence I is implicit. It is also assumed that the r ushing t he af f ect ed people t o t he near by
stipulated target will be met. Hence II is implicit. hospitals.
488. 1; Assumption I is implicit because it is this that 504. 5; W hen a pr omise is made by someone, t hey
makes us import sugar in spite of the increase in assume that they would be able to fulfil it. Hence
the number of sugar fact ories. But II is not I is implicit. Since the business ventures are
implicit because "future" is beyond the scope of planned to be set up in rural areas, II must be
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the statement. implicit.
489. 2; Compensation is a way of sympa-thising with 505. 5; I is implicit as the cause of blocking the traffic. II
the victims, not a deterrent to terrorism. Hence is implicit because whenever we plan something,
II is implicit but I is not. we assume that the conditions may be favourable
enough.
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490. 1; Assumption I is implicit because only then the
switching over makes sense. But II need not be 506. 4; Whenever an instruction is given, it is assumed
an assumption. The switching over may have that it may be followed. Hence I is not implicit.
been prompted by economic factors or those of II is also not implicit. If at all the govt does
convenience. assume something about the parents, it is to the
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491. 2; Assumption I is ruled out because of the word contrary: that the parents may not be able to pay
only. But II is im plicit be cause wi t hout higher fees.
considering this factor relocation won't make 507. 1; I is implicit as diversion would be necessary
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sense. while the construction goes on. II is not implicit
492. 1; Assumption I is implicit as the govt's moves are
generally aimed at protecting the interests of
e as negative reactions are not assumed.
508. 2; When prices are reduced, the motive is to attract
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the masses. But II is not implicit because of "any customers. Hence I is not implicit but II is.
other way" . Ther e might be other means of 509. 5; Both have been assumed by the railway authority
gambling which t he gov t does not consider while putting the revised timing on the website.
significantly detrimental for the people. 510. 2; Grace marks are given with the assumption that
493. 2; When one applies for leave, one assumes that it adding these marks will lead to positive result.
511. 5; I is implicit in the deadline given. II is implicit
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Assumptions 67
522. 4; With such negative assumptions, the statement 543. 1; I is implicit in t he norm prescribed in t he
would lose its meaning. sentence. This is why checking is being advised.
523. 2; The driver does not have control on what the Again, what would the banks check? Obviously,
auto driver will do. Hence I is not implicit. But II what the clients reveal. Banks would assume the
is implicit as one assumes the outcome while revelation to be true. Hence II is not implicit.
taking an action. However, II is vague. If cross-checking is what
524. 5; I is implicit in the very giving of the advice. II is the speaker has in mind, II would become implicit.
implicit in the condition attached. 544. 1; If the govt has taken the decision, it must have
525. 1; I is implicit : when you ur ge someone t o do assumed t hat it s implementat ion would be
something, you assume a positive response. For possible. II would not be implicit because of
the same reason, II is not implicit. “produced in the country”. It is possible that the
526. 2; If I were implicit, such a decision would not be govt has import on its mind for the said purpose.
taken. II is implicit in the purpose of fund-raising 545. 2; It is not implied that legal mining does not harm
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that has been mentioned in the statement. and illegal mining does all harm. It is only implied
527. 4; When a warning is given, it is assumed that it t hat illegal mining is mor e har mf ul for the
will be heeded to. Hence I is implicit. II is not environment. This happens because norms are
believed to be the motive behind a warning (even flouted with impunity in illegal mining.
546. 1; I is implicit in the need for training. But II takes
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though the police often create such an impression
among the people t hat they ar e seen as things to an extreme with the phrase “no skill
extortionists; well! Let that be on a lighter note.). sets”.
528. 1; Without passengers, the increase would make 547. 2; I is not an assumption because there may be
no sense. Hence I is implicit. II may be a probable several reasons for the preference being stated.
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reason but not a necessary one for the increase. II is implicit because you ask someone to employ
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529. 5; I is implicit: you don’t hold a function without a means only when you assume that the means
being r eady for t he preparat ions. II is also is available.
positive: when you invite someone, you assume 548. 4; The assumption is that students have access to
that he will come.
530. 2; Price have been slashed with the assumption
e the Internet. But it is not necessary that they
have this access at home. Hence I is not implicit.
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that sales will increase, thus leading to profit. Again, past practice may not have been borne in
531. 4; Both of these assumptions are negative. mind while switching over to Int er net -only
532. 1; A r equest is made t o the people wit h the display. Hence II is not implicit.
assumption that they would comply. Hence I is 549. 4; I is rather contrary to the assumption. The need
implicit. II talks of activists and is hence beyond to grow different types of crops is talked about
the scope of the statement. precisely because there is a likelihood of farmers
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533. 2; I is not implicit: Even if other matches are played growing the same crop again and again unless
in the near future, people may like to see this instructed. Again, growing different type of crops
is important but not sufficient. Hence II is not
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match. II is implicit: When you stand in the
queue, you hope to get ticket. implicit.
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534. 1; The boards have been put with the assumption 550. 2; I is not implicit because health is not the focus
that they may have a positive impact. of the statement. II is implicit in the very need
535. 1; Only I is implicit. II may not be there in the for substitution.
association’s mind. It may only be assuming that 551. 1; I is implicit because only then does the storage
a reduced at t endance may dr iv e home t he make sense. II is not implicit as the statement
employees’ point. has nothing to do with “a shorter period of time.”
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536. 2; There is no indication of an earlier meeting. 552. 2; I is not implicit as the action of the NGO need
Hence I is not implicit. II is implicit in the calling not be based on comparison. II is implicit as
of the meeting. lit er acy is necessar y t o make t he librar y
537. 2; I is not implicit because the corporation has not successful.
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advised the people to leave the city. 553. 1; I is implicit because only then does the direction
538. 5; I is implicit from the need of different types of to walk make sense. II is not implicit as the
letters on different occasions. II is implicit from st atement makes no distinction between t he
“official” and “semi-official”. members of the office and the visitors.
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539. 1; I is implicit because only t hen t he person 554. 2; I is not implicit because of the word “all”. II is
checking can check the availability. But II is not implicit because only then does the appeal to
implicit. Personal details are generally required switch over make sense.
at the time of booking tickets. 555. 5; The comparison is possible only when I is
540. 5; Obviously, 0.7 is one of the types. Hence I is assumed. Same for II.
implicit. II is also implicit or else the statement 556. 1; I is implicit because of the use of “any” in the
would make no sense. statement. II is not implicit. It is possible that
541. 4; When we mention something to someone, we t he problem can be solv ed ev en later . The
assume t hey know it s meaning. Hence I is instruction to contact “immediately” is only for
implicit. But II is not implicit as the details cannot the sake of convenience of the customer.
be assumed. 557. 4; I would be implicit if the statement said “Use
542. 4; The statement does not give any clue to the use only our medicine ...”. Again, the instruction to
of language. Hence I is not implicit. II is not use is only of an advisory nature, not mandatory.
implicit because of only. Hence II is not implicit.
Practice Exercise–2
1. 5; I is not implicit: will it hurt the litigants’ interests is why the speaker distinguishes an educator
or the lawyers’? II is not implicit because of the from an academic.
word all. III deviates by mentioning the venue. 13. 5; The last portion of the statement makes I implicit.
2 . 5; Only III is implicit. Note that the statement is a Dissatisfaction of western countries is owing to
piece of news. What the journalist assumes about the absence of prime ministers or president of
the conversion and its impact can’t be explicitly member-countries. Hence II is also implicit. On
said. But the words “despite strong opposition” the same basis III is also implicit.
indicate that the journalist must be assuming III. 14. 5; Eit her II or III is implicit. The number have
3. 1; Why was the airport was put on a full alert? The decreased because of “mandatory verification of
authority must be assuming I. Hence, I is implicit identity”. Why? Either it is the fear of consequent
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but II is not. Again, to put the airport on a full alert procedural delay or people fight shy of revealing
indicates that the authority must be assuming III their identity. Assumption I is unrelated to the
also. statement.
4. 5; Suggestion or direction to young officers by the 15. 5; I is correct because otherwise X can’t hint at the
officer is aimed at making the new recruits aware fact about the unique facility provided to MTNL
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of their responsibilities. Assumptions I can’t be subscribers. II is also correct. Why else should X
correlated with the above statement. II is an tell this to Y? III is also correct. Why will Y feel
assumpt ion: t his is what leads t o adv er se a jolt? Hence, all are correct.
comments. III is not implicit: chances are the 16. 2; If someone takes an initiative to remove the
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judgment is inaccurate; hence the extra caution. hurdles, it is not implied that he/she is the one
5. 5; How can the menace of smoking be reduced if who has created it. Hence, I is not implicit. II is
we restrict or reduce the showing of smoking in implicit because it is t he problem for which
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movies? Obviously, the speaker must be assuming initiatives are being taken. III is also implicit
assumptions I and II. Assumptions III is also because one does not undertake an effort unless
implicit. That is why the speaker stresses on
e he/she assumes the difficulty can be overcome.
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those deeds and creations which are conducive 17. 4; I is not implicit. A direction is given assuming
to reducing the menace of smoking. that the person, for whom the direction is meant,
6. 4; The tone of t he stat ement implies t hat , in t he will follow it. Hence III is implicit. While stating
speaker’s opinion, walking barefoot for miles on the intensity of the problem, school children and
dusty roads should be considered adventurous. college st udents are ment ioned. Hence, t he
Hence, the speaker must be assuming I. To convince speaker must be assuming II.
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others about his opinion he makes comparison 18. 5; People take lessons from those who have a better
between walking barefoot rafting gliding. Why? He idea and experience to deal with the problems
must be assuming the assumptions III and II also. which people are f acing. Hence I and II are
7. 3; The reason of the person’s request to the editor implicit . Again, comparison bet ween the two
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to publish the names of the worst colleges, is countries implies that assumption III holds.
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obvious. How will the request lead to an overall 19. 2; That credibility can be gauged is all that we can
improvement in the institution? The person must assume. Whether it can be measured is beyond our
be assuming I. Hence, assumption I is implicit. scope. Hence I is not implicit. II is not implicit
II may not be an assumption. But III is implicit because of ‘always’. Besides, both II and III attempt
because if someone requests for something to t o equat e t he Commonwealt h with t he wor ld
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features used in the statement in order to support assumption I which made them do so. II is
more women driving public transport implies that obv ious; ot her wise why is a br ain st or ming
the speaker must be assuming II and III. session needed? We sometimes take an initiative
9. 5; Only I is implicit. II and III can’t be correlated on the basis of positive result obtained through a
with the statement. Hence, II and III are not similar initiative in the past. A negative result of
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Assumptions 69
specifics. II is not implicit because leaving the is trying to highlight company’s achievement and
village does not necessarily mean migrating to by doing that expansion of his business is in his
metro cities. III is obvious. mind.
24. 3; Since Mr X is determined to play against Mr Y’s 38. 4; Nothing is hinted about “hard work” or “upper
team the next day, he must be assuming III. II is crust of society. Hence neither I nor II is implicit.
implicit because of the words “at any cost”. III is also not implicit: In general, it is not very
25. 5; The phrase ‘nuclear war’ used in the statement “easy”; rather, one has to pay “a steep price”.
indicates that the speaker must be assuming I. The 39. 1; To appeal to start the written examination clearly
word, ‘mistaken’ implies that he must be assuming II hints about assumption I. Employees’ association
also. Why does the speaker think of the possibility of assumes II that is why they have appealed so.
war between India and Pakistan? He must be 40. 4; Why did the government take such an initiative?
assuming III also. It mut be assuming III. Hence, III is implicit.
26. 3; I is not implicit because of the word ‘always’. Again, any measure is taken by a government
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The impor tance of ‘dying expr ession’ for with its efficacy in mind. Hence, II is implicit.
conviction implies that the Supreme Court must Again, how will t he initiat iv e taken by t he
be assuming II. How can a person judge the gover nment f ulfil the object i ve? Hence, the
veracity of a statement without having the capacity government must be assuming I.
to distinguish whether the statement is doubt- 41. 3; I need not be implicit because we don’t know
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free or doubtful. Hence, III is also implicit. about t he company’s policy r egar ding ot her
27. 3; I is not implicit. But II and III are obviously segments. Again, if a manufacturer increases the
implicit; otherwise shopping time would not have price of products, the manufacturer assumes that
been proposed to be enhanced. there may still be adequate demand in the market
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28. 3; I assumes too much. But why is there a need of of its products. Hence, III is implicit. Thus reject
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speed governors for all four-wheelers? The court the options 1), 2), 4) and 5). Note that II may or
must be assuming II and III. may not be an assumption.
29. 3; The governor says that there would not be “further 42. 4; If an or ganisat ion or a per son entr usts a
weakening of rupee. ” Which is based on the
assumption that the rupee has weakened in the
e responsibility to an organisation or a person, the
former assumes that the latter will carry out the
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recent past. Hence I is implicit. II is not implicit; r esponsibilit y pr oper ly. And how can an
dollar-buying may be one of the reasons for the organisation or a person carry the entrusted
depreciations of the rupee. But one cannot assume r esponsibilit y wit hout hav ing the requir ed
this. III is implicit: note the use of the word expertise? Obviously, I is implicit. Also, it is
adequate. supposed that a university takes a decision with
30. 3; I is wide off the mark. In fact, it’s just the contrary a constructive purpose which will have positive
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of what the statement says. II is implicit: when a impact on the students’ future. Obviously, the
statement is of the form A should be done for B, university authority must be assuming III. Hence,
we assume that A leads to B. III is not implicit. III is implicit. Again, II can’t be correlated with
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31. 5; All the three are implicit. Since company X talks the statement. Hence, II is not implicit.
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of entering into a deal, it must be assumed that 43. 2; Why did the civic authority take such an initiative
two companies can enter into a deal. So II is in order to reduce the pollution? It must be assuming
implicit. Again, I is implicit because how can that the move will fulfil the desired objective. Hence,
company Y help company X unless it is capable I is implicit . And, how can t he mov e be made
to do so? Besides, this capability must be based effective? Obviously, the civic authority must be
on being financially sound. So III is implicit. assuming II. Hence, II is implicit. III can’t be
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32. 1; A statement of the form though X, Y is unlikely is correlated with the statement. Hence, III is not
based on the assumption that X leads to Y. implicit.
33. 4; I is false; if the two were the same, how could 44. 1; The strike involves only two parties: the cinema
they meet two different fates? II is implicit; look halls and the government. The employees or the
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at the way in which ‘inspect or raj’ is being public have nothing to do with the strike. Hence
contrasted with ‘licence raj’, which the reforms I and II are not implicit. II is not implicit because
have put an end to. III is implicit: if you wish to of the word all.
get rid of something, you assume that it is a 45. 3; Why did the employees call a strike? They must be
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47. 5; None is implicit. The step taken by municipal III is beyond the scope of the statement; hence
corporation of the city must have kept the positive III is not implicit.
aspects under consider ation. But I goes into 50. 1; All these assumptions are in directions contrary
details. Hence, I is not implicit. II and III can’t be to what the statement says.
correlated with the statement. Hence, II and III 51. 3; W henev er such a decision is t aken, t he
are not implicit. assumptions are that it would be welcome and
48. 2; What is the real objective of the advertisement? allowed to implement.
The object ive must be t o enr ol mor e school 52. 3; The urging of the govt makes sense only when
children through attracting a large number of (A) and (B) are implicit.
parents. And in order to obtain this objective, 53. 2; The decision to auction assumes response to it.
the advertisement has been adorned with many Hence (A) is not implicit . Unless the priv ate
features with an assumption that the features entities are capable, the decision would make no
may att r act par ents because par ents want sense. Hence (B) is implicit. (C) is implicit as
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maximum facilities. Hence, II is implicit. But I is without financial benefit, private entities would
not implicit because I may or may not be an not turn up for the auction.
assumption. III can’t be cor related with t he 54. 2; (A) must be implicit to make the request
statement; hence III is not implicit. meaningful. The govt is out of picture here. Hence
49. 2; I is not implicit because of the word ‘only’. II is (B) is not implicit. (C) is not implicit as the case
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obvious; that is why graduates with first class may be only of delay, not of cancellation of flight.
only are being considered eligible for the course.
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Chapter Six
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Usually, in such questions the candidates are asked to An immediate cause is the one that is close to its result,
determine whether a given event is the cause or the effect in time. In other words, an immediate cause means a
of some ot her ev ent . The idea behind put ting t hese cause that immediately precedes the effect. Sometimes
quest ions is t o ascer t ain t he analytical and logical changes take place in the world in a continuous flux. For
reasoning ability of the aspirants. example, if a becomes angry then B laughs, if B laughs
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then C cries, if C cries then D shouts and if D shouts
What is a Cause? then E explodes. Now, if A becomes angry; E will explode.
For our purposes, cause means the logical or scientific Here, each of the events (A’s anger, B’s laughter, C’s
reason of an event. Sometimes grandmothers may say that cries, D’s shouting) are cause f or the ev ent t hat E
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exploded. However, the immediate cause behind the event
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Ram met with an accident because a black cat crossed his
path. So, she is effectively saying that the “cause” of Ram’s was the shouting of D.
accident was the black cat who crossed his path. But our
Principal Cause
rational scientific view of cause does not agree with this.
For our purposes a cause is (a) either a scientifically
proven (b) or a logically explicable reason that explains
e A principal cause is the most important factor behind
the occurrence of the effect. Sometimes an event is caused
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an ev ent . For example, t he water -logging and by a variety of factors but one among them can be said to
contamination maybe a scientifically proven cause for an be the most dominant factor without which the event may
outbreak of cholera. On the other hand, if Ram reaches not have occurred at all.
college late because he could not get the bus in time, it is For example, if a student gets very good marks in
a case of a logical reason. Although no scientist ever proved Mathematics the principal cause must be that he is good
that if Ram missed a bus he would be late, it is logically in Mat hematics. If somebody says t hat t his year
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consistent and simple explanation for his being late. Mathematics paper was easy, this may only be a secondary
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cause.
Cause and Effect
Rule of Antecedence
It is a fundamental property of nature that events do
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not just happen; they happen because there was a cause Naturally the cause will always occur before the effect.
behind them. These causes are the conditions under Hence if two events are given then the effect that is
which these ev ent s (or r esult s or ef f ect s) happen. chronologically antecedent to the other can only be regarded
Something can be said a cause of another event only if it as a possible cause. In other words, we can look for possible
is a necessary, as well as sufficient condition for that effect causes by checking which of the two events occurred
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to take place. first. For checking this we can check the tense etc. of the
( i ) A necessary condition for the occurrence of a sentences. We have the following rule regarding this:
specified event is a circumstance in whose absence Past Tense ( antecedent t o) Pr esent Per fect
the event cannot occur. (antecedent to) Present Continuous (antecedent to)
For example, the presence of oxygen is a necessary Future Tense.
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condition for any fire. No fire take place without For example,
oxygen being present . But , alt hough it is a Past Tense: I eat mango/I was eating mango etc.
necessary condition, the presence of oxygen is not Present Perfect: I have eaten mango.
a sufficient condition for fire to occur. Perfect Continuous: I am eating mango.
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( i i) A sufficient condition for the occurrence of an Future Tense: I will eat mango.
event is a circumstance in whose presence the
event must occur. Point to Remember
In t he above example, fire t akes place only if the In exams, generally you are asked to identify whether
substance is (a) cumbstible (b) the substance reaches a the given statement is the possible or probable cause or
minimum temperature and (c) there is oxygen present. the possible or probable eff ect . But , in some of t he
Thus, here (a), (b) and (c) make a sufficient condition examinations, we are generally asked to find out if a cause
and together they make the cause for the effect of fire. is immediate as well as principal. Roughly it means that
Note that each of the three makes a necessary condition the said cause must not only be the main reason behind
for fire to take place and when they are combined they the event, it should also be sufficiently close to the event,
make a sufficient condition. Thus, there may be several in time.
necessary conditions for the occurrrence of an event and
that they must all be included in the sufficient condition.
Practice Exercise–1
Directions: Given below are pairs of events ‘A’ and Event (B): The talks between the government and
‘B’. You have to read both the events ‘A’ and ‘B’ and agitating transporters have failed.
decide their nature of relationship. You have to assume 14. Event (A): Mr A will fight the election from Amethi
that the information given in ‘A’ and ‘B’ is true and parliamentary constituency.
you will not assume anything beyond the given Event (B) : Mrs S has decided to retain Bellary
information in deciding the answer. Mark answer parliamentary constituency.
1) If ‘A’ is the effect and ‘B’ is its immediate and 15. Event (A): Pakistan banks began a push against
principal cause. defaulters.
2) If ‘A’ is the immediate and principal cause and ‘B’ Event (B): Pakistan’s new military ruler is encouraged
is its effect. by international reaction and understanding of what
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3) If ‘A’ is an effect but ‘B’ is not its immediate and he was trying to do.
principal cause. 16. Event (A): A gay 14-year-old youth is expelled from a
4) If ‘B’ is an effect but ‘A’ is not its immediate and prestigious private school.
principal cause. Event (B): The youth has announced he is in love
5) None of these with a schoolmate.
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1. Event (A): The CBI has arrested the deputy director- 17. Event (A): The Duchess hinted in a newspaper that
general. she would like to marry Andrew again.
Event (B): He was alleged to have amassed a huge Event (B): Britain’s prince Andrew has ruled out
amount of assets through illegal and corrupt means. remarrying his ex-wife, the Duchess of York.
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2 . Event (A): India is lodging a strong protest with 18. Event (A): A handful of women have managed to
Pakistan for firing missiles at IAF helicopters. transform the living conditions near their homes.
Event (B): Pakistani troops were now targeting even Event ( B): The project, ‘Bet t er Env ir onment
IAF aircraft flying well within the Indian side of the Campaign” was started by a group of retired defence
3.
international border.
Event (A): In one of the worst train disasters 400
e 19.
officers’ wives in 1995.
Event (A): The national selectors have decided to
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people were killed. retain the same 14 for the third and final test of the
Event (B): People were going from Delhi to Assam. series against New Zealand.
4. Event (A): A village in Delhi has reported over 52 Event (B): India has won the second test against
jaundice cases this season. New Zealand.
Event (B): At a number of places in the village, 20. Event (A): Since Rani’s own child had died at birth,
leakages in pipelines have resulted in accumulation she was desperate for another.
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of water around the pipes. Event (B): Rani had quietly kidnapped the child,
KUNDAN
5. Event (A): Doordarshan warned cable operators of less t han two days old, and shipped out of t he
stern action if they failed to show its channels on hospital.
prime band for clearer reception. 21. Event (A): The number of rape cases is highest in
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7. Event (A): Manisha Mishra was preparing food in government took over.
the kitchen. 23. Event ( A): The f inance minist r y has imposed
Event (B): Anand, her husband, after coming from additional taxation.
his office ran into the kitchen. Event (B): The fiscal deficit of the country has been
w.
Event (B): The traffic department has enhanced the contact, the Gandhian Nirmala Deshpande, a busload
number of red lights manned by the police. of Indian women spent a week in Pakistan.
10. Event (A): It seems power problems are to stay. 25. Event (A): The high-profile criminal was arrested
Event (B): Many units of power plants are shut down and put behind bars.
for annual maintenance. Event (B): The cops made more than adequate security
11. Event (A): The good news is that Elizabeth’s coming. arrangements in jail.
Event (B): Censor board has lifted up the objections 26. Event (A): A new TV channel has been launched
from Shekhar Kapoor’s film. with much fanfare.
12. Event (A): The government announced an increase Event (B): The govt has come up with a policy to put
in diesel prices by 40% . a check on the proliferation of TV channels.
Event (B): The Delhi Transport Corporation has 27. Event (A): Actress X decided to play more serious
revised the fares of the buses to double what it was. roles in films.
13. Event (A): Transporters have threatened to go on Event (B): The last film of actress X, in which she
strike in protest against the hike in diesel prices. played a glamous girl, turned out to be a flop.
28. Event (A): The migratory route of elephants in Area 44. Event (A): The opposition are protesting against the
X has been blocked by construction of dams and other gov er nment ov er t he decision of wit hdrawal of
structures. subsidy on food and fertilisers.
Event (B): Elephants of Area X have turned into Event (B): Govt has decided to withdraw subsidy on
violent creatures — destroying crops and trampling several items to reform the economy.
people to death. 45. Event (A): Indian’s infant mortality rate (IMR) is
29. Event (A): Three-wheelers went on strike in protest rising.
against the hike in petrol prices. Event (B): The economy of India is strengthening.
Event (B): The talks between the government and 46. Event (A): The Bar Council of India (BCI) has ordered
the leaders of the three-wheelers’ union have failed. all evening law colleges in the country to close down
30. Event (A): Party A was unhappy with the results of from the coming academic session.
UP assembly by-elections where it lost all the seats. Event (B): The standard of education in evening law
Event (B): Party A has changed the chief Minister of colleges was found in the state of deterioration.
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UP. 47. Event (A): The government has framed rules to
31. Event (A): High Court has ordered to clean city X. regulate the level of noise pollution in urban areas
Event (B): More than 20 people died of cholera in from various sources.
city X. Event (B): Loudspeakers can be used only after
32. Event (A): CBI has called Kapil Dev and Sidhu for obtaining permission from a competent authority.
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interrogation. 48. Event (A): No traffic shall be allowed on Jail Road.
Event (B): Kapil Dev and Sidhu have been charged Event (B): Due to the ongoing flyover construction,
in match-fixing. the Traffic Police have made several diversions.
33. Event (A): CBSE has declared the results of class 49. Event (A): Country X has signed CTBT.
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XII. Event (B): Country X has already tested all her
Event (B): A boy committed suicide after seeing his nuclear weapons.
bad results in class XII. 50. Event (A): Tom Cruise has once again done a great
34. Event (A): There was a heavy rain for two days after job in MI- II.
a month of scorching heat in the capital.
Event (B): There will be a pleasant weather over the
e Event ( B): MI-I was f ull of act ion, t hr ill and
excitement.
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next 2-3 days. 51. Event (A): Many Indian companies are patching up
35. Event (A): One MLA has been found to have assets with multinational insurance companies.
more than his income. Event ( B): Gov t of India has allowed MNCs in
Event (B): The Chief Minister has ordered all the insurance sector.
MLA to disclose their assets. 52. Event (A): J&K govt demanded state autonomy.
36. Event (A): AIIMS doctors are on strike from today. Event (B): Parliament has disapproved the autonomy
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Event (B): One patient died in AIIMS because no proposal by a considerable margin.
doctor was available for check-up. 53. Event (A): Mr X resigned from the post of coach of
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37. Event ( A): Two IPS of ficer s hav e r esigned in Indian cricket team.
Maharashtra. Event (B): BCCI is looking for a foreign coach for
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Event (B): IPS officers are not being given proper Indian cricket team.
facilities in Maharashtra. 54. Event (A): Mr X received the highest-ever advance
38. Event (A): Curfew has been imposed in Kashmir for for a work of non-fiction.
indefinite period. Event (B): The work sold millions of copies.
Event (B): 45 people have been shot dead by the 55. Event (A): The 1,000-rupee note is being printed
mililants in Kashmir. once again.
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39. Event (A): Fiji is facing political uncertainty. Event ( B): The 1,000-rupee not e went out of
Event (B): Fiji’s economy has been hit hard. circulation in 1978.
40. Event ( A): Used syr inges, glucose and blood 56. Event (A): The country’s fiscal deficit has widened
transfusion pipes were being reused. over the years.
w.
Event (B): Supreme Court made it mandatory for Event (B): The govt has desided to abolish posts
hospitals to dispose of their medical waste. meant for carrying out obsolete functions.
41. Event (A): Modern Food Industries Ltd. employees 57. Event (A): Two pistols disappeared from a police
have moved the Delhi High Court to quash the sale training institute.
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of their company. Event (B): An old woman was shot dead with a pistol
Event (B): The govt. has sold 74 per cent of Modern in the vicinity of the institute.
Food Industries Ltd. shares to Hindustan Lever for 58. Event (A): University ‘X’ and its affiliated colleges
Rs. 106 crore. have hiked the fees.
42. Event (A): In a committee it has been decided that Event (B): The govt has reduced the subsidy on higher
unauthorised constructions will be demolished. education.
Event (B): The Court has questioned the Urban 59. Event (A): Pradeep, father of a Class XII student,
Development Minister for his order to demolish the logged on to the website www.cbse.nic.in at 11 am on
unauthorise constructions. May 31.
43. Event (A): The National Human Rights Commission Event (B): The CBSE result s for class XII were
has ordered Rs. 1 lakh interim compensation to be announced on May 31.
paid to the legal heirs of the deceased in Meerut. 60. Event (A): An inmate died within the jail under
Event (B): A few hawkers in Meerut were driven to mysterious circumstances.
commit suicide due to humiliation by the police.
Event (B): An inquiry by a sub-divisional magistrate 73. Event (A): The Centre advised the Indian Hockey
has been ordered into the incident. Federation (IHF) against participation in the Sultan
61. Event (A): The Met department predicted that there Azlan Shah tournament to be held in Ipoh, Malaysia.
would be a normal south-west monsoon. Event (B): Indian IT professionals in Malaysia faced
Event (B): The south-west monsoon arrived over the harassment and were meted out ill-treatment by the
Andaman Sea as per schedule and is advancing at a Malaysian police.
steady rate. 74. Event (A): Next week India will play in the semifinal
62. Event (A): The US House of Representatives voted match of World Cup cricket in Johannesburg.
in favour of “permanent normal trade relations” with Event (B): Air India will operate a special flight to
China. Johannesburg in the coming week.
Event (B): There was European Union agreement 75. Event (A): A special campaign to check drunken
with China on WTO membership. driving would be launched next week on National
63. Event (A): 32 Indian Army men were taken hostage Highways.
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by the rebels in Sierra Leone. Event (B): Ten persons were killed and twenty-three
Event (B): India is dithering in its approach to the injured on the National Highways last year.
Sri Lankan crisis. 76. Event (A): The women’s self-help groups established
64. Event (A): Miss world contestants flew out of Nigeria. in large numbers in the rural areas across State X
Event (B): A riot broke out in the capital of Nigeria have infused dynamism into the village families and
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when some people of a particular community became supported the drive for empowerment of women.
rampant against the dissemination of western culture Event (B): Positive changes have been witnessed in
in the capital. State X, especially in the tribal areas in the southern
65. Event (A): An appropriate amending legislation will parts.
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be brought before the parliament in its next session. 77. Event (A): In a significant move, cabinet of State X
Event (B): A parliamentary committee has asked the has approved a proposal by the State commercial tax
government to expedite the process of bringing in department to issue tax payer identification number
appropriate legislation to safeguard investors’ interest to all businessmen registered under the value-added
and strengthen Investor Education and Protection
Fund for proper compensation to those whose money
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Event (B): The Railway Ministry has enhanced the
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has been locked up in fraudulent companies. allocation from Rs 3119 crores to Rs 3995 crores in
66. Event (A): Demand of Chinese bikes in India has the current budget for rolling stock procurement to
witnessed a terrific growth in India since last month. meet the next year’s passenger and freight traffic
Event (B): A large number of people visited the trade targets.
fair organised in New Delhi three months ago where 78. Event (A): Reserve Bank of India (RBI) cut the bank
various ranges of bikes of different countries were rate recently.
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KUNDAN
67. Event (A): All India Confederation of Scheduled the lending rates.
Castes and Tribes Organisation chairman Udit Raj 79. Event (A): Over the years, the breed of independent
today resigned from the Government and floated the film-makers has been growing steadily and while
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Event ( B): Unidentif ied miscr eant s allegedly obtaining four-year college degrees and are more likely
desecrated an idol in a temple in Manoharpur. to work in managerial and professional careers today
69. Event (A): After long years of wait, the capital got its than 20 years ago.
metro last year. Event (B): The new high-tech economy is leaving
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Event (B): Pollution levels in the capital have come women behind men.
down. 81. Event (A): India is today gearing to become a leading
70. Event (A): Last week MTNL changed its telephone producer and exporter of a range of minerals.
numbers from seven to eight digits. Event ( B): India is endowed wit h r ich mineral
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Event (B): Members of Parliament have demanded Event (B): Life of women is becoming insecure in
for a ban on the supply of aerated drinks in the rural areas.
Parliament. 96. Event (A): The government has finalised the contours
85. Event (A): The attack by militants on Parliament in of a massive debt swap operation.
Dec 2001 haunts our parliamentarians whenever Event (B): Central government’s current year’s gross
militants attack any target in the country. fiscal deficit touched 5.3% of GDP.
Event (B): New parking labels have been introduced 97. Event (A): Subscribers of Hutch and Airtel cellular
f or t he members of Parliament , aiming at services companies are increasing day by day despite
strengthening the security of the Indian Parliament facing tough competition from other cellular services
and the parliamentarians. companies.
86. Event (A): Growth of GDP forecasts of India have Event ( B): Recently, Hut ch and Air tel hav e
been lowered by NCAER, IMF and RBI recently. announced another joint scheme, according to which
Event (B): In India, drought has ravaged several crops subscribers of these giants will not have to pay for
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and the government finances are under stress. incoming calls.
87. Event (A): A rich smell of recovery is spreading across 98. Event (A): In the world’s biggest conference on AIDS
several sectors of the economy, raising hopes of a in Barcelona, officials in their declaration called for
boom in employment and incomes in India. $ 10 billion a year to be donated to the global AIDS
Event (B): India never slid into a recession in the fund and for at least two million people with HIV in
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past ten years. developing count r ies t o r eceiv e antir etr ov ir al
88. Event (A): The Centre categor ically rejected the treatment by 2004.
Liberation Tiger of Tamil Eelam’s plea for using either Event (B): According to recent UN report, about 70
Chennai or any other part of the southern states as million people will die of AIDS over the next two
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v enue f or peace t alks wit h t he Sr i Lankan decades in the 45 worst affected countries.
Government. 99. Event (A): Star (TV channel) has decided to start a
Event (B): The LTTE was banned by the Centre in new news channel of Hindi.
the aftermath of the assassination of the former prime Event (B): Aaj Tak (TV channel) has decided to start
89.
minister, Rajiv Gandhi, at Sriperumbudur in 1991.
e
Event (A): In an effort to further reduce its manpower,
a news channel of English.
100.Event ( A): Major player of chocolate industr y,
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public sector Steel Authority of India (SAIL) has Cadbury’s, is reportedly planning to reduce the cocoa
announced a new voluntary retirement scheme for even further and add more wafer — presumably to
its employees from January 15. offset an increase in raw material cost.
Event (B): SAIL has a plan to reduce its manpower Event (B): Ivory Coast, the world’s largest producer
to around one lakh in the next 3-4 years. of cocoa, has been in the grip of a bitter civil war.
90. Event (A): Recently the government has established 101. Event (A): The government has decided to reduce
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a bamboo innovation studio and allied workshops in its stake in nationalised banks to 33 per cent.
Agartala. Event (B): The bank employees have gone for one-day
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Event (B): Ther e has been wit nessed a r adical strike against the privatisation of public sector banks.
change in the choices of people using bamboo as an 102.Event (A): The government has decided to roll back
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alternative to timber and steel. the hike in the prices of cooking gas and kerosene.
91. Event (A): The Congress government in Uttaranchal Event (B): Some ministers had resigned in protest
marked the completion of its first 100 days on the against the hike in prices of cooking gas and other
first day of the ongoing week. petroleum products.
Event (B): The Congress party organised a fete in 103. Event (A): The Supreme Court has ordered to close
Uttaranchal’s capital recently. all industrial units in the residential areas in Delhi.
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92. Event ( A) : Gov er nment has emphasised on the Event (B): A mob of about 1,500 people went on the
pr ogr ammes aimed at eliminating pov er t y and rampage and the police had to use teargas to disperse
illiteracy with new zeal and strong willpower. them and restore normalcy.
Event (B): Minister of state Mr X told the plenary 104. Event (A): The br igand Veerappan has r eleased
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session of the International Labour Organisation in Rajkumar after 108 days of abduction.
Geneva on a day last week that India is following a Event (B): The state government ‘A’ has activated
proactive policy to eliminate child labour, which is the Special Task Force (STF) to arrest Veerappan.
closely linked to poverty and illiteracy. 105. Event (A): Cricketer ‘A’ has denied to talk with media
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93. Event (A): There have been repeated complaints about persons.
malfunctioning electronic meters in the past months. Event (B): BCCI special commissioner K Madhavan
Event (B): Weights and measures department has has quizzed cricketer ‘A’ for nearly six hours for his
asked all meter-manufacturers to get their sample role in betting and match-fixing scam.
meters tested again from Electronic Regional Test 106. Event (A): A tr aveller f ound cockroaches in the
Laboratory. crevices of his seat and also in the toilets of India’s
94. Event (A): Science has made the world a global most prestigious train, the Rajdhani Express.
village. Event (B): He drew the attention of catering manager,
Event (B): Today a man can contact any person in Western Railway, to the insects.
the world within seconds. 107. Event (A): The police has arrested an ISI agent who
95. Event (A): Because of the proper distribution of gas had been spying in India for the past six years.
ovens the life of the women of rural areas has become Event (B): The police received an information about
more comfortable. an ISI agent having set up base at Delhi from Military
Intelligence.
108. Event (A): The Indian Board for Wildlife headed by 122. Event (A): State A faced an earthquake and suffered
the PM has not met since 1998. heavy damage due to fall of skyscrapers.
Event ( B): A London-based env ironment al Event (B): State A has decided to take stern action
investigation agency has brought to light the massive against t he builder s who hav e illegally made
killing of a hundred tigers during this year in India. apartments using sordid technique and low-grade
109. Event (A): The CM offered prayers daily for the safe construction material.
return of the abducted actor Rajkumar during the 123. Event (A): The sale of cars has dropped in the state
107-day period. X since last Monday.
Event (B): The abductor and brigand Veerappan has Event (B): The state ‘X’ has suspended registration
released the actor Rajkumar after the 107-day period. of cars which do not conform to the emission norms
110. Event (A): The BCCI has decided to ban and suspend stipulated recently.
some players who were accused of match-fixing. 124. Event (A): Indian government declared the postal
Event (B): Delhi Police had tapped the conversation strike illegal and invoked the Essential Services
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between a bookie and some players. Maintenance Act to deal with the strike.
111. Event (A): Many fashionable commercial centres have Event (B): Employees of postal department started a
mushroomed in Delhi in the last few years. strike for their demands.
Event (B): Connaught Place, in the heart of Delhi, 125. Event (A): Garment Industry has decided to protest
has steadily lost its glory as the capital’s business against excise duty levied on readymade garments.
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and entertainment hub. Event (B): Govt decided to levy 16 per cent excise
112. Event (A): 13 Royal Bengal tigers were found dead duty on readymade garments in the new budget.
in Nandan Kanan Zoo near Bhubaneshwar last 126. Event (A): Prices of gold have gone up in the local
month. market.
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Event (B): A tiger gave birth to a baby in its cage in Event (B): India has won several prizes in design of
Nandan Kanan Zoo near Bhubaneshwar yesterday. gold ornaments.
113. Event (A): The state ‘A’ government has announced 127. Event (A): Today, the Prime Ministers of country ‘P’
the commencement of the second phase of action and ‘Q’ have decided to take steps to improve the
against polluting industries.
Event (B): The state ‘A’ government took action
e bilateral relations.
Event ( B): Next week a Commit t ee of For eign
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against 27 polluting industries falling in the F- Ministers and Senior Officers of country ‘P’ and ‘Q’
category of the Master Plan in the first phase. will wor k out fur t her st eps t o improv e t he
114. Event (A): The CNG-run vehicle owners are paying relationship.
a heavy penalty f or their eco-f riendly and cost- 128. Event ( A): Recent ly t he prices of t he per sonal
effective decisions. computers (PCs) have come down
Event (B): The drivers wait in long queues at CNG Event (B): Some school children are showing keen
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filling stations because of fuel shortage and low interest in learning computers.
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pressure. 129. Event (A): This year Bank ‘M’ has celebrated its silver
115. Event ( A): The cour t has or der ed t o pay a jubilee.
compensation of Rs 25000 to 10-year-old boy Inder. Event (B): More customers are getting attracted to
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Event (B): The court has found Inder’s employer guilty the market branch of Bank M.
of subjecting him to cruelty and harassment. 130. Event (A): Recently the traffic jams on MG Road of
116. Event (A): There were riots in city ‘X’. city ‘Z’ are not only reduced but the traffic has also
Event (B): Curfew was imposed on city ‘X’. become manageable.
117. Event (A): The police control room received a tip-off Event (B): The flyover on MG Road of city ‘Z’ has
about a bomb in the Red Fort. recently been made operational and the number of
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Event (B): Laskhkar-e-Taiba militants went on a traffic police personnel has been increased.
shooting spree. 131. Event (A): The interview panel has recommended 5
118. Event (A): ITC, a tobacco company, has decided to candidates for 3 vacancies which are to be filled in
withdraw from all sponsorship of sporting activities. immediately in Company Z.
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Event (B): The Cent re has decided to br ing in Event (B): The 5 candidates have been asked to
legislation for banning sponsoring of sports and contact Company Z next week to know their result
cultural events by tobacco companies. and accordingly to collect appointment letters.
119. Event A: Sri Lanka has allocated Rs 63.39 b for 132. Event (A): The sensex crosses 4000-point mark in
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of cars which do not confirm to the emission norms 140. Event (A): The public transport company of city M
stipulated recently. has recently changed the routes of some roads to
135. Event (A): The revised entry fee for internationally facilitate travellers.
known Taj Mahal monument has been increased to Event (B): The public transport company of city M
Rs 50 and Rs 500 f or Indians and f oreigner s has recently cancelled some routes because there
respectively. were few commuters.
Event (B): There has been adequate increase in the 141. Event (A): We can get anything with money.
number of foreign tourists visiting India in view of Event (B): Today money is the most important.
the improved infrastructure facilities. 142. Event (A): Due to mechanisation the life of human
136. Event (A): The financial position of the Electricity beings is becoming more comfortable in urban areas.
Division of state XYZ has weakened and it has made Event (B): Life is becoming insecure in urban areas.
demand to the government for more subsidies. 143. Event (A): The government has decided recently to
Event (B): While the Electricity Division of state XYZ prov ide addit ional dear ness allowance t o it s
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has revised the pay and perks of its employees, employees.
several subscribers and farmers have refused to pay Event (B): Consumer Price Index is increasing for
long pending dues. the last five months.
137. Event (A): Rickshaw, taxi, tempo and other means 144. Event (A): The children of younger generation do
of gener al communicat ion of cit y X ar e on an better in their studies.
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indefinite strike since last week. Event (B): The parents of children now realise the
Event (B): The prices of vegetables and other food importance of education very well.
articles in city X have increased. 145. Event (A): There is considerable increase in the
139. Event (A): The state government ABC has proposed number of people having computers.
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to start a project “alert citizen” to curb possible crimes Event ( B): Computer education is being made
and nab the criminals. compulsory in schools.
Event ( B): Public cooper ation is imper at iv e in
controlling crime.
e
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Practice Exercise–2
Directions (Q. 1-66): Below in each question are B. The parents of the aspiring students launched a
given two statements (A) and (B). These statements severe agitation last year protesting against the
may be either independent causes or may be effects of high fees charged by the unaided institutions.
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independent causes. One of these statements may be 4. A. The Pr ime Minist er has v isited the drought-
the eff ect of the other statement. Read both the af fect ed areas and pr omised gover nment
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statements and decide which of the following answer assistance to help the farmers.
choice correctly depicts the relationship between these B. A large number of farmers in the drought-affected
two statements. Mark answer areas have been suffering due to drought situation
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1) if statement (A) is the cause and statement (B) is and are unable to feed their family.
its effect. 5. A. All the lakes supplying water to the city started
2) it statement (B) is the cause and statement (A) is overflowing at the end of the second month of
the effect. the monsoon.
3) if both the statements (A) and (B) are independent B. The normal life in the city has been disrupted
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1. A. Major part of the sugarcane crop was affected by schools in rural areas.
pests, resulting into huge loss incurred by the 7. A. The police resorted to lathi charge to disperse
farmers in the state. the unruly mob from the civic headquarters.
B. The farmers in the state who were cultivating B. The civic administration has recently hiked the
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sugarcane earlier have now switched over to property tax of the residential buildings by about
grapes’ cultivation this year. 30 per cent.
2. A. There has been a high increase in the incidents 8. A. The government has decided to allow private
of atrocities against women in the city during airline companies in India to operate to overseas
the past few months. destinations.
B. The police authority has been unable to nab the B. The national air carrier has increased its flights
culpr it s who ar e commit t ing crime against to overseas destinations.
women. 9. A. The prices of f oodgrains and other essential
3. A. The government has recently fixed the fees for commodit ies in t he open market have risen
professional courses of fered by t he unaided sharply during the past three months.
institutions which are much lower than the fees B. The political party in opposition has given a call
charged last year. f or gener al str ike t o pr otest against t he
government’s economic policy.
10. A. A large number of people have fallen sick after 2 2 . A. Most of the steel-manufacturing companies in the
consuming sweets from a particular shop in the country made considerable profit during the last
locality. financial year.
B. Major part of the locality is flooded and has B. Many Asian countries have been importing huge
become inaccessible to outsiders. quantities of steel from India.
11. A. The traffic police removed the signal post at the 23. A. Many seats in the private engineering colleges
intersection of two roads in a quiet locality. in the state have remained vacant this year.
B. Ther e hav e been many accident s at t he B. The government engineering colleges in the state
intersection involving vehicles moving at high could not accommodate all the students who
speed. sought admission this year.
12. A. The local steel company has taken over the task 24. A. The banks have decided to give advances to the
of development and maintenance of the civic roads priority sector at the rate of interest at par with
in the town. the corporate sector.
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B. The local civic body requested the corporate bodies B. The percentage of bad loans given by the banks
to help them maintain the civic facilities. to the priority sector is very low compared to
13. A. The Govt has suspended several police officers corporate sector.
in the city. 25. A. The government of India has allowed the private
B. Five persons carrying huge quantity of illicit liquor air line companies t o oper at e on specified
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were apprehended by the police. international routes.
14. A. Majority of the students in the college expressed B. There has been a considerable increase in the
their opinion against t he college authority’s flow of foreign tourists to India.
decision to break away from the university and 26. A. Govt -owned oil companies have r educed t he
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become autonomous. prices of petroleum products wit h immediate
B. The univ er sit y aut hor ity has expr essed it s effect.
inabilit y to provide gr ants to it s constituent B. Govt has made an appeal to the public to reduce
colleges. consumption of petroleum products.
15. A. Huge tidal waves wrecked the vast coastline early
in the morning, killing thousands of people.
e 27. A. The police authority has recently caught a group
of housebreakers.
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B. Lar ge number of people gather ed along t he B. The citizens' groups in the locality have started
coastline to enjoy that spectacular view of sunrise. night vigil in the area.
16. A. Majority of the employees of the organisation 28. A. The Govt has decided to allow private universities
signed t he statement pr ot esting against t he to run their own courses after obtaining necessary
management’s personnel policy. approvals.
B. The management of the organisation has decided B. There has been a continuous decrease in the
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that all those employees who are above 58 years number of students enrolled for various courses
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of age may opt for voluntary retirement scheme. offered by the Govt-run universities.
17. A. The public sector telecom service provider reduced 29. A. The wholesale grain market is flooded with fresh
the monthly rental substantially with immediate stock.
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19. A. The government has decided to make all the B. The state government has recently revised the
information related to primary education available electoral roll.
to the general public. 32. A. The school authority has decided to increase
B. In the past, the general public did not have access tuition fees by 30 per cent from the next academic
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participated in the dinner hosted by one of the performance of students from college ‘X’ was better
members of the society. than that of students from college ‘Y’.
B. Most of the people living in the housing society B. Majority of the students depend upon coaching
invite other members for the functions at their classes for university examinations.
house. 50. A. The Gov er nment of state ‘X’ decided t o ban
36. A. The train services in the suburban areas of the working of women in night shifts and also in
city were disrupted for four hours. late evening hours.
B. The overhead electrical wire snapped between B. The per cent age of wor king women has a
two stations in suburban area of the city. significant rise in the last one decade.
37. A. State Government has ordered immediate ban on 51. A. Fr equent r obberies in jeweller y shops wer e
airing of certain movie channels on television. recorded in distant suburbs of the city.
B. A few social activists have come together and B. Shop owners in the city and suburbs demanded
demanded ban on telecasting ‘Adult’ movies on improvement in security situation from the police
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television. authorities.
38. A. Employment scenar io in t he count r y has 52. A. Party ‘X’ won clear majority in the recently held
remarkably improved recently. state assembly elections.
B. The number of pr ospect ive job-seekers going B. Of late, there was unrest in public and also among
abroad has increased recently. the members of the ruling party of the state.
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39. A. Government has tightened security checks at all 53. A. Staff members of the university decided to go on
important places and also at various public places. strike in protest during the examinations.
B. Incidences of terrorist attacks are increasing day B. The univ er sit y administr at ion made all t he
by day. arrangements for smooth conduct of examination
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40. A. The High Court has fixed a time limit for repairing with the help of outsiders.
all the roads in the city. 54. A. In t he univer sit y examinat ion, ov erall
B. Road Development Authorities in the city are performance of students from college ‘X’ was better
carrying out road repair work on urgent basis. than that of students from college ‘Y’.
41. A. There is an outbreak of several epidemics in the
country.
e B. Majority of the students depend upon coaching
classes for university examinations.
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B. It was a worst flood situation ever experienced 55. A. The Gov er nment of state ‘X’ decided t o ban
in the past in most parts of the country. working of women in night shifts and also in
42. A. The prices of pet roleum product s dr opped late evening hours.
marginally last week. B. The per cent age of wor king women has a
B. The State Govt reduced the tax on petroleum significant rise in the last one decade.
products last week. 56. A. Fr equent r obberies in jeweller y shops wer e
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43. A. Majority of the citizens in the locality belong to recorded in distant suburbs of the city.
higher income group. B. Shop owners in the city and suburbs demanded
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B. The sales in t he local super market ar e improvement in security situation from the police
compar at iv ely much higher t han in other authorities.
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the number of seats in undergraduate course from for opening more junior colleges in the state.
the next academic session. B. Percentage of qualif ied st udent s in SSC
B. The Govt has decided to withdraw its grant from examination was higher this year compared to
all the Gov t medical colleges f r om t he next the past few years.
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B. Every year large number of people spend their boiled and filtered water and maintain hygiene
vacation in various tourist destinations outside during the monsoon.
the country. B. The health department has instructed the civic
47. A. Party ‘X’ won clear majority in the recently held hospitals to equip themselves with adequate stock
state assembly elections. of medicines during monsoon.
B. Of late, there was unrest in public and also among 61. A. The Government has made it compulsory to wear
the members of the ruling party of the state. a helmet for the riders of two-wheelers.
48. A. Staff members of the university decided to go on B. The number of cases of road accident involving
strike in protest during the examinations. two-wheelers has been increasing every year.
B. The univ er sit y administr at ion made all t he 62. A. Parents in the locality decided to stop sending
arrangements for smooth conduct of examination their children to school by private vehicles.
with the help of outsiders. B. A major accident of a private van carrying school
49. A. In t he univer sit y examinat ion, ov erall children led to deaths of a few and injuries for
many children.
63. A. The city observed the lowest temperature of the 78. A. The share prices are touching an all-time low.
last decade accompanied by heavy fog during the B. Most of the organizations have been grounding
week. or terminating employees and undergoing cost-
B. Most of the flights from the city were indefinitely cutting exercises wherever possible.
delayed causing panic among the passengers. 79. A. A substantial increase in unhealthy competition
64. A. In the past few years the job market has improved has been observed among the students.
for the professionally qualified youth. B. A rise of 23% is reported every year in the cases
B. Many youth are not able to get jobs up to their of suicide after declaration of grade 10th and 12th
expectations. examination results.
65. A. During peak hours roads are overcrowded with 80. A. The glaciers at the poles of the earth are melting
vehicles causing traffic jams in most parts of the at a fast rate.
city. B. In recent times there has been a substantial
B. Many companies are planning to launch low- increase in the incidents of earthquakes and
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priced vehicles. volcanic eruptions.
66. A. During evening hours roads are overcrowded with 81. A. Though mobile phones find a good number of
vehicles causing very slow movement of vehicles. users in rural India, computers and Internet still
B. Pollution lev el in t he air has subst ant ially remain a distant dream.
increased in the recent past. B. In the recent past there has been a large-scale
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67. A. This year the cut-off percentages for admission migration from the rural parts of India to the urban
to junior colleges have increased over the last sectors.
year. 82. A. There has been a continuous increase in average
B. This year performance of students in Xth final temperature during winter in many parts of the
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exam was considerably higher than the previous country over the past few years.
year. B. There has been significant changes in the wind
68. A. The conditions of most of the national highways pattern across the country over the last few years.
are very bad. 83. A. The conditions of all the major roads in the city
B. Govt has now sanctioned a huge amount of money
to maintain the national highways.
e have deteriorated causing hardship to motorists.
B. The municipal authority has sanctioned significant
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69. A. Many students of the local school have failed in amount to repair all the major roads in the city.
English Language paper in t he annual 84. A. The BPO sector has laid off a large number of
examination. employees in the recent months.
B. Many students of the local school have failed in B. Very few projects are now being outsourced to
Mathematics paper in the annual examination. BPO sector.
70. A. Rain and thunder showers bashed the city during 85. A. Ther e has been shar p decline in sales of
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the past three days. passenger cars during the last few months.
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B. Many people stayed indoor during the past three B. Many finance companies have announced
days. attractive schemes of car loans with moderate
71. A. There has been a considerable increase in the interest rate.
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sale of fat-free food articles. 86. A. All the airlines companies in India have increased
B. Now people have become more conscious about the air fares in all routes with immediate effect.
their health condition and food habits. B. There has been substantial reduction in aviation
72. A. There have been heavy rains in the catchment fuel prices in India during the past few weeks.
area of the lakes supplying drinking water to the 87. A. Computer education has been made compulsory
city. for all the classes by many schools.
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B. The municipal aut horit y has suspended the B. The current job market prefers computer-literate
proposed cut in water supply to the city. workforce.
73. A. Many pilgrims used Govt transport to travel to 88. A. The standard of education in evening colleges of
the holy shrine. the State has been deteriorating.
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B. The cost of travel by private transport is very high. B. The standard of school education has been fast
74. A. The prices of vegetables have increased substant- deteriorating in the State.
ially during the past few weeks. 89. A. All domestic airlines increased the fares in all
B. Consumer price index at the end of the previous sectors with immediate effect.
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week increased by 2 per cent. B. Railways increased the fare of all its classes with
75. A. Many anti-social elements have been caught by immediate effect.
the police from the locality. 90. A. The prices of f r uit s and vegetables f ell
B. Many people in the locality have been detained substantially over the last few days.
by the police for questioning. B. The quality of fruits and vegetables improved
76. A. Many employees of the company proceeded on a considerably over the last few days.
day’s leave on Friday. 91. A. Recent floods in the area changed the nutritional
B. Bot h Thursday and Sat ur day wer e declared contents of the soil.
holiday by the company. B. Farmers in the area switched over to cultivating
77. A. Many schools have banned the sale of fast food rice instead of wheat.
in their premises. 92. A. The residents report ed of increased criminal
B. Obesity in youngsters has been linked to their activities in the area to the local police station.
poor eating habits. B. Many criminals were arrested by searching the
residence of the suspected individuals.
93. A. Govt has awarded a high-stake reward scheme B. Customers have been complaining about poor
for such persons as may provide any information services in the bank’s branches.
about the suspect. 108. A. The production of pulses has dropped for the
B. Four members of a family were brutally murdered third consecutive year.
by unidentified gunmen. B. India has decided to import pulses this year.
94. A. There have been sporadic events of stone-pelting 109. A. Budgetary allocation for building a better railway
throughout the day in the affected areas of the network, eg constructing new railway lines, has
city. increased.
B. Many wounded people were brought to the nearby B. There has been a substantial drop in the number
hospitals from the affected areas of the city. of passengers opting for air travel.
95. A. Many people left from the city for their native 110. A. Indian citizens are willing to incur the cost of
places during the summer months. using environment-friendly technology.
B. Many tourists gathered in the city during summer B. Many countries are taking steps to cut their carbon
.in
months. emissions.
96. A. All the schools declared holiday on the next day 111. A. The government has amended tax laws to boost
of the major festival. exports.
B. All the colleges declared holiday on the next day B. The export sect or has been passing through
of the major festival. difficult times due to heavy tax burdens.
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97. A. Many elderly people are continuously harassed 112. A. The Gov t has mar ginally incr eased t he
by the youngsters in the locality. procurement price of wheat for the current crop.
B. Many children living in the locality play till late B. The current wheat crop is expected to be twenty
in the evening. per cent more than the previous wheat crop.
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98. A. The state govt has decided to change the syllabus 113. A. The braking system of the tourist bus carrying
of mathematics for Std IX from the next academic 40 passengers failed while negotiating a stiff
year. climb on a hilly road.
B. Many students from the state could not secure B. The tourist bus fell into the gorge killing at least
admission to the colleges of their choice.
99. A. Majority of the employees of the manufacturing
e ten passengers and seriously injuring all the
remaining.
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company received a hefty bonus at the end of the 114. A. The stat e gov t has decided to boost English
current financial year. language education in all the schools from the
B. The manuf act ur ing company has made next academic year.
considerable profit in the current financial year. B. The lev el of English language of t he school
100. A. The municipal authority decided to carry out repair students of the State is comparatively lower than
work of the pipeline under the main arterial road that of the neighbouring states.
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of the city. 115. A. The municipal authority demolished the tea stall
B. Vehicular movement has been diverted through located on the footpath on the busy road.
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alternate roads for a period of fifteen days. B. A large number of people have been taking their
101. A. There is a significant drop in the number of evening tea at the tea stall located on the footpath
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people travelling by air during the last quarter. on the main road, blocking pedestrian movement.
B. There is a significant drop in the number of 116. A. Majority of the students left the local school as
people travelling by long-distance trains during the school building was in a dilapidated condition.
the last quarter. B. The school authority decided to close down the
102. A. Govt has decided to distribute part of the foodgrain school immediately and shift the r emaining
stock through Public Distribution System to people students to a make-shift school.
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below poverty line. 117. A. State Govt has ordered immediate ban on airing
B. There has been bumper kharif crop for the last of certain movie channels on television.
two seasons. B. A few social activists have come together and
103. A. Most of the students enrolled themselves for the demanded ban on telecasting ‘Adult’ movies on
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122. A. The government of India has allowed the private 127. A. Ther e is an unpr ecedent ed increase in t he
air line companies t o oper at e on specified number of young unemployed in comparison to
international routes. the previous year.
B. There has been a considerable increase in the B. A lar ge number of candidat es submitt ed
flow of foreign tourists to India. applications against an advertisement for the post
123. A. Many seats in the private engineering colleges of manager issued by a bank.
in the state have remained vacant this year. 128. A. The pr ices of vegetables have incr eased
B. The government engineering colleges in the state considerably during this summer.
could not accommodate all the students who B. There is tremendous increase in the temperature
sought admission this year. during this summer, thereby damaging crops
124. A. The banks have decided to give advances to the greatly.
priority sector at the rate of interest at par with 129. A. Heav y downpour with high-velocit y wind is
the corporate sector. probable in the coastal areas in next twenty four
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B. The percentage of bad loans given by the banks hours.
to the priority sector is very low as compared to B. A soap manufacturing company increased its
the corporate sector. production by more than 100 in the last month.
125. A. The state government has now decided to increase 130. A. There has been considerable reduction in the
t he st amp dut y on house purchases wit h number of people affected by water-borne diseases
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immediate effect. in City A during this rainy season.
B. The r eal est ate prices have decr eased B. The government opened four new civil hospitals
considerably during the last few months. in City A at the beginning of the year.
126. A. Most of the steel manufacturing companies in 131. A. There is increase in water level of all the water
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the country have made considerable profit during tanks supplying drinking water to the city during
the last fiscal year. the last fortnight.
B. Many Asian countries have been importing huge B. Most of the trains were cancelled last week due
quantities of steel from India. to waterlogging on the tracks.
e
Practice Exercise–3
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1. Cause: All the major rivers in the state have been 1) All t he airline companies had t hr eatened t o
flowing way over the danger level for the past few suspend their services during peak hours.
weeks. Which of the following is/are possible effect(s) 2) The Govt has increased its tax for peak time flights.
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of the above cause? 3) The aircrafts are routinely put on hold over the
(A) Many villages situated near the riverbanks are airports while landing during peak time, causing
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submerged, forcing the residents to flee. extra fuel consumption.
(B) Govt has decided to provide alternate shelter to 4) The airline companies can now charge unlimited
all the affected villagers residing near the river additional charge for peak time flights.
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of the management institute have opted for finance (A) Gov t will dir ect the cement manuf act uring
speciali- sation. companies to reduce the price increase to five
Which of the following can be a probable cause of per cent.
the above effect? (B) The prices of residential flats and commercial
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1) Last year most of the st udent s wit h HR companies will see an upward trend.
specialisat ion got better job of fers than ot her (C) The construction companies may stop all ongoing
specialisations. construction projects with immediate effect.
2) The management institute of fer s only finance 1) Only (B)
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3) English is no longer being taught in the schools 10. Eff ect: Majority of the employees of t he ailing
and colleges in India organisation opted for voluntary retirement scheme
4) India has highest number of English-speaking and left the organisation with all their retirement
educated youth compared to any other country. benefits within a fortnight of launching the scheme.
5) None of these Which of the following can be a probable cause of
6. Effect: At least 20 school children were seriously the above effect ?
injured while going for a school picnic during the 1) The company has been making huge losses for the
weekend. past five years and is unable to pay salary to its
Which of the following can be a probable cause of employees in time.
the above effect ? 2) The management of t he company made huge
1) The teacher accompanying the school children fell personal gains through unlawful activities.
ill during the journey. 3) One of t he compet it ors of t he company went
2) The bus in which the children were travelling bankrupt last year.
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met with an accident while taking turn on the 4) The company owns large tracts of land in the state
main highway. which will fetch huge sum to its owners.
3) The driver of the bus in which the children were 5) None of these
travelling did not report after the break at the 11. Cause: The Govt has recently increased its taxes on
halting place on their journey. petrol and diesel by about 10 per cent.
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4) The school authority banned all school picnics for Which of the following can be a possible effect of
the next six months with immediate effect. the above cause?
5) None of these 1) The petroleum companies will reduce the prices
7. Cause: Gov t has r ecent ly decided t o hike t he of petrol and diesel by about 10 per cent.
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procurement price of paddy for the rabi crops. 2) The petroleum companies will increase the prices
Which of the following will be a possible effect of of petrol and diesel by about 10 per cent.
the above cause? 3) The petroleum companies will increase the prices
1) The farmers may be encouraged to cultivate paddy of petrol and diesel by about 5 per cent.
for the rabi season.
2) The farmers may switch over to other cash crops
e 4) The petrol pumps will stop selling petrol and diesel
till the taxes are rolled back by the Govt.
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in their paddy fields. 5) None of these
3) There was a drop in production of paddy during 12. Effect: The temple at the religious site wears a
Kharif season. deserted look with the number of devotees trickling
4) Govt may not increase the procurement price of down.
paddy during the next Kharif season. Which of the following can be a possible cause of the
5) Govt will buy paddy from the open market during above effect?
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the next few months. 1) A structural engineer had visited the temple a
8. Cause: A severe cyclonic storm swept away most part month back and had declared the structure unsafe.
KUNDAN
of the state during the last two days. 2) The temple is facing a drastic depletion of its funds
Which of the following cannot be a possible effect which had accumulated over the years due to
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severely affected and continues to be out of gear. his respects to the deity.
4) Govt has ordered that all the offices and schools 13. Effect: As a step to regulate private hospitals, the
should be kept open. state health department is framing rules to ensure
5) All are possible effects. all such hospitals are registered with it.
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9. Eff ect: The prices of pet roleum product s hav e Which of the following can be a possible cause of
increased by about twenty per cent in the past two the above statement?
months. 1) The department realized that private hospitals
Which of the following can be a probable cause of the charge much less for treatment as compared to
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.in
4. 3; In Event (B) it is not clearly mentioned whether be one of the causes of formulating the new policy.
this leaked water again enters the pipeline or 27. 1; The flop film must have forced the actress to take
not. Because drinking dirty or impure water may a fresh look at the roles she played.
be the cause of jaundice. But only accumulation 28. 5; Here A may be the cause of B or vice versa.
of water is not related with jaundice. 29. 5; The events could take place either ways.
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5. 1; The 24-hour telecast is the immediate cause of 30. 4; Ev ent A may be one of the reasons but not
the warning. Because telecast in the wee hours necessarily the principal one.
will be available t hr ough sat ellite, not 31. 1; Clearly, the High Court order has come as a
terrestrially. consequence of the numerous deaths.
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6. 1; As educational institutions had violated the court 32. 1; The name of the players are there; so CBI has
directions so Delhi high court issued show cause called them for interrogation.
notices to these schools. 33. 2; A boy committed suicide after the result was
7. 4; Running into the kitchen is an effect. Several published; so ‘A’ is the cause.
causes are possible. But A is not the immediate 34. 2; Rain after scorching heat is the cause of pleasant
cause.
e weather. Hence A is the cause and B is its effect.
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8. 2; Making an apology is an effect of event (A). 35. 4; As the assets of one MLA was found more than
9. 4; Increasing the number of red lights is an effect. his income, so the CM has ordered all the MLAs
It may be because of heavy traffic, because of t o show t heir asset s. But bot h may be
modernisation and computerisation.. . But A is independent incidents. It may be possible that it
not the cause. was in the election menefesto.
10. 1; Power problems are definitely the effect. And here 36. 2; Event A is the cause and B is its effect. Because
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event (B) looks a reasonable cause behind it. doctors were on strike, there was no one to attend
KUNDAN
11. 5; It can’t be derived from these two sentences that the patient.
Elizabeth is Shekhar Kapoor’s film. Both (A) and 37. 3; A is definitely the effect of some cause but B may
(B) are effects of some causes. Because of the not be its immediate and principal cause. Why
phrase The good news is, (A) is an effect because did only two of them resign?
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from the phrase we can conclude that there were 38. 1; The imposition of the curfew is clearly as direct
some hindrances in its coming. Several causes consequence of the macabre incident.
are possible. 39. 4; Event B is an effect but A may not be its principal
12. 2; The revision in fare is definitely because of (A). cause.
13. 3; Event (A) is an effect but (B) is not the principal 40. 2; Event A is the principal cause. Due to this cause
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cause. Hike in diesel prices is the cause behind it. Supreme Court has directed the hospitals to
14. 5; No r elat ion between Amet hi and Bellar y dispose the medical waste.
parliamentary constituencies is given. 41. 1; The govt. has sold 74% of Modern Food Ind. Ltd.
15. 5; Again, the two sentences are independent. shares to Hindustan Lever. Because of this the
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16. 1; Because of his announcement he has been employees have moved the court. Event B is the
expelled. cause and A the effect.
17. 2; Andrew talked so after reading the newspaper. 42. 4; Event B is an effect but it is not necessary that
18. 1; Because of the project they have managed to event A is the cause behind it. It is not known
transform the living conditions near their homes. who were in that committee.
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19. 1; Because of the term second and third, we can 43. 1; The hawkers was driven to commit suicide which
establish the relation between the two sentences. is a violation of human rights and that is why
2 0 . 2; Because of the desperation for another child, Rani NHRC has ordered for compensation So, event B
kidnapped the child. is the cause and event A is its effect.
21. 3; ‘B’ may be cause, but several other causes may be 44. 1; B is the cause against which the opposition are
possible. Hence ‘B’ is not t he pr incipal and protesting. Hence A is its effect.
immediate cause. 45. 5; Both A and B are effect of some unknown reason.
2 2 . 1; It is osur common experience that such reshuffles 46. 1; To enhance the standard of education in evening
often take place when a new govt come in. law colleges the BCI has ordered to close down
23. 2; Additional taxation leads to greater revenues these colleges from the coming academic session.
which in turn lead to reduction of fiscal deficit. Hence (B) is the cause and (A) is its effect.
24. 4; Interaction between the two countries at the 47. 2; The qualified use of loudspeakers is a consequence
popular level is a fallout of failure of talks at the of the rules framed by the govt.
48. 1; The ban on traffic on Jail Road is a result of the given to IHF is due to the harassment Indian
diversions made. professionals were meted out by the Malaysian
49. 3; Having conducted N-tests could be the reason for police.
signing CTBT. But the major cause would be 74. 2; Special f light t o Johannesbur g is aimed at
something else: international opinion. carrying cricket lovers especially. Hence event
50. 5; Note that the two are different films. (A) is the immediate and principal cause and Event
51. 1; The govt discision has determined the conciliatory (B) is its effect.
approach of the Indian companies. 75. 3; Event (B) is the cause behind the effect shown
52. 2; Only when the demand was made could t he in the event (A) but not immediate and principal.
proposal have gone to the govt. 76. 4; Event (A) is the cause behind the effect shown
53. 5; W e can’t det er mine t he cause-eff ect chain. in event (B) but it is not the immediate and
“Looking for a foreign coach” could be independent principal cause.
of the resignation. 77. 5; The two statements have no correlation with each
.in
54. 4; The large sales may be a consequence of media other.
hype which surrounded the work because of the 78. 2; Event (A) is the immediate and principal cause
high advance. But there is no direct connection. and event (B) is its effect. Note that the bank rate
Moreover, after a certain extent, works sell purely is a reference rate also. If the bank rate is raised
on the basis of their intrinsic merit. both the deposit and lending rates are raised.
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55. 3; It is true that if the notes had not gone out of Similarly, when the bank rate is reduced both
circulation, there might have been no need of the deposit and lending rates are reduced.
their re-print. But much time has elapsed and a 79. 2; Event (A) is the immediate and principal cause
direct causal relationship can’t be established. and event (B) is its effect. Failure of independent
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56. 2; B is an exercise in cutting expenditure, which filmmakers has compelled the NGO to step in by
has become imperative given the widening fiscal setting up a national distribution centre for their
deficit. films.
57. 5; Even a remote connection can’t be established 80. 5; The two are independent events contradicting
with any bit of certainty.
58. 1; Since the subsidy has been reduced, t he
e 81. 3;
each other.
Event (A) is the effect but event (B) is not its
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institutions will have to compensate for it by immediate and principal cause because to get the
recovering a large portion from the students. abov e out come pr oper use of r ich mineral
59. 1; W hen t he result s wer e declar ed, it was the resources is equally important.
father’s curiosity that led him to the website. 82. 2; It is the parliament’s nod to Tobacco Control Bill,
60. 2; The inquiry is a logical consequence in case of a which gave the non-smokers a new horizon.
mysterious death. 83. 2; Event (B) is the ef f ect and event (A) is the
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61. 4; The arrival o the monsoon is certainly an effect immediate and principal cause behind it. The
but its prediction can’t be the cause. move t aken by the Food and Adulter ation
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62. 1; Once China becomes a member of the WTO, the Department is the result of the claim made by
US won’t be able to discriminate against it. So the people.
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the EU agreement must have led the US to prepare 84. 2; Once again, ev ent (A) is t he immediat e and
in advance. principal cause of event (B). The demand sought
63. 5; The two crises are totally unrelated. While in by the parliamentarians is due to the report
Sierra Leone the Indian soldiers are working revealed by the NGO.
under the aegis of the UN, a military intervention 85. 4; The new security measures have been taken not
in Sri Lanka would involve coming in direct touch. only due to the attack on Parliament in Dec 2001
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64. 1; Event (A) is the effect and the immediate and but also to ensure that the Parliament be more
principal cause behind it is the rampant situation saf e for Par liament ar ians, aiming at the
in Nigeria explained in Event (B). importance of this section of people.
65. 1; The effect described in event (A) is the outcome 86. 1; The estimated loss, owing to the drought, is the
w.
of the request of the parliamentary committee. immediate and principal cause behind the change
66. 3; Event (A) is the effect of Event (B) but Event (B) is in the forecast of the different bodies.
not the immediate and principal cause behind it. 87. 5; Note that Event (B) is a non-event. An event is
67. 5; There is no cause-effect relationship. when something happens, not when something
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68. 1; Event (A) is the effect and Event (B) is the factor does not happen.
responsible for it. Hence, your answer is either 88. 2
1) or 3). Now, check if Event (B) is the immediate 89. 3; Here (A) is the effect. Rejection came from the
and principal cause behind it. Since your answer government because the government considers
is yes, your answer is 1). LTTE a terrorist organisation. (B) explains the
69. 4; Event (B) is the effect and Event (A) is one of the nature of the organisat ion. But it is not the
factors responsible for it. Hence, Event (A) is not principal and immediate cause.
the immediate and principal cause. 90. 1; (A) is the effect because VRS has been aimed at
70. 2; Event (B) is the effect and Event (A) is the main the plan to reduce man power and it is t he
factor responsible for the effect. principal cause behind it.
71. 3; Event (A) is the effect and Event (B) is one of the 91. 1; By an intuitive look it is clear that ‘A’ is the effect
factors responsible for the effect. and ‘B’ is the cause. Hence, we reject options 2),
72. 5; There is no cause-effect relationship. 4) and 5). Now check: Is event (B) immediate and
73. 1; Here event (A) is the effect because the advice principal cause? You get ‘yes’ as your answer.
Hence the correct answer is 1. may be its cause but it is not the immediate and
92. 2; Here ‘A’ is the immediate principal cause and ‘B’ principal cause.
is its effect. 113. 5; Both events are independent of each other.
93. 5; The two events have no causative link with each 114. 1; The second phase is possible only after the first
other. phase.
94. 2; Event (B) is in a form of course of action. And 115. 1; Because of the shortage of CNG filling stations
cause of its requirement is event (A). Hence event the owners of CNG-run vehicles are suffering.
(A) is its immediate and principal cause. 116. 1; Because of (B) the court has ordered so.
95. 5; It is very difficult to determine which is the cause 117. 2; When such riots take place, curfew is a direct
and which the effect. Science has made contact consequence.
easy. And easy contact has made the world a 118. 5; Both are independent events.
global village. 119. 1; Because of (B), ITC has decided so.
96. 5; The two events can’t be connected. 120.5; Both are independent events.
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97. 1; Massive debt swap operation has been initiated 121. 3; There whould be no such speculation on the part
due to the menace of the government’s current of the Australian caption if his team were not
year’s gross fiscal deficit. visiting India in the first place. So the latter is a
98. 3; Subscribers of Hutch and Airtel have increased cuase. But the immediate cause of the warning
and one of the factors of this increase may be the is the speculation.
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recent joint scheme. 122. 5; A can be the cause of B and vice versa.
99. 5; The two events have no apparent causative link 123. 2; Because of the earthquake the weak buildings
with each other. have collapsed and so the government has decided
100.5; There is no cause-effect relationship. to take action against those corrupt builders.
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101. 1; Critical condition of Ivory coast has compelled 124. 1; If less cars are allowed, the sale is bound to drop.
Cadbury to take such an initiative. 125. 1; Event A is clearly a reaction to event B.
102.2; Reduction of its stake in nationalised banks by 126. 1; The protest (Event A) is in response to the levy
the government is a steps towards privatisation imposed (event B).
of bank. And this is a reason of strike in bank by
the bank employees.
e 127. 5
132. 2
128. 2
132. 3
129. 4
134. 3
130. 5
135. 1
131. 2
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103. 1; Because of event (B), government has decided to 136. 3; There may be several causes for the increment
roll back the hike in the prices of cooking gas in entry fee in the Taj Mahal. Event (B) may be
and kerosene. one of the causes. It is also possible that the
104. 4; The SC order is not the immediate cause for the hike in maintenance cost is the other cause of
mob frenzy. It is the implementation of the order. this increment.
105. 5; Both events (A) and (B) are independent of each 137. 1
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other. It is possible that because of the court’s 138. 2; The prices of vegetables has increased because
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pressure or central government’s pressure, the of the strike of rickshaw, taxi and other general
STF has been activated against him. communication. Hence B is the effect and A is
106. 3; This may be the reason for his denial to talk the immediate cause.
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with the media persons but not necessarily the 139. 1; Because of (B), government has started the project
principal and immediate cause. “alert citizen” to curb crimes. Hence `A’ is the
107. 2; As he found cockroaches in the crev ices, he effect and (B) is the cause.
immediately drew the attention of the catering 140. 5
manager. 141. 2
108. 1; The receiving of the information is the immediate 142. 4; Insecurity is a long-run impact of this habit of
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112. 4; (B) may be because of the traffic congestion around schools. Other reasons are a general interest in
CP, bad parking arrangements, etc .... (A) also computers for various purposes.
Practice Exercise–2
1. 1; Here ‘A’ is the cause and ‘B’ is its effect. Farmers 3. 2; The tense of both the statements implies that
do not want to incur any loss further. Hence the the event mentioned in ‘B’ happened before ‘A’.
r eason which led far mer s t o swit ch over t o Through an intuitive look we come to know that
another crop is obvious. ‘A’ is an initiative taken by the government with
2 . 2; A crime has a direct relationship with the condition a view to the people’s concern described in ‘B’.
of law and order. Incidents of crime increase if Hence, ‘B’ is the cause and ‘A’ is its effect.
the condition of law and order is not up to mark. 4. 2; See t he words ‘has’ and ‘hav e been’ in t he
Hence, ‘A’ is the effect of the cause ‘B’. statements ‘A’ and ‘B’ respectively. From these
words we get that ‘B’ happened before ‘A’. Now, 2 0 . 1; ‘B’ is the result of the request made by the local
why did the PM give such an assurance? The traders’ association to its member, as mentioned
answer lies in t he ev ent ment ioned in t he in ‘A’. Hence, ‘A’ is the cause and ‘B’ is its effect.
statement ‘B’. Hence, ‘A’ is the effect and ‘B’ is its 21. 4; It is difficult to link stamp duty and real estate
cause. prices with certainty.
5. 5; Both the events are the effects of a common cause, 2 2 . 2; It there are large exports, considerable profit is
ie heavy rain in the city. quite likely.
6. 1; Drop out from the primary schools from rural areas 23. 4; Both (A) and (B) are contradictory statements (to
may be an effect of poor facility of education. Note each ot her). The st udent s who did not get
that lack of interest in study because of poor admission in t he gov er nment engineering
infrastructure increases the number of dropouts colleges must have gone to the private engineering
from schools. Hence, A is the cause and B is its colleges. But this has not happened. Hence, both
effect. the statements (A) and (B) are the effects of
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7. 2; The event mentioned in B caused resentment independent causes.
among the people, which made the people unruly, 24. 4; This is a case of contradictions. Statement (B)
as a result of which the police resorted to lathi says that the priority sector is the better sector
charge to br ing the situation under control. for the banks to invest in. Despite this, the banks
Hence, B is the cause and A is its effect. have decided to increase the rate of interest on
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8. 5; Both A and B are the effects of a common cause: the advances to be given to the priority sector.
to facilitate travelling for overseas destinations Hence, (B) is obviously not behind the decision
through air route. of increasing the rate of interest. Rather, it should
9. 5; Note that the real concern of the opposition is have gotten some favour. Hence, both (A) and (B)
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the government’s economic policy. Also, a faulty are effects of independent causes.
economic policy results in sharp increase in 25. 2; Why is there a need for allowing the private
prices of commodities. Hence, both A and B are air line companies t o oper at e on specified
the effects of a common cause - the economic international routes? Obviously, an increase in
10. 4;
policy of the government.
Both A and B are effects of independent causes.
e the flow of foreign tourists to India is behind the
decision. Hence, (B) is the cause and (A) is its
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The ef fect mentioned in A is t he r esult of effect.
‘adulteration’ whereas the effect mentioned in B [Note: Here, we have to look for such a statement
is the result of ‘natural disaster’. which may be the effect of the other statement.]
11. 4; Both A and B are effects of different causes. I is 26. 5; Both are the efforts made by the government to
an init iat iv e t aken to ensur e driving free of keep the price of petroleum products low. Hence,
hindrances whereas the cause which led the both ‘A’ and ‘B’ are effects of a common cause.
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event B is the lack of signal posts. 27. 1; The event mentioned in t he st at ement ‘A’
12. 2; Statement A mention the initiative taken by the compelled the cit izens to init iat e securit y
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local steel company because of the request made measures as mentioned in the statement ‘B’.
by the local civic body. Hence, B is the cause and Hence, ‘A’ is the cause and ‘B’ is its effect.
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A is the effect. 28. 2 ; Here the decision taken by the government (as
13. 4; Both A and B are eff ects. A is the r esult of mentioned in statement ‘A’) is aimed at equipping
disciplinary act ion taken by t he government private universities so that these universities can
against the carelessness of the police. Whereas facilitate more students to pursue their desired
B is the result of alacrity and vigilance of the course.
police. Now, from statement ‘B’ we come to know that
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14. 2; A is the result of resentment caused by B. Hence, the government is compelled to do so because of
B is the cause and A is its effect. the continuous decrease in the number of students
15. 4 enrolled for various courses. Hence, ‘B’ is the
16. 2; From the given two statements (A) and (B) it is cause and ‘A’ is its effect.
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obv ious t hat the employees have t aken t he 29. 1; Here the effort (mentioned in ‘B’) has been taken
initiative because of the resentment caused by by the government to control the prices of the
the policy announced by the management. Hence, grain so that the interest of the farmers can be
(B) is the cause and (A) its effect. protected. Note that fresh stock of gains in the
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17. 2; Here, it is clear that the event mentioned in (B) market can reduce the prices of grain sharply.
happened earlier than the event mentioned in Hence, ‘A’ is the cause and ‘B’ is its effect.
(A). See the key wor ds ‘last week’ and ‘fr om 30. 1; Here the decision taken by the parents is the
immediate effect’. From the two statements it r esult of the decision t aken by t he school
seems that the initiatives taken by the public authority. Hence, 'A' is the cause and 'B' is its
sector telecom service provider may have been effect.
taken in order to compete with the private sector 31. 4; Here ‘A’ is the effect of the resentment among the
telecom service provider. Hence, (B) is the cause villagers. Whereas ‘B’ is the effect of the efforts
and (A) its effect. aimed at electoral reforms. Hence, both ‘A’ and ‘B’
18. 4; Here, both the statements (A) and (B) are effects are effects of independent causes.
of independent causes. 32. 4; 'A' may be the effect of the increase in demand 'B'
19. 2; The condition mentioned in ‘B’ compelled the is the effect of the aim to increase literacy rate.
government to take initiative as mentioned in ‘A’. Hence, both 'A' and 'B' are effects of independent
Hence, ‘B’ is the cause and ‘A’ is its effect. causes.
33. 1; The initiative mentioned in 'B' has been aimed at 57. 2; High marks have become so commonplace that
because of the concern raised in 'A'. Hence 'A' is merit lists have lost their meaning.
the cause and 'B' is its effect. 58. 2; The large number of SSC qualif ier s has
34. 5; Both the effects 'A' and 'B' may have a common necessitated the opening of more junior colleges.
cause like bandh called by a political party, etc. 59. 4; A is the effect of some climate change. But B is
35. 2; Here 'B' is the cause of the event mentioned in something that has been happening since time
'A'. immemorial.
36. 2; Here the impediment mentioned in 'B' is caused 60. 5; Both the statements have been necessitated by a
by 'A'. Hence, 'B' is the cause and 'A' is its effect. common cause: the fear of outbreak of diseases
37. 2; It is the effort of the social activists which forced during monsoon.
the government to take the initiative. Hence, 'B' 61. 2; The increase in accidents again and again has
is the cause and 'A' is its effect. led the govt to strike a cautionary note.
38. 5; Both 'A' and 'B' are the effects of the new economic 62. 2; Clearly, the accident in B led to the decision in
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scenario of the world. Hence, both 'A' and 'B' are A.
effects of a common cause. 63. 1; The fog in A led to the flight delays in B.
39. 2; The preventive measure taken by the government 64. 3; The two are contradictory and therefore can't be
is to restrict unpleasant incidences caused by connected.
terrorists. Hence, 'B' is the cause and 'A' is its 65. 5; Both are effects of a common cause – people's
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effect. desire to drive cars.
40. 1; It seems that activeness of Road Development 66. 5; The overcrowding in A has led to pollution in B.
Authorities is the result of the order issued by 67. 2; Since Class X results were higher, the cutoff
the High Court. Hence, 'A' is the cause and 'B' is percentages for junior colleges (Class XI) are
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its effect. bound to increase.
41. 2; The flood has led to the epidemics. 68. 1; The bad condition of the highways has prompted
42. 2; Reduction in taxes aff ects t he pr ices of the the govt to take the step.
product. Hence, 'B' is the cause and 'A' is its effect. 69. 5; Both seem to be the effects of poor teaching in
43. 1; Paying capacity of a customer plays an important
role in shopping. Hence, 'A' is the cause and 'B'
e the local school.
70. 1; Clearly, rain and thunder showers forced the
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is its effect. people to stay indoors.
44. 1; Destruction of an oil refinery can create problem 71. 2; Health-consciousness has led to the sale of fat-
in ensuring smooth availability of oils. Hence, 'A' free food articles.
is the cause and 'B' is its effect. 72. 1; Since there have been heavy rains, there will
45. 2; Withdrawal of grant will increase the financial now be ample water and this will obviate the
bur den of t he gov er nment medical colleges, need to cut the water supply.
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whereas the increase in the number of seats will 73. 2; Obviously, the high cost of private travel has
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increase the revenue of the government medical given a boost to Govt transport.
colleges. Hence, 'B' is the cause and 'A' is its 74. 1; The rise in vegetable prices will be one of the
effect. factors in the increase in consumer price index.
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46. 4 75. 5; Both are the effects of some crime having been
47. 5; It can be safely assumed that Party X was earlier committed or a suspicion thereof.
in the opposition and has benefited from anti- 76. 2; Clearly, employees have been prompted to go on
incumbency. But A and B are consequences of a leave on Friday because they would like to take
common cause — bad governance by the ruling advantage of (B).
party. 77. 2; In order to check the menace of poor eating habits,
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48. 1; Since the staff members have gone on strike, the schools have banned the sale of fast food.
help of outsiders has been sought. 78. 5; Bot h ar e ef f ect s of a common cause — the
49. 4; (A) seems to have happened as X is a better recession.
college. (B) seems to be the result of the falling 79. 1; The unhealthy competition leads to the negative
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51. 1; The r obberies hav e led t o a demand of 82. 2; Changes in wind pattern have caused increase
improvement in security situation. in temperature.
52. 1; Since the prices of cement have increased, there 83. 1; The motorists' hardship has led to the municipal
are fewer customers now. An impact on profit sanction.
has made businessmen less likely to venture in 84. 2; Lack of projects has led to the lay-off.
this industry. Hence the govt has decided to 85. 1; The attractive schemes are attempts to boost sales.
provide tax break. 86. 4
53. 5; Both the events are the consequences of atrocities 87. 2; Job market is an impor tant consideration in
committed by corrupt police officials. determining the curriculum of schools.
54. 4; There may have been different reasons for the 88. 5; There seems to be some common cause that is
opting of these subjects. leading t o deter ior at ion in bot h kinds of
55. 4; There seems to be no connection between the education.
two events. 89. 5; Hike in fuel prices seems to be the common cause.
56. 2; Clearly, heavy discounts led to the rush. 90. 4; The two effects are unrelated.
91. 1; The farmers' decision is apparently an effect of 112. 1; The govt initiat iv e has led to great er wheat
change in the soil. cultivation.
92. 1; The report to the police led to the criminal's 113. 1; Brake failure led to the accident.
arrests. 114. 2; Since the level is lower, the govt has decided to
93. 2; The murders have led to the announcement of boost English language education.
the award. 115. 2; Since pedestrian movement was getting blocked,
94. 1; The st one-pelt ing led t o the wounded being the authority demolished the tea stall.
brought to the hospitals. 116. 1; The leaving of students led to the urgent action
95. 4; A is the effect of summer vacation while B is the by the authority.
effect of trying to get relief in summer. 117. 2; The pressure of the social activists has led to the
96. 5; Both are the effects of the fact that festivals cause banning.
fatigue. 118. 4; The two are contradictory and must be the effects
97. 4; (A) is the effect of the presence of some wicked of independent causes.
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youngsters living in the locality while (B) is the 119. 2; The large number of terrorist attacks has led to
effect of a rather peaceful atmosphere. tightened security checks.
98. 3; There seems to be no connection between the 120.1; The court order has led to the urgent work.
syllabus of Std IX and admission to colleges. 121. 2; The flood has led to epidemics.
99. 2; The "considerable profit" has led to the "hefty 122. 2 123. 4
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bonus". 124. 2 125. 2
100. 1; The repair work has led to the diversion. 126. 2
101. 5; Both are the effects of a recession in the economy. 127. 1; The effect mentioned in B has direct relationship
102. 2; The bumper crop has led to the largesse shown with the number of unemployed persons. Hence,
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by the govt. A is the cause which led to B.
103. 3; (A) happened so that students could see more of 128. 2; Soar ing of pr ices of vegetable has direct
the world. (B) happened so that the school may relationship with the availability of vegetables
attend to other important tasks. and also with the demand of vegetable. The event
104. 4; (A) has happened because of increased supply of
fruits. (B) has happened because of decreased
e mentioned in B has a negative impact on the
availability of vegetables. Hence, B is the cause
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supply of foodgrains. which led to B.
105. 5; Both the statements seem to have a common 129. 5; Both B and B are effects of independent causes.
cause—agitation on a large scale. Manuf act uring of soaps or increase in it s
106. 1; The fear of rain has led to the tournament being production has no relationship (as mentioned)
called off. with the coastal environment. Hence, option 5).
107. 2; The surge in complaints has led the banks to 130. 5; Is B the cause which led to A? Answer is ‘No’.
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receive them in an electronic mode. Again, is B the cause which led to B? Answer is
108. 1; The shortage in production has led to the import ‘No’. Thus, bot h A and B
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decision. are eff ects of independent causes. Hence,
109. 5; Both are the effects of a common cause. The optoption 5).
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Railways has gone in a reviving mode. 131. 3; Increase in water level of all water tanks and the
110. 5; Bot h ar e the ef f ect s of gear ing up on t he problem of water-logging on the tracks are the
environmental front. result of increase of water availability or surplus
111. 2; The bur den is sought to be r educed by the of water (due to rain). Hence, both the events are
amended tax laws. effects of the same cause.
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Practice Exercise–3
1. 4 2. 3 3. 3 9. 3; Crude prices have a direct bearing on the prices
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4. 1 5. 2 of petroleum products.
6. 2; W e of t en hear of accident s leading t o such 10. 1; The effect is a win-win solution to this cause.
injuries. 11. 3; Tax is only one component of the price. So, the
7. 1; The very purpose of hiking the procurement price increase in price will be there but the increase
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Inequality
Introduction Ex. 1: Inequalities: A > B, C > D
Here, there are four terms A, B, C and D but they
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Problems based on inequalities and coded inequalities do not have a common term. Hence these two
involve essentially combination of two elementary problems inequalities cannot be combined.
(as very name of the chapter suggests) (i) Inequalities and Ex. 2: Inequalities: A B, M N
(ii) coding Here, also there are four terms A, B, M and N but
In such problems coding part is not a big challenge
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the common term is missing. Hence they cannot
because coding scheme is told entirely in the question be combined.
itself. Therefore, to decode the inequalities in a given ( 2) Two inequalities can be combined if and only if
problem would not mean any more headache than a couple the common term is greater than (or ‘greater
of extra seconds. than or equal to’) one and less than (or ‘less
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Essentially it is a problem of inequalities and it is than or equal to’) the other. (And the combined
this aspect that should be mastered. Hence we first learn inequality will have the common term in the middle
the basics of inequalities. with the greater and the smaller terms on the two
extremes.) Look at the examples given below:
What is an Inequality?
We know that the result of multiplication between 3
e Ex. 3: Inequalities: A > B, B > C.
Here, common term B is greater than one term C
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and 2 and the number 6 are equal. Since they are equal and less than the other, A. So a combination is
it is an equality. In the same way, 3 × 3 6. Here the possible.
product of 3 and 3 is not equal to the number 6. And Combined inequality:
since they are not equal, it is an inequality. A > B > C or C < B < A
Ex. 4: Inequalities: A B, C < B.
Signs of Inequalities Here common term B is less than (or equal to)
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There are, usually, four types of inequalities as given one term, A, and greater than the other term, C:
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below: Hence, combination is possible.
( i ) Greater than: To denote mathematically, we use Combined inequality:
‘>’ to denote greater than. For example, 3 × 3 > 6. A B > C or C < B A
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we have ‘’ meaning ‘greater than or equal to’. Ex. 7: Inequalities: A B, B < C.
So, x y means x is either greater than or equal to y. Here, common term B is less than (or equal to)
( iv) Less than or equal to: Similarly, as above, we both terms. No combination possible.
may have two numbers a and b and all that we Ex. 8: Inequalities: B A, C B.
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know is that ‘a is not greater than b’. In this case Here, common term B is greater than (or equal to)
a can be either equal to or less than b. Such situations one term, A, and less than (or equal to) another
can be represented as ‘’ sign. Thus we have ‘’ term, C. Hence, combination is possible.
meaning ‘less than or equal to’. Combined inequality:
So, a b means a is either less than or equal to b. A B C or C B A.
Ex. 9: Inequalities: A B, B C. Here, common term B
Combining Inequalities is less t han (or equal to) bot h A and C
combination is not possible.
W e have t wo golden rules f or combining t wo
Ex. 10: Inequalities: B A, B C.
inequalities as given below:
Here, common term B is less than (or equal to)
(1) Two inequalities can be combined if and only if
one term A; and greater than (or equal to other
they have a common term. Look at the examples
term, C. Combination is possible.
given below:
Combined inequality:
A B C or C B A.
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that will illustrate the concept:
Ex. 11: Derive a conclusion from the following combined Now, this needs some thinking. What do we mean by
inequalities: relevant statements? By a relevant statement we mean
(i) x > y > z the statement that is not useless for deriving a conclusion.
(ii) x < y < z If there is a conclusion, say, x > y then a statement like b
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Soln.: (i) x > z > c is useless because this statement has neither x nor y.
((ii) x < z. Therefore any analysis of this statement can’t tell us
Ex. 12: However, when we have ‘’ signs in the combined anything about the conclusion: x > y. For any conclusion,
inequalit ies, t hen the pr ocess is a bit mor e the relevant statements are those that can be combined to
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thought-provoking. For example, consider the prove or disprove that conclusion. How do we find the
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following combined inequality: relevant statements?
x y > z. It is simple ....
Here, x is either greater than y or equal to y. To decide which stat ement s ar e r elev ant f or a
conclusion; take the two terms of a given conclusion and
Therefore the minimum value for x is equal to y.
But y is always greater than z. Therefore, x is
e see if each of them separately appears with a single
common term in the given statements in the question.
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always greater t han z (because even when x
attains its least value it is equal to y and y is These statements will be our “relevant statements”.
always greater than z. Therefore x will always be To understand the above look at the example given
great er t han z). Hence, the inequalit y as below:
conclusion is: Ex. 16: Suppose after performing Step I, we have the
x > z. following given statements and conclusions.
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Here, x is always greater than y and y is either Conclusions: I. M < K II. L > N
greater than z or equal to it. When y is greater Now, take conclusion I (M < K). For this we find
that the relevent statements are
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xyz
Here x is either greater than y or equal to y. When Use the three golden rules to combine the relevant
x is greater than y; we have: x z which gives the statements and derive a conclusion from it. Those three
conclusion x > z ... (a) [see Ex. 13] golden rules are:
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Ex. 15: Derive a conclusion from the following combined and only if the both the inequalities in second step had a
inequalites: ‘’ or a ‘’ sign. In all other cases, there will be a ‘>’ or a ‘<‘
(i) L = M K sign in the conclusion.
(ii)) L = M > N For illustration consider the previous example. We
Soln.: (i) L K have found that
(ii) L > N ( i ) for conclusion I (M < K) the relevant statements
are:
Strategy to Solve Problems on Inequality and M = L, L K
Coded Inequality We combine them and get M = L < K
M K. This is Step III.
There are various steps needed to solve the problem
Now, M K does not imply that M < K because M
as given below:
K allows for M to be even equal to K, which is not
t rue in case of M < K Hence t his conclusion
(Conclusion I) doesnot follow.
( i i) for Conclusion II (L > N), the relevant statements Note: Check 4 merely tells you that one number can only
are: have three positions vis-a-vis another number. It
M > N, L = M can be either less than or equal to or greater than
After combining, we get L = M > N L > N the other.
Hence, Conclusion II follows. This is true universally of any two numbers. That is,
After performing these three steps, if a conclusion is [A B or A > B] is a universally correct statement, because
established and verified, well and good. If not, then perform A can be either (less than or equal to) or (greater than) B.
the following four checks: Thus, for any two numbers A and B the following are
Check 1: Check if the conclusion directly follows from only always correct:
single given statement. (i) (A B) or (A > B)
Somet imes a st at ement may be in t he f or m of (ii) (A < B) or (A B)
A B and one conclusion may be in t he f or m of (iii) (A > B) or (A B)
B A. Obviously both these are completely identical but (iv) (A B) or (A < B)
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sometimes we are prone to ignore such minor tricks of We can call these four pairs of statements as our
the examiner. complementary pairs. Obviously since one out of the
Ex. 17: For example consider the following: two statements will always be true in such cases, we
(Let mean >, mean , mean =, mean <, choose “either follows” as our answer. But remember, we
mean ) choose this as our answer only if neither of the two
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Let, given statement: E F, C D, F G, D F statements have been otherwise proved in any previous
Conclusion: I. G F. step. This is because if we have already proved that A < B
Here, conclusion I is G F or G F and it is is definitely true it is ridiculous to still settle for the rather
identical to F G or F G. Hence, it directly uncertain- looking answer that “ either A < B is true or A
K eri
follows from one single statement. B is true”. To understand this point better, consider Ex
Check 2: The conclusion you reach after the Third Step 18 and Ex 19 below.
may be identical to the given conclusion although it may not Ex. 18: Statements: A B, B = D, D C, C B
look so in the first glance. Check. Conclusions: I. A C
For Example if you arrive at a conclusion- inequality: A
B then a given conclusion B A is obviously true.
e II. A < C
Soln.: Here, both conclusions are between A and C. We
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Check 3: If after the third step you get a conclusion that see that A and C appear with a common term B
has a ‘’ (or a ‘’) sign and the two given conclusions have a ‘>’ in
(or a ‘<‘) sign and a ‘=’ sign between the same terms; the choice A B and C B.
either I or II follows is correct. (Very Imp.) So these are our relevant statements. They can
For example, suppose you reach A B after performing be combined because they have a common term
the Third Step. Now suppose the given conclusions are: and because the common term B is less than ( or
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I. A > B and II. A = B. Then, the choice “either I or II equal to) one term A and greater than (or equal to)
KUNDAN
follows” is correct Similarly if you conclude that M N another term B.
and the given conclusions are I. M < N and II. M = N then Combining we get: A C.
again the same answer follows. So, conclusion I follows.
arn
Note: Check 3 merely tells you that if you have concluded Ex. 19: Statements: A B, B = D, D C, B C
that [A B] you can as well write it as [A > B or A Conclusions: I. A C
= B]. Again, if you have concluded that [A B] you II. A < C
can as well write it as [either A < B or A = B]. Soln.: By the same analysis as in Ex 18; our relevant
Check 4: If the two given conclusions have a statements are: A B, B C.
(i) ‘’ and ‘>’ signs, or Now, these two can not be combined because the
Le
(ii) ‘<’ and ‘’ signs, or common term B is less than (or equal to) both A
(iii) ‘>’ and ‘’ signs, or and C. Hence, no conclusion is possible.
(iv) ‘’ and ‘<‘ signs But t he t wo conclusions I and II f orm a
between the same terms; and if neither of the conclusion complementary pair. And hence either of them
w.
has been accepted in any of the steps above; the choice “either must follow.
of the two follows” is correct. (Important) [Note that we had the same complementary pair as our
For example, suppose in a given question, the given answer-choices in both Ex 18 and Ex 19. Yet we did not
conclusions are: choose “either follows” in Ex 18 because there conclusion
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Illustrative Example
We will now demonstrate how to utilise the above Now we will take each of the questions separately and
discussed method to quickly solve problems of this type. perform step II and III for each of the conclusions.
Directions (Q. 1-5): In the following questions, the 1. (i) Conclusion I: Relevant statements are:
symbols , , , , and are used with following L = M, L K.
meaning: Combining, we get: M K. This does not match
‘P Q’ means ‘P is greater than Q’. with the given conclusion; M < K.
‘P Q’ means ‘P is either greater than or equal to Q’. (ii) Conclusion II: Relevant statements are:
‘P Q’ means ‘P is equal to Q’. M > N, L = M.
‘P Q’ means ‘P is smaller than Q’. Combining, we get L > N. Hence, only conclusion
‘P Q’ means ‘P is either smaller than or equal to Q’. II follows. Correct answer: 2
Now in each of the following questions, assuming 2 . (i) Conclusion I: Relevant statements are:
.in
the given statements to be true, find which of the two E = F, F G.
conclusions I and II given below them is / are Combining, we get E G. This does not match
definitely true. Give answer with the conclusion given: E > G.
1) if only conclusion I is true; (ii) Conclusion II: Relevant statements are:
ng
2) if only conclusion II is true; C < D, D = E.
3) if either I or II is true; Combining we get, C < E. This does not match
4) if neither I nor II is true; and with C = E. Hence both conclusions are rejected.
5) if both I and II are true. Check 1, 2, 3, 4 are also futile. Correct answer: 4
eri
1. Statements: M N, L M, O N, L K 3. (i) Conclusion I: Relevant statements are:
K
Conclusions: I. M K O = N, M = O, L M.
II. L N Combining the first two, we get M = N. Combining
2. Statements: E F, C D, F G, D E this with L M, we get: L N. This means that
Conclusions: I. E G conclusion I does not follow.
3.
II. C E
Statements: L M, O N, L H, M O e (ii) Conclusion II: We have already seen that L N
follows. This is different from L > N. So conclusion
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Conclusions: I. L N II does not follow. But, by virtue of Check 3,
II. L N choice 3 is correct.
4. Statements: Z Y, K L, Y X, Z K 4. (i) Conclusion I: Conclusion I is Y > L. Now, from
Conclusions: I. Y L the given statements, Y and L do not appear
II. Y L separately with a single common term. Y appears
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KUNDAN
II. S R statements. They are:
Soln.: In First Step, we quickly decode the symbol. Thus Z Y, Z > K, K = L
we have: Combining Z Y and Z > K, we get: Y > K. Now,
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Coded Inequality
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Exercise
ng
Directions (Q. 1-5): In the following questions, cer- 1) if only conclusion I is true;
tain symbols are used with the following meaning: 2) if only conclusion II is true;
P Q means P is greater than Q. 3) if either I or II is true;
eri
P © Q means P is either greater than or equal to Q. 4) if neither I nor II is true; and
P = Q means P is equal to Q. 5) if both I and II are true.
K
P @ Q means P is smaller than Q. 6. Statements: P A, I D, K A, I P
P @ Q means P is either smaller than or equal to Q.
Now in each of the following questions assuming the
e 7.
Conclusions: I. I K II. D A
Statements: U S, N A, H U, A S
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given statements to be true, find which of the two conclu-
sions I and II given below them is/are definitely true? Give Conclusions: I. U A II. A U
answer
8. Statements: E D, K A, E R, A D
1) if only conclusion I is true;
2) if only conclusion II is true; Conclusions: I. K A II. K R
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KUNDAN
1. Statements: I © V, R @ D, E @ V, R = I 10. Statements: E L, A N, E V, A V
arn
meaning. sions I and II given below them is/are definitely true? Give
P Q means P is greater than Q. answer
1) if only conclusion I is true;
P Q means P is either greater than or equal to Q.
2) if only conclusion II is true;
P Q means P is equal to Q. 3) if either I or II is true;
P Q means P is smaller than Q. 4) if neither I nor II is true; and
P Q means P is either smaller than or equal to Q. 5) if both I and II are true.
11. Statements: D # H, I R, R H
Now in each of the following questions assuming the
Conclusions: I. D $ I II. R D
given statements to be true, find which of the two conclu-
12. Statements: K I, S $ H, K # H
sions I and II given below them is/are definitely true? Give
Conclusions: I. S £ K II. H I
answer
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P @ Q means P is either greater than or equal to Q. P £ Q means P is greater than Q.
P Q means P is equal to Q. P $ Q means P is either greater than or equal to Q.
P Q means P is smaller than Q. P @ Q means P is equal to Q.
ng
P Q means P is either smaller than or equal to Q. P Q means P is smaller than Q.
Now in each of the following questions assuming the P > Q means P is either smaller than or equal to Q.
given statements to be true, find which of the two conclu- Now in each of the following questions assuming the
sions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give given statements to be true, find which of the two conclu-
eri
answer sions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give
1) if only conclusion I is true; answer
K
2) if only conclusion II is true; 1) if only conclusion I is true;
3) if either I or II is true;
4) if neither I nor II is true; and
e 2) if only conclusion II is true;
3) if either I or II is true;
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5) if both I and II are true. 4) if neither I nor II is true; and
16. Statements: X @ Y, Z R, Y Z 5) if both I and II are true.
Conclusions: I. X @ R II. Y R 26. Statements: I > J, K @ J > L, H $ J
17. Statements: B @ C, C D, D E Conclusions: I. J £ L II. I > H
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KUNDAN
arn
the symbols ÷, ×, +, – and are used with the following Directions (Q. 31-35): In the following questions,
meanings: the symbol , , , and are used with the following
P ÷ Q means P is greater than Q.
meanings:
P × Q means P is either greater than or equal to Q.
P Q means P is greater than Q.
w.
P + Q means P is equal to Q.
P – Q means P is smaller than Q. P Q means P is either greater than or equal to Q.
P Q means P is either smaller than or equal to Q. P Q means P is equal to Q.
ww
Now in each of the following questions assuming the P Q means P is smaller than Q.
given statements to be true, find which of the two conclu- P Q means P is either smaller than or equal to Q.
sions I and II given below them is/are definitely true? Give Now in each of the following questions, assuming
answer the given statements to be true, find which of the two con-
1) if only conclusion I is true; clusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give
2) if only conclusion II is true; answer
3) if either I or II is true; 1) if only conclusion I is true;
4) if neither I nor II is true; and 2) if only conclusion II is true;
5) if both I and II are true. 3) if either I or II is true;
21. Statements: Q ÷ B, J – E, L B, J × Q 4) if neither I nor II is true; and
Conclusions: I. J + L II. E + B 5) if both I and II are true.
22. Statements: F ÷ M, B O, F – W, B + W
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43. Statements: R b T, N a T, S b T
35. Statements: I J, L M, J M
Conclusions: I. R b U II. R U
Conclusions: I. J L II. L J 44. Statements: Y b Z, S Z, T b Z
Directions (Q. 36-40): In the following questions,
ng
Conclusions: I. Y b T II. Y b S
the symbols , , , , and are used as fol- 45. Statements: M b L, M a N, O a N
lows: Conclusions: I. L b O II. N M
A B means A is greater than B. Directions (Q. 46-50): In a particular method of cod-
eri
A B means A is greater than or equal to B. ing the symbols a, a , b, b and are used with the
following meaning:
K
A B means B is greater than A.
A a B means A is greater than or equal to B
A B means B is greater than or equal to A.
A B means A is equal to B. e A a B means A is equal to B
A b B means B is greater than or equal to A
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Now, in the following questions, assuming the three A b B means B is greater than A
given statements to be true, decide upon the validity of the A B means A is greater than B
given conclusions. Give answer On the basis of the above scheme and assuming each
1) if only conclusion I follows of the given statements to be true, decide which of the given
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KUNDAN
5) if both conclusions follow 3) if either conclusion I or II follows
arn
Conclusions: I. Y X II. T a X
Conclusions: I. S P II. T M Directions (Q. 51-55): In the following questions,
Directions (Q. 41-45): In a particular method of cod- the symbols ©, $, #, @ and are used with the following
ing the symbols a, a , b, b and are used with the meaning:
following meaning: P © Q means P is greater than Q.
A a B means A is greater than or equal to B P $ Q means P is either greater than or equal to Q.
A a B means A is equal to B P # Q means P is equal to Q.
A b B means B is greater than or equal to A P @ Q means P is smaller than Q.
A b B means B is greater than A P Q means P is either smaller than or equal to Q.
A B means A is greater than B. Now in each of the following questions, assuming
On the basis of the above scheme and assuming each the given statements to be true, find which of the two con-
of the given statements to be true, decide which of the given clusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give
answer answer
1) if only conclusion I is true; 1) if only conclusion I is true.
2) if only conclusion II is true; 2) if only conclusion II is true.
3) if either I or II is true; 3) if either conclusion I or II is true.
4) if neither I nor II is true; and 4) if neither conclusion I nor II is true.
5) if both I and II are true. 5) if both conclusions I and II are true.
51. Statements: A $ K, M # N, K N, Q © A 61. Statements : A £ N, B = M, A * 5, B # 5
Conclusions: I. A # M II. K @ Q Conclusions: I. N # B II. M @ N
52. Statements: K # S, L X, D $ K, S X 62. Statements: T * C, U @ Y, T = Y, U £ T
Conclusions: I. S L II. D $ S Conclusions: I. C # U II. U @ T
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53. Statements: F # T, H M, T © R, F @ M 63. Statements: D # E, F £ G, D @ H, F # E
Conclusions: I. R H II. M T Conclusions : I. H = G II. G # E
54. Statements: G $ I, D © E, E @ I, I D 64. Statements: I @ K, R = U, O @ I, R * O
ng
Conclusions: I. G $ E II. G # D Conclusions: I. O @ U II. O # U
55. Statements: V © W, L @ W, V $ P 65. Statements: A @ B, N * M, M £ A, B # N
Conclusions: I. V © L II. P # L Conclusions : I. M # N II. M = N
Directions (Q. 56-60): In the following questions, Directions (Q. 66-70): In the questions given below,
eri
the symbols #, *, @, $ and are used with the following certain symbols are used with the following meanings:
meaning: P * Q means P is neither equal to nor smaller than Q.
K
P # Q means P is greater than Q. P Q means P is not smaller than Q.
P * Q means P is either greater than or equal to Q.
P @ Q means P is equal to Q.
e P $ Q means P is neither greater nor smaller than Q.
P £ Q means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q.
gin
P $ Q means P is smaller than Q. P @ Q means P is not greater than Q.
P Q means P is either smaller than or equal to Q. Now in each of the following questions, assuming
Now in each of the following questions, assuming the given statements to be true, find which of the two con-
the given statements to be true, find which of the two con- clusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give
En
clusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give answer
answer 1) if only conclusion I is true.
1) if only conclusion I is true; 2) if only conclusion II is true.
2) if only conclusion II is true;
KUNDAN
3) if either conclusion I or II is true.
arn
1) if only conclusion I is true. clusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give
2) if only conclusion II is true. answer
3) if either conclusion I or conclusion II is true. 1) if only conclusion I is true;
4) if neither conclusion I nor conclusion II is true. 2) if only conclusion II is true;
5) if both conclusion I and conclusion II are true. 3) if either I or II is true;
71. Statements: B ÷ D, H - I, M = N, Q × R 4) if neither I nor II is true; and
Conclusions: I. H + M II. I + N 5) if both I and II are true.
72. Statements: M × N, E - F, K ÷ L, C = L 81. Statements: C + E, F $ U, U * Q, Q @ C
Conclusions: I. M + F II. C - K Conclusions: I. Q $ E II. Q @ E
73. Statements: Y + B, X - Y, A ÷ B 82. Statements: U * V, V $ X, W @ M, X + W
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Conclusions: I. A ÷ X II. B × X Conclusions: I. W @ U II. M # X
74. Statements: C - F, P - T, C × T, F - R 83. Statements: E + Q, F $ V, G * Q, F @ E
Conclusions: I. C ÷ P II. F ÷ T Conclusions: I. E $ V II. E + G
ng
75. Statements: Q + S, S ÷ Z, Z - W, S = T 84. Statements: F * G, H $ I, I # F, H @ L
Conclusions: I. T × W II. W ÷ T Conclusions: I. I @ L II. I * G
Directions (Q. 76-80): In the following questions, 85. Statements: Q $ R, O # N, N @ S, S * Q
the symbols ©, =, @, , and @ used with the following Conclusions: I. Q + O II. R $ N
eri
meanings: Directions (Q. 86-90): In the following questions the
P © Q means P is not smaller than Q. symbols , ©, #, @ and @ used with the following mean-
K
P = Q means P is neither greater than nor smaller than Q. ings:
P @ Q means P is not greater than Q.
P Q means P is neither smaller than nor equal to Q. e A B means A is neither smaller than nor equal to B.
A © B means A is not smaller than B.
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P @ Q means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q. A # B means A is neither smaller than nor greater than B.
Now in each of the following questions, assuming A @ B means A is neither greater than nor equal to B.
the given statements to be true, find which of the two con- A @ B means A is not greater than B.
clusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give Now in each of the following questions, assuming
En
answer the three statements to be true, find which of the two conclu-
1) if only conclusion I is true; sions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give
2) if only conclusion II is true; answer
KUNDAN
3) if either I or II is true; 1) if only conclusion I is true.
arn
P Q means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q. P © Q means P is neither greater than nor smaller than Q.
Now in each of the following questions, assuming P @ Q means P is not greater than Q.
the given statements to be true, find which of the two con- P @ Q means P is neither smaller than nor equal to Q.
clusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give P Q means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q.
answer Now in each of the following questions, assuming
1) if only conclusion I is true; the given statements to be true, find which of the two con-
2) if only conclusion II is true; clusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give
3) if either I or II is true; answer
4) if neither I nor II is true; and 1) if only conclusion I is true;
5) if both I and II are true. 2) if only conclusion II is true;
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91. Statements: Q © T, B Q, T A 3) if either I or II is true;
Conclusions: I. T @ B II. A @ Q 4) if neither I nor II is true; and
92. Statements: U @ S, W S, S @ O 5) if both I and II are true.
ng
Conclusions: I. U W II. W O 101. Statements: A@L, L K, K@Z
93. Statements: H © K, J @ K, R @ H Conclusions: I. Z © L II. A©K
102. Statements: O@A, U©O, A©E
Conclusions: I. J @ H II. R J
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Conclusions: I. U@A II. E@U
94. Statements: W © Z, M @ L, Z L 103. Statements: P@T, G P, F©G
Conclusions: I. M Z II. L @ W Conclusions: I. F©P II. F@T
K
95. Statements: V P, C © D, P @ D 104. Statements: W@E, P@E, V@W
Conclusions: I. V @ D II. C P
e Conclusions: I. E©V II. E@V
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Directions (Q. 96-100): In the following questions 105. Statements: M L, O©L, J L
the symbols #, *, @, $ and = are used with the following Conclusions: I. M@J II. O J
meanings: 106. Statements: H@I, K@L, I©L
A # B means A is neither smaller than nor equal to B. Conclusions: I. I@K II. K©I
En
A * B means A is not smaller than B. Directions (Q. 107-111): In the following questions,
A @ B means A is neither smaller than nor greater than B.
the symbols , , , and are used with the following
A $ B means A is neither greater than nor equal to B.
A = B means A is not greater than B. meanings:
KUNDAN
P Q means P is not smaller than Q.
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97. Statements: P@ H, P @ J, P = K
Conclusions: I. J = K II. J @ H 3) if either I or II is true;
98. Statements: 3 * 4, 5 $ 6, 5 = 4 4) if neither I nor II is true; and
Conclusions: I. 3 * 5 II. 6 $ 5 5) if both I and II are true.
99. Statements: Q @ R, S # R, S * T 107. Statements: X F, T C, F C
Conclusions: I. R $ S II. Q # S Conclusions: I. X T II. C X
100. Statements: U @ W, W $ Z, W = Y 108. Statements: 2 8, 6 8, 5 6
Conclusions: I. Z $ Y II. Z * Y
Conclusions: I. 5 8 II. 5 2
Directions (Q. 101-106): In the following questions,
the symbols , ©, @, @and are used with the following 109. Statements: S N, O R, S R
meanings: Conclusions: I. N O II. O S
P Q means P is not smaller than Q.
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P Q means P is equal to Q. meanings:
P Q means P is smaller than Q. P £ Q means P is greater than Q.
P Q means P is either smaller than or equal to Q. P $ Q means P is either greater than or equal to Q.
ng
Now in each of the following questions, assuming P @ Q means P is equal to Q.
the given statements to be true, find which of the two con- P Q means P is smaller than Q.
clusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give P > Q means P is either smaller than or equal to Q.
Now in each of the following questions, assuming
eri
answer
1) if only conclusion I is true; the given statements to be true, find which of the two con-
clusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give
K
2) if only conclusion II is true;
3) if either I or II is true; answer
4) if neither I nor II is true; and
e 1) if only conclusion I is true;
2) if only conclusion II is true;
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5) if both I and II are true.
112. Statements: I$R, Q C, D R, QI 3) if either I or II is true;
Conclusions: I. C*R II. D I 4) if neither I nor II is true; and
5) if both I and II are true.
113. Statements: PL, DK, P D, Q*L
122. Statements: J > R, P @ R > L, H $ R
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KUNDAN
115. Statements: L$J, QJ, L M, QD 124. Statements: Y > H, P N, H @ P
arn
the symbols @, @,, and = are used with the following Conclusions: I. V £ Z II. X @ Z
meanings: Directions (Q. 127-131): In the following questions,
P @ Q means P is greater than Q. the symbols @, @, , and are used with the following
meanings:
w.
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Directions (Q. 132-136): In the following questions,
141. Statements: H J, J * Z, M J
the symbols @, #, , © and are used with the following
Conclusions: I. H * M II. Z £ M
meanings:
Directions (Q. 142-146): In the following questions,
ng
P @ Q means P is not smaller than Q.
the symbols =, >, +, < and × are used with the following
P # Q means P is neither greater than nor smaller than Q.
meanings:
P Q means P is not greater than Q.
P = Q means P is not smaller than Q.
P © Q means P is neither smaller than nor equal to Q.
eri
P > Q means P is neither greater than nor smaller than Q.
P Q means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q. P + Q means P is not greater than Q.
Now in each of the following questions, assuming P < Q means P is neither smaller than nor equal to Q.
K
the given statements to be true, find which of the two con- P × Q means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q.
answer e
clusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give Now in each of the following questions, assuming
gin
the given statements to be true, find which of the two con-
1) if only conclusion I is true; clusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give
2) if only conclusion II is true; answer
3) if either I or II is true; 1) if only conclusion I is true;
4) if neither I nor II is true; and 2) if only conclusion II is true;
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KUNDAN
133. Statements: A#E, I©O, U A, I@U
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142. Statement: A = B, P + R, A × P
Conclusions: I. I©A II. E#O Conclusions: I. B < P II. R = B
134. Statements: Q#R, T L, R M, L Q 143. Statement: N < O, E > F, M × O
Conclusions: I. M©T II. T R Conclusions: I. M < N II. E > O
135. Statements: Z N, D G, B Z, D#N 144. Statement: K > L, G = I, Y + Q
Le
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150. Statements: B @ D, E = T, T + P, P * B Conclusions: I. W$V II. W@X
Conclusions: I. P = D II. P * D 161. Statements: D£E, E@F, F G
151. Statements: P = Q, N M, M * R, R + P Conclusions: I. D$G II. E@G
ng
Conclusions: I. P * N II. Q = M Directions (Q 162-166): In the questions given below,
Directions (Q. 152-156): In the following questions, certain symbols are used with the following meanings:
the symbols, *, # $, @ and + are used with the following P Q means P is neither equal to nor smaller than Q.
meanings: P Q means P is not smaller than Q.
eri
P * Q means P is not smaller than Q. P $ Q means P is neither greater nor smaller than Q.
P # Q means P is neither greater than nor smaller than Q. P £ Q means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q.
K
P $ Q means P is not greater than Q. P @ Q means P is not greater than Q.
Now in each of the following questions, assuming the
P @ Q means P is neither smaller than nor equal to Q.
P + Q means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q.
e given statements to be true, find which of the two conclu-
gin
Now in each of the following questions, assuming the sions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give
given statements to be true, find which of the two conclu- answer
sions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give 1) if only conclusion I is true.
answer 2) if only conclusion II is true.
1) if only conclusion I is true; 3) if either conclusion I or II is true.
En
KUNDAN
5) if both I and II are true. Conclusions: I. TQ II. R@T
arn
Conclusions: I. P#L II. P+L the symbols and # are used with the following meanings:
Directions (Q. 157-161): In the following questions the PQ means P is not smaller than Q.
PQ means P is neither greater than nor smaller than Q.
symbols @, $, £, and are used with the following mean-
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certain symbols are used with the following meanings: P ÷ Q means P is neither greater than nor equal Q.
A @ B means A is greater than B. P + Q means P is not greater than Q.
A * B means A is either greater than or equal to B. P © Q P is not equal to Q.
A # B means A is equal to B. Now in each of the following questions, assuming the
ng
A $ B means A is either smaller than or equal to B. given statements to be true, find which of the two conclu-
A + B means A is smaller than B. sions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give
Now in each of the following questions, assuming the Answer
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given statements to be true, find which of the two conclu- 1) if only conclusion I is true.
sions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give 2) if only conclusion II is true.
answer 3) if either conclusion I or II is true.
K
1) if only conclusion I is true. 4) if neither conclusion I nor II is true.
2) if only conclusion II is true.
3) if either conclusion I or II is true.
e 5) if both conclusions I and II are true.
182. Statements: G@H, T+H, T-K, K©Z
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4) if neither conclusion I nor II is true. Conclusions: I. G×Z II. G+Z
5) if both conclusions I and II are true. 183. Statements: N©U, U+M, N×B, M–R
172. Statements: B*I, Y+A, N$I, Y@N Conclusions: I. R×U II. M×B
Conclusions: I. B @ A II. Y + I 184. Statements: P÷M, R×M, S–R, S@Y
173. Statements: M*A, P$O, A*N, N$P Conclusions: I. R@Y II. P÷Y
En
KUNDAN
175. Statements: L#K, S#K, L*B, R$B Conclusions: I. G÷I II. P©R
arn
P @ Q means P is neither equal to nor smaller than Q. P#Q means P is neither greater than nor smaller than Q.
P × Q means P is not smaller than Q. P$Q means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q.
P – Q means P is neither greater nor smaller than Q. P*Q means P is not greater than Q.
w.
P ÷ Q means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q. Now in each of the following questions, assuming the
P + Q means P is not greater than Q. given statements to be true, find which of the two conclu-
P © Q P is not equal to Q. sions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give
Now in each of the following questions, assuming answer
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the given statements to be true, find which of the two con- 1) if only conclusion I is true.
clusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give 2) if only conclusion II is true.
answer 3) if either conclusion I or II is true.
1) if only conclusion I is true. 4) if neither conclusion I nor II is true.
2) if only conclusion II is true. 5) if both I and II are true.
3) if either conclusion I or II is true. 187. Statements: N!O, O#Q, R$Q, O*S
4) if neither conclusion I nor II is true. Conclusions: I. N!R II. Q#S
5) if both conclusions I and II are true. 188. Statements: T@U, U!Q, Q$S, S$U
177. Statements: J – O, T + O, T © Y, E × J Conclusions: I. T!S II. T!Q
Conclusions: I. E © T II. E @ T 189. Statements: C$D, D#E, E!F, F!G
178. Statements: T ÷ R, P @ A, R + A, L – T Conclusions: I. D!G II. C!G
Conclusions: I. L ÷ P II. A @ L 190. Statements: K@L, L!I, I$M, I!N
Conclusions: I. L$M II. K!N
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P + Q means P is not greater than Q. given statements to be true, find which of the two conclu-
Now in each of the following questions, assuming the sions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give
given statements to be true, find which of the two conclu- answer
sions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give 1) if only conclusion I is true.
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answer 2) if only conclusion II is true.
1) if only conclusion I is true. 3) if either conclusion I or II is true.
2) if only conclusion II is true. 4) if neither conclusion I nor II is true.
eri
3) if either conclusion I or II true. 5) if both I and II are true.
4) if neither conclusion I nor II is true. 203. Statements: G@H, TS, H#O, O!S
Conclusions: I. SG II. H@T
K
5) if both conclusions I and II are true.
204. Statements: M@E, A#P, LP, A$M
193. Statements: B @ C, A @ B, C × D
Conclusions: I. A × D
e
II. B @ D
Conclusions: I. E!A
205. Statements: Z!E, RZ, E@B, A$R
II. EP
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194. Statements: M - N, N + P, P × R Conclusions: I. E!R II. B$A
Conclusions: I. P × M II. R + P 206. Statements: KT, S@G, G#H#T
195. Statements: X @ R, R ÷ S, X - T Conclusions: I. S!K II. K#S
Conclusions: I. T × S II. T ÷ S 207. Statements: P@S, AD, A!I, I#S
196. Statements: R @ M, M - Y, Y × Z Conclusions: I. P@I II. S$D
En
KUNDAN
P!Q means P is neither smaller than nor equal to Q.
arn
P © Q means P is equal to Q.
P $ Q means P is smaller than Q. given statements to be true, find which of the two conclu-
P £ Q means P is either smaller than or equal to Q. sions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give
Now in each of the following questions, assuming the answer
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given statements to be true, find which of the two conclu- 1) if only conclusion I is true.
2) if only conclusion II is true.
sions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give
answer 3) if either conclusion I or II is true.
1) if only conclusion I is true; 4) if neither conclusion I nor II is true.
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2) if only conclusion II is true. Conclusions: I. LS II. QP
3) if either conclusion I or II is true. 224. Statements: MT, GT, GH, TK
4) if neither conclusion I nor II is true. Conclusions: I. HK II. HM
5) if both conclusions I and II are true. 225. Statements: TF, TP, G#T, T#P
ng
213. Statements: R@P, B?P, E+B, F×B Conclusions: I. G#P II. G$P
Conclusions: I. P?F II. R×F 226. Statements: K$R, R#T, T#Z, Z$S
214. Statements: G$H, L+K, H+E, M$K Conclusions: I. K + T II. KT
eri
Conclusions: I. G@E II. L@M 227. Statements: Q$M, M+N, N$P, LP
215. Statements: B@K, T?B, T@K, K×S Conclusions: I. Q+L II. P*M
Conclusions: I. T@S II. T×S Directions (Q. 228-232): In the questions given below
K
216. Statements: F×K, P+K, P@H, T?P certain symbols are used with the following meaning:
Conclusions: I. T?F
217. Statements: D$L, L+P, P$T, T@Z
II. H?F
e In the following questions, the symbols , , , and
are used with the following meanings:
gin
Conclusions: I. D$T II. T+D A B means A is neither greater than nor equal to B.
Directions (Q. 218-222): In the questions given below, A B means A is neither greater than nor smaller than B.
certain symbols are used with the following meanings: A B means A is not greater than B.
P + Q means P is neither smaller nor equal to Q.
A B means A is not smaller than B.
P D means P is not smaller than Q.
En
P $ Q means P is neither greater nor smaller than Q. A B means A is neither smaller than nor equal to B.
P Q means P is neither greater nor equal to Q. Now in each of the following questions, assuming the
P Q means P is not greater than Q. given statements to be true, find which of the two conclu-
sions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give
KUNDAN
Now in each of the following questions, assuming the
arn
.in
1) if only conclusion I is true;
1) if only conclusion I follows
2) if only conclusion II is true;
2) if only conclusion II follows
3) if either I or II is true;
3) if either conclusion I or II follows
4) if neither I nor II is true; and
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4) if neither I nor II follows
5) if both I and II are true.
5) if both I and II follow
233. Statements: P = Q, R @ P, Q S 243. Statements: B m C, A m B , C m D
Conclusions: I. S @ P II. S = P Conclusions I. A m D II. B m D
eri
234. Statements: X @ Y, Y = R, Y S 244. Statements: M N, N n P, P m R
Conclusions: I. X @ R II. R Y Conclusions I. P m M II. R n P
K
235. Statements: P Q, Q R, R = S. 245. Statements: X m R, R n S, X T
Conclusions: I. P S
236. Statements: A @ B, B C, C @ D
II. S @ Q
e Conclusions I. T m S
246. Statements: R m M, M Y, Y m Z
II. T n S
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Conclusions I. Z n R II. Z m A
Conclusions: I. A = D. II. A D.
247. Statements: X Y, P m X, P n Y
237. Statements: P Q, R @ S, Q = R
Conclusions I. P X II. P Y
Conclusions: I. P R II. P @ R
Directions (Q. 248-252): In the following question
Directions (Q. 238-242): In the following question
En
KUNDAN
A * B means A is greater than or equal to B.
A * B means A is greater than or equal to B.
arn
A @ B means A is equal to B.
A @ B means A is equal to B.
A $ B means A is lesser than B.
A $ B means A is lesser than B.
A = B means A is lesser than or equal to B.
A = B means A is lesser than or equal to B.
Now in each of the following questions, assuming
Now in each of the following questions, assuming
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Directions (Q. 253-257): In the following question 262. Statements: QR, PQ, BR, GP
the symbols #, *, @, $ and = are used with the following Conclusions: I. GB II. PR
meanings: Directions (Q. 263-267): In the following questions,
A # B means A is greater than B. the symbols , , , and are used with the following
A * B means A is greater than or equal to B. meanings.
A @ B means A is equal to B. PQ means P is not smaller than Q.
A $ B means A is lesser than B., PQ means P is neither greater than nor smaller than Q.
PQ means P is not greater than Q.
A = B means A is lesser than or equal to B.
PQ means P is neither smaller than nor equal to Q.
Now in each of the following questions, assuming PQ means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q.
the three statements to be true, find which of the two conclu- Now in each of the following questions, assuming
.in
sions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give the given statements to be true, find which of the two con-
answer clusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give
1) if only conclusion I is true. answer
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2) if only conclusion II is true. 1) if only conclusion I is true;
3) if either conclusion I or conclusion II is true. 2) if only conclusion II is true;
4) if neither conclusion I nor conclusion II is true. 3) if either I or II is true;
5) if both conclusions I and II are true. 4) if neither I nor II is true; and
eri
253. Statements: S = T, T * U, T $ V 5) if both I and II are true.
263. Statements: LM, SM, MN, QL
Conclusions: I. T $ S II. U = V
Conclusions: I. NQ II. QN
K
254. Statements: K # L, K * M, M $ N 264. Statements: SG, RJ, KR, KS
Conclusions: I. L @ M
255. Statements: F = G, F * H, F = K
II. M @ K
e Conclusions: I. RG
265. Statements: MG, TK, SG, KS
II. JS
gin
Conclusions: I. G = K II. K $ H Conclusions: I. MT II. TS
256. Statements: T @ S, R $ Q, Q @ T 266. Statements: NS, GS, QTG, LN
Conclusions: I. Q * S II. S # R Conclusions: I. GL II. GL
257. Statements: B # C, C $ D, E $ C 267. Statements: PS, TS, KN, KM
En
KUNDAN
A B mean A is not smaller than B.
arn
P Q means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q. Now in each of the following questions, assuming
Now in each of the following questions, assuming the given statements to be true, find which of the two con-
the given statements to be true, find which of the two con- clusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give
clusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give answer
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3) if either I or II is true;
5) if either I or II is true.
4) if neither I nor II is true; and 268. Statements: LM, PN, SP, MN
5) if both I and II are true. Conclusions: I. PM II. MS
258. Statements: PL, NQ, MN, ML 269. Statements: GP, QM, ZM, QP
Conclusions: I. PN II. NP Conclusions: I. GP II. GQ
259. Statements: RL, ML, LC, MP 270. Statements: RL, YT, YS, RS
Conclusions: I. LP II. RP Conclusions: I. SL II. YL
260. Statements: RL, GP, LQ, PQ 271. Statements: PG, RS, TR, LG
Conclusions: I. GL II. RG Conclusions: I. PT II. PT
261. Statements: TS, MH, TQ, GH 272. Statements: ED, FG, GH, FE
Conclusions: I. SG II. SG Conclusions: I. DG II. HE
Directions (Q. 273-277): In the following questions,
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1) if only conclusion I is true; 2) if only conclusion II is true;
2) if only conclusion II is true; 3) if either I or II is true;
3) if either I or II is true; 4) if neither I nor II is true; and
4) if neither I nor II is true; and
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5) if both I and II are true.
5) if both I and II are true. 284. Statements: I © V, R @ D, E @ V, R = I
273. Statements: G@U, L©U, T$L, T#M Conclusions: I. D V II. E = I
Conclusions: I. G @ M II. M © U 285. Statements: T = A, E @ L, T @ E, R A
eri
274. Statements: L#G, S©Q, P@Q, K£G Conclusions: I. T L II. T @ R
Conclusions: I. P @ K II. P £ K 286. Statements: C @ A, O @ C, E = P, E A
275. Statements: F©N, M#Z, Y$Z, Y$N
K
Conclusions: I. P A, II. O @ A
Conclusions: I. F £ M II. M $ F 287. Statements: M © B, R @ B, M @ U, R = E
276. Statements: T£Z, P@Z, P@M, Q£M
Conclusions: I. P # R II. P © R
e Conclusions: I. M R
288. Statements: S © M, K A, S @ U, K @ M
II. M = R
gin
277. Statements: G$M, P$L, M#P, S©P Conclusions: I. A = S II. K M
Conclusions: I. S # G II. P©G Directions (Q. 289-294): In the following questions,
Directions (Q. 278-283): In the following questions, the symbols +, -, ×, ÷, @ and © are used with the following
the symbols , ©, @, @ and are used with the following meanings:
meanings:
En
KUNDAN
P @ Q means P is neither smaller than nor equal to Q.
arn
answer
1) if only conclusion I is true; 1) if only conclusion I is true;
2) if only conclusion II is true; 2) if only conclusion II is true;
3) if either I or II is true; 3) if either I or II is true;
w.
meanings: meanings:
P © Q means P is neither smaller than nor equal to Q. P # Q means P is not equal to Q.
P Q means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q. P © Q means P is either greater than or equal to Q.
P ® Q means P is not smaller than Q. P ® Q means P is equal to Q.
P # Q means P is not greater than Q. P @ Q means P is smaller than Q.
P @ Q means P is neither greater than nor less than Q. P Q means P is either smaller than or equal to Q.
Now in each of the following questions, assuming the Now in each of the following questions assuming the
given statements to be true, find which of the two conclu- given statements to be true, find which of the two conclu-
sions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give sions I and II given below them is/are definitely true? Give
answer answer
1) if only conclusion I is true; 1) if only conclusion I is true;
.in
2) if only conclusion II is true; 2) if only conclusion II is true;
3) if either I or II is true; 3) if either I or II is true;
4) if neither I nor II is true; and 4) if neither I nor II is true; and
5) if both I and II are true. 5) if both I and II are true.
ng
295. Statement: GQ, R®Q, T#R, S@T 305. Statements: J©K, M#N, LN, K®M
Conclusions: I. R©G II. S#R Conclusions: I. K@L II. L@K
296. Statement: K@M, V#T, S@T, M®S 306. Statements: L@G, B@K, L®S, B#L
eri
Conclusions: I. KS II. KV Conclusions: I. G©S II. S@K
297. Statement: G@K, Z#Y, YX, K®X 307. Statements: WJ, W@S, J@M, E#W
Conclusions: I. Z#G II. K©Z Conclusions: I. M©S II. M@S
K
298. Statement: P®R, R®Q, RS, R©L 308. Statements: P®N, N#M, M©G, KG
Conclusions: I. S#P
A C M G
II. S©P
e Conclusions: I. P©K
309. Statements: D©G, G®S, KS, P®K
II. P@K
gin
299. Statement: , , G.B@H.A B@D Conclusions: I. PD II. G©K
B D N H Directions (Q. 310-315): In the following questions
C G the symbols andare used with the following
Conclusions: I. A G II.
D H meanings:
Directions (Q. 300-304): In these questions, certain P Q means Q is not smaller than P.
En
symbols have been used to indicate relationships between P Q means Q is neither greater than nor smaller than P.
elements as follows: P Q means Q is not greater than P.
‘A * B’ means ‘A is either equal to or greater than B’ P Q means Q is neither smaller than nor equal to P.
‘A $ B’ means ‘A is equal to B’
KUNDAN
arn
sions I & II. Assuming that the given statements are true, 1) if only conclusion I is true;
find out which conclusion(s) is/are definitely true. Mark 2) if only conclusion II is true;
answer 3) if either I or II is true;
1) if only conclusion I is true. 4) if neither I nor II is true; and
w.
.in
2) if only conclusion II is true; 327. Statements: V T, O B, I V, B T
3) if either I or II is true; Conclusions: I. V B II. B V
4) if neither I nor II is true; and 328. Statements: F E, L B, F S, B E
5) if both I and II are true. Conclusions: I. L B II. L S
ng
316. Statements: P @ K, P © M, G ® T, M @ T 329. Statements: Z M, B S, N Z, N S
Conclusions: I. M @ K II. M @ G Conclusions: I. S M II. B N
317. Statements: R © N, A ® B, S B, Z @ B 330. Statements: F M, B O, F W, B W
eri
Conclusions: I. N @ B II. A # R Conclusions: I. O W II. B F
318. Statements: G L, G ® T, T # P, P © K Directions (Q. 331-335): In the following questions the
Conclusions: I. L © K II. L @ K symbols @, @, =, © and © are used with the following mean-
K
319. Statements: T # K, K # L, L © G, S G ings:
Conclusions: I. T @ L
320. Statements: A @ T, Z ® A, Z © K, P K
II. L @ T
e P @ Q means Q is neither greater than nor equal to P.
P @ Q means Q is not greater than P.
gin
Conclusions: I. P @ Z II. P @ A P = Q means Q is equal to P.
Directions (Q. 321-325): In the following questions, P © Q means Q is neither less than nor equal to P.
the symbols $, ©, ×, @ and # are used with the following P © Q means Q is not less than P.
meanings: Now in each of the following questions, assuming the
P $ Q means P is not equal to Q. given statements to be true, find which of the two conclu-
En
P © Q means P is neither greater than nor smaller than Q. sions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give
P @ Q means P is not greater than Q. answer
P × Q means P is neither smaller than nor equal to Q. 1) if only conclusion I is true.
KUNDAN
P # Q means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q. 2) if only conclusion II is true.
arn
Now in each of the following questions, assuming the 3) if either conclusion I or II is true.
given statements to be true, find which of the two conclu- 4) if neither conclusion I nor II is true.
sions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give 5) if both conclusions I and II are true.
answer 331. Statements: C@W, L©D, D©C
1) if only conclusion I is true; Conclusions: I. W@D II. C@L
Le
.in
339. Statements: Z + X, T X, M N, P@N Conclusions: I. P @ G II. Q=P
Conclusions: I. T@P II. T P 350. Statements: L@U, U=F, F=C
340. Statements: A@B, B + C, C D, D E Conclusions: I. L@C II. FC
Conclusions: I. A @ E II. A E
ng
Directions (Q. 351-355): In the following questions,
Directions (Q. 341-345): In the following questions,
the symbols @, , , $ and # are used with the following the symbols , , , and are used with the following
meanings: meanings:
eri
P Q means P is either equal to or smaller than Q.
P $ Q means P is neither greater than nor smaller than Q. P Q means P is not smaller than Q.
P # Q means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q. P Q means P is neither greater than nor smaller than Q.
K
P @ Q means P is greater than Q. P Q means P is not greater than Q.
P Q means P is not less than Q.
Now in each of the following questions, assuming the
e P Q means P is neither smaller than nor equal to Q.
gin
given statements to be true, find which of the two conclu- P Q means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q.
sion I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give Now in each of the following questions, assuming
answer the given statements to be true, find which of the two con-
1) if only conclusion I is true; clusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give
2) if only conclusion II is true; answer
En
KUNDAN
341. Statements: Z # N, F N, FK
arn
P Q means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q. P = Q means P is not greater than Q.
Now in each of the following questions, assuming P Q means P is neither equal to nor smaller than Q.
the given statements to be true, find which of the two con- P $ Q means P is not smaller than Q.
clusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give P Q means P is neither greater nor smaller than Q.
answer P £ Q means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q.
1) if only conclusion I is true; Now in each of the following questions, assuming
2) if only conclusion II is true; the given statements to be true, find which of the two con-
3) if either I or II is true; clusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give
4) if neither I nor II is true; and answer
5) if both I and II are true. 1) if only conclusion I is true.
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356. Statements: K L, M P, J K, P L 2) if only conclusion II is true.
Conclusions: I. K P II. P K 3) if either conclusion I or II is true.
4) if neither conclusion I nor II is true.
357. Statements: F M, A L, F G, A U
ng
5) if both conclusions I and II are true.
Conclusions: I. L U II. A F 366. Statement: C $ D, F E, G = E
358. Statements: P B, J H, S B, J P Conclusions: I. F £ G II. F G
eri
Conclusions: I. J S II. H B 367. Statement: Y Z, X $ G, Y £ L, G L
359. Statements: M Z, B R, Z C, M R Conclusions: I. Y £ X II. L Z
K
Conclusions: I. R Z II. B M 368. Statement: A $ D, B = C, A R, B A
360. Statements: X Y, U V, X S, V Y
e Conclusions: I. R D II. R D
gin
369. Statement: Z = Y, U V, Y £ K, R £ V
Conclusions: I. U V II. U S
Conclusions: I. K Z II. U £ R
Directions (Q. 361-365): In the following questions,
370. Statement: W = Q, R X, Q $ X
the symbols ©, =, @, and @ are used with the following
Conclusions: I. W £ X II. W X
meanings:
En
P © Q means P is not smaller than Q. Directions (Q. 371-375): In the following questions,
P = Q means P is neither greater than nor smaller than Q. the symbols , , , and are used with the following
P @ Q means P is not greater than Q. meanings:
KUNDAN
P Q means P is neither smaller than nor equal to Q. P Q means P is not greater than Q.
arn
P @ Q means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q. P Q means P is neither greater than nor smaller than Q.
Now in each of the following questions, assuming
P Q means P is not smaller than Q.
the given statements to be true, find which of the two con-
clusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give P Q means P is neither smaller than nor equal to Q.
Le
3) if either I or II is true;
4) if neither I nor II is true; and answer
5) if both I and II are true. 1) if only conclusion I is true;
361. Statements: X@Y, Z©V, Y©Z 2) if only conclusion II is true;
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.in
P Q means P is not greater than Q. low, certain symbols are used with the following meanings:
P Q means P is neither smaller than nor equal to Q. P * Q means P is neither equal to nor smaller than Q.
P Q means P is not equal to Q. P Q means P is not smaller than Q.
ng
Now in each of the following questions, assuming P $ Q means P is neither greater nor smaller than Q.
the given statements to be true, find which of the two con- P £ Q means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q.
clusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give P @ Q means P is not greater than Q.
answer Now in each of the following questions, assuming
eri
1) if only conclusion I is true; the given statements to be true, find which of the two con-
2) if only conclusion II is true; clusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give
K
3) if either I or II is true; answer
4) if neither I nor II is true; and
5) if both I and II are true. e 1) if only conclusion I is true.
2) if only conclusion II is true.
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376. Statements: X Y, X Z, Z S 3) if either conclusion I or II is true.
Conclusions: I. X S II. S Y 4) if neither conclusion I nor II is true.
5) if both conclusions I and II are true.
377. Statements: A B, C B, C D 386. Statements: R*S, S$O M@O
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388. Statements: Q X, Y@X, Z@Y
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379. Statements: L N, K L, M N
Conclusions: I. Q Z II. Y Q
Conclusions: I. L M II. L M
389. Statements: A T, S£T, N@S
380. Statements: P Q, R S, P R Conclusions: I. A S II. A N
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395. Statements: F#O, C I, L*I, L@O
Conclusions: I. F*I II. F#I 403. Statements: M T, T Z, S M
Directions (Q. 396-400): In the following questions, Conclusions: I. Z M II. Z M
the symbols ©, @, , and @ are used with the following
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404. Statements: Z B, N S, B N
meanings:
Conclusions: I. B Z II. S B
P © Q means P is not smaller than Q.
P @ Q means P is neither greater than nor smaller than Q. 405. Statements: L C, C Z, Z F
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P Q means P is not greater than Q. Conclusions: I. C F II. C F
P Q means P is neither smaller than nor equal to Q. Directions (Q 406-410): In a particular method of
K
P @ Q means P is neither greater than nor equal to Q.
Now in each of the following questions, assuming coding the symbols a, a , b, b and are used with the
the given statements to be true, find which of the two con-
e following meaning:
A a B means A is greater than B
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clusions I and II given below them is/are definitely true. Give
answer A a B means A is greater than or equal to B
1) if only conclusion I is true; A b B means B is greater than A
2) if only conclusion II is true; A b B means B is greater than or equal to A
3) if either I or II is true;
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Conclusions: I. V@W II. W@V conclusions follow. Give answer
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I or II is true. Combining all these, we get, R S > P O R > O.
5. 4 Hence I is true.
6. 4; P > A ... (i), I < D ... (ii), K A ... (iii), I P ... (iv) From (i) and (iii), R S > P R > P or P < R. Hence II
is not true.
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From (i), (iii) and (iv), I P > A K I > K, Hence
I is not true. 32. 4; F < Z ... (i), H A ... (ii), F > H ... (iii)
From (i), (ii) and (iv), D > I P > A D > A, Hence II From (ii) and (iii), F > H A ... (iv) F > A. Hence II
is not true. is not true.
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7. U S .... (i), N < A ... (ii), H > U ... (iii), A S ... (iv) From (i) and (iv), Z > F > H A Z > A. Hence I is
From (i) and (iv), U S A U A Either U not true.
K
= A or U > A or A < U. Hence either I or II is true. 33. 2; O < R ... (i), U > V ... (ii), O V ... (iii)
8. 4 9. 1 10. 4
e From (ii) and (iii), U > V O. Hence no relation be-
tween U and O can be established. Hence I is not true.
gin
11. 1; D H .... (i) I R... (ii) R < H ... (iii)
From (i), (ii) & (ii), D H > R I D > I. Hence I is From (i) and (iii), V O < R V < R. Hence II is true.
true. 34. 2; W = X ... (i), Z > Y ... (ii), W < Y ... (iii)
From (i) and (iii) D H > R R < D. Hence II may be From (i) and (iii), Y > W = X Y > X. Hence I is not
true.
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KUNDAN
arn
14. 3; R > A .... (i), H U ... (ii), A = U ... (iii) and R from the given equations. But note the conclu-
From (ii) and (iii), A = U H A > H or A = H. sions : I. P R ; II. P < R. At least one of the two must
be true for any two numbers P and R.
15. 4; M U ... (i), K A ... (ii), M > K ... (iii)
37. 5; N = M ... (i); C > N ... (ii); M = D ... (iii)
w.
From (i), (ii) and (iii), U M > K A U > A. Hence From (i), (ii) and (iii), C > D ; thus I is true
I may be true but not necessarily so. From (i) and (iii), N = D; thus II is true.
From (ii) and (iii), M > K A M > A or A < M. 38. 2; Q < L .... (i); Q R ... (ii); T < P ... (iii)
ww
Hence II may be true but not necessarily so. No relationship can be established between L and P
16. 4; X > Y ... (i), Z R ... (ii), Y = Z ... (iii) from the above equations. So I is not true.
Combining all we get, X > Y = Z R X > R may be From (i) and (ii), we get L > Q R R < L. Thus II is
true but not necessarily so. true.
From (ii) and (iii) Y = Z R Y = R may be true but 39. 4; X Y .... (i) ; Y = Z ... (ii) ; A > Z ... (iii)
not necessarily so. From (i) and (ii), X Z. Thus I is false.
17. 4 18. 1 19. 3 20. 2 From (ii) and (iii), Y < A. Thus II is false.
21. 4; Q > B ... (i), J < E ... (ii), L B ... (iii), J Q ... (iv) 40. 1; S < T ... (i) ; S > M ... (ii) ; M = P ... (iii)
From (i), (iii), and (iv), J Q > B L J > L. From (ii) and (iii), S > P. Thus I is true.
Hence I is not true. From (i) and (ii), T > M. Thus II is false.
From (i), (ii) and (iv), E > J Q > B E > B 41. 2; S = T .... (i); U > T .... (ii) ; S V .... (iii)
From (i) and (iii), T V .... (iv). So I is false. From (iii) and (iv), we get K > L C K>C or C<K.
From (ii) and (iv), U > V. So II is true. Hence II is true.
42. 4; L M .... (i) ; L = N .... (ii); N < O .... (iii) I cannot be established because there is no link betwen
From (iii) I, can’t be established. (i) and (ii).
From (i) and (ii), N M. So II is false. 73. 1; Y = B ... (i), X < Y ... (ii), A > B ... (iii)
43. 3; U is not mentioned anywhere in the statements. So we Combining all, we get X<Y = B<A X<A or A>X.
cannot establish a relationship with U. However, R is Hence I is true. It also implies that B > X. Hence II may
either lesser than or equal to or greater than U. So be true but not necessarily so.
either I or II is correct. 74. 5; C < F ... (i), P < T ... (ii), C T ... (iii), F < R ... (iv)
44. 2; Y < Z .... (i); S > Z .... (ii); T < Z .... (iii)
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From (ii) and (iii), we get C T > P C > P. Hence I
I does not follow because no relationship can be es- is true.
tablished between Y and T. From (i) and (iii), F > C T F > T. Hence II is true.
From (i) and (ii), Y < S. Hence, II is true. 75. 3; Q = S ... (i), S>Z ... (ii), Z < W ... (iii), S T ... (iv)
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45. 4; M L .... (i); M N .... (ii); O = N .... (iii) From (ii) and (iv), we get Z < S T Z < T ... (A)
From (i), (ii) and (iii), L M N = O. So neither I nor Now, from (A) and (iii), we get T > Z < W no con-
II follows. clusion i.e. either T > W, or T = W or T < W. Hence
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46. 4; P > Q .... (i); P R .... (ii); R S .... (iii) either conclusion I or conclusion II is true.
P = R is one of the possibilities from (iii), but we can’t 76. 4; A = B ... (i), B D ... (ii), B < H ... (iii)
K
be certain
From (ii) and (iii), we get H > B D H > D. Hence
47. 4; T = N .... (i); D E .... (ii); E N ... (iii)
From (ii) and (iii), D = N is one of the possibilities. So
e I is not true.
From (i) and (ii), we get A = B D A D. Hence
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D N may follow but not necessarily so. From (i) and
II may be true but not necessarily so.
(iii), E T. Thus II does not follow.. 77. 1; X > Y ... (i), Y = Z ...(ii), Z T ... (iii)
48. 4; K L .... (i); L > M .... (ii); L = N .... (iii) Combining all, we get X > Y = Z T X > T. Hence
From (i)and (iii), I does not follow. I is true. II may be true but not necessarily so.
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is true. I is not true from (ii).
50. 1; X < Y .... (i); Y > T .... (ii); T X .... (iii)
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From (i) and (iv), we get, Q > A K Q > K or K < 80. 4; A < B ... (i), B C ... (ii), C D ... (iii)
Q. Hence II is true. Combining all, we get A < B C D No relation-
52. 2 53. 4 54. 4 55. 1 56. 4 57. 4 58. 2 ship between A and D can be established. Hence I is
w.
Hence, N B and M < N. Hence I does not necessar- From (i) and (iv), we get Q > C < E Either Q > E or Q
ily follow and II follows. = E or Q < E. Hence either I or II is true.
62. 4 63. 4 64. 4 65. 4 82. 4;U V... (i), V X... (ii), W > M ... (iii) X < W ... (iv)
66. 5; M < N ...(i); O N ...(ii); P M ...(iii) Combining (iv), (ii) and (i), we get, W > X V U
Combining these, we get P M < N O. no relationship can be established between W and U.
Hence N > P and P < N. Hence I is not true.
67. 4 68. 1 69. 4 70. 1 Aligning (iv) and (iii), we get X < W > M no rela-
71. 4; B > D... (i), H < I ... (ii), M N ... (iii), Q R ...(iv) tionship can be established between M and X.
As there is no common letter between (ii) and (iii), hence 83. 2; E < Q ... (i), F V ... (ii), G Q ... (iii), F > E .... (iv)
neither I nor II can be established. Combining (iv) and (ii), we get,
72. 2; M N... (i), E < F ... (ii), K > L ... (iii), C L... (iv) E < F V E < V. Hence I may be true but not
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From (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get O = N > S Q From (ii) and (iii), we get, L < K > Z. Hence no relation-
O > Q or Q < O. Hence I is true. ship between L and Z can be determined. Hence I is
From converted (i), converted (iv) and converted (iii), not true.
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we get, R Q S < N no definite relationship From (i) and (ii), we get, A > L < K. Again, nothing can
between R and N can be established. Hence II is not be concluded about the relationship of A and K. Hence
true. II is not true.
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86. 3; E = T...(i), S L....(ii), L E...(iii) 102. 4; O A ... (i), U = O ... (ii), A = E ... (iii)
Combining all, we get, T=E L S T S or S T From (ii) and (i), we get, U = O A I is wrong.
Hence either I or II is true. Since I is wrong, hence II also can’t be established.
K
87. 2; P Z ....(i), R K .... (ii), Z <R.... (iii) 103. 2; P > T ... (i), G P ... (ii), F = G ... (iii)
From (i) and (iii), we get, P Z < R I can’t be
e From (iii) and (ii), we get, F = G P F P... (iv).
gin
established. Hence I may be true but not necessarily so.
From (ii) and (iii), we get, Z<R K Z<K or K>Z. Now, from (iv) and (i), we get, F P > T F > T..
Hence II is true. Hence II is true.
88. 4; M S ....(i), Q D...(ii), M = D ... (iii) 104. 3; W E ... (i), P > E ... (ii), V W ... (iii)
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From (ii) and (iii), we get, Q D = M Q M. Hence Combining all, we get, P > E W V or, E V
I is not true. E is either greater than or equal to V..
From (i) and (iii), we get, S M = D S D. Hence 105. 1; M L ... (i), O = L ... (ii), J < L ... (iii)
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II may be true but not necessarily.
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From (i) and (iii), we get, D V>E D>E or E<D. Combining all, we get,
Hence II is true. X > F C T X > F = C = T X > T may be true
(91-95): Symbols can be easily transformed as:
but not necessarily so because it is only one possibil-
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( , © =, @ , @ > and <) ity. Hence I can’t be established. Nor can II be estab-
91. 4; Q = T ... (i), B Q ... (ii), T A ... (iii) lished.
From (i) and (ii), we get B Q = T B T 108. 4; 2 > 8 ... (i), 6 8 ... (ii), 5 < 6 ... (iii)
or, T B. Hence I is not true. From (ii) and (iii), we get, 5 < 6 8 I can’t be
From (i) and (iii), we get Q = T A Q A proved. II also can’t be established.
or, A Q. Hence II is not true. 109. 2; S < N ... (i), O R ... (ii), S = R ... (iii)
92. 4; U > S ... (i), W < S ... (ii), S > O ... (iii) From (ii) and (iii), we get, S = R O S O
From (i) and (ii), we get U > S > W U > W.. or O S. Hence II is true.
Hence I is not true. From II and (i), we get, O S < N No relationship
From (ii) and (iii), we get W < S > O. Hence no relation- between N and O can be established. Hence I is not
ship between W and O can be determined. true.
110. 2; J < Y ... (i), J O ... (ii), Y = K ... (iii) or P < G. Hence II is false. Now, from (a) and (ii),
Combining all, we get K = Y > J O K > O or we get G > P D no conclusion.
O < K. Hence II is true. 139. 1; S T ...(i), Q = N ...(ii), T < N ...(iii)
111. 2; D = B ... (i), R < L ... (ii), L > D ... (iii) From (i) and (iii), we get S T < N S < N. Hence I
From (ii) and (iii), no relationship between R and D can is true. From I and (ii), we get S < N = Q S < Q.
be established. Hence I can’t be proved. Hence II is not true.
From (i) and (iii), L > D = B L > B. Hence II is true. 140. 4; L > K ...(i), V K ...(ii), R = L ...(iii)
112. 1; I R ... (i), Q < C ... (ii), D < R ... (iii), Q = I ... (iv) From (i) and (ii), we get V K < L no relationship
From (ii), (iv) and (i), we get C > Q = I R between V and L can be established. Hence I or II may
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C > R. Hence I is true. be true but not necessarily so.
From (iii) and (i), we get D < R I D < I. Hence II is 141. 2; H J ...(i), J > Z ...(ii), M J ...(iii)
not true. From (ii) and (iii), we get Z < J M Z < M. Hence
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113. 2 114. 5 115. 3 116. 4 II is true.
117. 4; A > M ... (i), D H ... (ii), M = D ... (iii) From (i) and (iii), we get H J M no conclusion.
Combining all, we get, A > M = D H No relation- Hence I may be true but not necessarily so.
ship between A and H can be determined. Hence I is (142-146):
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not true. We also get, M H II may be true but not Here, = means , > means =, + means , < means >,
necessarily so. and × means <.
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118. 2 119. 3 120. 1 121. 4 122. 2 123. 3 124. 1 142. 4; A B ...(i), P R ...(ii), A < P ...(iii)
125. 4 126. 4 127. 4 128. 4 129. 1 130. 3 131. 2
132. 2; R > K ...(i), P S ...(ii), P = K ...(iii) e From (i) and (iii), we get P > A B P > B or B < P
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...(A). Hence I is false.
From (ii) and (iii), we get K = P S K S ...(a). From (A) and (ii), we get B < P R B < R or R > B.
Hence I may be true but not necessarily so. Now, from Hence II may be true but not necessarily so.
(i) and (a), we get R > K S R > S or S < R. Hence 143. 4; N > O ...(i), E = F ...(ii), M < O ...(iii)
II is true.
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clusion. Hence I is not necessarily true. No relation-
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ship between E and O can be established. No relationship between G and L can be established
134. 5; Q = R ...(i), T < L ...(ii), R < M ...(iii), L Q ...(iv) but both the conclusions together are exhaustive.
From (ii), (iv) and (i), we get T < L Q = R Hence either I or II follows.
T < R. Hence II is true. 145. 5; R U ...(i), B > R ...(ii), K U ...(iii)
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Now, From II and (iii), we get T < R < M T < M From (i) and (ii), we get B > R U B > U or U < B.
or M > T. Hence I is true. Hence I is true From I and (iii), we get K U < B
135. 1; Z < N ...(i), D G ...(ii), B < Z ...(iii), D = N ...(iv) K < B or B > K. Hence II is true.
146. 4; M = H ...(i), 2 < H ...(ii), 2 N ...(iii)
w.
From (i), (iv) and (ii), we get Q = R < M < N Q < N or From (ii) and (iii), we can’t ascertain the relationship
N > Q. Hence II is not true. between W and Q. Hence, I does not follow. From (i)
150. 3; B < D ...(i), E T ...(ii), T P ...(iii), P > B ...(iv) and (iii), we get
From (i) and (ii), we get P > B < D no definite T > Q X T > X.
conclusions; means P > D or P = D or P < D. Hence Hence, Conclusion II (X < T) is true.
either I or II follows. 165. 5; Y = Z ... (i); B > A ... (ii); Y < A ... (iii)
151. 4 Combining all these, we get
B > A > Y = Z A > Z and B > Y..
152. 5; P > Q .... (i); Q R .... (ii); R = S .... (iii); T < S .... (iv)
Hence Conclusion I (A > Z) and Conclusion II (Y < B)
Combining all the equations, we get
are true.
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P > Q R = S > T T < P (conclusion I) 166. 3; K > L ... (i); N O ... (ii); L = O...(iii)
and S Q (conclusion II) Combining (ii) and (iii), we get
153. 4; S A .... (i); A < K .... (ii); R K .... (iii); L R .... (iv) L = O N L N, ie L > N or L = N
ng
Combining all the equations, we get Hence, either Conclusion I (L > N) or
S A < K R L S < L and L > A. Hence, Conclusion II (N = L) is true.
conclusions I and II do not follow. 167. 4; X > F ... (i); T C ... (ii); F C ... (iii)
154. 3; G > H .... (i); F < H .... (ii); K P ...... (iii); M P ...... (iv) Combining (ii) and (iii), we get
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Combining (iii) and (iv), we get T C F ... (iv)
KPMKM From (i) and (iv), no relation can be established be-
K
tween T and X nor between C and X.
K > M (conclusion I) or K = M (conclusion II)
155. 1; A < P ... (i); Z < A .... (ii); N Z .... (iii); L N .... (iv)
e 168. 4; 2 > 8 ... (i); 6 8 ... (ii); 5 < 6 ... (iii)
From (ii) and (iii), no relation can be established be-
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Combining all the equations, we get tween 5 and 8. Similarly, the given equations are not
L N Z < A < P P > L (conclusion I) sufficient to establish relation between 2 and 5.
156. 2 169. 2; S < N ... (i); O R ... (ii); S = R ... (iii)
157. 4; N = P ... (i); Q P ... (ii); M N ... (iii) Combining (i) and (iii), we get N > S = R ... (iv)
Combining all, we get
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No statement gives any clue to establish relation be- 170. 2; J < Y ... (i); J O ... (ii); Y = K ... (iii)
tween E and U, or U and O. Combining (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
Hence, neither conclusion I nor II is true. K = Y > J O K > O. Hence, only conclusion II
159. 4; M < P ... (i); Z = H ... (ii); M Z ... (iii) follows.
Combining all, we get
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160. 4; U V ... (i); V X ... (ii); W = U ... (iii) 172. 4; B I ... (i); Y < A ... (ii); N I ... (iii); Y > N .... (iv)
Combining (i) and (iii), we get From (i) and (iii), we get B I N ...... (v) From (ii) and
W = U V W V. Hence conclusion I is not neces- (iv), we get A > Y > N ..... (vi). From (v) and (vi), we do
sarily true. Also, the given statements are not suffi-
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conclusion I (R < K) or conclusion II (R = S) is true. From (v), we get N > R (conclusion I). From (ii) and (iv),
176. 1 we get
177. 4; J = O .... (i); T O .... (ii); T Y .... (iii); E J .... (iv) S O=Q S Q
By combining (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get E J = O Hence, conclusion II is not necessarily true.
T Y E T. Hence, both the conclusions do 188. 5; T U .... (i); U > Q .... (ii); Q < S ..... (iii); S < U ..... (iv)
not necessarily follow. From (i) and (iv), we get
178. 5; T < R .... (i); P > A .... (ii); R A .... (iii); L = T .... (iv) T U > S T > S (conclusion I)
Combining all, we get Again, from (i) and (ii), we get
P > A R > T = L P > L and A > L. Hence, both the
T U > Q T > Q (conclusion II)
conclusions are true.
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189. 1; C < D .... (i); D = E .... (ii); E > F ..... (iii); F > G ..... (iv)
179. 2; T O .... (i); O P ... (ii); P = A ... (iii); A Z .... (iv)
From (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get
Hence, conclusion I does not follow from equations (i)
and (ii). But conclusion II follows from equations (ii) D = E > F > G D > G (conclusion I)
But conclusion II is not necessarily true because C
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and (iii).
180. 3; D E ... (i); S < E .... (ii); S = X .... (iii); M > S .... (iv) and G can’t be related.
By combining (i), (ii) and (iii), we get 190. 2; K L ..... (i); L > I ..... (ii); I < M ...... (iii); I > N ...... (iv)
D E > S = X ..... (v) From (i), (ii) and (iv), we get
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Comparing (iv) and (v) we do not get any specific rela- K L > I > N K > N (conclusion II)
tion between D and M. But the given two conclusions But no relation can be obtained between L and M.
K
are complementary to each other. Hence, either of the Hence, conclusion I is not necessarily true.
two must follow.
e
181. 4; A P ... (i); A > T .... (ii); T = N .... (iii); N S .... (iv)
191. 1; V X ..... (i); X < Y ...... (ii); Y = Z ...... (iii); Y > A ...... (iv)
From (i) and (ii), we get
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Combining all the equations, we get Y > X V Y > V (conclusion I)
P A > T = N S P > S. Hence, both the conclu- But no relation can be obtained between X and A.
sions do not follow. Hence, conclusion II is not necessarily true.
182. 3; G > H ...(i), T H ...(ii), T = K ...(iii), K Z ...(iv) 192. 5; L > M ..... (i); M > N .... (ii); L O ..... (iii); P O .... (iv)
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tary pair. Hence, either I or II follows.
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P L (conclusion II).
183. 1; N U ...(i), U M ...(ii), N B ...(iii), M = R ...(iv) 193. 2; B > C ... (i); A > B ... (ii); C D ... (iii)
Combining (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get Combining all these we get
RMU NB RU A > B > C D A > D and B > D
Hence, conclusion I R U is true. But we can’t get Hence, conclusion I does not follow but conclusion II
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From (iii) and (iv), R > Y. Hence I follows. But no rela- Hence from (iv), we get P M (conclusion I)
tion can be obtain between P and Y. Hence II does not Now, P R R P (conclusion II).
follow. 195. 3; X > R ... (i); R < S ... (ii); X = T ... (iii)
ww
185. 5; L M ...(i); M > N ...(ii); R < N ...(iii); R F ...(iv) From (i) and (iii), we get X = T > R ... (iv)
Combining all, we get From (iv), T > R From (ii), S > R
L M N R F M > F and N > F Thus from (ii) and (iv) we can’t ascertain the relation-
Hence, both the conclusions are true. ship between T and S. But the given two conclusions
186. 2; G > H ...(i); I < H ...(iii); P Q ...(iii); Q > R ...(iv) make a complementary pair. Hence, either conclusion I
From conclusions (i) and (ii), we get T S or conclusion II (T < S) is true.
G > H > I. Hence, conclusion I (G < I) is not true. 196. 1; R > M... (i); M = Y... (ii); Y Z ... (iii)
Again, from conclusions (iii) and (iv), we get P Q R Combining all these, we get
P > R. Hence, conclusion II P R is true. R M Y Z Z R (conclusion I)
187. 1; N > O .... (i); O = Q .... (ii); R < Q .... (iii); O S..... (iv) 197. 4; T = Y ... (i); P X ...(ii); P Y ... (iii)
Combining (i), (ii) and (iii), we get N > O = Q > R ...... (v) Now, P = X (conclusion I) does not follow from (ii).
Similarly, P = Y (conclusion II) does not follow from between M and T. Hence, neither conclusion I nor con-
(iii). clusion II is necessarily true.
198. 4; K = Y ... (i); N = I ... (ii); I K ... (iii); N P .... (iv) 209. 4; S < M ... (i); M > L ... (ii); L Z .... (iii)
Combining all, we get Combining (ii) and (iii), we get M > L Z ... (iv)
P N = I K = Y P I and Y I. Now from (i) and (iv), no specific relation can be ob-
Hence, neither I nor II is necessarily true. tained between S and Z. Hence, neither conclusion I
199. 1; V > I ... (i); C < I ... (ii); C = Y ... (iii); K C ... (iv) nor conclusion II is necessarily true.
Combining (i), (ii) and (iii), we get V > I > C = Y ... (v) 210. 4; D > F ... (i); F = S ... (ii); S M ... (iii)
From (iv) and (v), we do not get any specific relation
From (ii) and (iii), we get F M. Therefore, conclusion
between I and K. Hence, II is not necessarily true.
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I and conclusion II are not true.
From (iii) and (iv), we get
K C=Y K Y Y K 211. 1; J = V ... (i); V < N ... (ii); R J ... (iii)
Hence, conclusion I is true. Combining all, we get
N > V = J R N > R (conclusion I) and N > J.
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200. 2; K N ... (i); S > T ... (ii); I < N ... (iii); T I ... (iv)
Combining (i), (iii) and (iv), we get Hence, conclusion I is true but conclusion II is not
K N>I T K>T T<K true.
Hence, conclusion II is true but conclusion I is not 212. 3; L U ... (i); C < L ... (ii); C > B ... (iii)
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true. From (i) and (ii) no specific relation can be obtained
201. 1; L = E ... (i); E > P ... (ii); P = R ... (iii); R D ... (iv) between C and U. But conclusion I and conclusion II
K
Combining all, we get make a complementary pair. Hence, either conclusion I
L = E > P = R D L > D D < L.
Hence, conclusion I is true but conclusion II is not
e or conclusion II is true.
213. 4; R P ... (i); B < P ... (ii); E = B ... (iii); F > B ... (iv)
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true. From (i) and (ii), we get R P > B and from (iii) and (iv)
202. 3; T I ... (i); R > T ... (ii); N I ... (iii); S I ... (iv) we get F > E = B.
Combining (iii) and (iv), we get S I N Hence, no specific relation can be obtained between P
S N N S and F, and R and F. Therefore neither conclusion I (P <
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We can’t obtain any specific relation between E and A 215. 2; B K ... (i); T < B ... (ii); T K ... (iii); K > S .... (iv)
or between E and P. But these two conclusions make a From (iii) and (iv), we get T K > S T > S
complementary pair. Hence, conclusion I (T S) is not true. But conclusion
205. 4; Z > E ... (i); R Z ... (ii); E B ... (iii); A < R ... (iv) II (T > S) is true.
w.
Combining (i) and (iii), we get Z > E B ... (v) 216. 5; F > K ... (i); P = K ... (ii); P H ... (iii); T < P ... (iv)
Combining (ii) and (iv), we get Z R > A .... (vi) From (i), (ii) and (iv), we get
From (v) and (vi), no specific relation can be obtained F > K = P > T F > T T < F (conclusion I)
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between E and R, or B and A. Hence, neither conclu- From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get F > K = P H F > H
sion I nor conclusion II is true. H < F (conclusion II)
206. 3; K T ... (i); S G ... (ii); G = H = T ... (iii) 217. 3; D L ... (i); L = P ... (ii); P T ... (iii); T Z ... (iv)
Combining all, we get S G = H = T K S K From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get D L = P T
ie S > K or S = K Hence, no specific relation can be obtained between D
207. 5; P S ... (i); A D ... (ii); A > I ... (iii); I = S ... (iv) and T. But one of the following three relations must be
From (i) and (iv), we get there between D and T:
P S = I P I (conclusion I) a. D > T, ie D T b. D < T, ie D T c. D = T
From (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get Hence, either conclusion I (D T) or conclusion II (T
D A > I = S S < D (conclusion II) = D) is true.
208. 4; P > Q ... (i); M K ... (ii); T K ... (iii) 218. 5; F > A ... (i); I < R ... (ii); I A ... (iii); I > L ... (iv)
From (ii) and (iii), no specific relation can be obtained From (ii) and (iv), we get
R > I > L R > L L < R (Conclusion I) 226. 3; K = R ... (i); R T ... (ii); T Z ... (iii); Z = S ... (iv)
From (i), (iii) and (iv), we get Combining (i) and (ii) only, we get K = R T K T..
F > A I > L F > L (Conclusion II) Therefore, one of the given conclusions K > T (con-
Hence, both the conclusions I and II are true. clusion I) and K < T (conclusion II) must be true.
219. 5; P < M ... (i); K P ... (ii); S P ... (iii); S G ... (iv) 227. 5; Q = M ... (i); M > N ... (ii); N = P ... (iii); L P ... (iv)
From (i), (iii) and (iv), we get Combining all, we get
M > P S G M > G (Conclusion I) Q = M > N = P L Q > L (Conclusion I) and
From (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get M > P P < M (Conclusion II)
K P S G K G G K (Conclusion II) 228. 3; M N ....(i); L = M ....(ii); L > O ....(iii)
Hence, both the conclusions I and II are true. Combining (i) and (ii),
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220. 3; N T ... (i) G = L = T ... (ii); S < L ... (iii) L = M N. The above equations give no specific
From (i) and (ii), we get relation between O and N. Hence, neither conclusion I
N T = L = G N L N > L (Conclusion I) or nor II follows. But the options when combined give a
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N = L (Conclusion II) complementary pair.
Hence, either conclusion I or conclusion II is true. 229. 4; A < C ....(i); P = Q ....(ii); Q R ....(iii)
221. 1; M = P ... (i); S M ... (ii); S Z ... (iii); T P ... (iv) There is no information regarding the relation between
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get A and R. Hence I cannot be proved. Combining (ii) and
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P = M S Z P Z (Conclusion I) (iii), we get R Q P
But, conclusion II P Z is not true. P R. Hence conclusion II is also not true.
K
222. 3; H K ... (i); T H ... (ii); K = F ... (iii); S = T ... (iv) 230. 2; W = X > V ....(i); X > Y ....(ii); Y < Z ....(iii)
From (i) and (iii), we get H K = F ... (v)
From (ii) and (iv), we get H T = S ... (vi) e From (i), we get W > V, hence conclusion II is true.
From (i), (ii) and (iii) no specific relation can be ob-
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From (v) and (vi), we do not get any specific relation tained between Z and V. Hence, conclusion I is not
between K and T. necessarily true.
Now, look carefully at conclusion II. F S can be 231. 5; M N ....(i); N < O ....(ii); O < P ....(iii)
written as K T because F = K and S = T.. Combining all we get
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223. 4; S > P ... (i); L Q ... (ii); P R ... (iii); R = Q ... (iv) Combining all, we get, R > A > B > S S < R. Hence
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From the equations (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get 235. 5; P < Q ... (i); Q < R ... (ii); R = S .... (iii)
K > T G H K > H H < K (Conclusion I) Combining these, we get P < Q < R = S
Again, from the equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get 236. 4; A B ... (i); B C ... (ii); C > D ... (iii)
ww
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Note: N O means N is lesser than or equal to O, that is,
N < O or N = O. It could be either of the two. So 252. 3; P > T ... (i); M K ... (ii); T = K ... (iii)
neither of them is definitely true. Thus I does not fol- Combining (ii) and (iii), we get T = K M or T M
low. That is, either T > M or T = M, In other words, either
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Again, from (ii) and (iii), O > R. Hence II does not I or II follows.
follow. 253. 4; S T ... (i); T U ... (ii); T < V ... (iii)
242. 5; L < M ... (i); N M ... (ii); M O ... (iii) From (i), T S. Hence I is not true.
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From (i) and (ii), L < N. Hence I follows. From (ii) and (iii), U T < V or U < V. But II is
From (ii) and (iii), N O. Hence II follows. U V. Hence II is also not true.
K
243. 1; The statements can be decoded as (1) B > C, 254. 4; K > L ... (i) ; K M ... (ii); M < N ... (iii)
(2) A > B, (3) C D. From (1) and (3) we have B D.
But conclusion II says B > D which is not the same as e From (i) and (ii), no relationship can be established
between L and M. Hence I is not true.
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B D. Hence II is not definitely true. Further, from (2), From (ii), M K. Hence II is also not true.
(1), (3) we have A > B > C D A D. Hence I is 255. 4; F G ... (i); F H ... (ii); F K ... (iii)
definitely true. No relationship can be established between G and K.
244. 5; The three statements can be decoded as (1) M = N, (2) Hence I cannot be established
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N P, (3) P R. Now, (1) and (2) give: M P which From (ii) and (iii), K F H or K H. Hence I is
is conclusion I while (3) gives conclusion II. false.
245. 3; The three statements give: 256. 2; T = S ... (i); R < Q ... (ii); Q = T ... (iii)
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(1) X > R, (2) R < S, (3) X = T. From (i) and (iii), Q = S. Hence I is not true.
From (1) and (3) we have: T > R. From (3) we have S > Combining (i), (ii) and (iii), S = T = Q > R or S > R. Hence
R. Hence, T and S are both greater than R and so no II is true.
relationship can be established between T and S. But 257. 4; B > C ... (i) ; C < D ... (ii); E < C ... (iii)
any two numbers are either equal or one is less than or No relationship can be established between B and D.
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greater than the other. Since I and II cover all these Hence I can’t be established. From (ii), D > C. Hence II
three possibilities, either of them must be true. is false.
246. 1; The three statements give (1) R > M, (2) M = Y, 258. 3; P L ... (i); N > Q ... (ii); M N .... (iii); M L ... (iv)
w.
Similarly J < S. Hence II is also true. (conclusion I) is true. Again combining (i), (ii) and (iii)
265. 4 266. 3 267. 2 268. 1 269. 4 270. 5 we get G = P Q S. Hence G S (conclusion II) is
271. 5 272. 3 true.
273. 5; G > U... (i); L U ... (ii); T = L ... (iii); T M ... (iv) 303. 4
Combining all these, we get G > U L = T M. 304. 3; Since S = T and S W therefore, T W. Hence
Hence G > M and M U. either conclusion I or conclusion II must be true.
274. 4 275. 3 276. 3 277. 2 278. 3 279. 5 280. 4 305. 4; Here J K ....(i); M N ....(ii);
281. 2 282. 1 283. 4 284. 1 285. 2 286. 5 287. 3 L N ....(iii); K = M ..... (iv)
288. 4 Combining (ii), (iii) and (iv) we get K = M N L.
(289-294): Here the direction proves a little troublesome.
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Hence no relationship between K and L can be deter-
But think logically. You infer P + Q means P is either mined.
less than or equal to Q. P × Q means P is either greater 306. 4; Here L < G ....(i); B < K ....(ii); L = S ....(iii); B L ...(iv).
than or equal to Q. P @ Q means P is greater than Q. P Combining (i) and (iii), we get S < G. Hence I is not true.
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÷ Q means P is less than Q. Now, go through all the No relationship between S and K can be determined.
questions with this form of direction. 307. 3; There is no such statement regarding the relationship
289. 4 290. 3 291. 3 292. 1 293. 1 294. 2 between M and S. But conclusions I and II are comple-
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295. 5; When we combine the first two equations, ie G < Q mentary to each other.
and R Q we get R Q > G. Hence R > G (conclu- 308. 3; No relationship between P and K can be determined.
K
sion I) is true. Combining the third and the fourth But conclusions I and II make a complementary pair.
equations, we get Hence either I or II is true.
R T = S. Hence S R is also true.
e 309. 5; Combining all the given information, we get
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296. 4; Combining all the informations we get D G S K P D P and G K . Hence
K = M S = T V. The valid relation between K and conclusions I and II are true.
S is K S and between K and V is K V. Hence both 310. 3; Here S = A ..... (i); P A ..... (ii);
I and II are not true. P L ..... (iii); L > G ..... (iv)
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297. 2; Combining all the informations we get Combining all these we get
G = K X > Y Z. From this, we get G > Z and S = A P L > G. Hence, S L ie S > L or S = L.
K > Z. Hence conclusion I is not true. 311. 4; Here, M N ... (i); N P ... (ii);
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298. 3 P > Q ..... (iii); R < Q ..... (iv)
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Combining equations (ii) and (iv) we get X Y Z. than or equal to’) any other term in the given state-
Hence conclusion I is true. Again, combining equations ments, then it can’t be less than (or, “less than or equal
(i) and (iii) we get A > B > C. Hence, C < A is also true. to”) any term in a conclusion. (Such a conclusion is
316. 5; P < K .... (i); P M .... (ii); G = T .... (iii); M < T .... (iv) definitely false.) Thus II is not true.
Combining (i) and (ii), we get 329. 1; Z M .... (i), B S .... (ii), N > Z .... (iii), N S .... (iv)
K > P M. Hence, we get M < K ( conclusion I). Again, Combining (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
by combining (iii) and (iv) we get G = T > M. Hence, we S N > Z M S > M. Hence, I is true. Look the
get M < G (conclusion II). equations carefully. Is there any sign of ? Your an-
317. 4; By an intelligent observation you come to know ele- swer is ‘No’. Hence II is not true.
ments in the first equation have no direct or indirect 330. 4; F > M .... (i), B O .... (ii), F < W .... (iii), B = W .... (iv)
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relations with the elements in the other three equations. Combining (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get
318. 3; G L .... (i); G = T .... (ii); T P .... (iii); P K .... (iv) O B = W > F > M O W. Hence I is not true. II is
also not true because B > F.
Combining all these, we get L G = T P K
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331. 2; C > W ... (i); L < D ... (ii); D C ... (iii).
319. 4; T K ..... (i); K L ..... (ii)
From (i) and (ii) we do not get any relation between T Combining (ii) and (iii), we get
and L. The given two conclusions are not exhaustive C D > L. Hence, C > L (conclusion II) is true. Wee
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either. Hence neither I nor II are true. can’t get relation between W and D on the basis of the
320. 4; A < T .... (i); Z = A .... (ii); Z K .... (iii); P K .... (iv) given statement. Hence, I is not true.
332. 1; M > V .... (i); U = M .... (ii); V T .... (iii)
K
Combining all these, we get T > A = Z K P
Combining (i) and (ii), we get
Hence we get Z P and A P..
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321. 4; L T .... (i); S < T ..... (ii); W = S .... (iii); W > K .... (iv)
M = U > V. Hence U > V (conclusion I) is true. We have
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information that V is either less than or equal to T. Hence,
Combining all these, we get L T > S = W > K
concentrating only on latter (conclusion II) is not true.
Hence there is no specific relationship between L and S
333. 3 334. 4 335. 5
or W.
336-337: Here directions for these questions are in the sim-
322. 3; D E .... (i); F E ... (ii); F = G .... (iii); H = G ... (iv)
plest form as following:
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Combining (i) and (ii), we get Z X > T, and by combin- ship between H and M can be established. Hence I
ing (iii) and (iv), we get P > N M. Here, we can’t get does not follow.
any clues by which the relation between P and T can be From (i) and (iii), we get Q M N Q N. Hence
found out. But the given conclusions are exhaustive in II may be true but not necessarily so.
nature. Hence, either I or II must be true. 352. 2; C > B ...(i), L < S ...(ii), S C ...(iii)
340. 4; A > B ... (i); B C ... (ii); C D ... (iii); D < E ... (iv). From (i) and (iii), we get B < C S no relationship
Combining (i) and (ii), we get A > B C. Similarly, by between B and S can be established. Hence I is not
combining (iii) and (iv), we get
true. From (ii) and (iii), we get L < S C L < C
E > D C. Hence, despite the combination we have no
or C > L. Hence II is true.
information of the relation between A and E. We reject
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both conclusions because A might be equal to E. 353. 5; I H ....(i), E > F ....(ii), I = F ...(iii)
341. 2; Z < N ... (i); F N ...(ii); F K ... (iii) From (ii) and (iii), we get E > F = I E > I. Hence I is
Combining (i), (ii) and (iii) we get true. From I and (i), we get E > I H E > H
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K F N > Z. Hence, we get K N. On its basis or, H < E. Hence II is true.
conclusion I is not necessarily true. But II is obvious 354. 3; V = O ...(i), R V ...(ii), O B ...(iii)
because the combination gives us K > Z. Combining all, we get R V = O B R B.
342. 3; D = T ...(i); T M ...(ii); M < K ... (iii) From (i) and (ii), we get Hence either I or II is true.
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D = T M D M. Hence, D > M or D = M (Conclusion 355. 4; L > U ...(i), T = L ...(ii), U W ...(iii)
II or I). Combining all, we get T = L > U W no relation-
K
343. 3; W A ... (i); B A ... (ii); B > M ... (iii) From (i) and (ii),
ship between T and W can be established. Hence I is
we get W A B W B. Hence B < W or W = B
(Conclusion I or II).
e not true. From (iii), II may be true but not necessarily
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so.
344. 1; J M ... (i); M = N ... (ii) N < T ... (iii) Combining (i), (ii)
356. 3; K L ...(i), M < P ...(ii), J > K ...(iii), P L ....(iv)
and (iii), we get T > M = N J T > J. Hence I is true
but II is false. From (i) and (iv), we get K L P K P
345. 4; V F ... (i); F > R ... (ii); R G ... (iii) Combining (ii) and P K either K = P or P < K
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(iii), we get F > R G. But comparing F > R G with 357. 4; F > M ...(i), A L ...(ii), F < G ...(iii), A = U ...(iv)
equation (i) we get no relation between V and G. How- From (ii) and (iv), we get U = A L U L or
ever, one of the following three cases must be true: L U. Hence I may be true but not necessarily so.
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1. G < V; 2. G > V; 3. G = V. But the given conclusions do The relation between A and F can’t be established.
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not consist of case 3. Hence neither I nor II is true. 358. 2; P > B ...(i), J < H ...(ii), S B ...(iii), J P ...(iv)
346. 4; B > K ... (i), E H ... (ii), K = E ... (iii) From (iv), (i) and (iii), we get J P > B S J > S.
Combining all, we get, B > K = E H No relation- Hence I is not true.
ship between B and H can be determined. Hence I is From (i), (ii) and (iv), we get H > J P > B H > B.
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not true. We also get, K H II may be true but not Hence II is true.
necessarily so. 359. 1; M > Z ...(i), B R ...(ii), Z C ...(iii), M R ...(iv)
347. 2; R S ...(i), M = S N ...(ii), J S ...(iii) From (i) and (iv), we get Z < M R Z < R or R > Z.
w.
From (ii), I may be true but not necessarily so. Hence I is true.
From (i) and (iii), we get R S J R J. Hence II From (ii) and (iv), we get B R M No definite
is true. relationship between B and M can be established.
348. 3
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From (i) and (iii), we get Q < P = S Q < S. Hence I is lished. Hence II not true.
true. 377. 2; A B ... (i), C > B ... (ii), C D ... (iii)
From (ii) and (iii), we get P = S R P R II From (ii) and (iii), we get D C > B D > B. Hence II
may be true but not necessarily so. is true.
363. 2; F E ...(i), G = E H ...(ii), I E ...(iii) From II and (i), we get D > B A no definite
From (ii), I may be true but not necessarily so. relationship between D and A can be established.
From (i) and (iii), we get F E I F I. Hence II Hence I is not true.
is true. 378. 5; T U ... (i), W V ... (ii), V > U ... (iii)
364. 4; A > B ...(i), J < L ...(ii), B = J ...(iii) From (i) and (iii), we get T U < V T < V
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Combining all, we get A > B = J < L no relationship or V > T. Hence II is true.
between A and L can be established. Hence I is not From (ii) and II, we get W V > T W > T W
true. T. Hence I is true.
From (ii) and (iii), we get B = J < L B < L. Hence II is 379. 3; L = N ... (i), K > L ... (ii), M N ... (iii)
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false. From (i) and (iii), we get L = N M L M. Hence
365. 4; M = N ...(i), N < Q ...(ii), N R ...(iii) either I or II is true.
From (ii) and (iii), we get Q > N R Q > R I is 380. 4; P Q ... (i), R > S ... (ii), P > R ... (iii)
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false. Combining all, we get Q P > R > S no definite
From (i) and (iii), we get M = N R M R II relationship between Q and S can be established. Hence
K
may be true but not necessarily so. I is not true. From (ii) and (iii), we get
366. 2; C D .... (i); F > E ..... (ii); G E ..... (iii)
From (ii) and (iii), F > E G F > G e P > R > S P > S. Hence II is not true.
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381. 4; G H ... (i), H > I ... (ii), I J .... (iii)
Hence II follows while I does not. From (i) and (ii), we get G H > I. Hence no relation-
367. 1; Y = Z ... (i); X G ... (ii); Y < L ... (iii); G > L .... (iv) ship between G and I can be established. Hence I is
Combining these, we get not true. From (ii) and (iii), we get
Z = Y < L < G X Hence Y < X and L > Z
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From (i) and (iii), K > Y Z K > Z. Hence I follows. From (i) and (iii), we get X = Y Z X Z. Hence
From (ii) and (iv), U > V > R U > R. Hence II does II may be true but not necessarily so.
not follow. 383. 5; N L .... (i), M L .... (ii), P > N .... (iii)
370. 4; W Q .... (i); R > X .... (ii); Q X ..... (iii) From (i) and (ii), we get N L M N M. Hence
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374. 4; Y = Z ... (i), R > T ... (ii), S Y ... (iii), R < Z ... (iv) 384. 3; Q S .... (i), T = S .... (ii), R T ... (iii)
From (i) & (iii), S Y = Z S = Z may be true but not Combining all, we get R T = S Q R Q
necessarily so. either R = Q or Q > R. Hence either I or II is true.
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From (i), (ii) and (iv), Y = Z > R > T Y > T. Hence II 385. 2; C D ... (i), E > F .... (ii), E < C ... (iii)
is not true. Combining all, we get F < E < C D F < D
375. 2; L > K ... (i), C H ... (ii), C < A ... (iii), H = L ... (iv) From or D > F. Hence II is true. I is not true.
(ii) and (iv), C H = L C L. Hence I may be true 386. 1; R > S ... (i), S = O ... (ii), M O ... (iii)
but not necessarily so. From (ii) and (iii), we get S = O M S M ... (A).
Combining all the equations, we get Hence II is not necessarily true.
A > C H = L > K A > K. Hence II is true. From (i) and (A), we get R > S M R > M. Hence
376. 4; X > Y ... (i), X Z ... (ii), Z S ... (iii) I is true.
From (ii) and (iii), we get X Z S No relation 387. 3; R G ... (i), G K ... (ii), R = L ... (iii)
Hence I is not true. No relationship between L and K can be established.
No definite relationship between S and Y can be estab- But I and II together are exhaustive. Hence either I or II
follows. 400. 1; A < B , ... (i), C > D .... (ii), D A .... (iii), C E .... (iv)
388. 1; Q X ... (i), Y X ... (ii), Z Y ... (iii) From (ii) and (iv), E > D. Hence I follows. From (i), (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get Q X Y Q Y and (iii), we get C > D A < B . Hence II can’t be
Y Q ... (A). Hence II is not true. established.
From (A) and (iii), we get Z Y Q Q Z. Hence 401. 4; The three statements are decoded as:
I is true. (i) R < M, (ii) M > P, (iii) R L.
389. 4; A T ... (i), S < T ... (ii), N S ... (iii) From (i) and (iii), we have M > R L.
From (i) and (ii), we get A T > S A > S.... (A). Which means M L. Hence, I does not necessarily
Hence I may be true but not necessarily so. follow. Again, M L and M > P..
.in
From (A) and (iii), we get A > S N A > N. Hence So P = L may or may not be true. So II does not follow
II may be true but not necessarily so. either.
390. 3; A = T ... (i), T M ... (ii), Q M ... (iii) 402. 1; The three statements are decoded as:
(i) T P, (ii) P < S, (iii) P = M.
ng
From (ii) and (iii), we get T M Q T Q
Hence either I or II is true. From (ii) and (iii), we have S > M. So I follows. From (i)
(391-395): In these questions and (ii) we can’t be sure whether T is greater than or
less than S. So II may or may not follow.
$ > (greater than), @ (greater than or equal
eri
403. 3; The statements are decoded as
to), = (equal to), * < (smaller than), and # (i) M = T (ii) T Z, (iii) S > M
K
(smaller than or equal to). From (i) and (ii), we have Z M.
391. 5; L < S .... (i), P R .... (ii), S R ... (iii)
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
e This means that either Z > M or Z = M.
Hence either I or II follows.
gin
P R S > L. P > L. Hence I is true. 404. 4; The statements are decoded as
From (ii) and (iii), II is true. (i) Z < B, (ii) N S, (iii) B < N.
392. 4; G > R .... (i), H R .... (ii), G M .... (iii) From (i) and (iii) we see that: N > B > Z.
From (i) and (iii), no definite relationship between M Obviously, I is wrong. Also, N > B and N S.
En
and R can be established. Hence I and II are not true. This is not sufficient to find a relation between B and S.
393. 3; Y T ... (i), J = T .... (ii), O = T .... (iii), E J ... (iv) 405. 4; The statements are : (i) L < C, (ii) C > Z, (iii) Z F..
From (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get From (ii) and (iii), we can’t find any relation between C
KUNDAN
E O=T=J Y E Y and F.
arn
Hence, either conclusion I or II is true. 406. 2; Since conclusion II is nothing but the second state-
394. 2; H P... (i), H < D ... (ii), T < P ... (iii), X = T ... (iv) ment, don’t waste your time decoding the given state-
From (i) and (iii), we get ments. II is of course true.
H P > T H > T. Hence conclusion I is not true. 407. 1; The statements can be decoded as
Le
From (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) (i) N < L, (ii) L > S, (iii) S > Q. From (ii) and (iii) it is
D > H P > T = X D > X. obvious that Q < S < L Q < L. Hence, I is true. Since
Hence conclusion II is true. both N and Q are smaller than the same quantity L, it is
w.
397. 4; S T ... (i), X < Y ... (ii), S Y ... (iii) between A and D. Therefore, neither I nor II can be
I can’t be established. declared true or false.
From (i) and (iii), Y T. Thus II may follow but not 409. 4; The three statements can be decoded as: (1) M < N, (2)
necessarily so. O > P, (3) O < U. From (2) and (3),
398. 4; Z > R ... (i), S D... (ii), R < A .... (iii), A S .... (iv) we have, U > O > P U > P..
I can’t be established. Thus both I and II are wrong.
From (iii) and (iv), R < S. Thus II is false. 410. 1; The three statements can be decoded as (1) Q > S, (2)
399. 4; U V .... (i), N K ... (ii), L < V ... (iii), U N ... (iv) U < S, (3) U = R.
Combining these, we get K N U V > L. From (1) and (2), we have:
So I does not follow. Nor does II follow. U < S < Q U < Q. Hence, I is correct.
.in
ng
eri
e
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww
222
ttt
t
ttt
ttttttttttttt ttttttttt ttttt ttt
tttttt ttt
ttt
tttttttttttttt tttttttt tt ttttttttt tttttttttttttttttttttt
.in
tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt tttttt ttttttt ttttttttttttttttttttttttt ttttt tttttt
tttttt ttt ttttt ttttt t t tttttttt ttt tt ttttttt tttttt ttttttttttttt tttttttttt ttttttt tttttttttttt
tttttttttttt
tt ttttt tttt ttttt tt ttttt ttt ttttt ttttt ttttttttttt tt tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
tt ttttt tttttt ttttt ttttttttttt tttt ttt tttttt tttttttttt ttt tttt ttttttttttt tttttttttttttttttt tttttttttttttttttttt
ttt tttt tt tttt t ttt tttttttt ttt ttttt tttt ttttt ttttttt t
ng
ttttttttttttttt tttttttttttt ttttttttttttt
tttt tt tttttt ttttttt ttt tt tttttt tttttt tttt ttt ttt
t ttttttt ttttt tttt ! !! ! !
tttttt tttt tttt ttt
tttt tttttt tttt ttt
tt tttt tttttt t t tttt ttttt t tt t tttttt
t tt tttt ttt t
eri
tttt tttttt ttt tttt ttttttttt ttt ttt tttt ttt tttttt t tt tttt t tttttt t t tttttttt
tttttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt tttttttt tttttt ttt tttt ttttttt tttttttttt t ttt
tttttt tttt tttt ttt ! ttt ttttt ttttt t t tttttttt
t tt tttttttt ttt t
tttt tttttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttt ttttttt
t t t tttt ttttt tttttt ttt tttt t
tttt tttttt ttt tttt t ttt ttttttt
tttt ttt tt
e !tttt t
t ttttttttt
ttttt t tt ttttt ttt ttttt tttttt ttt ttt ttt tttttttttt tt ttt
gin
ttt
t t tt ttttttttttt tttt tttttt ttt ttttt ttttt tttt ttttt t tt ttttt ttt ttttt tttttt ttt ttt ttt ttttttttt
ttt tttt ttt ttt t tttttt t t ttt tttt
ttt tttt ttttt ttttttttt
t tt ttttt ttttttttt ttt tttt ttttt 2
ttt ttttt ttttt t t tttttttt
t tttt ttttt tt
ttt tt ttt t ttt tttt t tt ttt tttt ttttt t tt ttttt t tt tttt tttttttt tttt ttttttttt ttt tttt tt t ttt tttttt tttt ttttt
ttttt ttttttt tttt tttt tttttttttt t tt ttttt tttt tt t tttttttttttttttttt tttttttttttt ttttt t tttttttt tttttttt
En
ttttt tttt tttt tt tttt tttt ttttt ttttttt
tt tttttttt ttt tt tttttttt tttttt ttt tttt t t tttttttt *
! !
ttttttt ttttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttt ttt ttttt tttttt ttt
ttttt t tt ttttt tttt ttttttt tttt ttttt t tt tttt
! 2t ttt ttttt tt tt t tttt
ttttt ttttttt ttt
t t ttttttt ttt ttttt ttttt tttt tttttt ttt ttttttttttttttt ttt tttttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttt tttt
arn
ttt tttt ttttt ttttttt tttt tt tttt tt tttt ttttttt
ttttt
t
t tttttttt ttttt tttt tt ttttt ttt ttttttttttt tt
! ! !! !
ttt tttt t tttt tttttttttttt t t ttt
tt ttttt ttttt ttt ttttt ttt tttt tttttt tttttt
t tttt tttttt ttt ttt ttttttt tttt tttt tt tttttttt ttt ttttttttttttt ttt
ttt tttt tt tttt ttttttt tttt tttt tttttttttt ttt tttttt tttt tt ttttttt ttttt tttttt tt tttt tttt t ttttt tttt ttt ttt ttttttttt
Le
tttttttttt t
t ttt ttttttt tttt ttttt t tt ttttt tt ttttttt ttt ttttt tttt tttt ttttttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tt ttttt tt
ttttt tttttttt tttt ttttt t tt ttt
t tt tttt tttttt tttttt tttt
t
tttttttt tttt tt tt ttttt tttt ttt tttttttttt t
tttttttttt ttt tttt ttt tttt ttt ttt tttttt ttt tttttt ttttttt tt
! !
tttt
t ttt tttttttt ttttttttt
t tt tttt ttttt tttt ttttt t t
w.
t
t ttttt ttt tttt t tttttt ttttt tttt ttttt
2 tttttt tttt tttt ttt !
! t t ttttttt tttt ttttt ttt ttt
ttt tttttt tttt tttt ttttt ttttttttttttt
tt tttttttttttttttt tttttttttttt
tttttttt
ttt tttt tttttt tttt tt tttttttttttttttttttttttt
t tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
ttt tttt tttt tttttt ttttttt
t ttt tttt ttttt ttttt tttt tttt tt ttttt ttttt ttt tttt 2t ttttt ttt ttttt tttt
ttt
t t t tttt ttt
t tttt ttttt tttt tttttt tttttt tttttttt tt tttttt
ttt ttttt t ttttt
t tttt tt ttttt ttttt tttttttttt ttt tttt
! !
tttttt ttt ttttt tttt t t tttt ttt ttt t t tttttttttttt tttt ttttt tttttt ttt
222
ttttt ttttt ttttttttt ttt ttttt tttttt ttttttttt t t tttt ttttt tt tttttttttttttttttttttttt ttttttttttt ttttttttttttttttttt t
ttt tt tttttttt t t ttt ttttt tttt ttt tttt t tttt ttt ttt tt tttttt ttt
t
tttttttttttttt tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt tttt ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttttttt
tttt tttttttttttt tttt ttt ttt ttttt tt tttttt tt t t ttt ttt tt tttttt ttt tttttt t t tttttt ttttt t
ttt tttt
! t t tttt ttttt ttt 2 t tttt tttt tttt tt ttttt ttt tt ttttt
tt tttt t tttttt ttt tttttttttt ttttt tttt ttttt tt tttttttt ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttt
ttttttt
tt ttttttttttttttttt
ttt ttt
t ttttttttttttt tttttt tttttt tttt tttt tttttt ttt tttttt tttt tttttt ttt tttt tt tt
tt tttttt ttt tt ttt tttt tt tttt t ttt tttttttt ttt ttttt tt tt tttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttttttttttttt
ttttt tttttt ttttttttt tttttt ttt ttt ttttt tttt tttt ttttt t ttt ttt ttt ttt tttt t t tt ttttt ttttt ttt ttttt 2
! t tt ttttttttttt ttttt ttt tt tttttttttttt tttt tttttt tttt
tttt tttttt ttt tttttt tttt tttttt ttt tttt tt ttt tt tttttt ttt
! ! tttt tttttt ttttttttt tttt ttttttttt tttttttttt tttt ttttt
.in
tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt tttttt tttttttttt
ttttttttttt ttttttttt tttttt tttttttt tttttttttttttt
ttt tttt tttt ttttt tttt tttttt tttt tttt tt ttt tttt ttt ttt tttt
ttttt ttt tttt tttttt ttt ttttttt
t
t
t t tt t tttt tttt
ttt tttt tttttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt tt tttttttt
t ttt tt t
ttt tttt tt ttttt ttt tttt tttttt t t tttttt ttt tttttt
ttt
t tt tt
tttt ttttt ttt ttttt tttt tttttt ttt tttttt tttt tttttt ttt ttt
tttttt ttttttttttttttt tttttt tt ttt ttttttt ttttttttt ttttt
tt ttt tt tttttt tttt tttt tttttt tttt tttt tt ttt tttt ttt ttt
ng
ttt
tt tttt
t tttttt ttttttt t t tt tttt tt ttttt
tttt tttt ttt ttt tttt tttt tttt
t tttttt tttt tttttt ttt ttt
2 tt ttt ttttt ttt tttt tttttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt tt ttttt
2 ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt tttttt tttttttttttt
tttt t tttt tttt tttttt tttt tttt ttt ttt tttt tttt ttt ttttt tt
eri
ttttt tttttt ttttttttttttttttt ttttttt ttttttttttttttt tttt tttttt tttt tttt t ttt tttt t
tttt ttt tttttt tttttttttttt ttt tttt ttttt tt ttttt tt ttt tttt ttttttt t
t tt tttt ttttttttt ttt tttttt tt
t ttttt
t ttt t ttttt t tt ttttttttttt tttt ttt ttttt ttttt tttt
tttttttttttt ttt tttt ttttttttttttt tt tttt t ttt ttt tt t t ttttt
tttt tt tttt tt t tttttttttt tttttt ttt tttttttttt
ttt ttt tttttt t ttt tttt
t tttt tt tttt t tt tttttttttt
ttt ttt tttttt 2 ttt ttttt tttt tttt tt tttt ttttt e t ttt ttt tt t t tttt t
t ttt ttt tt t t tttt tt
gin
t ttt ttt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttt tt
ttttttttttt tttttt tt
t ttt ttt tttttt 2 t ttt tttt
tttt
t tttttttttt tt tttttt ttttt tt ttttt ttttttt tttt
ttt t ttttt
t tttttttt tttt tttt ttt
tttt ttttttttttttttt tttttttttttttttttt
tttttttttttttt tt
2 ttt ttt ttttt tttt ttt t ttt t ttttt
t tt ttt ttttt 2 2t tt t
ttt ttt ttttt tttt ttttttttt
tttt ttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttttttttttt
ttt
ttt ttt ttttt tttt tt tt tttttttttttttt t t ttttttt ttt ttt tttttt ttt tttttt ttt t
En
ttt ttt ttttt tttt ttttt tttt tttt t tttt
t ttttt tttt
tttt ttt tt tttt t t ! t tttt ttt tt ttttt tt
t t t tttt 't t ttt t tttttt tt ttttt ttt
tttttt tttt tttttt ttt tttt tt ttttt tttt ttttt t tt ttttt ttt
t t t ttt t t t ttt t tttt t ttt t 't t ttt t ttt ttt t
tttttt ttttt tttttttttt ttt
t
ttt tttt tttt
arn
tttttt ttt
tttttttttt ttt tttttt ttt tttttt tttt tttt tttt
t tttttt ttttttttttttttt tttttttttttttt
2 ttt ttt ttttt tttt
't t ttt !t ttt ttt tt tttttt ttt
ttt ttt ttttt tttt
ttt ttt ttttt tttt
ttt ttt ttttt tttt ! !
Le
tttt tt ttt tttt ttt ttttttttt ttttt t tt ttttt ttttt tttttt ttt ttt tt ttttt ttt
ttt !
t ttttt t tt ttttttttttt tttt ttttt t
tttttt't 2tttt2t't ttt tttt
ttt tttttt tttttttttttt ttt tt ttt ttt tt tttttt ttt t
ttttt2t't2tttt 't ttt<t
2 ttt ttt ttttt tttt ttt tt ttttt ttt
ww
ttt ttt ttttt tttt t
tttttt't 2ttttt't < ttt2 'ttttt
ttt ttt ttttt tttt t
ttttt2t'ttttt 't2 ttt= 'ttttt
tttt ttt ttttt tt
t2tttt2t't tttt<t't =tttt> 't
ttt ttttt ttttt tt tttt tttttt ttt ttt tt ttttttt tt
ttt ttttt ttt tttt ttt tt tttttt ttt
ttttt ttttt ttt tt tttt 'ttttt
tttttttt
t'ttttt
tttt
tt t
tttt ttt tt tttt t t 2 ! t tttt ttt tt ttttt tt ttt tt tttttt ttt
tttttt tttt tttttt ttt tttt tt ttttt tttt ttttt t tt ttttttt ttttt'ttttt
tttttttt
t'ttttt
ttt
ttttt tttttt tttt ttt
t ttt tttttt tttt tttt t tttt
tttttttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttt
tttttttt ttt2t'ttttt
tttttttt
t'ttttt
ttt
t
t tttt ttt tttttt tttt tttt ttt ttt tttt tttt ttttt tttt tttt tttt
ttttt ttttt tttttt tttt ttt !
t ttt
t ttttt
22
.in
t
2tttt>t'tttttt
ttttttttt
t't tttttt t tt ttt t tttt tttt tttt tttttt tt t
ttt ttttt ttttttt
ttttt tttttt tttttttt ttttttttt tttt ttttt tttt ttt tttt tttt tttt ttttttttttt
tttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttttttttt ttttt
tt tttttt
t ttt tt tt tt tttttt tttt tttt ttt
tt ttttt tttt tt ttt ttt
t
t t
t t
t
tttt 'ttttt
tttt!tttt
!
t ttt
t tttt t t ttttt
ng
ttt't2tttt< 2 t t ttttt tt t t tt ttttt tttttt ttt
ttt tt ttttt tttttttt
ttt'ttttt
tttt!tttt
ttttt tttt ttt
t tttt ttttt ttt tttt ttttt
ttt'ttttt=
t tttt ttttt tttt tttt ttttt tt tttttttt
t
2tttt>t'tttt!tt
ttttttt!tt
t tttt ttttt tttt tttt ttttt ttttttttt t
eri
ttttt'tttttttt
t ttttt tttt tttt tttt ttttt ttttttttt t
ttt ttttt ttttttt
ttttt tttttt tttttttt ttttttttt !
t tt tttt tttt tttt ttttt ttttttttt tttt
tttttttttttttttt tttttttttttttttttttt ttttt
tt tttttt
t tttt t t ttttt
tt ttttt ttt
t tt ttt ttt 2 t t ttttt ttt t t tt ttttt tttttt ttt ttt ttt ttttttttttt ttt tt
< t
tttt'ttttt
tttt!tttt
ttt't2tttt2
e tttttttttt tttttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt t t ttttt ttttt
t ttt ttt tttttttttt tttttt ttt ttttttttttt tt
gin
tt'ttttt
tttt!tttt
t ttt ttt tttttt tttttttttt ttt ttt tttttttttt
t t t 't <t ttt t
t ttt ttt tttttttttt tttttt ttt ttttttttttt tt
t
2tttt>t'tttttt
ttttttttt
!
t ttt tttttttttt ttt tttttt ttt ttttttttttt tt
t t t t 't t ttt t t tt
t tttt t t ttttt
ttt ttttt tttttttttt tttttt ttttt ttt ttttt tt tttt ttttt tttt tttt ttttt
t tttt ttttt ttt ttttt t t t tttt ttttt
ttttttt t
tttt tttt ttt ttt tttt tttttt ttttt
En
t tttt t t ttttt
t ttttttttt tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt tttttt
! ! ttt ttt
t tttt ttt ttttt tt t t ttttt ttttt
! 2 2 2 2
t tttt ttttt ttt ttt tttttttt ttt tttttt
!
t ttttt tttt ttt ttt ttttttt ttt ttttttt
t tttttttt ttttt ttt ttt ttttttt ttt ttt
Le
tt tt ttt ttt tt tttttt ttttt ttt tttt
22tttttttt ttttttttt tttttttttttt ttttttttttttt tttt ! tt ttttt ttt ttt t ttttt t tttt
tttttttt tttt ttttt tttt ttttt ttt ttt tt tttttt ttttt tttt t
ttt t
t tttt tt ttt ttttt tttt tt tttt ttt ttt
ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt ttt tttttttttt'ttt tt tt tttttttt tt ttttt ttttttttttttttt tt tt tttt
t
tttttttt
t'ttttttttt ttttttttttttttttttttttt
ww
22
t tt ttttt t ttt !t ttt
t ttttt tttt tttttttt ttttt ttt ttt tttttttttt tttttt ttt ttttttttttt ttt
ttt tttt ttttt ttt ttt ttt tt
t
t tt tttt ttttt ttt tttt tttt ttt ttttt tttt tttttttt tttt ! t !t tt
ttttttt ttt 2 ttt ttttt ttt
tt t
t tt ttttt ttt ttt t ttt tttt
ttttttt't
tttttttt ttttttttttttttttttttt
tt tttt tt ttttt ttttt tttt tttt tt tttt tt ttttt 't t t t !t
t t t t
t t
tttttttttttttt
t ttttttt tttttt ttttt tttttttttt tttttttttttt't
ttttt't
t ttt '
tttt't!
t tttt't
ttt
t
t
t!t t ttttt
t tt't
t tttt't
t ttttt' ttttttt 't
t tttttt 't t t
t tttt tt tttt tt tttt
t t tttttt 't !
t ttt 't
t ttttt 't
t tttttt 't t t
t
t 't t t t t
t t !t ttttttttttt tttt tttt
t t
tt ttt t tt tt tttt tt ttttt t t ttttt 2 ttttt tttt
tttt tttt tttttt tttttt tttt ttt ttt
!
2
!
! t
t tttt
!
ttt t tttt
t !t 't ttt ttt ttttt tttttttt ttttttt tt
!
ttt
ttttttttttt tttt tt tttt
t t't!tttt
tt
.in
!
tt tt tt tttttt
! ttt 't !
t ttt 't
t ttttt 't
t tttttttt 't
t ttttttt 't
! ttt 't
t tttt 't t t
t tttt tt tttt tt ttttt t 't
! t t !t
t t t ttt
t tttt tttt tt ttt ttt ttt ttttttt
t ttt ttttt tttttttt ttttt t ttttt tt ttt ttttt ttt ttttttt ttt tttt
ng
ttttt tttt tt ttttttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt tt ttt tt tttt ttttt t t ttttttttt ttttt ttt tttt
ttttttt tttt tttttttttttt ttttttt tt t
t ttt ttt t tt tttt ttttt tttt ttttttt t t tttt ttttt tttt ttt
tttttttttt tttttttt 'tt2 ttt2t
tt t
tttttttt tttttttt t ttttttttttttt ttttttt ttttt ttttttt
ttt tt tttt tttt tt ttt ttttt ttt ttt tttt tttt tt tt tttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt tt ttttt t t tt
eri
ttt tt tttt tttt ttt tttttttt
t tttt tt ttt ttt t ttt t tttttt t t tt tt tttt
ttttttttttttttttttttt tttttttttttttttttt t ttt ttttttt ttttttttt t t ttttt tttt
t
tttt tttt ttt !
t tt tt tttttttt tttt
t ttt tttt t ttt ttttt !
tttt
t tt tt tt tttttttt tttt tt tttt tt ttttt t
tttt tttt ttt ttt tttt tttttttt
e
ttttttttttt tttt
t ttt tttt tttt tttt ttttttttttttt tt
gin
t
t tttttt ttttt tt tttttt t t tttttttt t
ttt tt ttttt't t ttt ttttttt
t
t >
t =
ttttttttt ttt ttttt ttt
t tttt tttt ttttt ttt ttttttt ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
t tt
ttttttt t t tt ttttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt ttt t 't ttt t ttt ttttttt ttttt t
t tt ttttttt
t
ttttttt t t tttttttt ttttt
t
t !t tttt
ttt t tttt tttt tttt tttttt tt t
t ttt ttt tttttt tttttt
tttt t ttttttt t t ttttt ttttt t t ttttttttt tt ttttt tttt tt t
t tttttt tttttttt ttt tttttt ttt t
tttt tt tttt ttttt t t tttttttt
t tttt tttt tttt t !t
t t t t
t tt ttttt tt 't
t ttt t 't
t tttt 't
En
!2 2 tt
t tt tttt tttt ttttt tttt ttt ttttt tttt tt tt tt tttttt tttt tttt ttt t ttt ttttt t t t t
ttttttttttttttttttttttt tttttttttttt tttttttt ttt ttttt tttttttttttttttt tt tttttttt
t t tttt ttttt tttt
t tt tttt ttttt tttt t t ttt tt
tttttt tttttt tttttttttttttttt tttttttttt!tt!
tttt ttttt ttt ttttttttt ttt tttt ttttttt tttt
tt t
ttttttt ttttttt ttttttt tttt!ttt'tttttt
ttt
t tt tttt ttttt tttt ttttt ttttt tttt ttt ttt
ttttt tt tttt ttttttt tttt ttttt ttttttt ttt tttt
Le
ttttttt ttt ttttt ttttt ttt tttt tt tttt tt tttt tttttttttttttt t tttttttt
ttttt ttttttttttttttttttttttt
t
t tt tttt tttt tttt tttt tt ttt tt t t ttttt ttttttttt ttt tttt tt t ttt t tttt tttttt ttt ttt tt
ttttttt ttt tttt ttttt t t tt tt tt tttt ttt ttt ttttttttt tttttttttttt ttttt t tttt
tttt ttttttttttt ttttttt
tttt ttttttt tttttt
t tt ttttttttt t tttt tttt ttttt ttttttttttttttttt ttttt tttttttttttttttttt tttttt
w.
ttt tttt ttttt tttttt ttt ttttt ttttt ttt tttttttttt tttttttttt ttttt ttt ttttt ttt ttt
! 2 ttt t ttttt
t t t tt tttttt ttttttttt ttt t ttttt
< ttt
t ttttt t 't
tttt
t!ttt
t ttttttttt
ttt't
ttt't
ttttt
't
t ttttttttt 't
t ttttt 't
t tttt 't !
t tttt 't ttttttt tttt tttt t ttttt ttt tttttttttttt ttttttt
t
t tttttt ttt tttt tt tttt tt ttttt ttt 't t t t !t
ttttttt tttt ttt ttttttttttt tttt tttt t ttt tt tt tttt tt tttt
t t ttttttttttt tttt tttt
t tt ttt ttttt ttt ttttt tttt ttttttt t tttt tttt tttt tttttttt
tttttt 't tt tttt tttt tttt ttttt ttttttttt tttt
! 2 t t tt
ttttttttttt ttt ttt t t ttttt ttt ttt ttt ttt t t ttttttt
2t ttt 2
t tttt
t t 't
ttt ttt ttttttttttt ttt tt ttttt tttt ttttttttt ttttttttt ttttt ttttt tttttttt ttt
tttttttttt ttttt
t t
t ttttttt ttttt t t tttt tttt ttttttttt ttt tttttt tt tttttttt ttt tt tttttttt tttttt t
2tttt2t't ttt tttttttttt tt tt ttt tt ttttttttt ttt tttttttttttt t t tttt
t
t t 't
t
t
t !
t
t
t t tt tt ttttttt t t 't
tt ttttt tt tttt tt tt tt ttttt tt tttt t ttt tttt tt ttttttt
ttt 't
t ttttttttttt 't
t ttt 't !
t ttt 't
t ttttttttt tt tttt ttttttttt tttt tt ttttt tttt tt tttt tt tttt tttttttt
't
ttttttt'ttt
t tttttttttt tttt tt tttt
ttt tttt tt tt tt ttttt tttt tt tttt tt tttt ttttttttt tttt
t'ttttt
tt!t ttttttttttttttt tttt
t ttttt ttt
t t t tttt tttt tttttt ttttt tt
t ttt
t tttt tttt ttt tt
22<
ttttttt tt ttttt tttt tttttt ttt t ttt ttttt ttttt ttt t tt 2 tttt tttttttt ttttt ttttttt
ttttttt tt ttttt tttt tt tttt tttt ttt tttt tt ttttttt tttttttt ttttt tttttttt tttt
tttt ttt
tt t ttttttttt
t ttt
t tt
ttttttttttttttttttttt tttt tttttttt tttttttt ttttt tttt
tt tttttttt tt ttt tt ttttt tt
t ttt
t ttt
t ttt ttttttttt tttt tttttttt ttttt tttttttt tttt
tt tttttttt tt ttt tt ttttttttt
t
t
t ttt ttt tt ttttttt = ttttt tttttttt ttttt ttttttt
tt ttt tt ttttt
t
t
t ttt tt tt tttttttt tt ttt tt t
tttttttt ttttt tttttttt tttt
tt ttt tttt tt tt ttttt ttttt ttttttttt ttt ttt tt ttttttt tttttttt tttttttt ttttt tttt
tt ttt ttttt tt tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt ttttttt tttttttt ttttt tttttttt tttt
tt ttt t
t
t ttttt ttt tttt t ttttttt ttttt tttt
! !
tttt tttttttt ttttt ttttttt ttt tt tt tt tttttt tttt
t tttt tt ttttt ttttt tttt
tttttttt ttttt tttttttt tttt ttttttttt tttt ttt ttttt ttt tttttttt tttt tttt ttt tttttt
t tt
tttttttt ttttt ttttt ttttttt tttt ttttt ttt ttt t
t ttt tt ttttt tttt tt tttt ttt tttt ttt ttt
.in
t tttt ttt tt ttttt t tt ttt t
t tt tt tttttttt ttt ttt t tttt ttttt tt
ttt ttttt ttt ttt t tttttt t t tttttttttt ttt tt tttttttttt t ttttttt ttttt ttt tt ttttt tttt t tt ttt ttt
tt tttttttt tt ttt t
ttt tttttttt tttt ttttttt ttttttt ttt ttt tttt t
t
t ttt tt
2 ttttt tttttttt ttttt ttttttt ttttt ttttttt ttttttttt tttt tttt ttttt tttt tttt t
ttttt ttttt tttttttt ttttttt
ng
ttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt tttttt ttt t t tttt tt t tttt tttt tttttt
tttt tttttttt ttttt ttttttt :tttttt tttt tttt ttt t
t t tttttt tttt tt t tttt tttt ttt t
ttttttttttt ttttttt ttt tttttttttt ttt tttt tttt tttt ttttt tttt tttttttttt ttttt tt tttt
t ttt tttt tt ttt
ttttttttt ttttt ttttt tttt tttt t tttttt ttttt ttt t tttt tttttt tt ttttt t ttttt ttttt
ttttt ttttttt t tt tt ttt ttttttttt ttttt tttt
> ttttt ttttttt ttttt ttttttt
eri
t tttttt ttttt ttt t tttttttt ttttt tttttttt tttt
2
tttttttttttt tttttttt ttttt ttttt ttttttt
tttt
tttttttt tttttttt ttt ttttttttt ttttt ttttt tttt ttt ttt tttt
tttt
ttttttttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt tt
ttttt ttttt tttt ttttttt ttt ttt
ttttttttttt ttttttt ttttttttttttttttt tt ttttttt
ttttt
e tttttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttt tttt tt tttt ttt tt ttt
tttt tttttttttt t tt tttttttt tttt tttttt t ttt ttt
gin
tttttttttttttt ttttt
ttttt
ttttttttttt ttttt tttttttt ttttt ttttttt
tttttttttt
tttttt tttttttt ttttt tttttttt tttt
ttttttttttt ttttttt tttttttttttttttt tt ttttttt ttttt tttttttt tttttttt tttt
ttttt
ttttttttttt ttt ttt tt tttttttt ttttt
t tttttttt ttt
tttttttttt
t t
t ttttttttt ttttt ttttt tttt tttt
En
ttttt ttt tt tttt ttttt ttt ttttt tt
tttt tttt
t ttt ttttt tt
t t tttttttt tttttttt ttttt tttt
ttttttttttttt tttt ttttt ttt ttttttttttttttttt ttttttt t tttttttt ttttt tttttttt tttt
ttt ttt ttt ttt ttttt tt
t ttt tt ttttttt ttttt
t tttt tttt
tttttttt ttt tttttttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt t
t tttt ttt
tt ttt
tttttttttt ttt tttt !ttttt ttttttttt ttttttttt tttt ttttttttt tttttttttttttttt tttttttt ttttttt tttttt
tttt
t tt ttt
t tttttt tttt tttttttttt tttt ttttttttttttttttt tttttt
t ttttttt
tttt tttttttt ttttt ttttttt ttttt ttt tttt tt tttt ttt tt tttttt
t tttttttt ttt tt
Le
! ttttttttt tttt ttttt ttttt t tttt tttt ttttttttttt tttt tttttttttt tttt ttttt tttttt ttt
w.
222
ttt tttt tttt t tttttt tttt ttttt tttt ttttt ttttttttt ttttt ttt 2 ttt tt tt ttttt t t tttttttt
t tt tttt tttt tttt tttt
tttt t tttt ttt ttt tttt ttttttttt ttttt tttt
tttt tttt ttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt tttt tttt ttttt
t ttttttttttttt ttttttttttttttt
tttttttttttt tttt
t ttt tttt t tttt tttt tttt tttttt ttttt tttt tttttttttttttttttttt
tttttttttttttttttttttt tttt
t tttt tttt ttt ttttt tttttt t tttt tttt tttt ttttttt
t tttt tttt ttt ttttt t tttt tttttt tttt tttt
ttttttttttttttt tttttttt tt tttttttt tttt ttttttt
t tttt tttt ttt tttt t tttt tttttt ttttt tttt
!
t tttt tttt t tttt tttt ttt tttttt ttttt tttt
ttt ttttt t
t ttt tttt ttttt ttt ttttt t t t '
t t tttttt tt
tttttttt ttt tttttttt
tt t
t tttttttttttt tt ttttt tttt
t tttt t t ttttt
ttttt ttttt ttt ttttttt ttttt t ttt ttttt tttt tttttttttt
2 t ttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tt ttttttt
ttt ttt t tttt !t t
t tt tttt tttt tttt tttt tttt
ttt tttt ttttt tttttt tt tt ttttt tttt tttt tttt ttt
t t tt tttt tttt tttt tttttttt ttt tttt
tttttttttttt tt
ttt tttt tttt tttt tttttttt tt tttt
t tt ttt ttt ttttt tttttttt ttttt tttt
ttt tttttttt tttt tttt tttt tt ttt
.in
t tttt t
ttttt
ttt tttttttt ttttt tttt tttt tt ttt
t tttt t !
tttttttt
ttt tttttttt ttttt tttt tttt tt ttt
t tttt t t ttttt
ttt tttttttt ttttt tttt tt tttt ttt
2 t tt tttt tttt tttt tttttttt ttt tttt
tt tt tttt tttt tt ttt tt ttt
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt tttttttttttt tttt
ng
ttt tt tt ttttttttt tt tttt tttt tttt tttt
ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
t tttt t
ttttt
ttttttttttttttttttt tttt
tttttttttttttttt tttt
ttt
t tttt t !
tttttttt tttttt t ttttttttttttttt
ttttttttttt ttttttttttt
t tttt t t ttttt tttttttttttt
eri
t
t t tt tt ttt tt tt tt tttt ttttt
tttt tttt ttt tttt t ttt ttttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt !
t tt tttt ttttt tttt
t tttt t tttttt
t tttt tt tt ttt tt tt tt tt t ttttt tttt ttt tttttt ttttt ttt ttttt ttt ttt tt tt tt tttt ttt
t tt tttttttt ttttt
t tt ttttttt tttt
t tttt tttttttttttt tt tttt
t tttt ttttt ttt ttttt
t ttttt ttttt ttttt t t tttt
t ttttttttttt ttttt tttt tttt tt ttttt ttttt tttt
tt tttttttt tttttt tt ttttt ttttt tttt tttttt tttttttt ttt tt tt ttttt ttt tttt tttt ttt ttt ttttttttttttt t t tttttt ttt
ttt ttttttttt ttttt tt tttttttt tttttt t ttttttt tttt tttt tttttt t t ttttttttttttt
tt ttttt tttttttt tttt ttttt ttttt tttt tt tt ttttt ttttt
tt t t ttt ttt ttt #ttt tttttt t t ttt tt
Le
tt ttttt ttttt ttttttt tttt ttttt ttt ttttt ttttttt ttt
tt t t ttt ttt #ttt tttttt
t ttt tt
tttttttttt ttt t ttttt
t ttt ttttt t
t t tttttttt tttt ttt
tt ttt t t ttt ttt #ttt tttttt
t tt
ttt ttttt ttt tt ttt ttttt tttttttt tttttttttt tttt tttt ttt
tt ttt tttttt t t ttt ttt #ttt
t tt
ttt tt tttt tttt
t ttttt t ttttt ttt tt tttt ttt tt ttt ttt
tt ttt tttttt t t ttt ttt ttt #ttt
w.
ttttt ttttttt ttt ttt tttt ttt
ttt
tt ttt tttttt t t ttt ttt
t ttt #tt
t
t tttt ttt tttt ttt tttt tttttttt tttt tttt t ttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttt ttttt ttttt
ttt ttttt tt tttt ttttt ttttttt ttt ttt tttt ttt ttt ttttt tt
tt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
t tttt ttt
tttt ttt ttttttt ttt ttt ttt t
t ttt ttt ttttt ttt t tttt tt ttt tttt ttttt ttttttttt tttt tttttttttttt ttttt ttt tttt tttt
ww
22=
2 t
ttt tttt
ttt ttttttt ttt ttt
tttttttt tttt
t tttt ttt tt
t ttttttt ttt tt
t tttt tt
tt tt ttttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttt ttttt ttttt tt
tttttttt!tt
tttttttt
tt
ttttttttttt
t ttttttt t
tt
t tt
t ttt ttt ttt tt t tttttt tt ttt
!
t t
t !
tttt tt ttt ttttt ttttt t ttt tttttt ttt ttt ttt tttt tt t t tt ttttttttt ttttt
t t tt tttt !
t tttt tt
tttt tttt tttt ttt ttttt
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt tt tttttttt ttt tttt ttttt t t ttttttttttttttttttttttt tttttt!
tttt
t ttt ttt tttt ttt ttt ttt tttt tttttt tttt ttttttttttttttttt t ttttttttttttttttt
t
tt t
t ttt ttt ttt tttttt ttt tttt ttt tttt tttt tttt!
tttttttttttttttttt
t tttttttttttttttttt
t tttttt ttt ttt ttt ttt tttt ttt tttt tttt ttttttt tttttttttttttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttt
!
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt t
ttttt tttt ttttt tttttttttttttttt tt
t tttt t t ttttt
t tttt ttttttttt tttt tttt tttt
t ttt ttt ttttttt t tttttttt ttttt tttt tttt t tt
ttt tttttttttttt tttttttt
t tttt tttttttt t t tt
.in
t tt tttttttt ttttt
t tt tt tttt tttttttt ttttt ttt ttttt ttt ttttttttttt ttt
t tttt tttttttt
tt ttttttt t ttttt
t tt ttttt tttt ttttt tttt ttttt
tt t
t tttt tt ttt tt ttt !
tttttttttttttt tttttttttttttt t ttttttttt ttttt ttttttt
ng
* t ttttttt ttttt ttttt ttttt t ttt tttttt tt
tttt ttttt tttt tt tt ttttt tttt tt ttttt tt tttt ttttt ttt ttttt 2t ttt tttttt ttt
tttt ttttttttt tttt ttt ttttt tttttttt tttt tttt ttttt
ttt
t tttt ttt ttttt ttt tttt tt t ttt tt tttt ttttttt ttt ! !
!
tttttttttt tt ttt tt ttt tttt tttttt ttt t ttttt
t tt
eri
ttttt t
t tt t tttttt ttt t ttttt ttt tt tttt tttt tttttt
tttttttttt tt ttt tt ttt ttttttt ttt tttt ttttt
t ttt tttt
ttt
t ttttt tttttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttt ttt ttttt ttt ttt
tt
t
t t tttttt tttt tttttt ttt tt tttt ttttttt ttttttttt tt tttt ttt ttt tttttt ttt tttttttttttt tttt tt tttt tt ttt ttt tt
tt ttt ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
ttttttttttttt ttttt ttt tttt ttttt t tt tttttttttttt t tttttt
ttttttttttttttttttt tttt
tttttttttttttttt tttt
ttt
ttt tt tt tttttttt tt tttt tttt tttt tttt ttttt tt
e
ttt tt tttt ttt tt ttt ttt ttt ttt ttt ttt tttttt ttt tt tttt
tttttt t ttttttttttttttt
ttttttttttt ttttttttttt
gin
ttttt ttttt tttt
ttttttttttttt
2 ttttttttttttttttttttttt
ttttt ttttttttt tttt
tt tttttttt tttttttt tttttt t ttttttttttttttt ttttt tttttttttttttttttttttt tttt tttttttt
ttttttttt tt tt tttt ttttt t ttttttttt ttt ttttt ttt 2 t ttttttttttttt ttttttttttttttt
tttttttttttt tttt
:tttt tttt ttttt tt tttt tttt tttttttttt ttttt tt ttttttttttttttttttttt
tttttttttttttttttttttt tttt
tt tttttttttttttttt ttt ttttt ttttt ttt ttttttt ttttttt
En
tttttt tt ttt t
t tt tttt tttt ttt tt tt tttt ttttt ttttttttttttttttt
ttt tttttttt tttttttt tttttt t tt
tttt
tttttttttttttttttttttttt tttttt ttttt tttttttttt ttt tttt
tttt:ttttttttttttttt tttttttttttttttttt ttttttt
tttt tttttt ttt ttt t tt tttt t t ttt tt tt tttt tttt tt
tt tttttttt tttttt tt ttt tt ttt tttt t t tt ttttttt
tttt ttttt tt
t tt tt ttttt t tt ttttt
tttttttt tttt
tttttt tt ttt t
t tt tttt tttt ttt tt tt tttt tttt t
arn
t tttt
ttt tttt ttttttttttttttttttttttttttt ttttttttt
tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
tttt tttttt t t tttt ttt tttt tttt ttt ttt tt tttt ttt
tttttttttttttttttttttt ttttttttttt tttttttt tttttt
ttttttt ttttttttt tt
2 ttt tt tt tttttttt tt tttt tttt tttt tttt tttt
* ttttttttttttttt!
tttt
ttttttttttttt ttttt ttttttttttt
ttt tttttttttt tttt
t ttttttttttttttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttttttt tttt
w.
tt tttt tttt tttttt ttttttt t t tttttt ttttttt tt ttttt tttt tt tttt ttttt t t tttt
tttttttttttt ttt tttttt ttttttttt
tt ttt
ttttttttttttttttttttttttttt tttttttttt
tttt
ttttttt tttttt tttttttttt ttttttt ttttttttttttt
ww
ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
ttttttt tttttttttttttttttttttt ttttttttttt ttttttt
tttttttttttttt ttttttttt tt
22>
! ! ! ! tttt ttttttttttttttt=tt
! ! tttttt tt=ttttttttttttt
tt t ttttt ttt ttttttt ttttt tttt tt tttttttttttt tt tttt t=tttttttt tttt tttttttt
tt tt tttttttttt tt t ttttt ttt tttttttttttt ttttt ttt t t tt t ttttt =ttttt tttttt ttttt
t t tttt ttttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt ttt tt tttt ttt tt ttttt tt tttt ttt tt
ttt tttt ttttttt tttttttt ttt ttt tttttttttttttttttt
tttt t t tttttttt tttt ttttttttt ttttt tttt
tt ttttt tttttttttt t ttttt ttt tttttttttttttt t t ttttt tt < tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tttt ttt
ttttt ttttt ttt tttt tttt tttt ttt ttt ttttttttttttt t ttttt tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt tttttt tttt tttt tttt ttt
ttttttttttt t t ttttt ttt ttttt ttt tttt t t tt ttt ttttt tttt ttt
tttt ! t ttt tt t ttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttt ttttt
t ttt
t
t t
tttt t ttt tt t ttt ttt ttttt ttttt tttt ttttt !
t tt
t tttt t t ttttt
.in
tttt t ttt tt t ttt ttt ttttt ttttt tttt ttttt 2 t t tttt tttt t t t ttt tttttt ttt ttt tt tttt tttt ttt tttt tt
tttt ! t ttt tt t tttttt ttt ttttt ttttt tttt tt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttttt ttt tttt tttt tt
tttt ! !t ttt tt t ttttt tttttt ttt tttt ttt tttt
t ttt tttt ttt tttt tttt ttt t
tttt t ttt tt t ttttt ttt ttt tttt tttttt tttt
t tttt ttt tttt ttt ttt tt ttt
ng
tttt ttt ttt ttttt ttttttt ttt tt t tt tttt tttttt ttt ttt
t tttt ttt tt ttt tttt ttt ttt
ttttt tttt
t tt t tttt t t ttttt tttt ttt ttttttt ttt ttt tttt !
t tttt ttttt tttt
tttt
t tttt t t ttttt
t t tttt ttttttt ttt tt t t tttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt ttt = t t tttt tttt tttt t t ttt tttttt ttt ttt tttt ttt tttt tttt tt
eri
tttttt ttt
t tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttttt ttt tttt tttt ttt
t tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttttt ttt tttt ttttt
tttttt ttttt t t tttt tttt t t tttt tttttt ttt tt t t tttt
t tttt ttttt tttt
ttt
t tttt ttt tttt ttt t ttt tttt tt
t ttttt ttt t tttt
t ttttt ttt t tttt
t tttt ttt tttt ttt ttt ttt t ttt
t tttttt ttt t tttt !
t tttt ttttt ttt !
t ttt ttt ttt t tttt ttt t tttt tt
t tttt t t ttttt
2 t ttttt ttttt ttt tttttt ttt tttttttttttttttttttt tttt e >
t tttt t t ttttt
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt tttt tt t tttttt ttt
gin
tttt ttt ttt
t tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttt tt tttt tt ttttt tttt t ttt ttttttttttt ttttttt tttttt tttttt tt
ttttt ttttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt tttt tttt tt tttt ttttt ttttt
t t ttt
t tttt
t tt ttttt ttt tttttttttt ttt ttttttt ttttt
t ttttt !
t t tt
tttttttttttt tttt ttttttt ttttttttt ttt tt ttttttt
t tttt t t ttttt ttttt
En
2 t ttttt ttttt t ttttttttt tttttttt tttt tttttttttttttt
ttt ttttttt ttttttt ttttt ttttttt tttt tttt ttttt
tttt
t tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttttt ttt tttt tttt tt ttttt tttt
ttttttt ttt t !
tttt ttttt tttt
t tttt ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tttt
tttt t t ttttt
t ttttt ttt tttt tttttt ttttt ttt tttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt tt ttt tttt tttt tttt ttttt
arn
t tttt tttt ttttt ttt ttttt ttttt tttt tttt ttt ttt t t tttt tttt
!
t ttttt ttttt tttttt tttt ttt ttt
t ttt tttt tttt ttt t t tttt tttt
t tttt t t ttttt
t t t tttt ttttt ttt ttt tttt ttt
t ttttt tttttttt tt ttttt t tttttt ttt ttt ttttttt ttttttt
t tttt ttt t t tttt tttt ttttt tt
tttt
t tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt tttt tt !
t tttt ttttt ttt t t tttt tttt tt
Le
t tttt t t ttttt ttt tt tttttt tttttttt tttttttt tttt tttt ttt ttt ttt tttt t ttt
t t tttt tttt t t t ttt ttt tt t t tt tttt ttt ttttt ttt tttt tt ttttt tttt ttttt ttt tt tttt tttttt tttt tt t ttt tttt
t tttt tt
tt t tttt
t tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttttt tt ttttttt tttttttt ttt tttttt ttttt tt tt tttttt ttt tttttttt ttt tttt
ttt tttt ttttt tttt t t ttttt ttt ttt tt tttt tttt ttt ttt ttttttttttttt t t ttttt ttttt tttttt
ww
2=
2 t t ttttt ttt =ttt ttttttt tttt tt ttttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt ! 2
tttt ttt tttt t ttt ttt t
t =ttt tt tttt ttttttt ttttt ttt tttt tttt t ttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttttt tttttt
ttttt ttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt ttt tt tt t t ttt tttt ttt ttt ttttt tttt ttttt ttt tt ttttttttt ttt t tt
tttt tttt ttt ttt = t t
ttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt tttt ttttt tt
t ttt tttt tttt ttt
t tt
t t
tt ttt ttttttt ttt t
t
ttttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt ttt tttt tt
!
t ttt
t t tttt ttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tt tt t t tttt tttt ttt
2 tt:ttt ttttttt tttt ttttttt ttt tttt tttttt ttt tt ttt ttt ttt
ttt ttttttt tt ttttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt tttt tt
t ttttt ttt t
t t tttt ttt t
t ttttt ttt t
tttt tttt tttt ttttt tttt ttttt tttt ttttt tttt tt !
t tttttt ttt t
t tttt t t ttttt
tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt ttttttt t >
tttttttt tttttttttttttttttttttttt
tttttttttttt tttt tt
t ttttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt tttt tttt ttt ttt tt ttttttttt ttt t ttttt tttt ttttttt tttttt
t ttttt tttt ttt ttttt ttt tttt tttt ttt tttt ttt ttttttt tttt tttt tttt
ttttttt ttt ttt tttt ttt
t ttttt ttttt tttt ttt ttt tttt tttt ttt ttt tttt tttt
t
tt tttt ttttt tttt tttt tttt
.in
!
t tttt ttttt tttt
tttt
t
ttt
tttt
t tttt t t ttttt !
t!ttt
tttt
tttttt tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt ttttttt t 2 tt t ttttttt tttt ttttttt ttt t tt
t tttt ttt tttttt
tt ttt ttttttt tt ttttt tttt ttttttt tttt tttt t tttt t ttttttt tttt tttt tttt ttt !t ttt ttt tt tt tt ttt
tt t
tttt tttttt tttt
t ttt
t ttt ttttt tttt ttttt ttt ttt tttt ttttt tttttt ttt tttt tt
t tttt ttt tttt tttt t
ng
tttttttttttttttt ttttttt tttttttt ttttttttttttttt
t tttt tttt ttttt ttttttt tttt ttttt ttttttt ttt tt
ttttt ttt ttttt ttt ttttt ttt tttt t ttt ttt tt tttt tttt tt
t ttt ttt ttttt tttt ttt tttt tt tt ttttt
tttt tt t ttttt tttt ttttttt ttt ttt
t ttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt tttt tt tt ttttt
t tttt t t tttt tttttt tttt ttttttt t tttt ttt
t ttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt ttt tt tt ttttt
eri
t tttt tttt t t tttttt tttt ttttttt t tttt ttt !
t ttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt tttt tttttt tt t
t tttt t t tttt tttttt tttt t tttt tttt tttttt
t tttt t t ttttt
!
t tttt t t tttt tttt tttttt ttttttt tttt t ttt 2 ttt tttt tttt tttttttttt ttt tttt tt tttt ttt tt ttt t
t tttt t t ttttt ttttt ttttt tttt ttt
ttt tttt tt tt ttttt ttt ttt ttt ttt
t t ttttt tttt ttt tttt tt tttt ttt tt ttt ttt tt tttt t
ttttt tttt tttttt tttt tttt tt ttt
t tttt tttt ttt ttt
e tttt tttt ttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt tt ttt ttt tt tt
ttttt ttt
gin
ttttt tttt ttt tttt tttttt ttt t
t tttt ttt ttt ttttt tttt ttt tt tt tt
tttttt tt tttt ttt tttt ttttt tt tttt tt tttt ttt
t tttt ttt ttt ttttt tttt tt tt ttt tt
tttttt tt tttt tttt ttt ttttt tt tttt tt tttt ttt
t tttt ttt ttt ttttt tttt tt tt ttt tt
tttttt tt tttt ttt tttt ttttt tt tttt tt tttt ttt !
t tttt ttt ttttt ttt tttt tt tt ttt tt
!
tttttt ttt tt tttt tttt ttttt tt tttt tt tttt ttt
t tttt t t ttttt
tttt t t ttttt 22 ttt tttt tttt ttt ttt tt ttttttttt ttt t ttt ttt
ttt
En
< t t tttt ttttt tttt ttttttt ttt tttt ttttt tt tt
t ttt tt tt ttt t ttttttt ttt ttttt ttttt ttt ttt ttt
t tttt tttt
tttt ttt ttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt tttt ttt
t tttt tttt tt ttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt ttt tt ttttttttt ttt
t tt
tttt ttttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt t
t ttt ttttt ttt ttttt ttt tttt ttt t ttttttt ttt
t ttt ttt tttt tttt tttt ttttt ttt tttt tttt
t ttt ttttt ttttt ttt ttt tttt ttttttt ttt t ttt
arn
t tttt tttt ttt ttt ttttt tttt ttt tttt tttt
t ttttt ttt ttttt ttt ttt tttt ttttttt ttt t ttt
t tttt tttt ttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt tttt tttt !
t ttttt ttttt ttt ttt tttt ttt ttt t ttttttt ttt
!
t ttt ttt tttt tttt tttt ttttt tttt ttt tttt
t tttt t t ttttt
t tttt t t ttttt 22 tt
ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt ttt
2 t tttttttttt tttt ttttttttt tttttt tttttttttttttttt tt ttt tt ttttt ttt
ttt tttt t t ttttt tttt ttt ttt tt t
ttt t ttttt tt
t tttt ttttttt tttt ttttt tttt ttttttt ttttt tttt ttttt tttt ttttt tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttttt
Le
ttt t ttttttttttttttttt
tt t tttttttttt ttt tttt tttttt
t tttt ttt ttttt tt tt t t ttt tttt tt
tt t tttttttttt ttttttt tttttt
t tttt ttt tt tt ttttt t t ttt tttt tt
tt t tttttttttt ttt tttt tttttt
t ttt tttt ttttt tt tt t t ttt tttt tt
w.
ttttt ttt t
ttt ttttt tttttt t tttt tttttt ttt tttt t ttt
t tt tt ttt tttt tttttt tttttt tttt tttt ttt
ttttttt ttt tttt ttttttt t t tttt tttt ttt tttt tttttttt tt
t tt tt ttt tttt tttttt tttttt tttt tttt ttt
tttt ttttt tttt tttttttttt ttt tt ttttt tttt tttttttt tttt
t tt tt tttt ttt tttttt tttttt tttt tttt ttt
tttttt t tttt ttttt tttt tttt
t ttttttt tttt tttttttt tttttt !
t tt tt ttt tttt tttttt tttttt tttt tttt ttt
ttt ttt t ttt ttt ttttttttttttt t t tttt ttttt ttttttttt
t tttt t t ttttt
ttt t tttt ttt ttttt tttt ! 22> ! !
! ! ! !
ttttttt ttttt ttttt ttttt tttt t ttt tttt tttt
! 2 #t ttttttt ttttttt tttttttttt ttt t ttttttttt t
tttt ttttt ttttttt ttttt t ttt tttt ttttt tttt tt ttttt tttttt ttt t ttttttttt ttt ttttttt ttt tttt ttt
! tttttttt ttt ttttt t ttttttt tttt ttttt tttt ttttttt tt
t ttt ttttttt tttt ttttt tttt ttttt ttttt tttt tttt tttttttt ttt tttttt tttt ttt tttt tttt t t tttttt tttt tt
ttttttt ttttt ttttt t ttttttt ttt tt ttttttt ttttt ttt ttt t
2=
tttt t ttt tttttt ttttt t t tttt ttttt ttt tt t t tttt tttttttt tt ttt t t ttttt
t ttt
t ttt ttt ttttttttt ttt ttt
t
t tttt ttttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt tt ttt t t t tt ttt t ttt tttt ttt tt ttt t ttttt ttt ttttt tttt tttt ttt ttt
ttt tttt ttt ttttt tttt ttttt ttt ttt tt ttttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt tttt
t ttt t
t tttttt tttttt tt t t ttttt ttttt ttt ttttt tt
! >
ttt t t ttttt ttt t tttttt ttttt ttttt tttttt t
tttttt ttttt tttt ttt tt tt ttttt tt
ttt ttttt ttt tttttt tt ttttt t tttttt t t tttt
!
!
ttttt tttttt tt t tttttt t t ttttt ttttt ttt tt
ttttt tt tt tttttt ttt ttt tttt tttt
tttt t t ttttt
!
2 * 22 tttt tttt ttt tttt tttttt ttt tt tttt ttt tt tt ttttt ttt
t tt tt ttt ttttt ttt ttttt tttttt ttt ttt tttt tttttttttt ttttttttt ttttt ttt tt ttt ttt ttt
tttt ttt tt tttttt tt ttttttttt ttttt tttt ttt tttt tt
2 t t tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt ttt tt ttttttttt ttt t tttt tt
tttt ttt ttttt tt ttttttttt ttt tttt ttt tttttttt
tttt tttt ttttt ttt ttttt tttt tttt
t ttttt tttt tttt tt tttt ttt ttttttttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt tt tttttttt
.in
tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt ttt tt ttttttttt ttt t
tt ttttttttt ttttt ttt ttt ttttttttt ttt tttt ttt
t ttttt ttttt ttt tttt tttt tttt tttt !
tt ttttttttt ttt ttt tttt tttt ttt ttttttttt tttt
t ttttt ttttt tttt ttt tttt tttt tttt
tttt t t ttttt
t ttttt ttttt tttt tttt ttt tttt tttt 22 ttt ttttt tttt ttt tttt ttt ttt tt ttt tt tttt ttt tttt
!
t ttttt ttttt tttt ttt tttt tttt tttt tttttttt ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt ttt
ng
t tttt t t ttttt ttt tttt tttttt tttttttt ttt tttt tt ttttt ttt ttttt ttt
2< ttt tttt tttt t t tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt ttt
ttttttt tttttttt tttttttttttt ttttttt ttt ttt tttt
ttt tttttttt ttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt ttt tt ttt tttt
t t
t tt
t ttt
ttttttt ttttt tttttttt ttttt tttttttttttt ttt tt
eri
!
t t
t tttt t t ttttt tttttt
22 t ttttttttt tttt tttttttttt ttttttttt
ttttttttttttttttttt
ttttttt tttttttt ttttttt tttttttttttt ttt ttt tttt
tttttt ttt
t ttttt tttt tttt ttt tttt tttt tttt ttt ttt tttt
ttt tt !
ttttt ttt ttt ttttttt ttttt ttttttt ttttttttttt
t ttt tttt ttt tttttt tttttt tttt ttt
t ttt tttt ttt tttttt tttttt tttt ttt
e ttttttt
tttt t t ttttt
gin
t tttt ttt ttt tttttt tttttt tttt ttt ! 22=
!
t tttt ttt ttt tttttt tttttt tttt ttt ! !
t tttt t t ttttt ! !
2= t t tttttttt tttt ttttttt tt ttttttt tt ttt
ttt tttttt tt tt tttt tttt ttttttt t tttttttt :ttttttt ttttt tttt ttttt
ttttt tttttt ttt
t ttttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tt tt t t ttt
tttt tttt ttt tttt ttt
tttt tttttt ttttt ttt tt tt tttt tt
! :ttttttt ttt t ttttt tttt tttt tttttt t ttt tt
En
t t
t ttt
t t ttttttt
!
t t
t tttt t t ttttt ! ttt t tttt ttttt tttttt t ttt t ttt ttt :tttttt
2> t t tttt tttt tttt ttt ttt tt tt ttt
ttt tt t tttt tttt ttt t ttttttt
:ttt tt
t ttttt tttt tttt ttt tttt tttt tttt ttt ttt t ! tttttttttttttttttt:ttttttttttttt ttttttt
arn
tt tttttt
t :ttt tttt tt t tttt ttt tttt tt ! tttt :ttttttt tttttt ttttt tttt t tttttttt ttt
t :ttt tt t tttt tttt ttt tttt tt ttttttt tttt ttt tt
t :ttt tttt tt t tttt ttt tttt tt ttt ttttt ttt tt ttttttt ttt t ttt tttt tt tt ttt tt tt
!
t :ttt tttt tttt tt t ttt tttt tt t t tttt tttttt ttttttttt ttttt ttt tt ttttt ttttttt t t tttt tttt
t tttt t t ttttt t tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt tttttt ttt tt ttt ttt
Le
tttttttttttttt ttttttttttttt t tttttttt ttt tttt tttttttt ttttttttt ttttttt tt :tttttttttt ttt t
w.
ttt ttt ttt ttttt tttt tt ttt ttt t
ttt tttt tt ttttt tttttt ttt ttt tttttttttt ttt tttttt
ttt ttttt ttt tt ttttttt tttt ttt t ttt t tt ttt t tt t
ttttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttt tt ttttt ttttttt t t tttt tttt !
ttt ttttttt tt tt ttttt tttttttttt ttt ttt tttttt ttt ttt
t tttt tttt tttttt ttt ttt tttt ttt ttt
tttt t t ttttt
2 t t tttt tttttt ttt tt tttt ttt tttttt ttttttt tttt tttttttt tt 2 t tttttttttt ttttttttttttt ttttttttt ttttttt tttttttt
tttt tt tt
t ttttt tttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt ttt ttt t t tttttt ttttt tttttt ttttt ttttttt tttt tt
t tttt ttt
ttt tt ttt t tt ttt tttt ttttt tttt ttt tttt ttt tt ttt t ttt ttt tttt
t tttt tt ttt ttt ttttttt tttt tttttttt ttttt ttt
t tt ttt tttttttt tttt tttt ttt tttttt tttttt
tttt ttttt tttttt tttt ttt ttttttt ttttt tttttt t
t tttttttt ttttttt tttt tttt tt ttt ttt ttttt
t t tttt ttttttt tttttt tttt ttt ttttt ttttt ttttt
!
t tt ttt ttttttt tttttttt tttttt tttt ttt ttt
tttttt tttt ttttttt ttt tttt ttttt t t ttttt ttttt
t tttt t t ttttt !
tttt t t ttt tttt ttttt ttttttt ttttt tttttt ttttt
2
:ttt ttt ttt ttttttt tttt ttt tt ttt !t ttt ttt tt ttt
tttt t t ttttt
tttt tt ttttt tttt tttttt tt t tttttt ttt ttttt tttt
2=2
2< t t tttt ttttt tttt ttt tt tttt ttt tttt ttt tt ttt t tt
ttttttt ttttttttt tttttttttt ttt ttt ttttttttt ttttt
ttt ttt ttt ttttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttttttt tttttttt
t ttt tt
ttt ttttttttt tttt ttt ttttttt tt ttt t tttttt tttt
ttt ttttttt tttttttttt ttttttttt tttttt ttttttttt tt
ttt tt
t ttt tttt ttttt ttttttttt ttt ttttt ttttt tttttt !
ttt ttttttt tttttttttt tttttt ttttttttt ttttttttt tt
t ttttt ttt tttt ttttttttt ttttttt ttttt ttt tttt tt
t ttttttt ttttt ttttt ttt ttt tttt ttttt tttttttt
tttt t t ttttt
!
t ttttt ttt ttttt ttt tttt ttttttttt ttttt tttttt 2=
ttttttt
tttttttttt tttt ttttttt tttttttt tt ttttttttt
t tttt t t ttttt ttt ttttt ttt ttt ttttttt tttt ttttttttt ttttt ttt
22 ttt ttttt tttt ttt tttt ttt tt tttttttttttt tt tttt ttt tttttt t t tttt tttt ttt tttt ttttttt tttttt t t tttt tttt
ttttt ttttt ttt tttttt ttt ttt tttttttttt ttttttttt tt
tttt ttt ttttt ttttttt ttt ttt ttttttt tttttttt
ttttttt ttttttttt tttt ttt tttt tttttt ttt tttt tttt
ttt ttt ttttttt ttttttttt ttttttt ttttt ttt ttt
tttt ttt ttttt ttt
tttt ttt ttttt ttttttt ttttttttt ttttttt ttt tt
.in
ttttttt ttttttttt ttttttttt ttt ttt tttttttttt ttttt !
ttttttttt ttttttt ttt ttt ttttttt ttttt ttt ttt
tt
tttt t t ttttt
2
ng
! 2 ! ! ! < ttt t ttt ttttt tttt tt tttt ttttt t t ttt tttttt ttt
tttt ttt tttt tttttt tttt
t ttttttt tttttttttttt tt ttttt tttt ttttt ttt ttttt t t t t t t
eri
t t ttttttt
t ttttttttttt ttttt tttt tttt tt ttttt ttttt tttt
t t t t t t
ttt tt tt ttttt ttt tttt tttt ttt ttt ttttttttttttt t t tttttt ttt
t t t t t t
tttttt t t ttttttttttttt
t t t t t t
!t !
t t t t
!t t !
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt
!t !t !
t t t t t
!t t !t !
t t t t
e 2
t tttt t t ttttt
ttt t ttt ttttt tttt tttttt ttttt t t ttt tttttt tttt ttt
gin
!t t t !t !
t t t ttt tttt tt tttt tttt
!t t t !t t !
t t t t !tt
t t !
!t t t !t t t !
t
t t !t
t t t !
tttt ttt tttt ttttt tttttttttttt tttt ttttt t ttt tttt tttt
t t !t t
t t !
ttttt ttt ttttt ttttt
t t !t
t t t !
tttt tttt tttt tttttt ttttt ttt ttt tttttt ttttt tt ttt !
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt
En
t
t !t
!t
t t t t
ttt tttttt ttttt t t ttttt tttt tttttttt ttttttttttt tttt
!
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt tttt tttt tt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tt tt ttttt ttt tttt tttt tt
t tttt t t ttttt ttt ttttttttttttt t t tttttt tttt ttttttttttttt
2 ttttttttttt ttttttt ttttttttttt t ttttt tttt ttttttttt :tt tt
tttttt tttt
t t t
t t !
t :tt tt
tttttt tttt
t !
t t t t t
tt :tt
tttttt tttt
Le
2
t t ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt tttttt ttt tttt tttt tttt
tt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
t tttt ttt
ttttttt tttt tttt tttt tttt ttttt ttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttttttttt tttt tttttttttttt tttt
t t t t !
t t t ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
t t
t tttt
tttt = t tttttt=tt t t ttttttt ttttt
t t ttttt
ww
!
t t
t tttt t t ttttt
t t ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt tttttt ttt tttttttt ttt
tttt ttttttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt t t tttt tttt tttt ttttt ttttttttttt
t
t t !t t t
t tt
t t
t ttt
t !t t t
t t !
tttt
t tttt t t ttttt
t !t t t t
t > t ttttt ttttt tttttt
t t t tttt !
t !t t t
t t tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt ttttt
!
t !t t
t t t
t
t tttt !t ttttt t ttttt t ttttt
t tttt t t ttttt
t
t tttt !t ttttt ttttt tttttt t
t t tttt ttttt ttttt t t ttt tttttt ttt
t t t !t
t
t tttt ttttt ttttt tttttt t t !
t !
2=2
.in
2 tttt tttt t t ttt tttttt ttt t t tt t t t ttttt tttt
2 tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttt ttt t ttttt ttttt ttt ttt
tt tttt tttt ttttt
t t ttttt ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt tttttt ttt ttttttt t !
t t t !t t !t
tttt ttttttttttt
t t
t !t t !t !
t
t tttt
t t
tttt
t t
t !t t !
t t !
ng
!
t tt
t tttt t t ttttt
t t
t t !t !
t t !
tttt tt t t ttt tttttt ttt
t ttttt !t tttt !t t tt !
t t
t !t t t !
t !
tt t tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt ttttt tt
t tttt t t ttttt
t
t ttttt !t tttt tt t t ttt ! ! 222< ! !
eri
t
t ttttt !t tttt t tt t ttt ! !
t
t ttttt !t tttt t tt t !t tt
t tttt tttttttttttt tt ttttt tttt ttttt ttt ttttt
!
t
t ttttt !t tttt t !t ttt tt ttttt t t tttt
t ttttttttttt ttttt tttt tttt tt ttttt ttttt tttt
t ttttt tttt ttt ttt tt tt tttt ttt tt tt ttttt ttt tttt tttt ttt ttt ttttttttttttt t t tttt ttttt
!
! 2 !
!
t t!t !
tt
ttt tttt tttttt tttt tttttt
t ttt tttt ttt ttt ttt tttt tt
ttt ttttt
t tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt !
t ttt tttt tttt ttt ttt ttt tt
!
t
t t t t
t ttt ttt tttt ttt tttt ttt tt
t ttttt
t t tt !
t ttt tttt tttt ttt ttt ttt tt
t t tt !
t tttt ttt tttttttttt
t tttt t t ttttt
t tttt t t ttttt 22 t t tttt tt tttt ttttt t t ttt tttttt ttt ttttt tttttt
Le
<
t t ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt tttttt ttt tttt tttt tttt tttt t tttttt ttt tt tttttt ttttt tt tt t t ttt
ttttttt tttt tttt tttt tttt ttttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt tt ttt tttt
t t t
t !t !t t
ttttt ttttttt tttt t ttt tt tttttt tttttt tttt
t!
t
t
tttt t ttttttt ttttt tttttt ttt tt tttttt tttt
w.
ww
t !t t
t
t t !t tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt tt tttt
t !t
t t !t t
t
t ttttt ttttt ttttt tttt ttt ttt tt
!
t !t t
t !t t
t
t ttt ttt ttttt ttt ttttt tttt tttt
t tttt t t ttttt
t ttt ttt ttt ttttt ttttt tttt tttt
= t t tttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttt ttt ttttt
t tttt ttt !
t ttttttttt ttttt ttttt tttttt tt
ttt tttt tttttt tttt
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt
t !t
t t t t t
2 t ttttt ttttt tttt ttttt tttttt t ttt tttt
t !t t t
t
t t tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttttt ttttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt
t !t t t
t t
t ttt ttttt ttttt
t !t t t
t
t t
t ttt
t t
t
!
t !t t t
t t
t !
t t
t tt
t tttt t t ttttt 2< t tttttttttttt ttttttttttttttttttttttttt tt ttttttttt
> tttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt ttt ttt tttttt tttt tttt tt tttt tt
t tttt tttt ttt tttt ttt tttt
tttt ttttt ttttt ttt tttt ttttt
2=
t tttttt tttttttttt ttt tttttt tt ttt t ttt ttt ttt ttttt ttttt tttt tttttt ttt
t tttttttttt tt ttttt tttt tttttt ttt
t ttt ttt tttt ttt ttttt ttttt tttt ttttt
t tttttttttt tt tt ttt ttt ttttttt ttt
t ttt ttt tttt ttt ttttt ttttt tttt ttttt
!
t tttttttt tttttt tt ttttt tttttt ttt
t ttt ttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt tttt ttttt
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt !
t tttt ttt tttttttttt
! 222
t tttt t t ttttt
! 22 t t tttt tttt ttt tttt tttttt ttttt t t ttt ttttt
t tttt ttt
! ! ! ttt tttt ttttt tttt
! t ttt tttt ttt ttttt ttt tttttt ttttt
t
t ttt t ttt ttt
t ttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt tttttt ttttt
t ttt
t t ttt ttt
t ttt ttttt ttt tttt ttt tttttt ttttt
t ttt t
t ttt ttt
t ttt tttt ttttt ttt tttttt ttt ttttt
t ttt t ttt
t ttt !
t tttt ttt tttttttttt
.in
tttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttt ttttt ttttt
t tttt t t ttttt
* ! 2 tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt tttttt ttttt ttt ttt
! tttt tttt ttttt
22 t ttt t tttt ttt t t ttt t tt tt t t tt tttttt tt tt ttt ttt
tt tt tttttt tttt ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt
t tt t t ttt tttt tt tt tttttt tt t
ng
ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
t tt t t ttt tt tt tttttt tt tt ttt
t ttt
t t
t
t tt ttt t t tt tt tttttt tt tt ttt
!
t t
t tttt t t ttttt !
t tt ttt t t tttt tt tt tttttt tt t
2= t tt !t tttt ttt t tttt
t tttt t t ttttt
eri
tttt ttt ttttt tt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt 2
t t ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt tttttt ttt tttt tttt tttt
t ttt t tt tttt t !t ttt ttttttt tttt tttt tttt tttt ttttt
t ttt t tt t !t tttt ttt t ttttt ttt tttt ttt tttt t t tt
t ttt tt !t tttt t tttt
t
tt
t tttt
tttt
!
t tttt t t tttt !t tt tt
t tttt t t ttttt
e !
t tttt
t tttt t t ttttt
2< t t ttttt tt t t ttt tttttt ttt t t tttttt ttt ttt ttttt ttt
gin
2> t t ttttttttt t tttt ttttttttt ttttt
t ttttt
t tttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttt t t ttt tttt tttttt ttt tttt
t
t ttttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttt
t t ttt
t tttt
tt tttttttt ttt tttt ttttt
t ttttt !
t tttt ttt tttttttttt
t ttttt ttttt t
t ttttt
t
t tttt t t ttttt
t ttttt
t ttttt ttttt
t t 22 ! ! !
t t ttttt ttttt ttttt
t
t ! !
En
!
t tttt ttttt tttt tt tt ttt tttttt ttttt t t ttttt ttt ttttt ttt tt ttt
t tttt t t ttttt tttttttttttt tt tttt
t ttt ttttttttttt ttttt tttt tttt t
2 t ttttt tttt
t !t tttt
t tttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tt tt tttt
ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
t tt tt ttttt tttt ttt tttt tttt ttt t ttt ttttt ttttt tttt ttttt tttt tttt tttt
arn
t t tttt ttttt ttttt 22 t t tttt ttt ttttt t t ttt tttttt tt
t tttt t tttt !t tttt !t ttttt
ttttt ttttt tttt tttt =tttt tttt ttt ttt
t tttt t tttt !t
t !t tttt tttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt
t tttt t tttt !t tttt !t
t tttt
t ttt
t tt
t tttt
w.
2=
ttttt ttttt tttt ttt tttt tttt ttttt tt ttt tttttt ttttt t t ttttt tttt tttttttt ttttttttttt tttt
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt !ttt tttt tttt tttt tt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tt tt ttttt ttt tttt tttt tt
t tttt ttttt ttttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt tt ttt ttttttttttttt t t tttttt tttt ttttttttttttt
t tttt ttttt ttttt ttttt tttt ttt tttt tt t tttt tt tttt t tttt
t t tttt !
t tttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tttt tttt tt t tttt tttt tt tttt t tttt
t t !
!
t tttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tttt ttt ttt t tttt
t tttt tt tttt t tttt t !
t tttt t t ttttt t tttt
t tt tttt tttt t tttt t !
t tttt tttt tttt ttttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttt t tttt
t tt tttt !t tttt t tttt
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt t tttt
t tt tttt !t tttt tttt t
t tt
t ttt
t ttt t tttt
t tt tttt !t tttt t tttt
!
t tttt
t tttt t t ttttt tttt tt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt t t tttt tttttttttttttt t t ttt
! 2< ! ttttt ttttt
! ! !
tt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
t ttt tt
.in
tttt tttt tttt tttttttt
t ttttttttttt tttttttttttt tt tttt
t tttt ttttt tt 2 t tt ttttt ttttt ttt t tttttttt
t t !
tttttt ttt tt tttt t t ttttt tttt ttttttt
t ttttttttttt tttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt ttttt tt
tttt tttt tt ttttt ttttt ttttt tttt tttttttttt tttt tttt ttttttt
t tttttttt
t ttttt tt ttttt ttt t t !
ttttt tttt tttttttttttttt ttt tttttttt tttt tttt ttttt tttt
t tttttttt
t tt ttttt t ttttt ttt t !
ng
tttt ttttt ttt ttt ttttttttttttt t t tttttt tttt tttttt t
t tttttttt
t tt ttttt ttttt ttt t t !
tttttttttttttt ttttt tttt ttttt tttt !
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt
t ttttt tttt
t ttttt t ttttt t
t tttt t t ttttt
t tttt ttttt
t ttttt t ttttt t = t tt t ttt t
t t tt tt tt t
eri
t tttt
t ttttt ttttt t ttttt t tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttt ttttt t
t tttt
t ttttt ttttt t ttttt t
t ttt t tt t
t tt tt t t tt
t tttt
t ttttt t ttttt ttttt t
t ttt t tt t
t tt tt t tt t
t tttt
t ttttt t ttttt ttttt t
t ttt t tt t
t tt tt t tt t
t tttt
t ttttt t ttttt t ttttt
tttt tttt tt ttt tttt ttttt tttttt
e !
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt
t tttt t t ttttt
gin
tttttt ttttttttt tttt tttttt ttttttttttttttt tttt ttttttt > t ttt ttt t t !t tttt tttt
ttt ttt ttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttttttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt tttt tttt
2 t t ttttt ttt t t ttt tttttt ttt
ttt t t tttt ttt t !
t t
t tt
t
tt t
t tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt !
t ttt
t tttt t t ttttt
t
t t
t t tttt tttt t t ttt tttttt tt
!
t tt
t tttt t t ttttt tttttt t ttttt t t ttttttttt ttttt
En
t tttt
t t tttt tttttt !t t ttt tttt ttt t t ttt tttttt tt
t tttt
t t t tttt !t tttttt t tt ttttt t t !t ttttttt ttttt t tttt
!
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttt tt tttttttt tttt ttttt
t tttt t t ttttt
t !t t t ttttt ttttttt ttttt t tttt
t t tttt tttt ttttt t t ttt tttttt ttt
ttt t ttt tttttt t
t t t t !t ttttttt ttttt ttttt tttt
ttttt
t tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt ttt
t ttttttt t t t !t ttttt ttttt tttt
Le
t ttt !t ttttt t ttt tt t =tttt ttttt tttt tttttttttttt ttt tttttttt tttt tttt ttttt tttt
t ttt !t ttttt t =tttt t ttt tt tttt tttt ttt ttt ttttttttttttt t t tttttt tttt tttttt t
t ttt !t ttttt =tttt t t ttt tt tttttttttttttt ttttt tttt ttttt tttt
!
t ttt !t ttttt t ttt tt =tttt t t ttttt ttt t
t tttt t ttttttt
t tttt t t ttttt t ttt ttttt t
t tttt t ttttttt
< t t tttt !t t tttt tttt ttttt ! t ttt tttt ttttt t
t t ttttttt
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttttt ttttt ttt
tttt !t ttt ttt ttttt ttttt
t tttttttt
t tttt !t t tttt
t ttt tttt t
t ttttt t ttttttt
t tttt
t ttt t ttt tttt t
t ttttttt ttttt t
t ttt !
tttt ttt tttttttttt t ttt tttt t
t ttttttt ttttt t
t tttt t t ttttt
ttt tttt tt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt t t tttt ttttt
! 2 ! !
tt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
t tttt ttt
! ! ! tttt ttt ttt ttt tt tt t t tttt ttttttttt ttttt tttt
t tttt tttt ttttttt tttttttttttt tt ttttt tttt tttt
2=<
2 tttt tt t t ttt tttttt tt
t
t ttttt t ttttttt tttttt t ttttttttt !
ttttt ttttt t t t t ttttt tt !
t
t ttttt t tttttt ttttttt t ttttttttt !
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt tt tttttttt ttt t t
t tttt t t ttttt
tttt tttttt < t t tttt ttttt ttttt t t ttt tttttt tt
t ttttt ttttt t t t t ttttt tt !t tttt t tttt t ttt:t tt t ttttt
t ttttt ttttt tt t t t t t tttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttttt ttt tttt ttttt
t ttttt ttttt ttttt tt t t t t
t ttt:t tt t tttt tttt t !t tttttt
!
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt
t ttt:t tt t tttt tttt !t tttttt t
t tttt t t ttttt
t ttt:t tt tttt t tttt !t t tttttt
2 tttttt ttttt !t t
t ttttt t tttt !
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt tttt tttt
t tttt t t ttttt
t
t t
t t < tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt tttt tttt t t ttt
!
t tt
t tttt t t ttttt tttt tttt ttttt
.in
ttt tt !t t tttt tt t t tttttt ttt ttt t !t t tttttt ttttt ttttttt
t t tttt
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt t t tttt tttttt
t
t ttttttt t !t t tttttt ttttt tttt
t tttt tt tttttt t !t ttt tt t t ttt ttt
t
t ttttttt t ttttt !t t tttttt tttt
t tttt tt tttttt t !t ttt tt ttt tttt t
t
t ttttttt t ttttt !t tttttt t tttt
t tttt tt tttttt t !t ttt tt ttt tttt t !
t
t !t t tttttt ttttt ttttttt t tttt
ng
!
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt
t tttt t t ttttt
t tttt t t ttttt ! <2<< ! !
tttt ttt t t ttt tttttt tt ! ! !
ttttt tttttt t t !t t ttttttt tttt
t tttt tttt ttttttt tttttttttttt tt ttttt tttt tttt
eri
t t ttttt ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt tttttt ttt ttttttt ttt tttttt ttttt t t ttttt tttt tttttttt ttttttttttt tttt
tttt ttttttttttttt tttt tttt tt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tt tt ttttt ttt tttt tttt tt
t !
t
t
ttt ttttttttttttt t t tttttt tttt ttttttttttttt
!
t
t tttt t t ttttt t tttt ttttt tttt t !t tt t
< tttt tttt t t ttt tttttt tt
tttttt ttttt t ttttt t t ttttt
e t tttt t tttt ttttt t !t tt t
tttt t t tttt ttttt t !t tt
gin
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt t tttt t tt t t tttt ttttt t !
ttt t tttt t tt t t t tttt ttttt !
t
t t
t ttt t tttt t tt t t ttttt t tttt !
!
t tt
t tttt t t ttttt tttt t tt t t ttttt !t t ttt
! 2< ! ! tttt t tt t t ttttt !t tttt
! tttt tttt ttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt
En
t tttt tttt ttttttt tttttttttttt tt ttttt tttt tttt
tt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
t tttt ttt
ttt tttttt ttttt t t ttttt tttt ttttttt
t ttttttttttt tttt ttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttttttttt tttt tttttttttttt tttt
tttt tttt tt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tt tt ttttt ttt tttt tttt tt <2 tttt ttt t t ttt tttttt tt
ttt ttttttttttttt t t tttttt tttt tttttt t t ttttttttttttt tttt t t t tttttt tttttt t tttt
arn
t tttt tt tttt t t tt tt t ttttt ! tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttt tt tttttttt tttt ttttt
t !t tttt tt tttt t t tt tt t tttt
t t t t tttttt tttttt t ttttt ttt
t !t tt tt tttt tt tttt t t t tttt
t tttt t t t tttttt tttttt t tttt
t !t tt tt t tttt tt tttt t t tttt
t t t t tttttt tttt tttttt t tttt
t !t tt tt t tt tttt tttt t t tttt !
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt
t !t tt tt t tt tttt t tttt t tttt
t tttt t t ttttt
Le
t !t tt tt t tt tttt t ttttt tttt <2 tttt tttt t t ttt tttttt tt
t !t tt tt t tt tttt t ttttt t ttt ttttt t ttttt ttttt t t t tttt
tttt tttt ttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt
t t ttttt ttttt tttttt tttt tt tttttt ttt tttttttt ttt
tttttttttttttttt tttt tttttttttttttttttttt
t tttttttttt tt ttt t
w.
t tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt ttt
t tttttt t ttt
t ttttt tttt t
ttttt tttt
t tttttt t ttt
t ttttt t tttt
t tttt ttt
ttttt
t tttt t !
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt
!
t tttt t
t tttt t t ttttt
t tttt t t ttttt
> t t tttt tt t t ttt tttttt tt << ttttt ttttt t t t t tttttt ttt
t ttttt ttttttt tttttt t t ttttttttt ! tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt ttt ttt
t
t ttttt t ttttttt t tttttt ttttttttt !
t t
t tt
t
t
t ttttt t t ttttttt tttttt ttttttttt ! !
t ttt
t tttt t t ttttt
2=2
.in
tttt tttttttttttt ttttt ttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttttttt 2 t tttt t ttttttt t t tt tt tttt t
t
tttt tttt tttt ttttt tttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt tttt tttt
<2 t ttt ttt ttttt tt tt ttttttt tt
t tttt ttt
t tttt t
ttttt
tttt tttt ttt tttt tttttt ttttt ttt ttttt ttttt !
t tttt t
t tttt t t ttttt
t ttttt ttt tt tt ttttttt ttt tt 2< tttt tttt t t ttt tttttt tt
ng
t ttttt tt tt ttt ttttttt ttt tt ttt t t ttttt t ttt tt ttttttttt t t !
t ttttt ttt ttttttt tt tt ttt tt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttt tt tttttttt tttt tt t t tttt
!
t ttttt ttt tt tt ttt ttttttt tt ttttt
t tttt t t ttttt
t ttt t ttt tt ttttt t t ttttttttt t t !
eri
<= t t ttttt tttt ttt
tttttt ttttt tt tttt ttttttt tttttt ttttt
t tttttt ttt :ttttttt ttttttt ttttt tttttt t ttt tt t !t t :tttt t tt
!
t tttttt ttt ttttt ttttttt :ttttttt tttttt t ttt !t tt t t :tttt t tt
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt t ttt !t ttt tt t t :tttt
2 t t ttttt tttt t t ttt tttttt ttt tttttt t tttttttttt tt t t ttt !t ttt t tt t t :ttt
arn
ttttt ttttt 22 t tttt tttt t ttt tttt t t !t tt t
t ttttt
t ttt
t tt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt
!
t ttt
t tttt t t ttttt ttt
! 222< ! !
t t
t t
t
w.
ttt ttttttttttttt t t ttt tttttt tttt tttt ttttttttttttt
t tttt
tttt
t tt
ttttttttt
t t tttttttt t ttttt tttttt !
t t
t tttt t t ttttt
tttttt ttttttttt
t t tttttttt t ttttt 2> tttt tt t t ttt tttttt tt
tttttt t ttttttttt
t tttttttt t ttttt !t tttttt t tttt t t tttttt tttt
tttttt t tttttttt ttttttttt
t t ttttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttt tt tttttttt tttt ttttt
tttttt t tttttttt
t ttttttttt t ttttt
t tttttt tttt !t t t t tttttt tttt
tttttt t tttttttt
t ttttt t ttttttttt
t !t tttt tttttt t t tttttt t tttt
tttt tttt t ttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttt ttttt ttttt
t tttt !t tttttt t t t ttttt ttttt
tt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
t tttt ttt !
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt
ttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttttttttt tttt tttttttttttt tttt
t tttt t t ttttt
ttt tttt ttttt ttttt = tttt tttt t t ttt tttttt tt
22 t ttttttttt tttttt t !t
t t ttttt tttt t ttt tt !t tttttt tttttt ttttt t !
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt ttttt t tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt t
t t ttttt t ttttttttt
t tttt t tttttt !
t t ttt tt !t tttttt !t tttttt ttttt
2==
t t ttt tt !t tttttt !t ttttt tttttt tttt t tttt t !t tttt tttt
t t ttt tt !t tttttt !t ttttt t ttttt tttt t tttt t tttt !t tttt
!
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt
ttttttttttt ttt tttt t ttt tttt ttttt tttttttttttt ttt
t tttt t t ttttt tttt t ttt tttt ttttt tttt
= t ttttt ttttt tttt t t
t !t ttttt ttttttttttttt ttttttt tttttttttttt tttt tttttttttttt
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt t tttttt ttt tttttttttttt tttt
t ttttt
tttttt !t ttttttt tttt =2 tt ttttttt tttttttttttttttttttttt tttttttttt ttt tt t
t ttttt
tttttt !t ttttttttttt tttttt ttttt ttt
t ttt t tt tt tttt !t ttttt
t ttttt
tttttt !t tttttt ttttt
t ttttt
t ttttt
!
t ttttt
tttttt ttttt t!t ttttt
t t tt !
t t tt
t tttt t t ttttt
t tttt t t ttttt
! =2=< ! ! == t t tttt tt tttt ttttt t t ttt tttttt ttt
t ttt ttttt tttt
! ! ! !t t ttttt
.in
tttt ttt tttttt tttt
t tt tttttt tt ttttt ttttttttttt ttt
t
t ttt t ttttt t ttttt tttt t !
tttttt tttt tttt ttttttt tttttt ttt t tttttttt tttt
t
t ttt t ttttt !t ttttt tttt t
!t ttttttt ttt
t tttttt t tttt t
t
t ttt t ttttt t tttt t !t tttt
!t ttttttt ttt
t tttttt t tttt t !
t ttttt tttt ttt ttt tt tt tttt
tttttt !t ttttttt ttt
t t tttt t
t tttt t t ttttt
ng
tttttt t t tttt !t ttttttt ttt
t => t t tttt tttttt ttttt t t ttt tttttt ttt
t tttttt t tttt !t
tttttt t t tttt t !t ttttttt ttt
ttttttt tttttt
t tttt tttt ttt tt tttttttt tttt ttttt
tttttt t t tttt t ttt !t ttttttt
t ttttttt
t tttt ttttttt t !t t ttttt
ttt tttttttttttt ttt tttt t ttt tttt ttttt ttttttttttt
t ttttttt
t ttttttt tttt !t tttttt t
eri
tttt tttt t ttt tttt ttttt tttt
t ttttttt
t t ttttttt tttt !t tttttt
ttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttttttttt tttt ttttttttttttt !
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt
tttttttt tttt ttttttttttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttttttttt
t tttt t t ttttt
tttttttttttt > t t tttt tt tttt ttttt t t ttt tttttt ttt
t tttt !t ttttt
=2 t ttttt tttttttttttt ttttttttttttt ttttt tttttttttttt
t !t tttt t ttttttt
t tttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt
e ttttt t
t t ttt
tttttt tttttt t
t ttt ttt t ttttt
t t ttttt !t ttttttt tttt tt t t
t ttttt t tttttt ttt ttt tttttt t
t !
t t ttttttt !t ttttt t tttt tt t
t ttttt t ttt ttt t tttttt tttttt t
t tttt t t ttttt
t ttttt t ttt ttt tttttt t tttttt
t ! >2><
arn
t ttttttt t tt ttttt t tt tttt
!t ttttt
t t ttttttt t ttttt !t t tttttttt tttttt
t ttttttt t tt ttttt t ttttt
!t tt tttt
t t ttttttt t ttttt t !t tttttttt tttttt
!
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt
t t ttttttt t t ttttt !t tttttttt tttttt
t tttt t t ttttt !
t t ttttttt t !t ttttt t tttttttt tttttt
! =2> ! !
t tttt t t ttttt
! ! ! >2 t tttt ttttt t t ttt tttttt ttt
t ttttt t t ttttt
t tttt tttt ttttttt tttttttttttt tt ttttt tttt tttt tttt !t :ttt
t tt tt ttttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt
ttt tttttt ttttt t t ttttt tttt tttttttt ttttttttttt tttt
t t
t tt
t ttt
tttt tttt tt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tt tt ttttt ttt tttt tttt tt !
t t
t tttt t t ttttt
ttt ttttttttttttt t t tttttt tttt ttttttttttttt > tttt tttt ttt tttt tttt ttt tttt tttt tttt ttttt
tttt tttt ! t tttt t ttttt tttttt tttttttt t ttttt t
t !t ttttt
tttt tttt !t tttt t ttttt
t t tttttt !t ttttt tttttttt
t t ttttt
tttt tttt !t tttt t ttttt
t t tttttt t ttttt !t tttttttt
t ttttt
tttt t tttt !t tttt ttttt
t t tttttt t tttttttt ttttt
t !t ttttt
2=>
!
t t tttttt t ttttt tttttttt
t !t ttttt ttt ttt !t ttttt t ttttttt
t ttttt
t tttt t t ttttt ttttt ttt ttt !t t ttttttt
t ttttt
> tttt ttt t ttt ttttttttt
tttttttt t ttttttttttttttt !
ttttt t ttt ttt !t t ttttttt
t tttt
t :ttttt
t tttt tttt ttt tttt tttttt tt tttttttt ttttt t ttttt ttt ttt !t t ttttttt
t ttttttt t t :tttttt !
t tttttttt t tttttt ttttt t ttttt
t ttt ttt !t t tttttt
t ttttttt tttttttt t t :tttttt !
t t tttttt ttttt t ttttt
t ttttttt ttt ttt !t
t ttttttt t tttttttt :tttttt t ttttttt !
t ttttt t ttttt
t ttttttt t ttt ttt !
!
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt tttt tt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
t tttt t t ttttt t t ttt ttt tttt tttt tttt tttttttt
t tttt tttt ttt
>< tttt tttt ttt tttt tttttt ttttt t t ttt tttttt ttttt tttt ttttt tttttt ttt tttttttttttt ttttt ttt tttttttttttttt t t ttt
ttttt ttt
t !
t tttt t ttttt t tttttttttt t
t ttt
tttttt tttt
t t ttttt t !
t tttt t t tttttttttt
t ttt 2t t tttt tttttt ttttt t t tttt tttttt ttt
ttt !t ttttttttt t tttt
t t ttttt t !
t tttt t
t t tttttttttt ttt t tt tttt !
t tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt ttt
.in
t t ttttt t !
t t tttttttttt tttt t
t ttt t ttt tttt
!
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt
t ttt !t ttttttttt t tt tttt !t ttttt
t tttt t t ttttt
t ttt !t ttttttttt t tt tttt t ttttt !
! >2
t ttt !t ttttttttt t ttttt t tt tttt !
!
t ttttt tttt ttttt tttt ttttt
ng
!
t tttt t t ttttt
t tttttt tttt tttttt t t t t tt 2 tttt tttt ttt tttt tttttt ttttt t t tttt ttttt
t
t tttttt tttt tttttt t t t tt
tttttttttt
t tttttt t tttttt t ttttttttt !
t tttttt
t tttttt tttt t t t tt
tttttttttt
t ttttttttt t tttttt t tttttt !
eri
t tttttt t
t tttttt tttt t t tt
tttttttttt
t ttttttttt t tttttt !t tttttt
t tttttt t t ttt
t tttttt tttt
tttttttttt
t ttttttttt t tttttt t tttttt !
t tttttt t t ttt
t tttt tttttt !
tttttttttt
t tttttt t ttttttttt t tttttt !
t tttttt t t ttt
t tttt t ttttt
tttt t t ttttt
ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
ttttt tttttt
e t tttttttttttttt
ttttttttttt!ttt ttttttttttttt
En
tttttt t :t tttt tttt t !t ttt ttt ttttt t !
t ttttt t ttttttt
t tttttt t tttttttttt
t !
t :t tttt !t ttt ttt tttt t ttttt !
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt
t !
t :t tttt !t tttt ttt ttt t ttttt
t tttt t t ttttt
t !
t :t tttt !t ttt ttt t tttt ttttt ! 2 ! !
w.
2>
2 tttt ttt t t ttt tttttt ttt t
t ttt tt t t !t ttttt ttt tt tttttttttttttttt ttttttt
ttttttttttt
ttt tt t
t t ttttt ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt tttttt ttt ttttttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt ttttt
tttt ttttttttttttt
t t t ttttt t tt tt tttttt t
t tttt
t tttt
tttt
t tt
t t t ttttt t tt tt t tttttt
t tttt
!
t t
t tttt t t ttttt
t t t ttttt t tt tt t
t tttttt tttt
= tttt tttt t t ttt tttttt ttt t
t ttttt !t t tt ttt ttttt !
t ttttt tttt ttt ttt tt tt tttt
tttt !
t tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt ttttt t
t tttt t t ttttt
t
t ttttt !t tttt !t tttttt t tt tt < tt tttttttttttttt
tttttttttt tttttttt!t
t
t ttttt !t tttt !t t tt ttt ttttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttt tt tttttttt tttt ttttt
t
t ttttt !t tttt t tt ttt tttttt !
t tttt tttt t
t ttt ttttt !t
!
t ttttt tttt ttt ttt tt tt tttt
t tttt tttt
tt ttt ttttt !t
t tttt t t ttttt
t t
t tttttttt ttt ttttt !t
.in
> tttttt t
t t t tttt tttt ttt !t tt !
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt
t t ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt tttttt ttt tttttttt ttt
t tttt t t ttttt
ttttttttttttt 2 ttttt tttt t !t tttt ttttt t
tttt
t ttt
t tt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt
!
t t
t tttt t t ttttt ttt
ng
tttt tt t t ttt tttttt ttt t t ttt
t ttttt
t t ttttt
t t
t
t tt
ttttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttt tt tttttttt tttt ttttt !
t ttt
t tttt t t ttttt
t ttttt ttt
t t t
t tttttt tttt = t t t ttt tttttt ttt t t ttt !!t
t t tttttt tt
t ttttt
t ttt t
t t tttttt tttt tttt
eri
t ttttt ttt
t t t tttttt tttt
t t ttttt ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt tttttt ttt ttttttt
!
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt tttt ttttttttttttt
t tttt t t ttttt
t tttt
tttt
t tt
tttttt t ttttt ttttt !t t tttttt ttttt !t !
t t
t tttt t t ttttt
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt
ttt
e > t tt t t tttttt t ttttt t t :ttt
t t ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt tttttt ttt tttttttt ttt
gin
t t
t
t tt ttttttttttttt
!
t ttt
t tttt t t ttttt
tttt
t tt
t t
! 2> ! ! !
t ttt
t tttt t t ttttt
! ! ! ! 22
t tttt tttt ttttttt tttttttttttt tt ttttt tttt tttt
ttt tttttt ttttt t t ttttt tttt tttttttt ttttttttttt tttt ! ! !
En
tttt tttt tt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tt tt ttttt ttt tttt tttt tt ! !
ttt ttttttttttttt t t tttttt tttt ttttttttttttt t ttttt ttttttttt t tttt
t !t tttttt
t ttttt t tttttt tt t t !t ttttt t tttttt ttttt ttttttttt t tttt
t !t
t
t ttttt t tttttt tt t !t ttttt t tttttt t ttttt ttttttttt t tttt
t !
arn
t tttttt
t ttttt t tt t !t ttttt t tttttt t ttttt t ttttttttt tttt
t !
t tttttt t
t ttttt tt t !t ttttt t tttttt t ttttt t ttttttttt !t tttt
t tttttt t ttttt
t tt t !t ttttt tttt tt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt t t tttt ttttt ttttt
t tttttt t ttttt !t
t tt t ttttt
tt tttt tttt ttttt tttt ttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
t tttt ttt
t tttttt t ttttt !t tt t
t ttttt tttt tttttttttttt ttttt ttt tttt ttttt tttttt ttt t tt ttttt tt
ttt tttt tt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt t t tttt ttttttttttttt tttt tttt tttt tttttttt
Le
!
t t
t tttt t t ttttt t tttt ttttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt t t ttttt ttttt
2 t t t
t t ttt ttt tt tt t !t :tttttt
t#ttt
tttttttttttttttt
t t tt ttt tttttt tttt ttt tt ttt ttt ttttt ttt ttt
t#ttt
tttttttttttttttt
ttttttttttttt
t#ttt
tttttttttttttttt
t tttt
tttt
t tt !
t#ttt
tttttttttttttttt
!
t t
t tttt t t ttttt
t tttt t t ttttt
t tt tt tt ttt !t t tttttt ttttttt !t
22t ttt tt t ttttt tttttt ttt tttt tttt tttt tttttt ttt tttt
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt ttttt ttt tttttttt
t t tt tt !t ttttttt tt ttt tttttt !t
t ttttttt ttttttttttt t t t tt ttt tttttt
t t tt tt !t ttttttt !t tt ttt tttttt
t t
t
t t
t t tt tt !t tt ttt tttttt ttttttt !t
!
t tt
t tttt t t ttttt
!
t t tt tt tt ttt !t tttttt ttttttt !t
22 tttt ttttt ttt tttttttttttttttt ttttt ttt tttt tttt ttt
t tttt t t ttttt ttttt
t tttt t=ttt t ttt
t t t
ttt
2>
t tttt t t=ttt t
ttt t
t t tt 2 t tttt tttt t !t t tttt tt t
t tttt t t=ttt t
ttt t t ttt
t t ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt tttttt ttt tttttttt ttt
t tttt t t=ttt t
ttt t ttt
t ttttttttttttt
!
t tttt t t=ttt t
ttt
t t ttt
t ttt
t tttt
t tt
t tttt t t ttttt !
t t
t tttt t t ttttt
2 ttt tt ttttttttt t t ttttttt ttttttttt
ttttt tttttt ! 2222
tttttt t ttttt
t tttt tttt ttt t ttt tttt tttt !
ttttt !
t ttttt t tttttt t ttttt t ttttt ! !
t ttttt t tttttt t ttttt ttttt t !
t ttttt t tttttt t ttttt t ttttt t ttt tt t
t t t ttt tttttt
!
t ttttt t tttttt ttttt t t ttttt
t ttt tt t
t t t ttt ttttt
t tttt ttt tttttttttt t
t tttttt ttt tt t
t t t tt
.in
22 ! ! t
t tttttt
t ttt tt t t t tt
! ! ! t
t tttttt
t ttt ttt tt t t
t tttt tttt ttttttt tttttttttttt tt ttttt ttt t
t tttttt
t ttt t ttt tt t
ttttt ttt tttttt ttttt t t ttttt tttt tttttttt tttttttttt t
t tttttt
t ttt t ttt t tt
ttt tt tttt tttt tt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tt tt ttttt tt t ttt tttt ttttt ttttt t t tttt ttttttttttttt
ng
tttt tttt ttt ttt ttttttttttttt t t tttttt tttt ttttttttttttt
tt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
t tttt ttt
t ttttttt t t tttt ttttt t
t tt ttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttttttttt tttt tttttttttttt tttt
ttttt ttttttt t t tttt t
t tt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
ttttt t ttttttt t tttt t
t tt 22 t ttt t
t t tt t ttt t !t tttt
eri
ttttt t tt t ttttttt t tttt t
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt
ttttt t tt t
t ttttttt t tttt ttt
t ttttt t tt t
t ttttttt t t ttt
t tt
t ttt
t t
t ttttt t tt t
t ttttttt t tttt !
t
t tttt t t ttttt
ttttttttttttttttttttttttttt tttttttttttttttttttt tttt
ttttt ttttt
e 22 t ttttt ttt t t !t t !!t ttttt ttt
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt tttt tttt
gin
tt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
t tttt ttt
t
t t
t ttt
ttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttttttttt tttt tttttttttttt tttt !
t tt
t tttt t t ttttt
ttt tttt ttttt ttttt 2 tttt ttt t t ttt tttttt ttt t t tttt t t tttttt tttt :ttt
2 t t tttt ttttt
t t !t ttttt ttttt !
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt
t t ttttt ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt tttttt ttt ttttttt
ttt tttt ttttttttttttt
En
t
t t
t t
tttt
t tt
t t
!
t tt
t tttt t t ttttt !
t tttt
t tttt t t ttttt
2< tttt ttt t t ttt tttttt ttt t tttt t !t t ttttt t
t ! 2 tttt tt t t ttt tttttt ttt t
t tt t !t tt t
t t tt t
ttttt ttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttt tt tttttttt ttt tttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt tttt tttt
arn
22 tttt tttt t t ttt tttttt ttt t tttt
t tttttt t t
t tttt
t ttt ttttt tttt t t
t t tttttt !
ttttt
t t ttttt ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt tttttt tt !
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt
tttttttt tttt ttttttttttttt
t tttt t t ttttt
t tttt
t tt
tttt 22 t tttt ttt ttttt
t t !t ttttt t tt tt t t ttt
w.
2>2
.in
t
t tttt !t ttttt
t tt t t tttt tttt ttttttttttttt
!
t ttttt tttt ttt ttt tt tt tttt
tttt
t tt
t t
t tttt t t ttttt !
t ttt
t tttt t t ttttt
tttt tttt t t ttt tttttt ttt t t t ttttt t :ttttt !t !t ttt = t !t
t tttt ttttt tttt t !t tttt
tttt
t t ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt tttttt ttt tttttttt ttt
ng
t t ttttt ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt tttttt ttt ttttttt ttttttttttttt
tttt ttttttttttttt
tttt
t tt
t t
t tttt
tttt
t tt !
t ttt
t tttt t t ttttt
!
t t
t tttt t t ttttt ! > ! !
eri
t ttt t ttttt t
t tttttt tttttt ! ! ! !
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt ttttt tt t t tttt tttt
t tttt tttt ttttttt tttttttttttt tt ttttt tttt tttt
ttttt ttt tttttt ttttt t t ttttt tttt tttttttt ttttttttttt tttt
t !t ttt
t ttttt t tttttt t ttttt tttt tttt tt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tt tt ttttt ttt tttt tttt tt
t !t ttt t
t ttttt t tttttt ttttt
t !t ttt t ttttt t
t tttttt ttttt
e ttt ttttttttttttt t t tttttt ttttttttttttt
tttt t t tttttt tttt tttttt
t !
gin
!
t ttttt tttt ttt ttt tt tt tttt ttttttt tttttt tttttt tttt
t!
t tttt t t ttttt ttttttt!t tttttttttttt tttt
2 t tttt t !t t ttttt tttttt t tt tttttt!ttttttttttttt tttt
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt tttttt!t tttttttttttt tttt
ttt t tttttt !t tttttt t tttt tttt t
t t
t tt
t ttt ttttttt !ttttttt t tttt
ttttt
En
!
t
t tttt t t ttttt t tttt tttt tt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt t t tttt ttttttttttttt
2 t ttttttt
t t tttt t t t !t =ttt
tt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
t tttt ttt
t t ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt tttttt ttt tttttttt ttt ttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttttttttt tttt ttttttttttt
ttttttttttttt ttttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
arn
tttt
t tt
t t > tttt tttt t t ttt tttttt ttt ttttt t tttttt
t t ttttt
!
t ttt
t tttt t t ttttt tttttt
! = ! !
t t ttttt ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt tttttt ttt ttttttt
! ! ! tttt ttttttttttttt
t tttt tttt ttttttt tttttttttttt tt ttttt tttt tttt
t tttt
tttt
t t
ttt tttttt ttttt t t ttttt tttt tttttttt ttttttttttt tttt !
t tt
t tttt t t ttttt
Le
tttt tttt tt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tt tt ttttt ttt tttt tttt tt t tttt tt t !t !t ttt tttt !t
ttt ttttttttttttt t t tttttt tttt ttttttttttttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt
ttttt
t ttt ttttt t !t t ttttt ttt
t ttttt
t ttt ttttt t !t ttttt
t t
t tt
t
w.
tttt tttt t ttt tttt ttttt ttttt t t tttt ttttttttttttt
t ttttt
t tt tt t !t tt tt :ttt !
tt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
t tttt ttt
t ttttt
t tt tt !t t tt tt :ttt !
ttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttttttttt tttt tttttttttttt tttt !
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt
ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
t tttt t t ttttt
t tt t ttt ttttt ttttt
t
t t ! 2 tttttt ttttt tttt !t t t ttt tt tt t
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt ttttt t tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt ttttt tt
t !t tt t
t ttt ttttt ttttt
t
t ttttt t tttt !t t ttt tt tt
t !t tt t
t ttttt t ttt
t tttt
t ttttt t tttt !t t t tt
t !t tt t
t ttttt t ttt ttttt
t ttttt t tttt !t tt t t ttt tt
!
t ttttt tttt ttt ttt tt tt tttt !
t ttttt tttt ttt ttt tt tt tttt
t tttt t t ttttt
t tttt t t ttttt
t tt ttt tttt tt t
t !t
t ttttt ! 2 tttttttt tttttttttttttt ttt
ttt t ttttt!tttttt!
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt tttt tttt
ttt
2>2
.in
tttt !t tttttt t
t t tttt tt !
t t
t tttt t t ttttt
tttt tttt !t tttttt t
t t tt = tttttttt tttttttttttttt ttttt
t tttt!tttttt tt
tttt !t tttt tttttt t
t t tt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttt tt tttttttt tttt ttttt
tttt !t tttt t tttttt t
t ttt
t t
t tttt !t ttttt ttt ttt
tttt !t tttt t ttt tttttt t
t t t ttt
t tttt !t ttttt tt
ng
tttt !t tttt t ttt t tttttt
t t t
t ttt tttt !t ttttt tt
tttt tttt t ttt tttt ttttt ttttt t t tttt tttttttttttttt t t ttt !
t tttttt ttt tttttttttt
ttttt ttttt
t tttt t t ttttt
tt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
t tttt ttt > t ttt
t tttt ttt tt !t t tt t !
eri
ttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttttttttt tttt tttttttttttt tttt
t t ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt tttttt ttt tttttttt ttt
ttttttt ttttt ttttt ttttttttttttt
ttttttttt tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt!
tttt
t tt
t t
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt ttttt tt !
t ttt
t tttt t t ttttt
t ttttt t ttttt !t ttttt t t tttt
e
gin
2
! > ! ! !
t tttttt tttt tttt tttttt ttt
!
t tttttt tttt tttt tt tt ttt
tttt tt tttt tttttttttttt tt ttttt ttt ttttt ttt ttttt
t tttt t t ttttt
En
ttttt t t tttt
t ttt ttttttttt ttttt tttt tttt tt ttttt ttttt tttt
t t ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt tttttt ttt tttttttt ttt
tt t tttt tttt ttt ttt ttttttttttttt t t tttttt ttt ttttttttttt
ttttttttttttt
t tt
t ttt
t t
ttttt ttt t tttttt t ttt =tt t ttttt tttt ttt ttt tt !
t t
t tttt t t ttttt
arn
ttt ttt t t ttttt ttt t tttttt t ttt =tt t ttttt ttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt tttttt tttt tttt ttt
tt tttttt t t ttttt t
ttt ttt tttttt ttttt ttt t t ttt =tt t ttttt tttt tt
t tt
t tt t
t ttttt
ttt ttt tttttt ttt ttttt ttt t t ttt =tt t ttttt ttt !
t tttt
t tttt t t ttttt
ttt ttt tttttt ttt ttttt tttt ttt t t ttt =tt t tttt ! <>
!
ttt ttt tttttt ttt ttttt tttt ttttt ttt t t ttt =tt
Le
ttt ttt tttttt ttt ttttt tttt ttttt t ttt ttt t =tt
t tt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttttt tttt
tttttttttttttttttttttttt tttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
t tt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttttt tttt
ttttttttt tttttttttttt ttt tttttttt
t tt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttttt tttt
tt tttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
t tttt ttt
t tt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttttt tttt
w.
ttt tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttttttttt tttt tttttttttttt ttttt
t tt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttttt tttt
ttt tttt ttttt ttttt < tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttt ttttt
!
t
t
t
tttttttttttttttttttt tt ttttttttttt ttttttttttttttt !
t
t
ww
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttt tt tttt ttt tttt tttttt t t ttt 2 tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttt ttttt ttt
tttt ttttt ttt ttttttt tttt tttt tttttt tttt t t ttttt t
t
t
t
t tt tt
t tttt
t ttttt !
t
t
!
t tttttt
t tttt t t ttttt = tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttt ttttt t
2 tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt ttttt tt ttt tttt tttt
t
t
t
ttttt !
t
t
tttttt ttttt ttttt tt ttt ttttt ttttttt tt tt ttt ttt ttttt > tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttt ttttt tt
tttttt ttttt ttttt tt ttt ttttttt ttttt tt tt ttt ttt ttttt
t
t
t
tttttt ttttt ttttt tt ttt ttttt ttttttt tt tt ttt tttttt tt !
t
t
!
tttttt ttttt ttttt tt ttt ttttt ttttttt ttt tt tt tttttt tt ! 2 ! !
tttt t t ttttt !
2 tttt tttt ttt tttt ttttttttt t t tt ttt ttt ttttt ttt
t tttt tttt ttttttt tttttttttttt tt ttttt tttt tttt
t t ttt tttt tttt tt tt ttt ttt tttttt ttttt t t tttt tttt tttttttt ttttttttttt tttt
t tttttt tttt tttt tttttt ttt tttt tttt tt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tttt tttt ttt ttt tttttttttttt
2>
t t tttttt tttt tttttttttttttt
ttt tttttttt ttt ttttt < tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt ttt
ttttttttt tttt t tttttttt ttttttt
t
t
t
ttttt t tt t tt tt t ttttt t ttttt !t tt !
t
t
tt ttttt t t tt tt t ttttt t !t ttttt tt 2 tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt t
tt tt tt t t t ttttt t !t ttttt ttttt tt
t
t
t
tt tt tt ttttt t t t t !t ttttt ttttt tt !
t
t
tt tt tt ttttt t t t t !t ttttt ttttt tt ! =22 ! !
tt tt tt ttttt t !t t t t t ttttt ttttt tt !
tt tt tt ttttt t !t t t t ttttt ttttt tt
t tttt tttt ttttttt tttttttttttt tt ttttt tttt tttt
ttttttttttttttttttttttt tttttttttttttttttt ttttttttt ttt tttttt ttttt t t ttttt tttt tttttttt ttttttttttt tttt
tttttt ttt tttt ttttttttt tttttttttttt ttt tttttttt tttt tttt tt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tttt tttt ttt ttt tttttttttttt
! * t t tttttt tttt tttttttttttttt tttttt tttttt tttttttt ttt
! ttt ttttt ttt tt =tttt
ttt tttttt tttttttt tttt t ttttttt
.in
ttt ttt!t tttttttttt tt tttttttt
tttttt ttttttt
t t tttt t ttttt ttttttttttttttttttttttttttt ttt
t ttttttt
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttttt ttt tttt ttt ttt tttt tttt tttttttttttttttttttttttt ttt tttttttt
tttttt ttttttttttttttttttttttt ttt ttttttttt
tttttt t tttt ttt ttt !t t ttttt t tt tt t tttt
ng
tttttttttttttttttttttt ttt tttttttttt
t t t ttt ttttt ttttttttttttttttttttt ttt ttttttttttt
tttttt t tttt ttttt ttt ttt !t t t tt tt t tttt tttttttttttttttttttt ttt tttttttttttt
t t t ttt ttttt tttt t ttttttt ttttt tttt t t tttt ttttttttttttt t tttt tttt
tttttt t tttt ttttt ttt ttt !t t t t
t t tttttt ttt tttt ttttttttt tttttttttttt ttt tttttttt
eri
ttttt ttt tt tt ttttt ! => !
!
ttttttttt ttt!tttttttt tttttt
ttt ttt !
t ttt tt tt ttttt tt tttt t tttt t !t ttt t !t tttttt tttt
tttt t t ttttt = tt ttt ttttt tttt tttt ttttttttttttttttt ttttttttttt
tt tt t t tttttt tttttttttttt ttttt ttt t ttt ttt
tttttt tttt
t ttt tttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt
e ttttt
t tttttttttt ttttt ttttt!t ttttt!tt
gin
tt
t
tt ttt
t tttttttttt ttttt tttt!tt ttttttt!
!
t
t tttt t t ttttt
ttt tttttttt ttt ttttttt!t ttttttt!
2 tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt ttttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttt ttt !
t tttttttttt ttttt ttttt!t ttttttt!
ttttt
ttt tttttttt ttt tttttt!t tttttttt!
tttttt t tttt ttttt ttt ttt t t !t t
t t >
t t ttttt tttttt ttttt ttt ttttttt ttt tttttttt ttt
ttttt ttt tt tt ttttt
En
!
tttttt t tttt ttttt ttt ttt t t !t t
t t
t t ttttt ttt t tt t ttt !t ttttt tttttt t
ttttt ttt tt tt ttttt tttttt
tttt t t ttttt 2 tt t tttt tttt ttttttt ttt tt tt ttttt t t ttt
2
t t ttttt ttttt ttttt ttt ttttttt ttt tttttttt ttt tttttttttttt tttttt ttttt ttttt
t ttt tt t ttt !t
tttttttttttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt tttttt t t t
t tt
t ttt
t
t tttt ttt
ttttt
t tttt t
Le
! !
!
tttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tt t ttt tttt ttt t t !t
!
t t
!
tttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tt t tttttt ttt t t t
! ! !t t
t ttttttt ttt t !!t t t tttttt ttt t
ttt tttttt tt t ttt ttttt ttttt tttttt t t t
t ttttttt ttt t !!t t t t tttttt ttt t !t t
t ttttttt t !!t t ttt t tttttt ttt t !
tttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tt t tttttt ttt t t !t
!
t ttttttt ttt t !!t t t tttttt ttt t t t
t ttttttt ttt t t !!t t tttttt ttt t
ttt tttttt tt t ttt ttttt ttttt tttttt t t !t
tt tt t t tttt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt tt t t
t
t
t
!
t
t
2>
t ttt tt ttttt ttttttttt ttt tttt t * t tttttttttttttttttttttttttt tttttttttt
2 t t tttt tttt t ttt tttt tttt ttttttttt t
t tttttttt tttt
ttttt tttttt ttt tt < t tttt t tttt t tttt t tttt ttttt tttt ttt
2 2 t ttt ttttttt t tt ttttt ttttt ttttt tttttttttttttttttttttttttt!tttt
tttttttttt
ttt tt
tttttttttttttttttt tttttttttttt
2 t ttttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttttt tttttttttttttttt
tttttttttttttttt!
ttt tt 2 ttttt ttttttttttttttttttttttttt
.in
t ttt ttttttt ttttt tttt ttt ttt ttttttttttttttt
tttttttttttttttttt!tttt
t tttttt tttttttttt ttt tttttt ttttt tttt tttttt tttt tttttt!ttttttttttttttttttttt
tttt tttttt ttttt tttt tt tttt tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt t
tttt ttt
t tttt ttt tttt ttt tttttttt
t tt =
t ttt tttt ttt tttt tttt ttt ttt
ng
<tttttttttttttt tt ttttttttttttttttttttt!ttttt
tttttttttttttt
< 2tttttttt tttttttt tttttttttttttttttt!tttttt
tttttttt
ttt ttt tt t ttttt tttt :ttt ttttt ttt tttttt ttt tt tttttttttttttttttttt t ttttt ttttttt ttt
tttttttt ttttttttttttttt tt ttttttt tttttttt t ttt >
ttt ttttt ttt ttttt tttt
ttt tttt ttttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt tt ttt
t tttt tt
eri
ttttt tt
t ttttt tt !
t ttt tt
t tttttt tt t ttt
t ttt 2 t
tttt tttt ttttt tttt ttt tt
tttttt tt tttt ttt ttttt tttt t ttttt tttttttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt
t t t!t
t tttt tttt ttttt tttt tt tttt ttttt ttt tt ttttt tttt
2 t
t t !t t ttt tt ttttt tt tttt tttt tttttt ttttt tttttt t
2
t
t !t t t
t
t !t t t
e tttt tt ttttttttt tttt tttt tttttttttt ttttt t t ttt
ttttttttttt tttt tttt tttttttttt t tttttttt ttttt
gin
!t t
tt t tttt tttt ttttt
t tttttt tttt t ttt tt tttt tt tt
2 ttt!ttttttttttttttt
ttttttttttt tttt ttttt ttt t ttt tt tttt tttttt tttt ttt
t t ttttt ttttt tttttt tttt ttt ttt 2 ! !
tttt ttttt !ttt ttt tt ttt tttt ttttttt tttttt t t ttt ttttt ttt =ttt ttttttt tttt tt ttttt ttt
ttttt ttt t tttttttttttttttt
tttttttttttt!ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
w.
<
tttt tttt ttttt tttt ttt tt ttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttttt t ttt ttttt ttt
ttt tt tt ttttt tttt tttttt tttt tt ttttt ttttt ttt tttt
tttttttttttttttttttttttttt!ttttt
tttt tttt ttttt tttt tt ttttt tttttt tttt tttt ttt !
tttttt ttttt ttt tt tttt ttt tt ttttt ttttt t ttt ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt!tttttt
tttt ttttt
t tt tt ttt ttt t tt ttt tt ttttt tttt ttttttttttttt ttttttttttttttt tttttt ttt
ttt tttttt ttt ttttt ttttttt tttttt
t tttt ttt ttttttttt
tttt ttttt tttttttttt tttt t ttt t tttt tt ttt <t 2t
!
=2 t
tttt tttt ttttt tttt ttt tt
!
ttt tt tt ttttt tttt t tt
t tttttt tttt ttttt tttt
!
tt tttt tttt tttt
t tt tttt tttt tttttt ttttt ttttt
!
tttttt tttt tttttttt ttt tttt tttttttt tttttttt
! t tt
t ttt tttt tttt ttttttt ttttt ttt tt ttt
! ttttttttt tt t tttt tttt tttt tt tttt tttt tt tttt
! tttt tttt
t ttt ttttttt ttt tttt ttttt t t ttttttt t
2><
.in
tttttttttttttt!ttttttt
tttttttttt tttttt t ttttttt t tttt t tttttttt t ttt t tttt t tt tt
ttt
tttttttttttttttttttttt tttttttttttttttt
ttttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt ttt tttt tt !
ttttttttt
ttttt!tttttttttttttttt tttttttttttttttttt ttttttt
ttttttt tt tttttttt
>t! 2t 2t tt ttt t ttttttt tttttttt tttttt tttt t t ttt t t ttt
ng
22t
22t 2 2
22
22> t ttt tt tt ttttt tttt ttttt tttt tt ttttt tttt ttttt 22
tttt tttttt tt ttttt tttt tt ttt tttt tt ttt tt tttt 22=
ttt
t tttttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttt t tt tttttt t ttt
ttttttt tttt ttttttt tt ttttt t ttt tttt t tt tttt ttttt ttt tttt tttttt tttt ttttt tt ttttttt tt t
eri
tt ttttttt tttttttttttttt tttttt ttttttttt tttt ttt tttttt tt t
ttttt ttttt tttttttt tttttttttt t ttt
ttt tttttt tttt ttttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt tt tt tttt ttttt ttt t ttttttttt tttt tttt t ttt ttt
t ttt
ttttttt t
t ttttt tttt tttttt tttttt ttttt ttt tttttttttttttttttttttttttttt tttt
tttttttt t tttt
ttttt ttttt tttt ttttttttt tttttt tttt ttt tttt tttttttttt tttttt t tt
t tttttttt tt
t tt tttt
! >
!
e
ttt!t
tt
t
tt!ttt
ttttttt tttt tttttttttttt tttt ttttttt ttttt ttttt
ttt ttttttt ttt ttt
t tttttt t tt tttttt tttt tttttttt
gin
! 2
ttt!ttt tttttttttttt ttt tttt tttt tttt tt
! 2 tt
t!ttt ttttttt!tt
tttttt
! 2 2 ttt!tt
t tttt!
ttttttttttttt!
! 2 ttt!ttt
tttt! tttttttttttt
tt!
! ttt!t
tt tttt! tttttttt
tttt!tt
tt tttt ttttt ttt ttttt ttt ttttt t t ! t tttt tt t t ttt ! tt
tttttttt!tttt
En
tttttt tttt tttt t tttt ttttt tttttt t tttttt
tt ttt! tttt!tt
tttttttt
! < t
tt!ttt !ttttt !
tttt!tttttttttt
! ! < 2
ttt!ttt tt tt tt ttt tttt ttttt ttt tt ttt tt ttttttt tttt
ttt
! ! 2 = tt
t!ttt ttttttttttt tttt ttttttt ttt
tttt ttttttttttttt
arn
222
tttt ttt ttt tt tttt t t ttt ttttt
ttt ttt ttt tt tttt t tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
t ttttttt ttt tttt
t ttt tttt tttt t tttttttt t t t t tttttttttt t t ttttttt t
ttttt ttttttt
tttttttttttttttt!
tttt tttttttt ttttt tttt tttttt tttt tt tt ttt tt 2
w.
tt tt tttt ttt ttttt ttt tttttt ttt tt tt tt tttt ttt
tttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttt
tttt tttttt tttt tttt tt tt tt ttt tt tt t tttt tt t tttt t ttt
tttt ttttt ttt tt tt ttt ttt tt tt ttt tt ttttt t ttttttt tt t tt
ttt
t tttt ttttttt tttt tt tttt ttt tt tttt
t tt t tttt ttttt! tt
ww
tttt ttt tt tt tt tttt tt tt t ttt tt tt tt tttt tt 2 !
ttt
t tt ttt t ttttt t ttt ttt tttt ttttttt ttt ttt
tttt tttt t tttttt tt
tt t
tttttttttt tttt tttttttttt tttt t
tttt ttt tttt ttttttt tttt tttttt ttt tt tt tt ttt ! tttt t t t tttttt t ttttt ttttt
tttt tt tt tt ttt tt tt tt ttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
t t t tttttt tt tttttt!t
tt ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
tt tt tt tt tttt ttttttt
t! ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
tttttt!
!
ttt t t tt tt tt tt ttttt!t
tt t! t ttttt t t ttt ttttttttt tttttt
tt tt ttt tt ttttt ttt tttt tt t t t t
t t ! ttttttttttttt!tt
ttttttttttt
ttttt tttt ttttt t ttttttt tttt
t tttt ttt ttttt t t t t tt ttttt tttttt t ttttt
tttt tttttttttttttt
!
2< t ttt tttt t ttt tttt tttt tttttttt ttt ttt
!
t ttt tttt tttt tttttt ttt tttt ttttt tttttt
tt t
!
tttt ttttt tttt ttt tttt tttttt ttt tt tttt ttt tt
tttttttttt
tttt t
2>2
! t t ttt t ttt t ttttt t tttt t ttttt t tttt t t ttttttt ttttttttt ttttttttt tt
ttttttttttttttttttttttt!tttt
ttttttttttt tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt!
ttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttttttt tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttttttt
ttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
t ! t t ttt t tttt t ttttt ttttttttt ttt ttttt tttt 2= ! t ttttttt ttt ttttt ttt tt
tttttt tttttttttttttttt
tttttttttttttttttt
22
ttt ttttttt ttt tttt tttttt t tt
t ttttt t ttt tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
tttt ttt tt tt t tt
t
tt t
t tttt tttttt tttt tt tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt!
ttt tttt t
tt t
t tttt tttttt ttt tttt ttttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt
! t tttttt ttt ttt tttttttttt tttttttt tttt t
ttttttttttttttttttttt
ttttttttttttttttttttttt ttt ttttttttttt tttttttttttttttt tttttttttt
tttttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttttttttttttt tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
tttttttttt!
ttttttttttttttttttttt!ttttttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt tt
.in
tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
2
ng
2 t tttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttt ttt ttttt ttttt tttttt tttt t t > t ttttt ttttt tttttt
t t t t t tttt t !
tttttttttttt ttttttt t t tttttttt
ttt ttt ttt tttttt t
t ttttt ttttt tttttt t t t t tttt !
tttttt tttt tttt tttttt ttt tt ttttttt ttttt t
t ttttttttt ttttt tttttt t t t t!
tttt tt ttt tttttttt tttttt ttt ttttt t
t tt tttt tttt t
t tttt !t ttttt ttttt tttttt t
eri
tttt tttttttt ttt tt ttttt tttt ttttt tttt ttttttttt t
t tttt !t ttttt t ttttt tttttt
tttttttt ttt tt t ttttt tttt ttt tttt tt tt ttttt ttt t
t t tttt !t ttttt t ttttt t ttttt
ttttttttt ttt tt ttttt tttt tt tttt tttt tttt tttt
t ttt ttttttttttttttt!tttttt!
ttt tt ttttt tttt ttttt t tt tttttt ttttttt t t tt tttt ttt tttttt t !t ttttt !
tttttttttttt ttttttt tttt t tt tttttttttt ttttttt ttt
ttttt
e t t tt tttt !t ttt tttttt t ttttt !
t t tt tttt !t ttt t tttttt ttttt !
gin
t
t !t t t
!t
t t
t t tt tttt !t ttt t tttttt !t tttt
t
t !t
!t t t
t t
tt tt ttttt tttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt ttt
t
t !t
!t
t t t t
! tt tttt ttt tttt tt t ttt
2 ! t t t
t t !
t 2 ! t !t ttt
t t t ttt ttttt tttt
t !
t t t
t t t !t ttt
t ttttt t t t ttt tttt
En
2>=
.in
t ttt tttt ttttttt ttt ttt tt 22 ! ttttttt ttttt tttt ttt tttttttttt
22
t ttttt ttttttt tttt t tttttt ttt tt ttttt 2 t tt tt t t tt tttttt tt tt ttt ttt
tttt t tt tt tt t t tttttt tt tt ttt ttt
t ttttt ttttttt tttt t ttt tt tttttt ttttt t tt ttt tt tt t t tttttt tt tt ttt
tttt t tt ttt t t tt tt tttttt tt tt ttt
ng
t tttttttttttt tttt tttt tttttttttttt 2
ttttt 2< t t t tttttt ttt ttt ttttt ttt
t
t ttttt tt ttttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt t t t ttt tttttt ttt ttttt ttt
2 t ttttt ttt tttt ttt ttttt ttt tttt t t t ttt tttt tttttt ttt tttt
eri
t ttttt ttttt ttt tttt ttt ttttt tt 22 t
tttt tttt ttttt tttt ttt tt
t tttttttttt ttttt ttt ttttttt tt ttttt tttt ttttttttt t ttttttt ttt tttttt ttt t
tttttt tttttttttt tttt ttt ttttt tttttttt ttttt tttt tttttttt ttt t t tttttttt ttt
t ttttt ttttt ttttt tttt ttt ttt tt ttttttttt ttttt ttt t tt ttttt tttt t tttt ttt t
2 ! t ttttt ttttt tttt ttttt tttttt t ttt tttt
t ttttt ttttt ttttt tttt tttttt t ttt tttt
e tttttttt ttttt tttt t tttt tttttt t t ttttttt tt ttttttt
ttttt tttttttt ttt tttt t t t tt ttttt tttt tttt ttttt ttttttt ttttt tttt ttt
t tt tt ttttt ttttt tt
tttttttt tttttttt
t tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt tt ttttttt
t ttttt ttt tttt ttttt ttt tt tttt tttt tttt
tt tttttttt tttttt ttt tttttttt ttttttttt ttttt ttt ttt tt tttt ttt tt ttttt ttttt ttt tttt tt tt ttttt ttt
ttttt ttttttt tttt tttt tttttttttt ttttt ttt t tttttttt ttt ttttt ttt tttt tt tttt ttt tt tttt ttt
ttt t ttttt ttttt ttt tt tttt ttt tt ttttt ttttt ttttt t tt ttttt
22 ! t ttt t tttt ttt t t ttt t ttt tttttttttttt ttttttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttt tttttttt
Le
t tttt ttt t tttttttt ttttttttt ttttttttt ttttt ttttttt tttttttt ttt
tttt tttt ttttt tttt ttttttt tt ttt ttt ttttttt tttt tt tttt ttt
2=
t tt !t tttt ttt t tttt tttttttttttt t t tttt ttttttttt ttttt ttttttttt ttt t
t ttt !t tttt tt t tttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tttttt ttttt tttt
ww
t ttt t tttt tt !t tttt 2 t tt ttttt ttttt ttt t tttttttt
t t !
t tttt tt tttt !ttttt t tttttttt tt ttttt ttttt ttt t
t t t !
t ttt t tt t !t tttt ttt t tttttttt
t tt ttttt ttttt ttt t t t !
2> ! ttttttt ttttt tttt ttt tttttttttt = t tt t ttt t t
t t t tt tt tt t
2 t ttttt tttt
t !t tttt
t tttt t ttt t tt t t
t t t tt tt tt t
t tttt tttt
t !t ttttt
t tttt tttt tt ttt t t
t ttt tt tt t
t tttt
t tttt !t ttttt
t tttt t ttt t tt t
t t tt tt tt t
t tttt
t tttt
t ttttt !t tttt t ttt t t t tt t
t tt tt t tt t
2 t tttt t
t tttt !t tttt !t tttt > t tttttt t tt t!t t tttttttt
t tttt t tttt
t !t tttt !t tttt tttttttttttttt!tttttttttttt
t tttt t tttt !t !t tttt
t tttt ttttt
ttttttttt!ttttttttt
t tttt t tttt !t tttt !t
t tttt tttt
tttttttttttttt!tttt
t tttt t tttt !t tttt !t ttttt
ttttt
ttttttt!ttttttttttttt
* t ttt tttt ttttttt ttttt ttt tttt ttttttttttt
tttt
ttttttt!ttttttttttttt
2>>
t tttttt t ttttt t t ttttttttt ttttt t
ttttttt ttttttttttttttttttttttt!
t tttttt t ttttt t t t ttttttttt tttt < ! tt tt tttttt tt ttttt t ttttttttttt
t tt tttt tttttt
t tttttt t ttttt t ttttt t t t tttttttt tttttttt tttttt tttt tttttttt
t tttttt t ttttt t ttttt t t t tttttttt < t !t t tttttt ttttt ttttttt
t t tttt
t tttttt t ttttt t ttttt t ttttttttt t
t !t t tttttt ttttt ttttttt t tttt
tttt ttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
tt t
t ttttt tt ttt ttt t
tttttttt!tttttttttttttt tttt
tt tttttttt ttttt tttttttttttt tttt
t
ttttttttttt!tttttttttttttt tttt
! ttttttt tttttt tttt ttt tttttttttt <2<<
tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
2< ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttttt ttt ttt tttttttttttttttttt ttttt ttttttttttttttttttttt
ttt ttt tttt t tttttt ttt ttttt tttt tttttt tttt ttt ttt tt ttttttttttt t t ttttt tttt tttttttt tttt
tttttt ttt tttttttt tttt t ttt tttt tttt tt ttt tt tttt ttttttttt t ttttttt ttt ttttttt tttttt t
ttttt tttt ttt t ttttttt tttt ttt t ttttttt tt ttttttttt ttt tttttttttttt ttttttt tttttttt ttt
ttttttt ttttttttt ttt tt ttttttt ttttt
.in
ttttt t tttt ttt tt ttt ttttttttt ttt tttttt tttt ttt ttttt t
t tttt t tttttt tttt ttttt ttt tt tttt ttt
tttttttt t tttt ttt tt ttt ttt ttttttt ttttt tt tt tttt tttt tttt tttttt ttttttttt tttt ttttttt ttt
ttttttttt ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt ttt tt ttttt ttt
ttttttttt ttt tt tttt ttt tt ttttt ttt tttttttt
ttttttttttt
ttt tttttttttttt ttttttt t
2 ! tt tttttttttt ttttt t
tttttttttt
tttttttttttttt tttt tttt tt tt tttt tttt tttt tttttt ttttttttt ttt
ng
tttt ttt ttttttttt tttt tttttttt ttttttt tttt ttt tt ttttt ttt
2 t t tttttt ttttt !t t
t ttttt t tttt tttt tttttttttt tttttttttt t t ttttt tttt ttttttt
t tttttt ttttt ttttt !t t
t t tttt ttttttt ttttttttt ttttt tttttttt tt tt tttttttt ttt tt
t tttttt ttttt t ttttt !t
t t tttt tttt tttt tt tt tttt t tttttt ttt ttttt tttt tttt ttt
eri
t tttttt ttttt t !t ttttt
t t tttt ttt ttt tttt t tttttt ttt ttttttt
ttttttttttttt!ttttttttttt
t <2 ! tt tt ttt ttt tt tttt t t ttttttttttt
t ttttt ttt
t tttttt ttttt t !t ttttt ttttt t
tttttttt tttttt ttt tttttt tttt ttt ttttttttttt ttt
tt tt tttt tttt ttttttttt t t tttttt tttt ttttttttt tt tttttttt
tttt
t ttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt
tttt tt!tttttt ttttttttttttt ttt
e <2 t tttttt ttttt ttttt tt t tttt
t ttttt t ttttt t ttttt t t tttt
gin
ttttt ttttt tt!ttttttttttttt ttt tttttttttttttttttttttttttt
ttttt ttttttttttt tt!ttttttt ttt tttttttttttttttttttttttt
t tttt tt tttttt t ttt tt !t t
tt t
t ttttt tt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt tttt ttt
t ttttt
ttt ttt ttttttttttttttttt ttttttttt tttttttttttttt ttt t
t ttttt tttttt t t !t t ttttttt tttt < t ! t ttt tt t
t t t ttt t t tt
t ttttt tttttt t t t !t ttttttt tttt ttt tttt
tttt tttt tttt
En
t ttttt tttttt t !t t t ttttttt tttt t tt t t ttt
t t ttt t tt
t ttttt tttttt t !t ttttttt t t tttt ttt t ttttttt
ttt ttt
t ttttt tttttt t !t ttttttt ttttt t t tt t t ttt t ttt
t ttt
t ttttt tttttt t !t ttttttt ttttt t t tt t t ttt t ttt ttt
t t
arn
< t tttttt ttttt t ttttt t t ttttt t tt t t ttt t ttt
t ttt
t tttttt ttttt t t ttttt t t tttt
tt t
ttttttttttttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttttttt
t tttttt ttttt t t ttttt ttttt t < t ttttt t ttt tttt t t t t
t t tttttt t
t tttttt ttttt t t ttttt ttttt t t tttttt ttttt ttt tttt tt t t
t t t
tt tttttttttttttttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttttttt t tttttt t ttttt ttt tttt t t t t
t t ttttt tttt tttt ttttttttt ttt ttttt t
t ttttt t ttt ttt t tttttt t t ttt ttttt tttt t t t
Le
tt tttttt ttttt tttttttttttt ttttt ttt ttttt tttt ttt
t tttttt t ttt
t ttttt tttt t t
2< t
tttt ttt ttt tttt t t tttttttttttt ttt tttt t ttt ttt <<
t ttttt ttttt t t t t tttttt ttt
tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt ttttttttt tttttt t tttt ttttt ttttt t t t t ttttt
tttt tttttttt tttt ttttttttt ttt ttt ttttttt ttttt t ttttt tttttttttttttttttt
w.
ttttttt t tttt tttt ttt ttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt t ttttt tttttttttttttttttt
ttttt ttttt t tttt tttt tttttttttt tttt ttt ttttt tttttttttttttttttt
tttttttt ttttt ttttttttt tttt tttttttt tttttttt t ttttt tttttttttttttttttt
t ttttttt ttttt ttttttttt ttt ttt tttt ttt tt tt tttt
tt t
t ttttt t ttt tttt ttttt ttttt tttt tttt ttt
ww
t t tttttt !t t t tttt t tttt ttt ttttt tttt ttttt ttt
t ttttt tt tttt ttttt tttt ttt
t t tttttt !t tttt t t tttt t ttt ttt tt
= ttttttt!tttttttt
t ttttttt ttttt <2 t ttt ttt ttttt tt tt ttttttt tt
ttttttt!t ttttttttttttt
tt ttttt t ttttt ttt ttt tt tt ttttttt tt
ttttttt!tt tttttttttttttt
tt tttt t ttttt ttt tt tt ttt ttttttt tt
tt tt tttt tttt ttttttttt t t tttt tttttt tttt tttt t ttttt ttt tt tt ttttttt ttt tt
ttttttttt ttt tttt t
t ttttt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt t t ttt <=
ttttttt ttttt tttt ttt tttttttttt
ttttt ttttt <>
ttttttt ttttt tttt ttt tttttttttt
> ! t t
tttttt ttttttt tttttt tt ttttttttt ! 2 ttt ttt ttttt ttttt tttt ttttt tttttttttttt tttt
t
t ttttt t ttttttt tttttt t ttttttttt ! tttttttt ttttt ttttt tttt tt ttttt tttttt ttt tt ttttt tt
.in
t tttt ttt t ttttt tttt tttttt ttt t t ttt tt
t ttttt !t ttttttt t ttt
t tttt ttt t ttttt tttttt tttt ttt
tt t
t ttttt tt ttt tttt ttttt tttt
t tttt ttt t ttttt tttttt tttt ttt 2> !
ttt
t ttt ttt tt tttt t t tttttttttttt tttt tttt ttt
222< tttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttt ttt ttttt ttttt t tt ttttttttt tttttttt tttttt tttt ttt ttttttttt tttt tttttttt
ttttttt tt ttttttt ttttttt tttt tt tttt ttttttt ttt = t t ttt tt !t tttttt tttttt ttttt t !
ng
tttttttttttt ttt ttttttt ttttttt ttt ttt tt tttttt t t ttt tt !t tttttt tttttt ttttt t !
tttttt ttttt tttt tttt ttttttt tttt tt tttt ttttt t t t ttt tt !t tttttt !t tttttt ttttt
ttttttt tt tttttttt ttt tttt tt tt tttttttt ttttt t t ttt tt !t tttttt !t ttttt tttttt
ttt tttt tt tttttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tttt tttttt = t ttttt ttttt tttt t t
t !t ttttt
eri
tt tttttttttt tttt tttttt
t ttttt tttt ttt
t tt t t tttttt ttttttttt t
t!t ttttt
tttttttt tttttt ttt tttt tt tttttttt ttttt ttt tttt tttt tt tttttttttttttt t
t !tttttt
ttttttttt t ttt tttt ttttt ttt tt tttt tttttttt tttttt
tttttttttttt !tttttt
ttttt ttttt tttttttt
t tttt tttttt ttttttt ttttt tt t ttttt
t ttttt !tttttt t ttttt
tttttt ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt tttttttttttttt
ttttt ttttt ttt ttt tttt ttttttttt tttttt ttt
e =2=< tttttttt ttttt ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
tttttttttttttttttt tt tttttttttt tttttt tttttttt
gin
tt tttttt ttttttt ttt tttttttt tttttttttt tttttttttttttttttttttttttttt ttttttt
22
t ttttttttt tttttt t !t
t t ttttt tttt ttttttttt ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
t t ttttt ttttttttt tttttt t !t
t tttt tt tttttttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttttttt ttttt
t t ttttt t ttttttttt tttttt t !t
t ttt ttt
ttttttt
t ttt
ttttttt
t
t t ttttt t ttttttttttttttt t !t
t ttt tttt tttttt ttt ttttt t
t tttttt ttt ttt tttttt ttt
t t ttttt t tttttt
t ttttttttt t !t ttt ttttt tt ttt ttttt ttt ttttt tttt tttttttt ttttt tttttttt
En
22 t ttttttttt t tttttt !t t t tttt tt ttt tttt ttttt ttt ttt ttttt tttt t tt ttttttttt ttt
t ttttttttt t tttttt !t ttt t t ttt ttttttttt tttt ttttt tttt ttt ttttt tt tttt tttt tttt
t ttttttttt t tttttt !t ttt t t ttt tt ttt ttttt t ttttt tttt tttttttt ttttt tttttttt
t ttttttttt t tttttt !t ttt t tttt =2
tt tt ttt ttttt tttt t t tttttttttttt tt tttt tttt tt
arn
2 t tttt t ttttttt t t tt tt tttt t
t
t tttt!tttttttttttttttt!ttttttttttt
t tttt t tttt t ttttttt t t tt tt
t
t tttt!tttttttttttttttttttttttttt!t
t tttt t
t tttt t ttttttt t t tt tt
t tttt!ttttttttttttttttt!tttttttttt
t tttt t
t tt tt tttt t ttttttt t t
ttt
t ttttt t ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
tt t
t tttttt tttt
w.
t tttt t
t tt tt
t tttt t ttttttt t tttttt tttt ttttttt t tttt ttttt ttt ttt tttttttt ttt
t tttt t
t tt tt
t ttttttt tttt t t ttttttttttt
t tttt t
t tt tt
t ttttttt t tttt t = t ttttttt !t tttttttttt tttttttttt
tttt tt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt
tt tt ttttt t ttt ttt tttttt
ww
=<
ttttttttttttt
!tttt tttttt ttttttt
t t ttttttt t ttttt !t t t ttttttt
tttttttttttttt
!tttt tttttt ttttt
tttttt
ttttttttttt ttttttttttt
!ttt tttt
t t ttttttt t t ttttt t t t !t t t ttttttt
tt ttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
t ttttttttttt tttttt tttttt
tttttttt >2 t t ttttt t t tttttt tttt !t :ttt
=2> ttt ttt tt tttt t t ttttttt ttttttttttt tt tttttttttttttt tttt!tt:ttt
ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt tt tttttt ttttttttttt!t:ttt
ttttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt t t ttttt t tttt !t tttttt t :ttt
ttt
ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt tttt ttt t t ttttt t tttt !t :tttt t ttttt
tt
tt t
t ttttt tt ttt tttt ttttt tttt
tttttt
tttttttt
tt ttttttttttt
tt tttttttttttt > ! t tttttt tttttttt t ttttt t
t !t ttttt
t tttt ttt tt t t tttttt tttttttt t ttttt
t !t ttttt
ttt
t tttt ttttt tttt ttttttttt ttt tttt tttt ttt t t tttttt t tttttttt ttttt
t t !t ttttt
.in
tt tttttttttttttt tttttttt
tt!tttttt
t
t #t
t t
t t t tttt ttt tt > ! tt tt ttt ttt tt tttt t t ttttttttttt
t ttttt ttt
ttttttttttttttttttt
tttttttttttttttttttttttt tttt tttttttt tttttt tttt ttt tttttttt
tttt ttt t tttttttttt t tttt tttt tttt tttttt >< t t !
t tttt t ttttt t tttttttttt t
t ttt
ttttt tttt tttt ttttt tt ttt ttttt tt
t tt tttt tttt t t ttttt !
t tttt t t tttttttttt t
t ttt
ng
ttttttttt tttt tttt tttttttttt ttttttttt tttt tttttt tttttttt!
t tttt tt tttttttttt
tttt
ttttt tttt ttt ttt tttt ttttttttt tttt tttt ttt >2 ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt tttttttttttt ttttt
ttttttttt tttt ttttttttt t t ttt tttttttt ttt tttt tttttttt
t tttttttt tttt ttttt t t tttt ttttt ttttt tttt
tttttttt tttttttt
t tttttttt tttttttt ttttt tttttttt ttt tttt tt tt ttttt tttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttt ttt
eri
=2 ttttt ttt tttttt!t ttttt ttttttttt ttt tttttt t tttttt tttt tt tttt tttttttt
t tttt t tttt tt tt!t ttttt tttt tttt tt tt tttt tttt tttttttttt tttttt ttt
t tt tttt tttt!t tt ttttttt ttttt ttttt tttt ttttt ttt tttttttttttt ttttt tttt ttt
t tttt t tttt !tttttt tt tt tttttttt tttt ttttttttt ttt ttt ttttttt tttttt ttt
ttt t tttt !t ttttt t tt t
tt t
t ttttt ttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt
e ttt t ttttt ttt tt ttttt ttttttttt ttt tttttt tt
tttttttttt tttttttttt ttt tttt tt ttttt ttt ttttttt
gin
== t
t ttt ttttt tttt t !t t ttttt tttttttt
t tttt tt ttttt ttttt ttt ttt tttt tt tt ttt
t
t ttt t ttttt tttt t !t ttttt >2
t tttt t !t
t ttttt tt tt tttt
t
t ttt t ttttt ttttt tttt t !t t
t tttt t
t !t ttttt tt tt tttt
t
t ttt t ttttt !t ttttt tttt t t
t tttt t
t tt tt !t ttttt tttt
=> ! ttt ttt tt tttt t t tttttttttttt ttttttt tttttt ttt t
t tttt t
t tt tt !t tttt ttttt
ttt ttttttttt tttt tttttttt t
t tttt t
t tt tt !t tttt t tttt
En
t t tttt t tttt
t ttttt t !t ttttt t !
t :t tttt tttt t t !t ttt ttt ttttt
tttt tt ttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttt
t tttt ttttt ttttt t !
t :t tttt !t tttt t ttt ttt ttttt
tttt tt tttttt ttt tttt tttt ttttttttttt t !
t :t tttt !t ttt ttt tttt t ttttt
> t ttttttt ttttt tttt tt t t
t t !
t t ttttt t t
t ttttttt tttttttt t tttt
t t ttttttt ttttt tttt tt t t
t ! t t ttttt
t t t ttttttt tttttttt t tttt
t t ttttt ttttttt tttt tt t t
t ! t t ttttt
t ttttt t ttttttt tttttttt
Le
tttt tttt tt tt tttt tttt tttt tttttt ttttttttt ttt 2< ttt ttttt tttt ttttttttt ttt ttttttttt ttt ttttt
ttttttt tttt ttt tt ttttt ttt tttt tttt tttttttt ttt tt ttttttt tttttt t ttttt t
tttttttt
t ttt ttttt tt
t ttt tt tttt tttt ttttt tt tttt tttt ttttt tt ttttttt
ttt ttttt ttttt tt
tttttttt ttttttttt ttt tttt tt tttt ttt t
t ttttt ttt tttttttttttt tttt tt tttt ttt ttttt tt tt tt
!t t tttttt tttt tttttt ttt tt tttt ttt t ttttt tttttttt
t tttt tttttttttt tttttt ttt tt ttttt ttt
ttttttttt tttt ttttttt tttt ttt tt ttttt ttt 2 t ttt !t ttttttttt t ttttt t tt tttt !
ttt
t tttttttttt tttttttttt t t tttttttt tttt tttt t ttt !t ttttttttt t t ttttt tt tttt !
ttttttt ttttttttt ttttt tttttttt tt tt tttttttt ttt tt t ttt !t ttttttttt t tt tttt t ttttt !
tttt tttt tt tt tttt t tttttt ttt tttttttt tttt ttt 2 t tttttttttt
t tttttt t tttttt t tttttttt
tttt ttt ttt tttt t tttttt ttt tttt !
>2 tt ttttttt!tttttttttttttttttttttt t tttttttttt
t ttttttttt tttttt t tttttt
t t t ttttttt t t !t t t t ttttt ttttttt !
tttttt t tttttttttt
t ttttttttt t tttttt ttttt
t !
2
ttttttttttt
ttttttttttttttttt!tttttt t t ttttt t ttttt t tttt ttttt
t t ttttt t ttttt t tttt t tttt
! t tttt t tttttt !t tt tttt t tttttttt
tt tt t tt t 't
t ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt ttttt
t tt tttt tttt t tttttt !t t tttttttt
2 ! t t
t t ttt ttt tt tt t !t :tttttt
t tt tttt t tttt t tttttt !t tttttttt
t !t t
t t ttt ttt tt tt t :tttttt
t tt tttt t tttttt tttt t !t tttttttt
t !t tt tt t t
t t ttt ttt :tttttt
t tt tttt t tttttt
t tttt t !t ttttttt t !t tt tt t t t
t ttt ttt :tttttt
t tt tttt t tttttt
t tttttttt tttt t ! t !t tt tt t t :ttttttt t
t ttt tt
t tt tttt t tttttt
t tttttttt t tttt ! t !t tt tt t t :ttttttt
t t ttt tt
tttt !t ttttttt t tttttt t tttttttt
t !t tt tt t t :ttttttt
t ttt t tt
t tttttttt tttt !t ttttttt t tttttt t
t tt tt tt ttt !t t tttttt ttttttt !t
t tttttttt t tttt !t ttttttt t tttttt
t t tt tt tt ttt !t tttttt ttttttt !t
tttttttt t tttttt tttt !t ttttttt t
t t tt tt !t tt ttt tttttt ttttttt !t
.in
t tttttttt t tttttt
t tttt !t ttttttt t t tt tt !t ttttttt tt ttt tttttt !t t
t tttttttt t tttttt
t ttttttt tttt !t ! t t ttttt t t
t tttttt ttttt tt t
t tttttttt t tttttt
t ttttttt !t tttt t t t ttttt t tt tt t
t tttttt tttt
ttt ttttt tttt tttttt tttt ttttt tttt ttttt tt tt ttt t t t ttttt t tt tt t tttttt
t tttt
tttt ttttt t tt !
t tttt tt tt
tt tt tttttt ttttt ttttt tt tt tttt ttttt ttt tttttttt tttttttt
t tttttt tttt tt
ng
ttt !t t t ttt t t t !
t tttt 't
t ttt t ttt ttt t ttt tttt
< ! tt tttt ttt tttt tt t ttt < ! tt tttt tttt tttt tt t ttt
2 ttt tttt ttttt tttt tttttttt ttttttt ttttt ttt ttt 2 t ttttt tttt t !t tttt ttttt t
tt tttttt ttttttttt ttttt tttt tttttttttt ttttt ttt tt t t ttttt tttt !t tttt ttttt t
eri
ttttt tttt ttt tttt tt tt ttttt tttt tttt ttttt tttt t t tttt ttttt !t tttt ttttt t
ttttttttttttttttttttt tttttttttttt tttttt tttttt ttt t t tttt !t ttttt tttt ttttt t
ttttttttt tttt tttt tttttttttt ttttt ttt ttt ttttt ttt t t tttt !t tttt ttttt ttttt t
tttt ttttt ttt tttttttttttt ttttt tttt tttttttt ttt t t tttt !t tttt t ttttt ttttt
ttttttttt ttt ttt ttttttt tttttt tttt tttt ttttt tt
ttttttttt ttt tttttt ttt tttttttttt ttttttttt
e t t tttt !t tttt t ttttt
t tttt
tt tt tttt t ttt tttt ttttt tttt ttt
gin
2 t
t ttt tt t t !t ttttt tttt ttt = t t ttt !!t
t t t tttttt tt t tttt
t
t ttt tt !t t t t ttttt tttt ttt t t ttt !!t tttttt
t t tt t tttt
t
t ttt tt !t ttttt t t tttt ttt t t ttt !!t tttttt t
t tt t tttt
t
t ttt tt !t ttttt t t tttt ttt t t ttt !!t tttttt t ttttt
t tt
t
t ttt tt !t ttttt t tttt t ttt
tt tt t tt t 't t ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt ttttt
tt tt t tt t 't !t ttttt tttttt tttt tt ttttt > t tt t t tttttt t ttttt t t :ttt
En
= t
t ttttt !t t tt ttt tttttt tttt ! t t tt t t tttttt t ttttt t :ttt
t
t ttttt !t tttt t tt ttt tttttt ! t t ttttt tt t t tttttt t t :ttt
t
t ttttt !t tttt !t t tt ttt ttttt t t ttttt t tt t tttttt t t :ttt
t
t ttttt !t tttt !t tttttt t tt tt t ttttt t tt t t tttttt t :ttt
arn
> t
t t t tttt tttt ttt !t tt 22 t tttttttt ttttt tttttttt ttt ttttt tttttt tt ttttttttt
t t t
t t t t tttt tttt ttt !t tt ttttttt tt ttt ttttt tt tttt tt tttt ttttttt ttt
t t tttt
t t tttt ttt !t tt tttttttttttt ttt ttt ttttttt ttt ttt tt ttttttt ttttt
t t tttt
t ttt t tttt !t tt ttttt tttt tttt ttttttt tttt tt tttt ttttt t t tttttt
t t tttt
t ttt !t t tttt tt tt tttttttt ttt tttt tt tt tttttttt tttttt ttt ttt
t t tttt
t ttt !t tttt t tt tt tttttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tttt tttttt
Le
t !t ttttt !t ttttt t tttttt ttttt tt tttt ttttttttt tttt tttt ttttt ttt tt tttt tttttttt
t !t ttttt !t ttttt t tttttt t tttt ttttt ttttt ttt ttt tttt ttttttttt tttttt ttt
tt tt tttt tttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt ttt tt tttttt ttttttt ttt tttt tt
2< ttttttttttttttttttttttttttt tttttttttttttt ttttt 2! ttttttt ttttt tttt ttt tttttttttt
ww
tttttttt
t tttttttt tttt ttttt t t tttt ttttt ttttt ttt 2 tttt ttttt ttt ttt ttttttt tttt ttt
ttt ttttt ttt tttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttt ttt 22 tttttttttttttttttttttttt ttt tttttt
ttttttttt ttt tttttt ttt ttt ttt tt tttt tttt tt t
t tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt ttt
tttttttt tttttt tttt ttttt t t tttt ttttt ttttt ttt t tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt ttt
tttttttt
t ttt ttttt tttt tttt tt tttt tttttt tttttt t ttttttttt tttttttttttttttttttttttt
ttt ttt ttt tttttt tttt tt tt ttt ttttt tt tttt tt ttt t ttttttttt tttttttttttttttttttttttt
tttt ttttt ttt tttt ttttttttt ttt tttttt ttttt ttt ttt t ttttttttt tttttttttttttttttttttttt
tttttt ttttttttt
ttt ttttt ttttt ttt tttttttttttt tttt 22 t tttt t=ttt t ttt
t t t
ttt
tttt tttt tttttttt tttt ttttttttt ttt tt ttttttt ttttt t tttt t t=ttt t ttt
t t t
tt
tttt tttt ttttt ttt ttttttt ttttttttt ttt ttttt t tttt t t=ttt t t ttt
t t
tt
2 t t ttttt ttttt tttt ttttt t t t tttt t t=ttt t
ttt t ttt
t
t t ttttt t ttttt tttt ttttt t t t tttt t t=ttt t
ttt t t ttt
t t ttttt t ttttt ttttt tttt t t
tt t
t ttttt tttt ttt tttt tttttttttttt tttt
t t ttttt t ttttt t ttttt tttt
2
2 t t ttttt t ttttt t tttttt t ttttt t t ttt
t ttttt !t tt t ttt t
t ttttt t tttttt ttttt t t ttttt t t ttt
t ttttt !t tt t t ttt
t ttttt t tttttt t ttttt t ttttt tttt ttttt tt tttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt ttt
t ttttt t tttttt t ttttt ttttt t 22
t ttttt ttt t t !t t !!t ttttt ttt
22 t ttt tttt ttttt ttttt tttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttttt tt t t ttttt ttt t t !t !!t ttttt ttt
tttt ttttttt ttttttttt ttt tttttt ttttt ttt tttt tttt t t ttttt !!t ttt t t !t ttttt ttt
ttt tt tttt tttt ttttt t t tttt ttttt ttt ttt ttttt ttt t t ttttt !!t tttt ttt t t !t tttt
ttt tttt tt tt tttt
t tttt tttttttt ttttttt t ttttt t t ttttt !!t tttt t ttt t !t tttt
tttt tt tt ttt tt tttt tttt ttttt t t tttt ttttt ttt tt t t ttttt !!t tttt t ttttt ttt t !
ttttt tttt tttt ttttt ttt tttttttttttt ttttt tttt tttt t t ttttt !!t tttt t ttttt !t ttt
tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt tttttttttttt tttt ttttt tt tttt ttt tttt tttt
tttt tttttttt ttt tt ttt ttttttt ttttt 2 tttttttttttttttttt:tttt!
2 t t tttt ttttt
t t !t ttttt ttttt t t tttt !t t t tttttt tttt :ttt
.in
t ttttt t tttt ttttt
t t !t ttttt t tttt !t tttttt t t tttt :ttt
t ttttt t ttttt tttt
t t !t ttttt t t tttt !t tttttt t t tttt :ttt
t ttttt t ttttt
t tttt t !t ttttt t t tttt !t tttttt t :tttt t ttt
t ttttt t ttttt
t tttttt tttt t ! tttt t tt t 't !t ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt ttttt
t ttttt t ttttt
t tttttt t tttt ! 2 t
ttt t!ttt t
tttt ttttt
ng
tt tt tttt t ttt tttt ttttt tttt
t ttttt tt tttt ttt ttt t
t tt t !t tt t t
t tt tt ttt
ttttt tttt ttt t
t tt t !t tt t t tttt
t tt t
2< ! ttttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttttttttttttttttt tttt ttttt tt tttt t ttt tttt
t tt ttt ttttttttttttt 2< ! tt tttt ttt tttt tt t ttt
eri
22 t tttt
ttttttttt tt
t t ttttt tttt 22
t tttt ttt ttttt
t t !t ttttt
t tttt
t tttttt
t t t t ttttt tttt t
t tttt ttt ttttt t !t ttttt
tttt
t tttttt
t ttttt t t tttt t
t tttt !t ttt ttttt t ttttt
t tttt
t tttttt
t ttttt t t tttt
t tttt !t ttttt ttt tttttt
t tttt
t tttttt
t ttttt t ttttt
tt tt t tt t 't !t ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt ttttt
e t
t tttt !t ttttt t ttt ttttt
2=2 t ttt ttttt t
t tttt ttttttttt ttttttt ttttt ttt ttt
gin
2= t !t tt t tttttt !t t ttt ttttt t tttttt tt tt tttt tttt ttttt t t ttttt ttt ttt ttttt ttt
t tttttt !t tt t!t t ttt ttttt ttt tttt tt tt ttttt tttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttttt ttt ttt
t tttttt t !t tt t !t t ttt tttt ttttttt ttttttttt ttt tttttt ttttt ttt tttt tt ttt
t tttttt t ttt !t tt t !t t tttt ttttttttt tttt tttt tt tt tttt tttt ttttt t t tttt tttt
t tttttt t ttt !t ttttt tt t !t ttt ttt ttttt tttt ttt
t tttt tttttttt tttt ttt
t tttttt t ttt !t ttttt t tt t ! tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
En
2> t ttt t ttttt t
t ttttt ttttt t ! tttt ttt tt ttttttt tttttt tttt tttt tttt ttttt tt
t ttttt ttt t t
t ttttt ttttt ! ttttttt ttttttttt ttt ttttt
t ttttt t ttt t t
t ttttt ttttt t ! 2= t t ttttt t ttttt tttttt t t :tt
t ttttt t ttt t t ttttt
t ttttt ! t t t ttttt t ttttt tttttt t :tt
arn
t ttttt t ttt t t ttttt !t
t tttt t t :ttt tttttt t ttttt tttttt
t ttttt t ttt t t ttttt !t ttttt
t t :tttt tttttt ttttttttttt
2t t ttttt !t ttttt t t
!t ttttt ttttt t :ttt t tttttt t ttttt ttttt
t ttttt !t ttttt t tttttt t
!t tttt t t :ttt t tttttt t t ttttt tttt
t ttttt !t ttttt t tttttt
!t t tttt t t :ttt t tttttt t ttttt t tttt
t ttttt !t ttttt t tttttt
!t ttttt 2>
t tttt t
t !t ttttt tt t tttt
Le
2 ! t tttt tttt t !t t tttt tt t
t
t tttt !t t
t ttttt tt t tttt
t tt t tttt tttt t !t t tttt
t
t tttt !t ttttt t
t tt t tttt
t tt t t tttt tttt t !t tttt
t
t tttt !t ttttt
t t tt t tttt
t tt t t tttt tttt t !t tttt
t
t tttt !t ttttt
t tt t t tttt
w.
t tt t t tttt t tttt !t tttt
t t t ttttt t :ttttt !t !t tttt tttt
t tt t t tttt t tttt tttt !t
t t t ttttt t :ttttt !t !t tttt tttt
t tt t t tttt t tttt
t tttt ! t t t ttttt t :ttttt !t ttttt !t ttt
2222 tttttttttt
ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt ttttt
t tt t 't t ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt ttttt
ww
tt tt tttt tttt ttttt t t tttt ttttt ttt ttt ttttt tttt
t tttttttttt
ttttttttttttt!
ttt tttt tt tt ttttt tttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttttt tt t !t ttt t ttttt t
t tttttt ttttt
ttttttttt ttt tttttt ttttt ttt tttt tt tttt tttttttt t !t ttt
t t ttttt t tttttt ttttt
tttt tttt tt tt tttt tttt ttttt t t tttt ttttt ttt tt t!t ttt
ttttttttttttttttttt
ttttt ttttt tttt tttt tttttttt tttt tttt tttt t!t ttt
ttttttttttttttttttt
tttt ttttttttt tttttttttttt ttttt tttt tttt tttttttt ttt 2
ttttt!tttttttttttttt tt
ttt tt t t tttttt tttttt tttt t ttt ttt t ttttt tt t t tttt !t t ttttt tttttt t tt
ttttttttt ttt ttttt t t ttttt tttt !t t tttttt t tt
22 ttt t
t t tt t ttt t !t tttt t t ttttt t tttt !t t tttttt tt
t t ttt t
t t tt t ttt !t tttt t t ttttt t tttt !t ttt t ttttt
t t ttt ttt t
t t tt t !t tttt
tt tt ttttt tttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt ttt
t t ttt
t ttt t t tt t !t tttt 2 ttttttt
t t tttt t t t !t =ttt
t t ttt
t ttttt ttt t t tt t ! t t ttttttt
t t tttt t t !t =ttt
t t ttt
t ttttt !t ttt t t tt t t =tttt ttttttt
t t tttt t t !
t t =tttt !t ttttttt
t t tttt t t tttt tt t !t !t ttt tttt !t
t t =tttt !t t t ttttttt
t t ttt t tttt tttt tt t !t !t ttt !t
t t =tttt !t t t
t ttttttt t ttt t tttt t tttt tt t !t !t ttt !
= t ttt tttt ttttt tttt
t tttt tttttttt ttttttt ttttt tt t tttt t tt t tttt !t !t ttt !
tttt ttttt ttttttttt tttt tttt tttttttttt ttttt ttt tt t tttt t tt t !t tttt !t ttt !
ttttt ttttttt tttt tt tttttt
t tttt tttt ttttt tttt t tttt t tt t !t ttt tttt !t !
ttttt ttt tttt ttttttttt ttt tttttt ttttt ttt ttt t ttt t tttt t tt t !t ttt !t tttt !
tttt tt tttt tttttttt
t tttttttt tttt ttttt t t tttt tttt
tt tt tttt t tttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt ttt
ttttt tttt tttt ttttt ttt tttttttttttt ttttt tttt ttt ! tt tttt ttt tttt tt t ttt
ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt tttttttttttttttt 2 ! t ttttt tttt !t t t ttt tt tt t
tttt tttt ttttt ttttt tt tt t tttt t tt t ttt ttt tt t ttttt t tttt !t t t ttt tt tt
ttttttttt t ttttt t tttt !t tt t t t ttt t
! t tt t ttt ttttt ttttt
t
t t ! t ttttt t tttt !t tt t t ttt tt
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t !t tt t ttt ttttt ttttt
t
t tt tt tttt ttttt ttt tttttttt tttttttt
t tttttt tttt tt
t !t tt t
t ttt ttttt ttttt
t ttt !ttt tttt
t !t tt t
t ttttt ttt ttttt
t 2 t ttt
t tt t tttt t !t ttttt !
t !t tt t
t ttttt t ttt ttttt
t ttt
t ttttt tt t tttt t!t !
t !t tt t
t ttttt t ttt
t tttt t ttt
t ttttt !t tt t tttt t !
ng
tt tttttttttttttttt tttttttttttttttttttttt
tttttt t ttt
t ttttt !t tttt tt t t !
tttt ttt ttt ttttt t t ttt
t ttttt !t tttt t tt t !
t tt ttt tttt tt t
t !t
t ttttt ! ! t ttt ttt tttt ttttt !t
t t t tttt
t
t tt ttt tttt tt t
t !t ttttt ! t ttttt ttt ttt tttt !t
t t t tttt
eri
t
t tttt tt ttt tt t
t !t ttttt ! t ttttt t ttt ttt tttt !t
t t tttt
t
t tttt
t tt ttt tt t !t ttttt ! t ttttt t ttt ttt t tttt !t
t tttt
t
t tttt
t ttttt tt ttt tt t !t ! t ttttt t ttt ttt t ttttt tttt !t
t
t tttt
t ttttt !t tt ttt tt t ! t ttttt t ttt ttt t ttttt
t tttt !
t
t tttt
t ttttt !t tt t tt ttt !
t
t tttt
t ttttt !t tt t !t tt tt
e > tttttttt ttttttttt
ttttt ttttttttt ttttt ttttttttttt
ttttttttt tttttttttttt tttttttttttt tttttttttttttt
gin
tt tt tttt tt tttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt ttt ttttttttttttttttttttttttttt tttttttt tttttttttt
< ! tt tttt ttt tttt tt t ttt tt tttttt
ttttttttttttttttttttttt tttttttttttt ttt
2 t
ttt ttt!t tttttttttttttt ttttttttt tttttt t
ttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
t
ttt tttt!t ttttttttttttt ttttt ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt tttt
t
ttt tttttttttt!t ttttttt tttttttttttttttttttttttttttt tttttttttttttttt
t
ttt ttttttttt!tt ttttttt tt ttt tttttt t ttt t t tttttttttt tt tttt ttt ttt tt
En
tt tttt!t
t ttttttttt!ttttt t ttttt t ttttt !t ttttt t t tttt
tt tttt!t!t
t ttttttttttttt tttttttttttt!tttttttttttt
tt tttt!tttttt!t
t tttttttt <
t ttttt tt t t
t t
t t tt tt tt
tt tttt!tttttt
t!t tttttttt t ttttt
t tt t t
t t t tt tt tt
t t tttt !t ttttt
t ttttt !t ttt t ttttt
t tt t
t t t t tt tt tt
> t ttt tttt ttttt tttt
t tttt tttt ttttt ttttt ttttt tt tttttt
ttt t
tt tttttt tt
Le
tttt ttttttt ttttttttt ttt tttttt ttttt ttt tttt tttt tttttt
ttt t
tt ttttt ttt
ttt tt tttt tttt ttttt t t tttt ttttt ttt ttt ttttt ttt
tt tt ttttt tttt tttt ttt tttt ttttt tttt ttt
ttt tttt tt tt tttt
t tttt tttttttt ttttttt t ttttt 2 ttttttt t t
tttttttttttt
tttt tt tt ttt tt tttt tttt ttttt t t tttt ttttt ttt tt t ttttt t t t
t tt t t t ttt
w.
ttttt tttt tttt ttttt ttt tttttttttttt ttttt tttt tttt t ttttt t t t
t tt t t t ttt
tttt ttttttttt ttt tttt ttttttt ttttttttt ttt ttttt t ttttt t t t
t tt t t tttt
tttt tttt tttttttt ttt tt ttt ttttttt ttttt
tt tt t tt !t 't t ttttt tttttt tttt ttt tt ttttt
> t ttttt t tttttt
t t tttttt tttttt = ! tt tttt ttt tttt tt t ttt
ww
t ttttt t tttttt t
t t tttttt ttttt > ttt
t tttt ttt tt !t t tt t !
t ttttt t tttttt t tttttt
t t ttttt t tttt ttt
t ttt tt !t t tt t !
t ttttt t tttttt t tttttt t
t ttttt t tttt
t ttt ttt tt !t t tt t !
ttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
t tttt
t tt t ttt ttt tt !t t !
tt tttttt't!tttttttttttt ttttttttt ttttt t tttt
t tt t !t ttt ttt tt t !
t tttt
t tt t !t ttt tt ttt t t !
t tttt
t tt t !t ttt tt !t ttt
2
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tt
t ttttttt ttt t !!t t t tttttt ttt t
tttttt ttttt ttttt tt ttt ttttt ttttttt tt tt tttttt tt
t ttt tttt ttttt tt
tt <
t ttt tttt ttttt ttt
tttttt ttttt ttttt tt ttt ttttt ttttttt tt tt ttt ttttt 2 t ttt tttt ttttt t
ng
tt =22
tttt ttt ttt ttttttttt t t tttt ttttt tttttt ttt
tttttt ttttt ttttt tt ttt ttttt ttttttt tt tt ttt tt ttttttt tttttt t t tttttttttttt ttt ttt ttttttt ttttt tt
ttttt tt tt ttttt tttt tttt tttt tttt ttttttt ttt
t! 2t ttttttttttt ttt ttttt tttt ttttttttttt tttt ttt
2
tttttt tttttttttt tttttttttttttttt ttttttttttttt tt tt ttt ttttttttt ttt tttttt tttt ttt ttttttt ttttt
eri
ttt ttttt tttt tttttttt tttt ttttttttttt ttt ttt tttttt
t t tttttt tttt tttt ttttt
<> =>
tt tttt t tttt t !t ttt t !t tttttt tttt
e
tttttt tt tttt t tttt t ttt t !t ttttt !
tttttt tttt tt tttt t t ttt !t ttttt t !
gin
tttttt tttt ttt tt tttt t !t ttttt t t !
<t
2
=t
>t tttttt tttt ttt ttttt tt tttt !t t t t !
2 t
tttt ttt ttt ttttttttt t t tttt ttttt tttttt ttt = !t
tttttt !
t ttt tttt tttt ttt
ttttttt tttttt t t ttttttttttttt
t ttt ttt ttttttt tttt > t tt tt tttttt tttt ttttttt ttt tttttttt ttt
tttt tttttttt tttt ttttttttttt ttt tttt ttttttt tt ttttttttttt
En
tttt tttttt ttt tttt ttttttt ttttttttt ttt ttttt tttttt ttttt
t t ttt tt t ttt !t ttttt t ttttt
t t
ttt ttt!t tttttttttt tt tttttttt
tttttt tttttt ttttt ttttt
t ttt tt t ttt !t t tttttt
t t tttt t ttttt t t
tttttt ttt ttt !t ttt t ttttt t t ttttt
t tttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tt t ttt !t t tttttt t
t tttt t tt tt ttttt t t
Le
ttttttt ttttttt ttt!tttttttttttttt
t tttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tt t tttttt ttt t t !t
t ttt tt tt ttttt t t
tttttt t tttt ttttt ttt ttt !t t t t
t t tttttt ttttt ttttt ttt tt t tttttt ttt t t !t
ttttt ttt tt tt ttttt tttt
w.
tttttt t tttt ttttt ttt ttt t !t t t t
t 2 t ttt ttt tttt ttt
ttttt ttt tt tt ttttt 2 t !t ttt ttt tttt t ttt ttttttttt tttt tttt tttttt tttt tt
tttttt t tttt ttttt ttt ttt t t !t t t
t tttt
ttttt ttt tt tt ttttt 22 t
tttttt
t ttt tttt ttttt tttt
ww
Chapter 8
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Puzzle 1
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
ng
the questions given below:
Three ladies and four men are a group of friends, ie R, M, T, S, L, W and
Z. Each one has a different profession, ie Lawyer, Travel Agent, Air-hostess,
Doctor, Professor, Consultant and Jeweller and each one owns a different car,
ie Alto, Corolla, Santro, Lancer, Ikon, Scorpio and Esteem, not necessarily in
eri
that order. None of the ladies is a Consultant or a Lawyer. T is an Air-hostess
and she owns an Ikon car. R owns a Scorpio. M is not a Doctor. L is a Jeweller
and he owns Corolla. W is a Lawyer and does not own Alto. Z is a Consultant
and owns Santro. The Doctor owns Esteem car whereas the Professor owns
e
Scorpio. The Travel Agent owns an Alto. None of the ladies own a Scorpio.
Questions:
gin
1. What car does S own?
1) Alto 2) Santro 3) Lancer
4) Esteem 5) None of these
2. Who owns the car Lancer?
1) Z 2) M 3) W
K KUNDAN
En
1) R 2) S 3) L
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
5. Who are the three ladies in the group?
1) T, R, L 2) T, M, S 3) W, T, M
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
[PNB Management Trainee Exam–2005]
Le
Puzzle 2
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
w.
and Thai, not necessarily in that order. K likes Thai food and gets his weekly
off on Thursday. B likes Italian food and does not have off on Sunday. M has
weekly off on Saturday and R has his weekly off on Tuesday. W likes continental
food whereas the one who has weekly off on Monday likes Mexican cuisine. T
does not like Spanish cuisine and has weekly off on Wednesday. The one who
likes Indian food does not have a weekly off on Tuesday or Wednesday.
Questions:
1. Who has a weekly off on Friday?
1) T 2) R 3) W
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
2. What cuisine does R like?
1) Continental 2) Indian 3) Italian
4) Spanish 5) None of these
3. On which day does N have weekly off?
.in
1) Tuesday 2) Friday 3) Monday
4) Sunday 5) None of these
4. Who likes Chinese cuisine?
1) T 2) B 3) R
ng
4) N 5) None of these
5. On which day does W have weekly off?
1) Monday 2) Sunday 3) Wednesday
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
eri
[PNB Management Trainee Exam–2005]
Puzzle 3
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
e
(i) P, Q, R, S and T finished a work, working from Monday to Saturday,
one of the days being a holiday, each working overtime only on one of
gin
the days.
(ii) R or T did not work overtime on the first day.
(iii) Q worked overtime the next day after the holiday.
(iv) The overtime work done on the previous day of the holiday was by R.
K KUNDAN
(v) There was a two days’ gap between the days on which P and Q worked
En
over time.
(vi) P worked overtime the next day of the overtime day of S.
Questions:
1. Which of the following is the correct statement ?
1) P worked overtime last among them.
arn
Puzzle 4
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
.in
studies Marketing and likes pink colour. D’s specialisation is in Pharmacy
and likes red colour. N, the wife of R, studies HR and likes green. F likes grey
and R likes orange. The one who likes blue studies Finance.
Questions:
ng
1. Who is studying Civil Engineering?
1) P 2) T 3) F
4) Cannot be determined 5) None of these
2 Which of the following is the group of girls?
eri
1) F, D, N 2) F, Q, N 3) Q, N, P
4) Cannot be determined 5) None of these
3. Which subject is studied by R?
1) Civil 2) Finance
3) Journalism 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
4. Who is studying Journalism?
e
gin
1) P 2) Q
3) R 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
5. Which of the following combinations of person – colour — subject is correct?
K KUNDAN
1) Blue–T–Marketing 2) Pink–N–HR
En
3) Orance–R–Civil 4) Blue–T–Finance
5) None of these
[UBI PO Exam–2005]
Puzzle 5
arn
Not more than three of them study in any of the three disciplines. W studies
Electrical in college B with only T, who studies Mechanical. P and Z do not
study in college C and study in the same discipline but not Electrical. R studies
Mechanical in college C with V, who studies Electrical. S studies Mechanical
and does not study in the same college where R studies. Q does not study
w.
Electronics.
Questions:
1. Which of the following combinations of college-student-specialisation is
correct?
ww
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1) A 2) B 3) A or B
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
[Corporation Bank PO Exam–2006]
Puzzle 6
ng
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are eight employees working in three departments
eri
- Marketing, Finance and Production - in an organisation with at least two of
them in any department. Each of them has a different choice of TV channels
from Star, Zee, ESPN, DD, Sony, NDTV, Aaj Tak and BBC not necessarily in
the same order.
D likes ESPN and he works in Production department with only G. B and
e
F do not work in the same department. H likes DD and does not work in
Finance department. A does not work in the same department with either F or
gin
C, who does not work in Marketing department. E works with C in the same
department and likes Star. B likes Aaj Tak and none of his colleagues in the
department likes either Sony or NDTV. G likes Zee. F does not like Sony.
Questions:
K KUNDAN
1. Which channel does A like?
En
1) DD 2) NDTV 3) BBC
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
2. In which department does F work?
1) Marketing 2) Production 3) Finance
4) Marketing or Finance 5) None of these
arn
Puzzle 7
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
ww
.in
2. E goes to which of the following cities?
1) Jaipur 2) Cochin
3) Ahmedabad 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
ng
3. Which of the following combination of product, manager and city is correct?
1) X - Q - Jaipur 2) X - Q - Cochin 3) X - E - Bangalore
4) Y - D - Cochin 5) None of these
4. Which of the following persons go for marketing of product Y?
eri
1) Q, D, M 2) Q, T 3) T, D, Q
4) T, D 5) None of these
5. Who goes to Bangalore?
1) Q 2) M 3) D
4) D or Q 5) None of these
K KUNDAN
Kho and Volleyball during the annual sports week from Monday to
En
Saturday, each game on one day, one day being a rest day.
(ii) Carrom competition was held not on the first or on the last day but
was held earlier than Table Tennis competition.
(iii) Kho-Kho competition was held on the immediate next day of the Table
Tennis competition day.
arn
(iv) Chess competition was held on the immediate previous day of the rest
day.
(v) Kho-Kho competition day and Volleyball competition day had a two-
day gap between them.
(vi) Volleyball competition was held on the immediate following day of the
Le
rest day.
Questions:
1. Which of the following was a rest day?
1) Wednesday 2) Tuesday 3) Friday
4) Thursday 5) None of these
w.
2. Kho-Kho and Carrom competition days had a gap of how many days between
them?
1) Nil 2) Two 3) Three
4) Four 5) None of these
ww
.in
4) There was a two days’ gap between the rest day and the day on which
Carrom competition was held.
5) None of these
5. Which of the following is the correct statement?
ng
1) Kho-Kho competition was held after Table Tennis competition.
2) Chess competition was held on Thursday.
3) No competition was held on Wednesday.
4) Table Tennis competition was held earlier than Chess competition.
eri
5) None of these
[IDBI PO Exam–2005]
Puzzle 9
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
e
Eight members A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H belonging to three families X, Y,
gin
Z go for weekend outing in three different cars I, II, III. Four out of the eight
members are females. Members of any one family travel in different cars. Each
car has at least one male and one female member. Each family has at least two
members.
K KUNDAN
A belongs to family Y and he travels in car III. D is wife of E and they
En
1) D, F, G 2) D, E, G 3) D, G, H
4) D, F, H 5) None of these
2. Which car has only two members travelling in it?
1) I 2) II 3) III
4) II or III 5) Cannot be determined
Le
1) B, D, G 2) A, B, C 3) B, E, F
4) D, E, F 5) None of these
5. Which of the following members of families X and Y travel in the same
car?
ww
1) C, F 2) D, F 3) C, D
4) F, E 5) None of these
[Bank of Baroda PO Exam–2007]
Puzzle 10
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
.in
a weekly off on Monday and he works in first shift. The one who has a weekly
off on Sunday works in first shift. L and P do not work in the same shift. L’s
weekly off is on Tuesday.
Questions:
ng
1. Whose weekly off is on Sunday?
1) L 2) M 3) N
4) Q 5) None of these
2. Which of the following group of officers works in shift I?
eri
1) L, N, S 2) L, S 3) N, S
4) L, P, Q 5) None of these
3. On which day is Q’s weekly off ?
1) Tuesday 2) Wednesday 3) Sunday
4) Cannot be determined 5) None of these
e
4. Which of the following combinations of shift, person and weekly off is
definitely correct?
gin
1) II, M, Sunday 2) III, N, Sunday 3) II, P, Sunday
4) I, L, Tuesday 5) None of these
5. Whose weekly off falls on Thursday?
1) L 2) N 3) Q
K KUNDAN
4) Cannot be determined 5) None of these
En
Puzzle 11
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
arn
right to Garima. Dhruv and Moksh are sitting on the same side. Moksh is
exactly opposite Avinash, who is to the immediate left of Varsha. Dhruv is
towards right of Deepti.
Questions:
1. Which of the following statements is definitely true?
w.
5) None of these
2. Who is sitting opposite Dhruv?
1) Charu 2) Deepti 3) Varsha
4) Moksh 5) None of these
3. Who is sitting opposite Deepti?
1) Moksh 2) Charu 3) Varsha
4) Charu or Varsha 5) None of these
4. Who is next to Varsha in anti-clockwise direction?
.in
[Andhra Bank PO Exam–2007]
Puzzle 12
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
ng
the questions given below:
Seven professionals A, B, C, D, E, F and G are practising their professions
in different cities Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Jaipur
and Bhubaneshwar, not necessarily in the same order. Each has a different
eri
profession –Doctor, Engineer, Pharmacist, Lawyer, Counsellor, Professor and
Artist, not necessarily in the same order.
A is a Pharmacist and practises in Bhubaneshwar. D practises in Bangalore
but is not a Doctor or an Artist. The one who practises in Hyderabad is a
Professor. G is a Counsellor and does not practise in Mumbai or Chennai. E is
e
a Lawyer and practises in Ahmedabad. F practises in Chennai but is not an
artist. C practises in Mumbai.
gin
Questions:
1. What is D’s profession?
1) Doctor 2) Professor 3) Engineer
4) Cannot be determined 5) None of these
K KUNDAN
2. Who is the Professor?
En
1) B 2) C 3) D
4) E 5) None of these
3. Which of the following combinations of profession and place is correct?
1) Pharmacist - Jaipur 2) Engineer - Chennai
3) Doctor - Bangalore 4) Artist - Mumbai
arn
5) None of these
4. Which of the following persons works in Jaipur?
1) B 2) G 3) C
4) B or G 5) None of these
5. Who is the Doctor?
Le
1) D 2) B 3) C
4) B or C 5) None of these
[NABARD PO Exam–2008]
Puzzle 13
w.
.in
3. Who is interviewed for company G?
1) Nikita 2) Samir 3) Shailaja
4) Laxman 5) None of these
4. Who is interviewed for company F?
ng
1) Shailaja 2) Sujata 3) Laxman
4) Cannot be determined 5) None of these
5. Which candidate is interviewed by panel V?
1) Harish 2) Laxman 3) Sujata
eri
4) Shailaja 5) None of these
[Bank of Maharashtra PO Exam–2008]
Puzzle 14
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
e
P, Q, R, S, T, V and W are seven friends working in a call centre. Each of
gin
them has different day offs in a week from Monday to Sunday not necessarily
in the same order. They work in three different shifts I, II and III with at least
two of them in each shift.
R works in shift II and his day off is not Sunday. P’s day off is Tuesday
K KUNDAN
and he does not work in the same shift with either Q or W. None of those who
En
work in shift I has day off either on Wednesday or on Friday. V works with
only T in shift III. S’s day off is Sunday. V’s day off is immediate next day of
that of R’s day off. T’s day off is not on Wednesday. W’s day off is not on the
previous day of P’s day off. S works in shift I. Q does not work in the same
shift with R and his day off is not on Thursday.
arn
Questions:
1. Which of the following is W’s day off?
1) Tuesday 2) Monday 3) Saturday
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
2. Which of the following is R’s day off ?
Le
1) RV 2) RP 3) QWS
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
[Vijaya Bank PO Exam–2008]
Puzzle 15
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
M, N, P, R, T, W, F and H are sitting around a circle facing the centre. P
is third to the left of M and second to the right of T. N is second to the right of
P. R is second to the right of W, who is second to the right of M. F is not an
immediate neighbour of P.
Questions:
1. Who is to the immediate right of P?
1) H 2) F 3) R
.in
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
2. Who is to the immediate right of H?
1) R 2) F 3) M
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
ng
3. Who is to the immediate left of R?
1) P 2) H 3) W
4) T 5) Data inadequate
4. Who is third to the right of H?
eri
1) T 2) W 3) R
4) F 5) Data inadequate
5. Who is second to the right of F?
1) M 2) R 3) T
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
e
6. In which of the following is the first person sitting in between the second
and the third person?
gin
1) NHM 2) PHN 3) TRP
4) TWF 5) None of these
[Union Bank of India PO Exam–2008]
K KUNDAN
Puzzle 16
En
right of G.
Questions:
1. Who sits between G and D?
1) H 2) D 3) F
4) E 5) None of these
Le
4) D 5) None of these
4. Which of the following pairs of persons has first person sitting to the
right of the second person?
1) CB 2) AE 3) FG
4) HA 5) DB
5. Who is on the immediate right of C?
1) E 2) B 3) D
4) B or D 5) None of these
Puzzle 17
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
Seven members L, H, K, T, F, J and R represent different countries in
.in
Olympics, viz, USA, China, Korea, France, Russia, Australia and Japan; each
one competes for a different sport, viz. Volleyball, Archery, Rifle Shooting,
Tennis, Boxing, Athletics and Football. The order of persons, countries and
games is not necessarily the same.
ng
K represents China for Archery. T represents USA but not for Volleyball or
Rifle Shooting. The one who represents Japan competes for Boxing. F competes
for Volleyball but not for Korea. L represents Australia for Athletics. The one
who represents Russia competes for Tennis. J does not represent Korea or
eri
Japan. R competes for Rifle Shooting.
Questions:
1. Which of the following combinations is correct?
1) J - Tennis - France 2) R-Tennis - Russia
3) R - Tennis - France 4) J - Tennis - Russia
5) None of these
2. Who represents Japan? e
gin
1) F 2) R 3) J
4) H 5) None of these
3. F represents which country?
1) France 2) Russia 3) Japan
K KUNDAN
4) Korea 5) None of these
En
4. The one who competes for Rifle Shooting, represents which country?
1) France 2) Korea 3) Japan
4) USA 5) None of these
5. For which game does T compete?
1) Boxing 2) Football
arn
Puzzle 18
Le
.in
5. Which of the following is the correct position of Rani with respect to
Mukta?
I. Third to the right
II. Third to the left
ng
III. Fourth to the left
IV. Fourth to the right
1) I only 2) II only 3) Both I & II
4) Both II & IV 5) Both I & III
eri
[Bank of Baroda PO Exam-2008]
Puzzle 19
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
e
A, B, C, D, E, F and G are members of a sports club and have liking for
different games, viz Carrom, Table Tennis, Badminton, Bridge, Hockey, Football
gin
and Lawn Tennis but not necessarily in the same order. Each one of them has
a liking for different musical instruments, viz Sitar, Guitar, Harmonium, Flute,
Tabla, Banjo and Santoor, not necessarily in the same order.
B likes Carrom and Banjo. E likes to play Bridge but not Harmonium or
K KUNDAN
Tabla. The one who plays Hockey plays Sitar. F plays Guitar but not Table
En
Tennis or Lawn Tennis. A plays Badminton and Flute. The one who plays
Lawn Tennis does not play Tabla. C plays Harmonium and G plays Hockey.
Questions:
1. Who plays Santoor?
1) D 2) A 3) E
arn
4) D or E 5) None of these
2. D plays which game?
1) Table Tennis 2) Lawn Tennis
3) Football 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
Le
4) F 5) None of these
5. Who plays Table Tennis?
1) C 2) F
3) D 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
[Bank of Baroda PO Exam-2008]
Puzzle 20
.in
Questions:
1. Who sits to the immediate left of A?
1) E 2) F 3) G
4) H 5) None of these
ng
2. What is the position of H with respect to C?
1) Second to the left 2) First to the right 3) Third to the right
4) Second to the right 5) None of these
3. Which of the following pairs sits between G and D?
eri
1) AC 2) DF 3) HB
4) FA 5) None of these
4. Starting from A’s position, if all the eight are arranged in alphabetical
order in clockwise direction, the seating position of which of the following
(excluding A) would not change?
1) B
4) H
2) C
e
5) None of these
3) D
gin
5. Four of the following are alike based upon their seating arrangement around
the circle. Which is the one that does not belong to that group?
1) FH 2) GE 3) CD
4) BG 5) EF
K KUNDAN
[Bank of Baroda (Agriculture Officer) Exam-2008]
En
Puzzle 21
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
P, Q, R, S, T, W and Z are seven students studying in three different
arn
institutes - A, B and C. There are three girls among the seven students who
study in each of the three institutes. Two of the seven students study BCA,
two study medicine and one each studies Aviation Technology, Journalism
and MBA. R studies in the same college as P, who studies MBA in college B.
No girl studies Journalism or MBA. T studies BCA in college A and his brother
Le
1) QZ 2) WZ 3) PZ
4) SZ 5) None of these
2. In which college does Q study?
1) A 2) B 3) C
ww
5) None of these
5. Which of the following three represents girls?
1) SQR 2) QRZ 3) SQZ
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
[Bank of Baroda (Agriculture Officer) Exam-2008]
.in
Puzzle 22
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
M, D, P, K, R, T and W are sitting around a circle facing the centre. D is
ng
second to the right of P, who is third to the right of K. T is third to the right of
W, who is not an immediate neighbour of D. M is third to the left of R.
Questions:
1. Who is second to the right of T?
eri
1) D 2) K 3) M
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
2. In which of the following pairs is the second person sitting to the immediate
right of the first person?
1) DT 2) TP 3) PR
4) KW
e
5) None of these
3. Who is on the immediate left of R?
gin
1) W 2) P 3) K
4) T 5) None of these
4. Who is on the immediate left of M?
1) K 2) W 3) D
K KUNDAN
4) T 5) None of these
En
Puzzle 23
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
P, Q, R, S, T, U, V and W are sitting around a circular table, facing the
centre. P sits third to the right of W and third to the left of Q. S sits second to
Le
the right of T. V sits second to the left of R. T is not the neighbour of Q while
U is neither a neighbour of T nor of W.
Questions:
1. Who sits second to the left of V?
1) R 2) P 3) U
w.
4) T 5) None of these
2. Who sits between U and P?
1) S 2) R 3) V
4) Q 5) None of these
ww
3. Starting from P’s position, if all the eight are arranged in alphabetical
order in clockwise direction, the seating position of how many members
(excluding P) would not change?
1) None 2) One 3) Two
4) Three 5) Four
4. Which of the following pairs has only one person sitting between them, if
the counting is done in the clockwise direction?
1) T, V 2) V, Q 3) W, P
4) R, P 5) None of these
5. Four of the following are alike in a certain way based on their positions in
the seating arrangement and so form a group. Which is the one that does
not belong to that group?
1) W,T 2) P, U 3) S, Q
4) R, P 5) P, Q
.in
[Punjab National Bank (Management Trainee) Exam-2009]
Puzzle 24
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
ng
the questions given below:
A group of friends having seven members A, B, C, D, E, F and G contains
four men and three ladies. Each one of them has a different profession—
stockbroker, lawyer, doctor, professor, engineer, businessman and banker—
eri
and each one has passed out of a different college—P, S, V, W, X, Y and Z, not
necessarily in the same order. None of the ladies is a businessman or a
stockbroker. C is a doctor and she has passed out from ‘College X’. A is a
‘College Y’ passout. B is not a professor. E is a banker and is a ‘College S’
passout. F is a stockbroker and has not studied in ‘College P’.
e
G is a businessman and has studied in ‘College V’. The professor is a
‘College Z’ passout. The lawyer has studied in ‘College P’. None of the ladies
gin
has studied in ‘College Y’ or ‘College S’.
Questions:
1. What is the profession of D?
1) Doctor 2) Stockbroker 3) Engineer
K KUNDAN
4) Professor 5) None of these
En
4) B, E, G 5) None of these
4. From which of the following colleges has the stockbroker passed out?
1) W 2) Y 3) S
4) X 5) None of these
5. Which of the following combinations is correct?
Le
Puzzle 25
w.
1) GB 2) AF 3) CE
4) HD 5) None of these
3. Which of the following is the correct position of B with respect to D?
1) Second to the right 2) Second to the left 3) Third to the right
4) Third to the left 5) None of these
4. Who sits between A and D?
.in
1) F 2) E 3) G
4) B 5) H
5. What is E’s position with respect to C?
1) On the immediate right 2) On the immediate left
ng
3) Second to the right 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
[Canara Bank PO Exam-2009]
Puzzle 26
eri
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
Seven members H, I, J, K, L, M and N are working in different cities
Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Delhi and Mumbai, not
e
necessarily in the same order. Each one has a different mother tongue–Tamil,
Kannada, Telugu, Hindi, Marathi, Punjabi and Bangla, not necessarily in the
gin
same order.
J works in Bangalore and his mother tongue is not Tamil or Marathi. K’s
mother tongue is Punjabi and he works in Ahmedabad. L and M do not work in
Chennai and none of them has Marathi mother tongue. I works in Hyderabad
K KUNDAN
and his mother tongue is Telugu. The one who works in Delhi has Bangla
En
mother tongue. N works in Mumbai and his mother tongue is Hindi. L does not
work in Kolkata.
Questions:
1. What is J’s mother tongue?
1) Telugu 2) Hindi 3) Bangla
arn
4) K 5) None of these
5. What is M’s mother tongue?
1) Bangla 2) Marathi 3) Telugu
4) Cannot be determined 5) None of these
ww
Puzzle 27
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
P, Q, R, S, T, V and W are sitting around a circle facing at the centre. V is
second to the left of P and second to the right of W. T is third to the right of Q
and is not an immediate neighbour of V. S is third to the right of R.
Questions:
1. Who is second to the right of Q?
1) R 2) W 3) T
4) S 5) None of these
2. Who is to the immediate left of S?
1) V 2) T 3) Q
.in
4) W 5) None of these
3. Who is to the immediate right of R?
1) W 2) T 3) P
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
ng
4. In which of the following groups is the first person sitting between the
second and the third persons?
1) RPQ 2) TWS 3) QPR
4) QVS 5) None of these
eri
5. Who is third to the left of V ?
1) T 2) S 3) W
4) R 5) None of these
[Indian Overseas Bank PO Exam-2009]
Puzzle 28
e
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
gin
the questions given below:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are eight friends sitting around a circular table
facing the centre. A sits second to the left of D, who is third to the left of E. C
sits third to the right of G, who is not an immediate neighbour of E. H sits
K KUNDAN
third to the right of B, who sits second to the right of G.
En
Questions:
1. Who sits between D and C?
1) Only B 2) Only C and A 3) Only G
4) Only E 5) Only G and E
2. Who sits second to the right of E?
arn
1) B 2) F 3) G
4) C 5) None of these
3. What is the position of A with respect to H?
1) Third to the left 2) Third to the right 3) Second to the left
4) Second to the right 5) Fourth to the left
Le
4. Four of the following five are alike based upon their seating arrangements
and so form a group. Which is the one that does not belong to that group?
1) CH 2) FG 3) DA
4) BE 5) GB
5. Which of the following pairs has the second person sitting to the immediate
w.
Puzzle 29
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
A, B, C, D, E, F and G are seven friends studying seven different branches
of engineering, namely Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, Electronics, Civil,
Computer and Aeronautical Engineering, not necessarily in this order. Each
of them studies in three different colleges, X, Y and Z. Not less than two study
.in
Questions:
1. Which of the following groups represents the persons studying in college
Z?
1) D, B 2) C, E, G 3) A, G
ng
4) G, E, A 5) None of these
2. In which of the following colleges does C study?
1) X 2) Y 3) Z
4) Either X or Z 5) Cannot be determined
eri
3. Which of the following combinations is correct?
1) A–Civil–Z 2) B–Chemical–Y 3) C–Chemical–Z
4) G –Electronics –Y 5) None of these
4. B studies which of the following branches of engineering?
1) Chemical 2) Mechanical
3) Civil
5) None of these
e 4) Cannot be determined
gin
5. Who studies Chemical engineering?
1) B 2) C 3) E
4) A 5) None of these
[NABARD Bank Officer’s Exam-2009]
K KUNDAN
Puzzle 30
En
1) B 2) A 3) F
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
5. If E and F interchange their places, who will be second to the right of B?
1) F 2) C 3) D
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
[United Bank of India PO Exam-2009]
Puzzle 31
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
P, Q, R, S, T, V and W are seven students of a college. Each of them has
a favourite subject from Physics, Chemistry, English, Biology, History, Geography
.in
and Philosophy, not necessarily in the same order. Each of them also has a
favourite sport from Football, Cricket, Hockey, Volleyball, Badminton, Table
Tennis and Basketball, not necessarily in the same order.
R likes Philosophy and his favourite sport is Hockey. The one who likes
Football likes English. T’s favourite sport is not Badminton or Table Tennis. V
ng
does not like either History or Biology. The one whose favourite sport is Basketball
does not like Physics. W likes Chemistry and his favourite sport is Volleyball.
S likes Geography. Q’s favourite sport is Badminton. V does not like English
and his favourite sport is not Basketball. P’s favourite sport is Cricket. The one
eri
whose favourite sport is Badminton does not like Biology.
Questions:
1. Which subject does P like?
1) History 2) Biology 3) Chemistry
4) Data inadequate
2. Who likes History?
e
5) None of these
gin
1) P 2) R 3) Q
4) V 5) Data inadequate
3. What is Q’s favourite sport?
1) Cricket 2) Table Tennis 3) Football
4) Badminton 5) None of these
K KUNDAN
4. Whose favourite sport is Basketball?
En
1) S 2) W 3) Q
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
5. Which subject does T like?
1) Biology 2) Physics 3) Chemistry
arn
Puzzle 32
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
Le
Class IV does not like green. P studies in Class II. M likes blue and does not
study in Class IV. The one who likes yellow studies in Class VI. S likes pink
and studies in Class I. R does not study in Class VI.
Questions:
ww
.in
[Andhra Bank PO Exam-2009]
Puzzle 33
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
ng
the questions given below:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are sitting around a circle facing the centre. H
is fourth to the left of B and second to the right of F. A is third to the left of C,
who is not an immediate neighbour of F. G is second to the left of A. D is
eri
second to the right of E.
Questions:
1. Who is on the immediate right of F?
1) H 2) A 3) G
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
2. Who is third to the left of A?
1) C 2) F e 3) B
gin
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
3. In which of the following pairs is the first person sitting on the immediate
left of the second person?
1) EH 2) CE 3) AF
K KUNDAN
4) DB 5) None of these
En
Puzzle 34
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are sitting around a circle facing the centre. B
w.
is third to the right of F and third to the left of H. C is fourth to the left of A,
who is not an immediate neighbour of F or B. E is not an immediate neighbour
of B. G is second to the right of D.
Questions:
ww
4) CE 5) None of these
4. In which of the following pairs is the first person sitting to the immediate
right of the second person?
1) BG 2) GA 3) AH
4) HE 5) CF
5. Who is third to the left of E?
.in
1) A 2) C 3) G
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
[Bank of Maharashtra (Agriculture Officer) Exam–2009]
Puzzle 35
ng
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
P, Q, R, S, T, V and W are seven students of a school. Each of them
eri
studies in a different standard—from Standard IV to Standard X—not necessarily
in the same order. Each of them has a favourite subject from English, Science,
History, Geography, Mathematics, Hindi and Sanskrit, not necessarily in the
same order.
Q studies in VII Standar d and does not like either Mathemat ics or
e
Geography. R likes English and does not study either in V or in IX. T studies
in VIII Standard and likes Hindi. The one who likes Science studies in X
gin
Standard. S studies in IV Standard. W likes Sanskrit. P does not study in X
Standard. The one who likes Geography studies in V Standard.
Questions:
1. In which standard does W study?
K KUNDAN
1) VII 2) IX 3) X
En
Puzzle 36
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
ww
.in
3) J is shorter than H. 4) J is taller than A.
5) None of these
3. Which of the following will definitely be the third from top when the
eight students are arranged in descending order of height?
ng
1) B 2) F 3) G
4) B or G 5) Cannot be determined
4. How many of them are definitely shorter than F?
1) Three 2) Four 3) Five
eri
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
5. Which of the following is redundant to answer all the above questions?
1) (ii) only 2) (ii) and (iii) only 3) (iii)
and (iv) only 4) (ii) and (v) only 5) All are
necessary to answer the above questions.
K KUNDAN
is third to the left of A, who is second to the left of T. D is second to the right
En
1) MD 2) DH 3) AM
4) AR 5) DM
2. Who is third to the right of T?
1) D 2) B 3) H
4) M 5) None of these
Le
Puzzle 38
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
A group of seven friends, A, B, C, D, E, F and G work as Economist,
.in
works for Bank Q. G works for Bank P as a Research Analyst. D is not an
Agriculture Officer.
Questions:
1. Who amongst the following works as an Agriculture Officer?
ng
1) C 2) B 3) F
4) D 5) None of these
2. For which bank does D work?
1) Q 2) L 3) N
eri
4) S 5) None of these
3. What is the profession of C?
1) Terminal Operator 2) Agriculture Officer
3) Economist 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
1) C 2) B
e
4. Who amongst the following works as a Clerk?
3) F
gin
4) D 5) None of these
5. Which of the following combinations of person, profession and bank is
correct?
1) A - Forex Officer - M 2) D - Clerk - L
K KUNDAN
3) F -Agriculture Officer-Q 4) B - Agriculture Officer-S
En
5) None of these
6. What is the profession of the person who works for Bank S?
1) Clerk 2) Agriculture Officer
3) Terminal Operator 4) Forex Officer
5) None of these
arn
Puzzle 39
Le
.in
[Indian Bank PO Exam-2010]
Puzzle 40
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
ng
the questions given below:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are sitting around a circular table, facing the
centre. A sits third to the left of C and second to the right of E. B sits second
to the right of D, who is not an immediate neighbour of E. H sits second to the
eri
left of F. G is not an immediate neighbour of D.
Questions:
1. Which of the following pairs has only one person sitting between them, if
the counting is done in clockwise direction?
1) F, G 2) H, G 3) H, C
4) H, B
e
5) None of these
2. Who sits third to the right of E?
gin
1) D 2) G 3) F
4) B 5) None of these
3. What is the position of G with respect to A’s position?
1) Immediately to the right 2) Second to the left
K KUNDAN
3) Third to the right 4) Third to the left
En
Puzzle 41
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and K are sitting around a circle facing the centre.
w.
F is fourth to the right of A, who is third to the right of B. K is fourth to the left
of B and third to the right of D. C is third to the right of H. E is second to the
left of G.
Questions:
ww
.in
1) GFB 2) BGH 3) ADC
4) KEC 5) EGF
[SBI PO Exam–2010]
Puzzle 42
ng
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are eight employees of an organization working
eri
in three departments, viz Personnel, Administration and Marketing with not
more than three of them in any department. Each of them has a different
choice of sports from football, cricket, volleyball, badminton, lawn tennis,
basketball, hockey and table tennis, not necessarily in the same order.
D works in Administration and does not like either football or cricket. F
e
works in Personnel with only A, who likes table tennis. E and H do not work
in the same department as D. C likes hockey and does not work in Marketing.
gin
G does not work in Administration and does not like either cricket or badminton.
One of those who work in Administration likes football. The one who likes
volleyball works in Personnel. None of those who work in Administration
likes either badminton or lawn tennis. H does not like cricket.
K KUNDAN
Questions:
En
Puzzle 43
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are sitting around a circle facing the centre. B is
second to the right of D, who is third to the right of F. C is second to the left
.in
2. Who is third to the right of H?
1) G 2) D 3) C
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
3. Who is on the immediate right of A?
ng
1) B 2) E 3) F
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
4. What is H’s position with respect to B?
1) Fifth to the right 2) Third to the left 3) Fifth to the left
eri
4) Third to the right 5) Fourth to the left
5. Who is on the immediate left of G?
1) H 2) F 3) D
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
[Allahabad Bank PO Exam-2010]
Puzzle 44
e
gin
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
P, Q, R, S, T, V, W and Z are sitting round a circle facing the centre. T is
second to the right of R, who is third to the right of P. S is second to the left
K KUNDAN
of P and fourth to the right of Q. Z is third to the right of V, who is not an
En
immediate neighbour of P.
Questions:
1. In which of the following combinations is the first person sitting between
the second and the third persons?
1) VTS 2) TZS 3) QRV
arn
4) PWQ 5) VRT
2. Who is second to the right of T?
1) S 2) Z 3) P
4) R 5) None of these
3. What is P’s position with respect to S?
Le
4) V 5) None of these
5. Who is second to the right of W?
1) R 2) Q 3) Z
4) S 5) None of these
ww
Puzzle 45
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
P, Q, R, S, T, U, V and W are sitting around a circle facing the centre. T
is second to the left of P and third to the right of V. S is second to the right of
W, who is on the immediate right of T. Q is third to the right of U.
Questions:
1. In which of the following pairs is the third person sitting in between the
first and the second persons?
1) USP 2) VRU 3) TQW
4) WPS 5) None of these
2. Who is on the immediate left of T?
.in
1) Q 2) W 3) R
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
3. Who is second to the right of P?
1) S 2) V 3) U
ng
4) Q 5) Date inadequate
4. What is R’s position with respect to W?
1) Third to the left 2) Fourth to the left
3) Sixth to the right 4) Fifth to the left
eri
5) None of these
5. Who is fourth to the left of R?
1) U 2) P 3) S
4) W 5) None of these
[Punjab and Sind Bank PO Exam-2010]
Puzzle 46
e
gin
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
Five plays A, B, C, D and E were organised in a week from Monday to
Saturday with one play each day and no play was organised on one of these
K KUNDAN
days. Play D was organised before Thursday but after Monday. Play E was
En
organised on Saturday. Play C was not organised on the first day. Play B was
organised on the next day on which play C was organised. Play A was organised
on Tuesday.
Questions:
1. On which day was play B organised?
arn
Puzzle 47
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are sitting around a circle facing the centre. F is
ww
second to the right of A and third to the left of C. B is second to the left of C
and fourth to the right of H. D is second to the right of G
Questions:
1. Who is to the immediate left of D?
1) H 2) C 3) G
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
2. Who is second to the right of E?
1) B 2) G 3) H
.in
4) Fourth to the right 5) Fifth to the right
5. In which of the following combinations is the third person sitting in
between the first and the second persons?
1) BGC 2) EFB 3) DAH
ng
4) AEF 5) GCD
[Syndicate Bank PO Exam-2010]
Puzzle 48
eri
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
(a) Six plays are to be organised from Monday to Sunday—one play each
day with one day when there is no play. ‘No play’ day is not Monday or
Sunday.
e
(b) The plays are held in sets of 3 plays each in such a way that 3 plays are
held without any break, ie 3 plays are held in such a way that there is
gin
no ‘No play’ day between them but immediately before this set or imme-
diately after this set it is ‘No play’ day.
(c) Play Z was held on 26th and play X was held on 31 st of the same
month.
K KUNDAN
(d) Play B was not held immediately after play A (but was held after A, not
En
3) Q 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
2. Which day was play Z organised?
1) Tuesday 2) Monday
3) Wednesday 4) Cannot be determined
Le
5) None of these
3. Which date was a ‘No play’ day?
1) 26th 2) 28th
3) 29th 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
w.
Puzzle 49
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
(i) In a family of 6 persons, there are two couples.
(ii) The Lawyer is the head of the family and has only two sons — Mukesh
.in
and Rakesh—both Teachers.
(iii) Mrs. Reena and her mother-in-law both are Lawyers.
(iv) Mukesh’s wife is a Doctor and they have a son, Ajay.
Questions:
1. Which of the following is definitely a couple?
ng
1) Lawyer-Teacher 2) Doctor-Lawyer
3) Teacher-Teacher 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
2. What is the profession of Rakesh’s wife ?
eri
1) Teacher 2) Doctor
3) Lawyer 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
3. How many male members are there in the family?
1) Two
3) Four
e 2) Three
4) Cannot be determined
gin
5) None of these
4. What is/was Ajay’s Grandfather’s occupation?
1) Teacher 2) Lawyer
3) Doctor 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
K KUNDAN
5. What is the profession of Ajay?
En
1) Teacher 2) Lawyer
3) Doctor 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
[Central Bank of India PO Exam-2010]
arn
Puzzle 50
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
(i) There are 8 friends A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H seated in a circle facing the
centre.
Le
(ii) AC, DG, HE and FB are seated adjacent to each other. A is also seated
adjacent to H.
(iii) B is 2nd to the right of H.
(iv) E is 3rd to the right of C.
w.
Questions:
1. Who is 2nd to the left of A?
1) D 2) G
3) F 4) Cannot be determined
ww
5) None of these
2. Who is 3rd to the left of C?
1) G 2) D
3) B 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
3. What is C’s position with reference to E?
1) 5th to the right 2) 4th to the left 3) 4th to the right
4) 3rd to the right 5) Cannot be determined
4. Who is 2nd to the right of A?
1) B 2) E
3) F 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
5. Who among the following pairs may not be seated adjacent to each other?
1) AH 2) DC
3) EB 4) Cannot be determined
.in
5) None of these
[Central Bank of India PO Exam-2010]
Puzzle 51
ng
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are eight boys studying in VIII, IX and X standards
of a school with not more than three in any standard. Each of them has a
eri
favourite sport from Football, Cricket, Volleyball, Basketball, Lawn Tennis,
Table Tennis, Badminton and Hockey not necessarily in the same order.
D likes Badminton and does not study either in VIII or X. H’s favourite
sport is Hockey and he studies in standard X with only B among them. A likes
Volleyball and does not study in the same standard in which E studies. F
e
studies in VIII std. and his favourite sports is Football. G does not study in the
same standard in which C studies. None of the students studying in IX std.
gin
likes Cricket or Basketball. B likes Table Tennis. G does not like Lawn Tennis.
Questions:
1. What is C’s favourite sport?
1) Basketball 2) Lawn Tennis 3) Volleyball
K KUNDAN
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
En
Puzzle 52
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
ww
Questions:
1. In which standard does ‘V study?
1) IVth 2) IXth 3) VIIIth
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
2. What is M’s favourite colour?
1) Red 2) Yellow 3) Green
.in
4) Blue 5) None of these
3. In which standard does K study?
1) IIIrd 2) Vth 3) IVth
4) VIIth 5) None of these
ng
4. What is V’s favourite colour?
1) Green 2) Red 3) Yellow
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
5. In which standard does T study?
eri
1) IVth 2) VIIth 3) VIIIth
4) IXth 5) None of these
[Dena Bank (SO) Exam–2007]
Puzzle 53
e
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
gin
Seven Professors A, B, C, D, E, F and G are engaged in evaluation of
answer papers in three different subjects English, Mathematics and History.
At least two persons evaluate the papers in each subject. Each of the evaluators
stay in different buildings P, Q, R, S, T, V and W not necessarily in the same
K KUNDAN
order.
En
F. C stays in building T.
Questions:
1. Who stays in building V?
1) E 2) F 3) G
4) B 5) None of these
Le
1) CF 2) EFG 3) CFG
4) FG 5) None of these
4. Papers in which subject are evaluated by D?
1) History 2) Maths
ww
Puzzle 54
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
Seven executives A, B, C, D, E, F and G from a company have to visit
seven different places Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, Hyder abad,
.in
Bangalore and Jaipur to market their newly launched product. The order of
persons and cities may not be necessarily the same. Each one flies by a different
airline Spicejet, Kingfisher, Sahara, Jet, Air Deccan, Indian Airlines, Air India,
not necessary in the same order.
C goes to Kolkata but not by Sahara or Jet Airlines. D flies by Air India to
ng
Bangalore. The one who goes to Jaipur does not travel by Air Deccan or Sahara.
E travels by Air Deccan. A does not go to Ahmedabad. F travels to Hyderabad by
Spice jet. B goes to Chennai by Kingfisher. E does not go to Ahmedabad. G does
not go to Jaipur.
eri
Questions:
1. Who travels by Sahara Airlines?
1) A 2) C
3) G 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
2. Who goes to Jaipur?
e
gin
1) A 2) E 3) G
4) D 5) None of these
3. The one who travels by Air Deccan, visits which place?
1) Ahmedabad 2) Delhi 3) Chennai
K KUNDAN
4) Bangalore 5) None of these
[Andhra Bank (SO) Exam–2007]
En
Puzzle 55
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
arn
(iii) Badminton was telecast on third day after Saturday and Hockey
programme was telecast on fourth day before the holiday.
(iv) Volleyball was not telecast on first day.
Questions:
w.
.in
[North Malabar Gramin Bank Officer’s Exam–2008]
Puzzle 56
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
ng
the questions given below:
(i) There is a group of five persons M, N, O, P and Q of a family. They are
businessman, farmer, lawyer, doctor and teacher.
(ii) N is an unmarried teacher, who is M's daughter.
eri
(iii) Q is a lawyer, who is O's brother.
(iv) O in this family is the only husband of a married couple.
(v) M is a farmer, who is father of two sons and an unmarried daughter.
(vi) M's daughter-in-law is a doctor.
1. Who is doctor in this family?
1) N
4) Q
2) P
5) M e 3) O
gin
2. Who is businessman in this family?
1) M 2) N 3) O
4) P 5) Q
3. Which of the following is a group of women in this family?
K KUNDAN
1) M, N and Q 2) N and O 3) P and Q
En
Puzzle 57
Le
second?
1) J 2) K 3) L
4) M 5) N
2. Which of the following could be the order in which the marketing-executive
visits the six companies?
1) J, O, L, K, N, M 2) M, K, L, N, O, J 3) J, N, K, M, L, O
4) L, O, J, N, M, K 5) L, N, J, K, M, O
[Union Bank of India PO Exam–2008]
Puzzle 58
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
a, b, c, d, e, f and g are sitting around a circle facing at the centre. d is
third to the left of a who is second to the left of f. e is not a neighbour of either
.in
f or d. c is third to left of b.
Questions:
1. What is e’s position with respect to f?
1) Third to the right 2) Fourth to the left 3) Second to the left
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
ng
2. Who is sitting between g and b?
1) f only 2) d only 3) Both f and d
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
3. Who is to the immediate left of d?
eri
1) c 2) g 3) f
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
4. Which of the following information represents the first person sitting to
the immediate right of the second person?
1) ab
4) ae
2) fg
e
5) None of these
3) ce
gin
5. Who is second to the right of d?
1) a 2) f 3) e
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
[Indian Bank Computer Officer’s Exam–2008]
K KUNDAN
Puzzle 59
En
different day of the week from Monday to Sunday. The order of persons,
companies and days of the week are not necessarily the same.
J organises workshop in Company D on Wednesday. Q does not conduct
workshop for companies A or C and conducts on the next day of L who conducts
the workshop for Company F. T conducts workshop for Company E on Friday.
K conducts workshop on Monday but not for Company C or G. M conducts
Le
4) Q or L 5) None of these
2. On which day does Q conduct the workshop?
1) Sunday 2) Saturday
3) Tuesday 4) Cannot be determined
ww
5) None of these
3. M conducts workshop on which day?
1) Saturday 2) Sunday 3) Tuesday
4) Thursday 5) None of these
4. Which of the following combinations of person-company and day is correct?
1) K-B-Wednesday 2) R-B-Monday 3) K-C-Monday
4) K-G-Sunday 5) None of these
5. Who conducts workshop for Company C and on which day?
1) R, Thursday 2) R, Tuesday 3) Q, Saturday
Puzzle 60
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
.in
P, Q, R, S, T, V and W are seven members of a club. Each of them has a
favourite sport from—Chess, Table Tennis, Lawn Tennis, Volleyball, Badminton,
Basketball and Carrom, not necessarily in the same order. Each of them also
has a specific choice of colour from—Blue, Red, Green, Yellow, Grey, Black
ng
and White, not necessarily in the same order.
R likes Green and his favourite sport is Badminton. V’s choice of colour is
neither Red nor Black. T’s favourite sport is neither Table Tennis nor Basketball.
The one who likes Blue does not like Carrom. The one who likes Volleyball
eri
does not like Yellow and Grey. Q’s favourite sport is Lawn Tennis and he likes
Black. S likes White. W likes Basketball. P likes Volleyball. T likes Blue. The
one who likes Basketball does not like Grey.
Questions:
1. What is V’s choice of colour?
1) Black
4) Data inadequate
2) Grey
e
5) None of these
3) Yellow
gin
2. What is T’s favourite sport?
1) Basketball 2) Volleyball 3) Chess
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
3. Whose favourite sport is Carrom?
K KUNDAN
1) S 2) R 3) W
En
5) Carrom, Green
[IDBI Officers’ Exam–2008]
Puzzle 61
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
w.
Questions:
1. Who is second to the left of N ?
1) Q 2) K 3) J
4) F or J 5) None of these
2. Which of the following groups of persons has the first person sitting
between the next two?
1) LKN 2) QFL 3) JHR
4) JHF 5) None of these
.in
5. Four of the following five are alike in a certain way on the basis of their
seating positions and so form a group. Which is the one that does not
belong to the group?
1) RQ 2) LK 3) HJ
ng
4) JR 5) FN
[Allahabad Bank PO Exam–2008]
Puzzle 62
eri
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
Eight executives B, G, H, K, D, F, T and V are working in three departments
Engineering, Systems and Marketing of the organization and are posted at
different places viz. Chennai, Kozikode, Kolkata, Ranchi, Patna, Bhopal, Nagpur
e
and Hyderabad not necessarily in the same order. At least two and not more
than three executives work in any of the three departments.
gin
G works in Engineering department at Chennai. H is posted in Ranchi
but not in Systems department. No one from Marketing department is posted in
Hyderabad. The only other person in same department as that of G is posted in
Kolkata. D is posted in Hyderabad and F in Kozikode. V is not posted in Kolkata
K KUNDAN
and works in the same department as that of D. B and T both work in Marketing
En
department. The one who works in Marketing is not posted in Bhopal. T is not
posted in Nagpur.
Questions:
1. T is posted at which place?
1) Nagpur 2) Patna
arn
5) None of these
3. Which department has only two Executives?
1) Systems 2) Marketing
3) Engineering 4) Marketing or Systems
5) Cannot be determined
w.
Puzzle 63
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are sitting around a circle, facing the centre. A
sits fourth to the right of H while second to the left of F. C is not the neighbour
.in
of F and B. D sits third to the right of C. H never sits next to G.
Questions:
1. Who amongst the following sits between B and D?
1) G 2) F 3) H
4) A 5) C
ng
2. Which of the following pairs sit between H and G?
1) BH 2) EF 3) CE
4) DB 5) None of these
3. Four of the following are alike in a certain way based on their positions in
eri
the seating arrangement and so form a group. Which is the one that does
not belong to that group?
1) AE 2) HF 3) BD
4) GE 5) CH
4. Who is to immediate right of A?
1) C 2) D
e 3) G
gin
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
5. Who sits second to the right of B?
1) A 2) C 3) D
4) E 5) None of these
6. Which is the position of B with respect to C?
K KUNDAN
I. Second to the right
En
Puzzle 64
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
Le
There are five men, Anuj, Kunal, Sourav, Rahul and Harish. The one who
is tallest is not the youngest. Kunal is older than only Harish. Sourav is older
than Rahul but shorter than him. Only one person is taller than Rahul. Anuj
is shortest while younger than only Sourav and Rahul. Only two men are
w.
4. Who among the following is older than Kunal but younger than Rahul?
1) Harish 2) Sourav 3) Anuj
4) Data inadequate 5) Sourav or Anuj
5. Who among the following is taller than Anuj only?
1) Sourav 2) Harish 3) Rahul
4) Kunal 5) Kunal or Harish
.in
[Andhra Bank PO Exam–2008]
Puzzle 65
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
ng
the questions given below:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are sitting around a circle, facing the centre. E
and G always sit next to each other. D sits third to the right of C. F sits second
to the left of H. C never sits next to A while D never sits next to G. H is not the
eri
neighbour of D and C.
Questions:
1. Who sits between A and D?
1) B 2) F 3) C
4) E 5) None of these
2. Who sits second to the left of B?
1) F 2) G e 3) A
gin
4) E 5) None of these
3. Who sits to immediate right of F?
1) D 2) C 3) B
4) A 5) None of these
K KUNDAN
4. Which of the following pairs sits between B and F ?
En
1) HB 2) FD 3) BG
4) GC 5) AH
5. Four of the following are alike in a certain way based on their positions in
the seating arrangement and so form a group. Which is the one that does
not belong to that group?
arn
1) CH 2) BA 3) FE
4) DG 5) AC
[Dena Bank Agriculture Officers Exam–2008]
Puzzle 66
Le
Table-Tennis, Golf and Billiards. The order of persons, states and games is
not necessarily the same.
D represents Kerala in Chess. E represent s Golf team but not from
Maharashtra or Uttar Pradesh, A represents Madhya Pradesh for Badminton.
ww
C represents Orissa but not for Cricket or Table-Tennis. The one who represents
Bihar, represents “Table-Tennis. The one who represents Hockey represents
Uttar Pradesh. F represents Maharashtra for Cricket. G does not represent
Bihar.
Questions:
1. Who represents Uttar Pradesh?
1) G 2) F
3) B 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
2. Who represents Bihar?
1) G 2) E 3) B
4) B or E 5) None of these
3. Who represents Billiards team?
1) G 2) F 3) C
.in
4) B 5) None of these
4. E represents which state?
1) Bihar 2) Kerala 3) Uttar Pradesh
4) Tamil Nadu 5) None of these
ng
5. Which of the following combinations of game and state is correct?
1) Orissa-Chess 2) Orissa-Billiards 3) Tamil Nadu-Cricket
4) Maharashtra-Chess 5) None of these
[Dena Bank Agriculture Officers Exam–2008]
eri
Puzzle 67
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
B, D, F, H, K, W, M and T are sitting around a circle facing at the centre.
e
F is third to the left of D who is second to the left of H. B is fourth to the right
of H. K is third to the right of M who is not an immediate neighbour of F. T is
gin
not an immediate neighbour of B or D.
Questions:
1. Who is to the immediate right of T?
1) K 2) F 3) H
K KUNDAN
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
En
4) W 5) Data inadequate
4. Who is third to the left of H?
1) W 2) F 3) B
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
5. What is T’s position with respect toW?
Le
Puzzle 68
w.
Bio-chemistry.
Questions:
1. F likes which game?
1) Volleyball 2) Badminton
3) Table-Tennis 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
.in
2. Who studies English?
1) E 2) D 3) C
4) G 5) None of these
3. Which one of the following statements is certainly true?
ng
1) One who likes football studies English
2) One who likes Volleyball studies Bio-chemistry
3) One who likes Carrom sudies Psychology
4) One who likes Hockey studies English
eri
5) One who likes Carrom studies English
4. D studies which subject?
1) Economics 2) Physics 3) Biology
4) German 5) None of these
5. Who likes Badminton?
1) D
3) G
e 2) E
4) Cannot be determined
gin
5) None of these
[Andhra Bank IT Officers’ Exam–2008]
Puzzle 69
K KUNDAN
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
En
Questions:
1. Who is to the immediate right of Priya?
1) Meeta 2) Sudha
3) Mukta 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
Le
1) Meeta-Ashwini-Geeta 2) Sudha-Rani-Geeta
3) Mukta-Priya-Rani 4) Mukta-Priya-Sudha
5) None of these
5. Which of the following is the correct position of Rani with respect to
Mukta?
I. Third to the right
II. Third to the left
.in
Puzzle 70
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
A, B, C, D, E, F and G are members of a sports club and have liking for
ng
different games, viz Carrom, Table Tennis, Badminton, Bridge, Hockey, Football
and Lawn Tennis but not necessarily in the same order. Each one of them has
a liking for different musical instruments, viz Sitar, Guitar, Harmonium, Flute,
Tabla, Banjo and Santoor, not necessarily in the same order.
eri
B likes Carrom and Banjo. E likes to play Bridge but not Harmonium or
Tabla. The one who plays Hockey plays Sitar. F plays Guitar but not Table
Tennis or Lawn Tennis. A plays Badminton and Flute. The one who plays
Lawn Tennis does not play Tabla. C plays Harmonium and G plays Hockey.
1. Who plays Santoor?
1) D
4) D or E
2) A
e
5) None of these
3) E
gin
2. D plays which game?
1) Table Tennis 2) Lawn Tennis
3) Football 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
K KUNDAN
3. Which of the following combinations of game-person-musical instrument
En
is definitely correct?
1) Badminton - B - Flute
2) Table Tennis - E - Santoor
3) Lawn Tennis - D - Tabla
4) Table Tennis - C - Tabla
arn
5) None of these
4. Who plays Football?
1) C 2) D 3) G
4) F 5) None of these
5. Who plays Table Tennis?
Le
1) C 2) F
3) D 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
[Bank of Baroda (SO) Exam-2008]
w.
Puzzle 71
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
P, Q, R, S, T, V and W are sitting around a circle facing at the centre. R is
ww
third to the left of V who is second to the left of T. W is second to the right of
P who is not an immediate neighbour of V. S is not an immediate neighbour of
W.
Questions:
1. Who is second to the right of R?
1) T 2) W 3) Q
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
2. Who is third to the left of P?
1) S 2) W 3) Q
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
3. Who is third to the right of Q?
1) T 2) P 3) S
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
4. In which of the following pairs is the first person sitting to the immediate
.in
right of the second person?
1) PR 2) PT 3) RW
4) QV 5) None of these
5. Which of the following pairs represents the immediate neighbours of R?
ng
1) PT 2) PQ 3) WT
4) PW 5) Data inadequate
[Punjab National Bank Agriculture Officer’s Exam–2009]
Puzzle 72
eri
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
Eight friends P, Q, R, S, T, V, X and Z are sitting around a circular table
facing centre. P sits third to the right of X and second to the left of R. S and T
e
do not sit next to each other. S sits second to the right of Q, who is not a
neighbour of P. T sits second to the left of V.
gin
Questions:
1. Four of the following five are similar in a certain way based on their
position in the seating arrangement. Which of the following does not
belong to that group?
K KUNDAN
1) VX 2) SZ 3) TV
En
4) XZ 5) RQ
2. What is the position of V with respect to Z in the above arrangement?
A. Third to the right
B. Fourth to the left
C. Second to the right
arn
1) V 2) Z 3) T
4) P 5) None of these
4. Which of the following sits between X and V?
1) Q 2) X 3) Z
4) R 5) None of these
w.
5. In which of the following pairs, second person is sitting to the left of the
first person?
1) XS 2) PT 3) RV
4) QV 5) None of these
ww
Puzzle 73
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
Seven friends A, B, C, D, E, F and G work in four different departments ie,
Marketing. Finance HR and IT. Not more than two work in the same department.
Each of them works in different organisations which are P, Q, R, S, T, W and
Z not necessarily in this order. A who does not work for organisation P works
in Marketing Department like C. E works for organisation W and does not
work in Finance Department. B works for organisation T and works in the
same Department as D. Only F works in HR Department. None in Marketing or
IT department works for organisation R. C works for organisation S. The one
who works for organisation Z works for the Finance Department.
.in
Questions:
1. Which of the following combinations is correct?
1) C-S-Finance 2) E-T-IT 3) A - R-Marketing
4) F-Q-HR 5) None of these
ng
2. Which of the following works in IT Department?
1) G 2) D 3) B
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
3. Who works for organisation R?
eri
1) A 2) F 3) G
4) Z 5) None of these
4. Which of the following pairs works in Finance Department?
1) A, B 2) E, G 3) F, D
4) D, B 5) None of these
1) P 2) Q
e
5. For which of the following organisations does D work ?
3) Z
gin
4) R 5) None of these
[Allahabad Bank Agriculture Officer’s Exam–2009]
Puzzle 74
K KUNDAN
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
En
Questions:
1. In which of the following pairs is the first person sitting to the immediate
right of the second person?
1) EG 2) GF 3) HE
4) BD 5) None of these
Le
Puzzle 75
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
B, M, K, H, T, R, D, W and A are sitting around a circle facing at the
.in
centre. R is third to the right of B. H is second to the right of A who is second
to the right of R. K is third to the right of T, who is not an immediate neighbour
of H. D is second to the left of T. M is fourth to the right of W.
Questions:
ng
1. Who is to the immediate left of W?
1) R 2) T 3) B
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
2. Who is third to the left of M?
eri
1) B 2) W 3) K
4) T 5) None of these
3. Who is third to the left of H ?
1) A 2) T 3) K
4) R 5) Data inadequate
4. Who is to the immediate left of D?
1) H 2) M e 3) B
gin
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
5. In which of the following combinations is the third person sitting in
between the first and the second persons ?
1) WTR 2) BDT 3) MHD
K KUNDAN
4) KAM 5) WKR
En
Puzzle 76
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
arn
4) RS 5) YT
4. Who is third to the left of S ?
1) Y 2) W 3) T
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
5. Who is third to the right of W ?
1) S 2) R 3) V
4) Z 5) Data inadequate
[Bank of India Banking Officers’ Exam–2010]
Puzzle 77
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are eight persons working in three different
departments viz. Operations, Sales and Finance of an organisation with at
.in
least two and not more than three in any department. They are in three different
scales viz. I, II and III with at least two in any one scale.
Both the employees in Operations department are in Scale II. D works in
Sales department and belongs to Scale I. A works in Finance department and
does not belong to Scale I. Two employees in Sales department belong to one
ng
scale. F works with only H in one of the departments. C works with E in one
of the departments. B does not work with either C or A in the same department.
G does not belong to Scale III. E does not belong to Scale I.
Questions:
eri
1. Which of the following combinations is correct?
1) Operation — F — I 2) Operation — H — III
3) Sales — B — II 4) Finance — E — III
5) All are correct
1) DBE 2) DBC
e
2. Which of the following groups of employees work in Sales department ?
3) DBG
gin
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
3. H belongs to which scale?
1) I 2) II 3) III
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
4. G belongs to which scale ?
K KUNDAN
1) II 2) III 3) I
En
4) I or II 5) None of these
5. C belongs to which scale ?
1) I 2) II 3) III
4) I or II 5) None of these
arn
Puzzle 78
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are sitting around a circle facing at the centre.
Le
C is third to the left of A and second to the right of E. B is second to the right
of C. D is second to the right of F who is second to the right of A. G is not an
immediate neighbour of C.
Questions:
w.
1) D 2) G 3) A
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
3. Who is the immediate left of D?
1) C 2) H 3) F
4) E 5) Data inadequate
4. Who is third to the right of H ?
1) E 2) F 3) D
4) G 5) Data inadequate
5. Who is second to the right of G ?
1) A 2) D 3) E
4) B 5) Data inadequate
6. In which of the following is the first person sitting in between the second
and the third person ?
1) BHA 2) CHB 3) EDC
4) EFG 5) None of these
.in
[Baroda Rajasthan Gramin Bank Officers Exam–2010]
Puzzle 79
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
ng
the questions given below:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I are sitting around a circle facing the centre. D
is fourth to the right of A and second to the left of G. C is second to right of G
and third to the left of I. F is fourth to the right of H. B is not an immediate
eri
neighbour of G or A.
Questions:
1. Who is third to the left of A ?
1) E 2) G 3) D
4) F 5) None of these
2. Who is fourth to the right of B ?
1) H 2) C e 3) A
gin
4) G 5) None of these
3. Who is to the immediate left of D?
1) B 2) F 3) I
4) H 5) None of these
K KUNDAN
4. Who is second to the right of F ?
En
1) G 2) C 3) E
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
5. In which of the following combinations is the first person sitting in between
the second and the third persons ?
1) FBD 2) CEG 3) AHI
arn
4) HIB 5) GEF
[Sarva UP Gramin Bank Officers Exam–2010]
Puzzle 80
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
Le
Questions:
1. What is B’s position with respect toG?
1) Third to the right 2) Third to the left 3) Fifth to the right
4) Fourth to the left 5) Fourth to the right
ww
1) G 2) C 3) F
4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
5. Who is fourth to the left of G?
1) E 2) F 3) A
4) H 5) Data inadequate
[Bank of Baroda PO Exam–2010]
.in
Puzzle 81
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
ng
Four friends Amrita, Deepa, Smita and Rhea complete their PhD in different
number of years. The one who took maximum time took eight years to complete
her PhD while the one who took the least time took only three years to complete
it. Rhea took more time only than Amrita and completed her PhD in five years.
eri
Smita did not take longer time than Deepa to complete her PhD.
Questions:
1. How many years did Amrita take to complete her PhD?
1) 8 2) 3 3) 4
4) Either 6 or 7 5) Cannot be determined
1) 8 2) 3 e
2. How many years did Smita take to complete her PhD ?
3) 4
gin
4) 7 5) Cannot be determined
3. Who amongst the following took the maximum number of years to complete
PhD ?
1) Amrita 2) Rhea 3) Smita
K KUNDAN
4) Deepa 5) Cannot be determined
En
4. How many meaningful English words can be formed with the letters TEID
using each letter only once in each word?
1) None 2) One 3) Two
4) Three 5) More than three
5. If it is possible to make only one meaningful word with the second, fifth,
arn
eighth and the eleventh letters (when counted from left hand side) of the
word DEVELOPMENT, which would be the second letter of the word from
the left ? If more than one such word can be formed, give X as the answer.
If no such word can be formed, give Z as your answer.
1) E 2) L 3) T
Le
4) X 5) Z
[Punjab National Bank (SO) Exam–2010]
Puzzle 82
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
w.
the centre.
l S who is a banker sits third to right of Z.
l The professor and the architect are immediate neighbours of each other.
Neither the professor nor the architect is an immediate neighbour of
either Z or S.
l Cricketer and the pilot are immediate neighbour of each other. Neither
Z nor W is a pilot.
l The one who is a professor sits second to the right of T who is a
.in
doctor ?
1) Professor-businessman 2) Pilot - professor
3) Cricketer - businessman 4) Lawyer - architect
5) None of these
ng
2. What is the position of the businessman with respect to the pilot ?
1) Third to the left 2) Second to the left 3) Immediately to the right
4) Fourth to the right 5) Second to the right
3. Who sits third to the right of the professor ?
eri
1) The banker 2) Q 3) The cricketer
4) The lawyer 5) None of these
4. Which of the following is true regarding R ?
1) He is a doctor
2) He is an immediate neighbour of the pilot
3) R sits between Q and T
e
4) He is an immediate neighbour of the professor
gin
5) None is true
5. How many people sit between the ‘banker’ and ‘W’ when counted in anti-
clockwise direction from the banker?
1) None 2) One 3) Two
K KUNDAN
4) Three 5) Four
En
Puzzle 83
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
A, B, C, D, E and F are seated in a circle facing the centre. A and C are
w.
seated adjacent to each other and E and B are also seated adjacent to each
other. B is to the immediate left of F. There are two persons between D and E.
A is not seated adjacent to E.
Questions:
ww
5) None of these
Directions (Q. 3-5): Four of the following five are alike in a certain
way based on their seating positions in the above arrangement and so
form a group. Which is the one that does not belong to the group ?
3. 1) BA 2) BD 3) CF
4) DE 5) FC
.in
4. 1) BEC 2) CAD 3) FDA
4) DFB 5) ADF
5. 1) AC 2) EB 3) CE
4) AF 5) DA
ng
[Bank of India PO Exam–2010]
Puzzle 84
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
eri
the questions given below:
Q, R, S, T, U and V are seated to a straight line facing North. S is second
to the right of T and T is second to the right of Q. R is to the left of Q and is
second to the left of V.
Questions:
1) 1 2) 2 e
1. How many persons are seated between T and V?
3) 3
gin
4) 4 5) None of these
2. Four of the following five are alike in a certain way based on their seating
position in the above arrangement and so form a group. Which is the one
that does not belong to the group ?
K KUNDAN
1) QV 2) VT 3) US
En
4) UT 5) RQ
3. What is Q's position with respect to S?
1) Third to left 2) Immediate Next 3) Second to left
4) Fifth to left 5) None of these
4. Which of the following represents persons seated at the two extremes ?
arn
1) RQ 2) US 3) SQ
4) SR 5) None of these
5. If S : T and T : Q, then U : ?
1) T 2) V 3) Q
4) S 5) R
Le
Puzzle 85
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
w.
V, U and T are seated in a circle facing the centre. A, B and C are also
seated in the same circle but two of them are not facing the centre (facing
opposite direction of the centre). V is second to the left of C. U is second to the
right of A. B is third to the left of T. C is second to the right of T. A is seated
ww
next to V.
Questions:
1. Which of the following are not facing the centre ?
1) BA 2) CA
3) BC 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
2. Which of the following is T’s position with respect to B?
1) Third to the right
.in
3) Fourth to the right 4) Fourth to the left
5) Cannot be determined
4. Which of the following is true regarding the seating arrangement?
1) A, B and C are seated adjacent
ng
2) V, U and T are seated adjacent
3) There are two persons whose seating arrangement cannot be ascertained
4) Those not facing the centre are seated adjacent
5) There are only two persons seated between V and T
eri
5. Which of the following is A's position with respect to U?
1) Second to the left 2) Second to the right
3) Third to the right 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
[Bank of India PO Exam–2010]
Puzzle 86
e
gin
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
In a Group of 5, each person has an exclusive and different preference
(has/likes) for a pen, a watch and a car. Pen preferences are Parker, Lamy,
K KUNDAN
Pointer, Lexi and Cello. Car preferences are Wagon R, Swift, Santro, Mica and
En
City. Watch preferences are Timex, Titan, Fastrack, Samay and Citizen.
Suman has Mica and Parker but does not prefer among watches -Titan or
Fastrack. The one who has Swift, likes Fastrack. Mrudula has preference for
City, Cello and Citizen. Amit has preference for Lamy and Timex, Veena prefers
Wagon R and Lexi. Harsh's preference for a watch is not Titan.
arn
Questions:
1. Which watch is Suman's preference?
1) Titan 2) Fastrack
3) Samay 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
Le
1) Samay 2) Fastrack
3) Timex 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
4. Who's preference is Swift?
ww
1) Harsh 2) Amit
3) Veena 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
5. Which watch is Veena’s preference?
1) Sarnay 2) Fastrack
3) Titan 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
Puzzle 87
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
In a seven-storey building, having floors numbered one to seven, P, Q, R,
.in
S, T and V each live on a different floor. (The ground floor is numbered floor
no. 1, the floor above it floor no. 2 and so on.) One of the floors in the building
is vacant. P lives on the fifth floor. No floor below fifth floor is vacant; also no
odd numbered floor is vacant. Only S lives between T and V. T does not live on
ng
an odd numbered floor. T does not live on a floor immediately above or
immediately below R's floor. Q does not live on the bottommost floor.
Questions:
1. Who lives on the topmost floor ?
eri
1) Q 2) S 3) R
4) V 5) No one as it is vacant
2. On which of the following floors does R live ?
1) Seventh 2) Sixth 3) Third
4) Second 5) First
1) Seventh 2) Sixthe
3. Which of the following floors is vacant?
3) Third
gin
4) Second 5) Fourth
[United Bank of India PO Exam–2010]
Puzzle 88
K KUNDAN
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
En
Puzzle 89
.in
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are sitting around a square table in such a way
that four of them sit at four corners of the square while four sit in the middle
ng
of each of the four sides. The ones who sit at the four corners face the centre
while those who sit in the middle of the sides face outside.
Two females sit in the middle of the sides and two at the corners. A sits
second to the left of G. G sits in the middle of one of the sides. C sits fourth to
eri
the right of his wife and his wife is not an immediate neighbour of A or G. B
sits third to right of her husband. B does not sit at any of the corners. Only D
sits between B and H. H is the husband of A. E is a male.
Questions:
1. W hich of the following is t r ue with r espect t o t he given seat ing
arrangement?
e
1) No two males are immediate neighbours of each other
gin
2) G and H do not face each other in the seating arrangement
3) E and D are immediate neighbours of each other
4) F is a male and sits diagonally opposite to E
5) A sits in the centre of one of the sides of the square table
K KUNDAN
2. Who amongst the following is B's husband?
En
1) C 2) G 3) E
4) F 5) Cannot be determined
3. How many people sit between B and C when counted in anti-clockwise
direction from B ?
1) None 2) One 3) Two
arn
4) Three 5) Four
4. Who amongst the following is the wife of C?
1) D 2) F 3) B
4) G 5) Cannot be determined
5. What is the position of E with respect to C ?
Le
Puzzle 90
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
P, T, Q, U, S and R are standing in a straight line facing North. S is
ww
standing third from the left end of the line. R is fourth to the right of T.
Neither P nor R is at the end of the line. Q is second to the left of P.
Questions:
1. Who amongst the following is standing fourth from the left end of the
line?
1) Q 2) R 3) P
4) U 5) None of these
2. If TQ : SP then, ? : RU
1) QS 2) TS 3) SP
4) QT 5) None of these
3. Who amongst the following are at the extreme ends of the line?
1) TU 2) TR 3) RU
4) TP 5) US
Directions (Q. 4-5): Four of the following five are alike in a certain
.in
way based on their positions in the above arrangement and so form a
group. Which of the following does not belong to the group ?
4. 1) SRP 2) QPS 3) PUR
4) TSQ 5) TSU
ng
5. 1) UR 2) PS 3) QT
4) SR 5) RP
[IDBI Assistant Manager Exam–2010]
Puzzle 91
eri
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
Six friends Hetal, Jayshree, Rohini, Meena, Nidhi and Swati, stay in
different areas of a city i.e., Dadar, Matunga, Mulund, Vikroli, Thane and
e
Kanjurmarg not necessarily in the same order. All six have different hobbies
which are singing, dancing, drawing, travelling, cooking and reading not
gin
necessarily in the same order.
Hetal stays in Vikroli and her hobby is neither dancing nor reading. The
one whose hobby is travelling stays in Mulund. Jayshree's hobby is drawing
and she does not stay in either Dadar or Matunga. Meena stays in Kanjurmarg
K KUNDAN
and her hobby is cooking. Rohini likes reading but she and Nidhi do not stay
En
in Matunga.
Questions:
1. What is Swati's hobby ?
1) Singing 2) Dancing 3) Reading
4) Travelling 5) None of these
arn
Puzzle 92
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
Seven flights namely Jet Airways. British Airways, Delta, Quantas,
Emirates, Lufthansa and Air India are scheduled to fly to London. There is
only one flight to London on each of the seven days of the week, starting from
Monday and ending on Sunday.
Delta flies on Wednesday. Air India flies the day next to British Airways.
British Airways does not fly on Monday or Friday. Two airlines fly between the
days British Airways, and Emirates fly. Emirates does not fly on Sunday.
Quantas flies a day before Lufthansa.
Questions:
1. On which of the following days does Jet Airways fly?
1) Friday 2) Sunday 3) Tuesday
.in
4) Thursday 5) None of these
2. How many flights fly between Lufthansa and Delta ?
1) None 2) One 3) Two
4) Three 5) Five
ng
3. Which of the following flights flies on Friday ?
1) Air India 2) Quantas 3) Emirates
4) Lufthansa 5) Jet Airways
4. If Delta postpones its flight to Sunday owing to some technical reasons
eri
and all the flights scheduled for Thursday to Sunday are now made to take
oil a day ahead of the schedule, which of the following flights would now
fly on Friday?
1) Lufthansa 2) Jet Airways 3) British Airways
4) Air India 5) Quantas
e
5. If Emirates is related to British Airways and Delta is related to Quantas in
a certain way based upon the given flight schedule, then Jet Airways will
gin
be related to which of the following based upon the same relationship'?
1) Lufthansa 2) Quantas 3) Delta
4) Air India 5) None of these
[Bank of Maharashtra PO Exam–2010]
K KUNDAN
Puzzle 93
En
1) G is a male
2) G sits exactly between F and H
3) G sits third to the left or E
4) G sits second to the right of B
5) None is true
w.
direction from B ?
1) One 2) Two 3) Three
4) Four 5) More than four
4. Four of the following live are alike in a certain way and so form a group.
Which is the one that does not belong to that group ?
1) H 2) F 3) E
4) G 5) D
5. Which of the following groups consists of only female members of the
group?
1) A, B, H 2) G, F, C 3) C, H, G
4) D, H, C 5) None of these
6. If all the persons are made to sit in alphabetical order in clockwise
direction, starting from A, the positions of how many (excluding A) will
remain unchanged as compared to their original seating positions?
.in
1) None 2) One 3) Two
4) Three 5) Four
[Bank of Maharashtra PO Exam–2010]
Puzzle 94
ng
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are sitting around a circular table facing the
eri
centre. Each one of them has a different profession viz. doctor, engineer,
architect, teacher, clerk, shopkeeper, businessman and banker.
A sits third to right of teacher. D sits second to left of G. G is not an
immediate neighbour of the teacher. Only one person sits between B who is
the shopkeeper and teacher. The one who is an architect sits third to right of
e
the shopkeeper. H sits between architect and engineer. E is not an immediate
neighbour of H. Engineer sits third to the right of clerk. Only one person sits
gin
between businessman and F. E is neither a businessman nor a doctor.
Questions:
1. W hich of the following is t r ue with r espect t o t he given seat ing
arrangement?
K KUNDAN
1) E is an immediate neighbour of the engineer
En
2) E is an architect
3) The clerk is an immediate neighbour of the banker
4) The teacher sits between H and the engineer
5) Shopkeeper sits second to the right of the teacher
2. What is the profession of H ?
arn
1) Businessman 2) Architect
3) Banker 4) Teacher
5) Shopkeeper
3. What is the position of doctor with respect to the banker?
1) Immediately to the left 2) Third to the left
Le
5) C and teacher
5. Who amongst the following is a clerk?
1) C 2) D 3) E
4) F 5) G
ww
Puzzle 95
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
Twelve people are sitting in two parallel rows containing six people each,
in such a way that there is an equal distance between adjacent persons. In
row-1 P, Q, R, S, T and V are seated and all of them are facing South. In row-
2 A, B, C, D, E and F are seated and all of them are facing North. Therefore, in
the given seating arrangement each member seated in a row faces another
member of the other row.
P sits third to the left of T. Neither P nor T sits at an extreme end of the
line. A sits second to the right of E. Neither A nor E faces T or P. A does not
.in
sit at an extreme end. R does not face A and R does not sit at an extreme end
of the line. Only one person sits between F and C. Neither F nor C faces T. C
does not sit at the extreme end. Only one person sits between V and Q. F is
not an immediate neighbour of B and A does not face V.
ng
Questions:
1. How many persons are seated between B and D?
1) One 2) Two 3) Three
4) Four 5) None
eri
2. V is related to B in the same way as Q is related to C. To which of the
following is P related to, following the same pattern?
1) F 2) A 3) D
4) E 5) None of these
3. Which of the following is true regarding V?
1) V faces A
e
2) T is not an immediate neighbour of V.
gin
3) C faces the one who is second to left of V
4) V sits at one of the extreme ends of the line
5) R sits third to the right of V
4. Who amongst the following sit at extreme ends of the rows?
K KUNDAN
1) D, F 2) V, S 3) Q, S
En
4) B, D 5) None of these
5. Who amongst the following faces B?
1) V 2) S 3) Q
4) R 5) T
[UCO Bank PO Exam–2011]
arn
Puzzle 96
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
Six chemicals L, M, N, O, P and Q are kept in bottles of different colours
Le
viz, green, red, blue, white, pink and violet, not necessarily in the same order.
These bottles are arranged from left to right, again not necessarily in the same
order.
Chemical M is kept in white bottle. Chemical L is not kept in green bottle
and is kept to the immediate left of the violet bottle. Chemical O is kept in the
w.
blue bottle and is kept exactly between the bottles containing chemicals L and
M. The red bottle is at the extreme left end. The bottles containing chemical Q
is not kept at either of the ends. The green bottle is kept at the extreme right
end. Chemical P is not kept near the white bottle.
ww
Questions:
1. Four of the following five are alike in a certain way based on their positions
in the above arrangement and so form a group. Which is the one that does
not belong to the group?
l) LM 2) LP 3) QO
4) LQ 5) NO
2. Which bottle contains chemical L?
1) Pink 2) Blue
.in
4. Which bottle contains chemical?
1) Pink 2) Green
3) Violet 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
ng
5. If all the six chemicals are arranged alphabetically from left to right,
positions of how many will remain unchanged?
1) None 2) One 3) Two
4) Three 5) Four
eri
6. Which bottle contains chemical N?
1) Green 2) Red
3) Pink 4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these
7. Which chemical is kept in the bottle at the extreme right end ?
1) P
3) L
e 2) N
4) Cannot be determined
gin
5) None of these
[UCO Bank PO Exam–2011]
Puzzle 97
K KUNDAN
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
En
2 2
1
hours, 2 hours, 2 hours and 3 hours, again not necessarily in the same
2
order.
1
Sunday is not an off day and a Play of hour duration is staged on that
Le
2
day. Play A is staged immediately before Play E. There are two plays staged
1
between Play F which is for 3 hours and Play C which is for 1 hours. The
2
off day is after the staging of Play E and there are two days between the off day
w.
and Play A. Play D which is for 2 hours is not staged on Monday. The play
1
staged immediately before the off day is of 3 hours. Play A is for less than 2
2
ww
hours.
1. What is the time duration of Play B?
1
1) 2 hours 2) 2 hours 3) 1 hour
2
4) Vi hour 5) None of these
2. Which day is the off day?
1) Tuesday 2) Monday 3) Friday
4) Saturday 5) Cannot be determined
.in
5) None is correct
4. On which day is Play D staged?
1) Wednesday 2) Saturday 3) Tuesday
4) Friday 5) Cannot be determined
ng
5. How many plays are staged before the off day?
1) Two 2) One 3) Five
4) Three 5) None of these
Directions (Q. 6-7): Keeping all the other information the same, if D
eri
is staged on Monday, then ________
6. A play of what time duration would be staged on Thursday?
1
1) 2 hours 2) 2 hours 3) 1 hour
2
7.
4) 3 hours
e
5) Cannot be determined
Which day would be the off day?
gin
1) Tuesday 2) Monday 3) Friday
4) Saturday 5) Cannot be determined
[UCO Bank PO Exam–2011]
Puzzle 98
K KUNDAN
En
1) O 2) L 3) N
4) R 5) None of these
2. What is S's position with respect to R?
1) Third to the right 2) Second to the right 3) Third to the left
ww
.in
3) The doctor is sitting exactly between the supervisor and the accountant
4) L is neither a teacher nor a supervisor
5) There are only three people between S and N
[RBI Grade ‘B’ Officers’ Exam–2011]
ng
Puzzle 99
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
eri
Six friends — Deepak, Varun, Anit, Nilesh, Rajesh and Siddharth are
studying six different specialisations of engineering which are — metallurgy,
t elecommunication, sof tware, mechanical, elect r ical and har dware not
necessarily in the same order. Each one likes a different sport - hockey, cricket,
swimming, football, badminton and tennis again not in the same order.
e
Nilesh is not studying hardware Rajesh is studying software and likes
hockey. Anit likes swimming and is not studying hardware. The one who
gin
likes football is studying electrical. Siddharth is studying mechanical and
does not like t ennis. The one who likes badmint on is st udying
telecommunication. Deepak and Varun do not like badminton. Deepak does
not like tennis.
K KUNDAN
Questions:
En
Puzzle 100
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
Six friends A, B, C, D, E and F working in the same office take different
.in
time to reach office. All of them take time in the multiples of ten in such a
manner that the one who reaches office the earliest, reaches in 10 minutes
and the one who takes maximum time reaches office in 60 minutes. D takes
more time than E but less time than A. A reaches in 30 minutes. B takes less
ng
time than only F.
Questions:
1. How much time does C take to reach office?
1) 60 minutes 2) 50 minutes 3) 40 minutes
eri
4) 20 minutes 5) Cannot be determined
2. Who amongst the following takes maximum time to reach office?
1) B 2) C 3) D
4) F 5) Cannot be determined
3. How many people take more time to reach office than D?
1) Four
4) One
2) Three
5) None e 3) Two
gin
[RBI Grade ‘B’ Officers’ Exam–2011]
Puzzle 101
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
K KUNDAN
the questions given below:
En
M. M does not sit in the middle of the sides. Only one person sits between Q
and R. R is not an immediate neighbour of M. T faces the centre. K is not an
immediate neighbour of R.
Questions:
1. What is position of M with respect to L ?
Le
3) P and Q
4) L and R
5) M, S and T
5. If K is made to face the opposite direction, who would sit to his immediate
right?
1) R 2) Q 3) P
.in
4) T 5) S
6. Four of the following five are alike in a certain way and so form a group.
Which is the one that does not belong to that group?
1) L 2) M 3) K
ng
4) P 5) R
[RBI Grade ‘B’ Officers’ Exam–2011]
Puzzle 102
eri
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
Twelve friends A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K and L were born in different
months of the same year. A was born in the month of April and G was born in
the month of August. J was born in the month immediately preceding the
e
month in which K was born and immediately succeeding the month in which
C was born. J was not born in the month of October nor in February. There is
gin
a gap of two months between the birthdays of L and B. There were 30 days in
the month in which L was born. D was born in the month immediately after
the month in which I was born. There were 31 days in the month in which D
was born. There is a gap of one month between the birthdays of B and F. E and
K KUNDAN
H were born in that months which had 31 days each.
En
Questions:
1. In which of the following months B was born?
1) December 2) June 3) March
4) November 5) September
2. Four of the following five are alike in a certain way and hence form a
arn
group. Which one of the following does not belong to that group?
1) L 2) A 3) J
4) K 5) B
3. Who among the following was born in the month of February?
1) J 2) L 3) E or H
Le
4) C 5) I
4. How many friends did celebrate their birthdays after F ?
1) None 2) Three 3) Four
4) Five 5) Six
5. If I is related A and B is related to J on the basis of months in which they
w.
were born, then with which of the following L is related on the same
basis?
1) G 2) A 3) K
4) E 5) H
ww
Puzzle 103
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
Twelve persons are sitting in two parallel lines in such a way that there
are six persons in each row at equidistance. A, B, C, D, E and F are sitting in
row-1 and they face towards east. P, Q, R, S, T and V are sitting in row-2 and
they face towards west. One person of one row faces the other person of the
other row.
P, who is sitting at one of the ends of the row, is second to the right of T.
A does not face P or T. A is third to the left of F. There are two persons
between Q and V. There is only one person between C and D. C and D do not
face P. B is neighbour of C. S, who does not face D, is not the neighbour of Q.
.in
Questions:
1. Who among the following faces F?
1) Q 2) T 3) S
4) R 5) V
ng
2. How many persons are sitting between E and C?
1) One 2) Two 3) Three
4) Four 5) None
3. E is related to R in the same way as B is related to S. On this pattern F is
eri
related to
1) V 2) P 3) T
4) Q 5) None of these
4. Which of the following statements is true about B?
1) Q is the neighbour of that person who faces B
e
2) C is not the immediate neighbour of B
3) E is second to the right of B
gin
4) T faces B
5) B is second from the left end of the row
5. Who are sitting at the ends of the row?
1) P, V 2) F, A 3) D, E
K KUNDAN
4) P, S 5) None of these
En
Puzzle 104
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
arn
Y is a teacher.
Questions:
1. Who amongst the following have studied in college Z?
1) B, A 2) C, F 3) B, D, F
ww
4) A, D 5) D, F
2. Which of the following groups represents the students of college Y?
1) C, E, G 2) A, C, D 3) A, B, C
4) D, B, C 5) None of these
3. What is the profession of F?
1) Engineering 2) Business 3) Medicines
4) Acting 5) None of these
4. Who amongst the following is in the profession of Medicine?
1) E 2) G 3) A
4) D 5) None of these
5. What is the profession of A?
1) Teaching 2) Medicine 3) Business
4) Fashion Designing 5) None of these
6. Which of the following combinations of person, college and profession is
definitely correct?
.in
1) E-X-Fashion Designing 2) F-X-Engineering
3) A-Y-Businessman 4) D-Z-Teaching
5) None of these
7. Who amongst the following is a teacher?
ng
1) A 2) D 3) E
4) G 5) None of these
[Syndicate Bank PO Exam–2010]
Puzzle 105
eri
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
Eight friends Q, R, S, T, V, W, Y and Z are sitting around a circular table,
facing the centre. There are three males and five females in the group of
e
friends. No two males are immediate neighbours of each other.
l V sits second to the right of his wife.
gin
l S sits third to the right of V.
l W sits second to the right of her husband Z. Z is not an immediate
neighbour of V’s wife.
l T is a male and Y is not an immediate neighbour of V.
K KUNDAN
l R sits second to the right of Q.
En
Questions:
1. What is the position of T with respect to Z?
1) Second to the left
2) Immediately to the right
3) Third to the left
arn
4) T 5) None of these
4. Who amongst the following has a male sitting to the immediate left and
the right?
1) Y 2) R 3) Q
ww
4) S 5) None of these
5. Which of the following is not true regarding T?
1) T is an immediate neighbour of Z’s wife.
2) No male is an immediate neighbour of T.
3) Q sits second to right of T.
4) The one who sits third to the left of T is a male.
5) All are true
6. Which of the following pairs represents the immediate neighbours of T?
1) RQ 2) WZ 3) YV
4) WY 5) None of these
7. How many people sit between V and S when counted in anti-clockwise
direction?
1) None 2) One 3) Two
4) Three 5) Four
.in
8. Who amongst the following sits exactly between V and Y?
1) Q 2) W 3) R
4) T 5) Z
[Syndicate Bank PO Exam–2010]
ng
Puzzle 106
Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer
the questions given below:
eri
In an international meet, representatives A, B, C, D, E, F G and H from
eight different countries, viz Thailand, France, Holland, Austria, US, Spain,
India and Germany (not necessarily in the same order), sit around a circular
table facing the centre. A, who represents Germany, sits third to the left of E.
The one who is from India sits on the immediate right of A. D, who is from
e
Holland, sits second to the right of B. B is not an immediate neighbour of E. C,
who is from Spain, sits exactly in the middle of people representing US and
gin
India. G, the representative from France, sits second to the left of H, who is
from Thailand.
Questions:
1. How many people sit between A and the representative from Austria when
K KUNDAN
counted in clockwise directions?
En
4) HB 5) GE
6. The representative from which of the following countries is seated second
to the left of the Indian representative?
1) Thailand 2) US 3) France
4) Spain 5) None of these
7. The representative from which of the following countries sits exactly in
the middle of the representatives from Thailand and France?
1) Holland 2) Austria 3) Germany
4) US 5) None of these
[NABARD Bank PO Exam–2010]
.in
T Air-hostess Ikon Female
R Professor Scorpio Male
L Jeweller Corolla Male
ng
W Lawyer Lancer Male
Z Consultant Santro Male
S Doctor Esteem Female
eri
M Travel Agent Alto Female
1. 4 2. 3 3. 1 4. 2 5. 2
Puzzle 2
e
gin
Person Food Day
K Thai Thursday
B Italian Friday
M Indian Saturday
W Continental Sunday
N Mexican Monday
T Chinese Wednesday
arn
1. 5; B 2. 4 3. 3 4. 1 5. 2
Puzzle 3
From the clues (i), (iii), (iv) (v) and (vi) we get three possible arrangements
for Monday to Saturday. These arrangements are as follows:
Le
1. R, Holiday, Q, T, S, P
2. T, S, P, R, Holiday, Q
3. S, P, R, Holiday, Q, T
Reject the possibilities 1 and 2 because of clue (ii). Hence, the arrangement
3 is the correct one. Thus, we get
w.
2. TUE P
3. WED R
4. THU Holiday
5. FRI Q
6. SAT T
1. 4 2. 5; Wednesday 3. 1 4. 2
Puzzle 4
Arrange the whole information in the following form.
.in
2 Q(-) Marketing Pink
3 D(+) Pharmacy Red
4 N(-) HR Green
ng
5 R (+) IT Orange
6 F(-) Civil Grey
7 T(+) Finance Blue
eri
1. 3 2. 2 3. 5; IT 4. 1 5. 4
Puzzle 5
College
A
Student
e
P(Electronics), Z (Electronics), S(Mechanical)
gin
B W (Electrical), T (Mechanical)
C R (Mechanical), V (Electrical), Q (Electrical)
1. 4 2. 3 3. 1 4. 5 5. 1
K KUNDAN
Puzzle 6
En
Puzzle 7
Product Manager and city
1. X Q(Jaipur), E(Cochin), M(Ahmedabad)
2. Y T(Delhi), D (Bangalore)
3. Z J(Hyderabad), R (Chennai), P(Pune)
Le
1. 5; Q, E and M
2. 2 3. 1 4. 4 5. 3
Puzzle 8
w.
Day Game
Mon Chess
Tue Rest
ww
Wed Volleyball
Thu Carrom
Fri Table Tennis
Sat Kho-kho
1. 2 2. 5; One day 3. 3 4. 4 5. 1
Puzzle 9
I . D() (X), F() (Y), H () (Z)
.in
III. ——— A() (Y), B() ( Z)
1. 4 2. 3 3. 1 4. 5 5. 2
Puzzle 10
ng
W orker Shift W eekly Off
L I Tue
eri
M II Thu
N I Sun
P III Sat
Q III Wed
R
eII Fri
gin
S I Mon
1. 3 2. 1 3. 2 4. 4 5. 5; M
Puzzle 11
K KUNDAN
En
Aa Ch
Av Mo
arn
Va Dh
Ga De
Le
1. 3 2. 3 3. 2 4. 1 5. 5
Puzzle 12
w.
D Bangalore Engineer
E Ahmedabad Lawyer
F Chennai Doctor
G Jaipur Counsellor
1. 3 2. 1 3. 4 4. 2 5. 5; F
Puzzle 13
.in
Samir III G
Harish V B
Nikita VI E
ng
Shailaja I D
Laxman VII F
Sujata II C
eri
1. 4 2. 1 3. 2 4. 3 5. 1
Puzzle 14
Friend
e
Shift Day off
gin
P II Tuesday
Q I Monday
R II Wednesday
K KUNDAN
En
S I Sunday
T III Friday
V III Thursday
W I Saturday
arn
1. 3 2. 4 3. 1 4. 4 5. 3
Puzzle 15
Le
F
W M
w.
T N
ww
R H
P
1. 1
2 . 5; N
3. 4 4. 4 5. 3 6. 1
Puzzle 16
G
H F
.in
A D
E B
ng
C
1. 3 2. 4 3. 1 4. 5 5. 2
Puzzle 17
eri
M ember Country Sport
K China Archery
T
F
e USA
France
Football
Volleyball
gin
L Australia Athletics
J Russia Tennis
R Korea Rifle Shooting
1. 4 2. 4 3. 1 4. 2 5. 2
Puzzle 18
arn
Rani
Ashwini
Sudha
Le
Meeta
Geeta
w.
Priya Mukta
1. 3
ww
2 . 5; Geeta
3. 4 4. 2 5. 5
Puzzle 19
.in
C Lawn Tennis Harmonium
D Table Tennis Tabla
E Bridge Santoor
ng
F Football Guitar
G Hockey Sitar
1. 3 2. 1 3. 5 4. 4 5. 3
eri
Puzzle 20
A
G E
B
e C
gin
H F
D
1. 1
K KUNDAN
2 . 5; Third to the left
En
3. 3 4. 2 5. 4
Puzzle 21
P( ) B MBA
Q() A BCA
R() B Medicine
S( ) A Journalism
T( ) A BCA
Le
W( ) C Aviation
Z() C Medicine
1. 5; RZ 2. 1 3. 1 4. 4 5. 2
w.
Puzzle 22
K
ww
W M
D
R
T
P
1. 3 2. 4 3. 1 4. 3 5. 5; R
Puzzle 23
.in
1. 3 2. 1
ng
3. 2;
e
Thus only R’s position does not change.
eri
gin
4. 4
5. 5; In all others the first person is second to the left of the second person.
Puzzle 24
K KUNDAN
En
D (–) Professor Z
E (+) Banker S
F (+) Stockbroker W
G (+) Businessman V
Le
1. 4 2. 2 3. 3 4. 1 5. 5
Puzzle 25
w.
F
A G
ww
H B
D C
E
1. 1 2. 4 3. 3 4. 5 5. 2
Puzzle 26
.in
I Hyderabad Telugu
J Bangalore Kannada
K Ahmedabad Punjabi
ng
L Delhi Bangla
M Kolkata Tamil
N Mumbai Hindi
eri
1. 4 2. 1 3. 2 4. 3 5. 5; Tamil
Puzzle 27
T R
e
W
P
gin
Q
S V
1. 1 2. 4 3. 2 4. 51 5. 1
Puzzle 28
K KUNDAN
En
C
E B
arn
H D
F G
A
Le
1. 1 2. 2 3. 4
4. 3; In all others, the second person is second to the right of the first.
5. 5
Puzzle 29
w.
B Y Civil
C X Chemical
D X Electrical
E Z Computer
F Y Aeronautical
G Z Electronics
1. 4 2. 1 3. 5 4. 3 5. 2
Puzzle 30
F
A C or G
.in
D B
ng
G or C E
H
1. 4; C or G 2. 2 3. 5 4. 3 5. 5; E
eri
Puzzle 31
K KUNDAN
En
W Chemistry Volleyball
1. 2 2. 3 3. 4 4. 1 5. 5; English
Puzzle 32
arn
S I Pink
T VI Yellow
M V Blue
w.
1. 3 2. 5; Red 3. 1 4. 5 5. 4
Puzzle 33
ww
1. 2 2. 3 3. 4 4. 2 5. 1 6. 5; G
Puzzle 34
G
A B
H D
.in
E C
F
1. 1 2. 2 3. 4 4. 5 5. 3
Puzzle 35
ng
Student Standard Subject
P V Geography
eri
Q VII History
R VI English
S IV Maths
T VIII Hindi
V
W
e
X
IX
Science
Sanskrit
gin
1. 2 2. 1 3. 3 4. 5; V 5. 4
Puzzle 36
K KUNDAN
A > D > G ... (ii);
En
1. 5
2. 2; A > D > B > F > G > C, J > E > H
3. 1
4. 2; G, C, E and H.
5. 5
Le
Puzzle 37
w.
ww
1. 5 2. 4 3. 1 4. 3 5. 2
Puzzle 38
.in
B Agriculture Officer M
C Economist N
D Terminal Operator L
E IT Officer R
ng
F Clerk Q
G Research Analyst P
eri
1. 2 2. 2 3. 3 4. 3 5. 5
6. 4 7. 1
Puzzle 39
e
gin
K KUNDAN
En
1. 4 2. 1 3. 2 4. 3 5. 4
Puzzle 40
arn
Le
1. 2 2. 3 3. 4
w.
4. 5; H
5. 1;
ww
Puzzle 41
G
B
F
H
.in
E
D K
A C
ng
1. 1 2. 4 3. 3 4. 2 5. 5
Puzzle 42
eri
Employee Department Sport
A Pers TT
B Admin Football
C
e Admin Hockey
gin
D Admin Basketball
E Mktg Cricket
F Pers Volleyball
K KUNDAN
G Mktg LT
En
H Mktg Badminton
1. 3 2. 2 3. 5 4. 1 5. 4
Puzzle 43
arn
Le
w.
1. 4 2. 3 3. 2 4. 5 5. 1
Puzzle 44
ww
1. 5 2. 2 3. 4 4. 3 5. 1
Puzzle 45
.in
ng
1. 5 2. 1 3. 3 4. 1 5. 2
Puzzle 46
eri
Day Play
Monday No play
Tuesday A
Wednesday
e D
gin
Thursday C
Friday B
Saturday E
K KUNDAN
1. 2 2. 1 3. 3
En
Puzzle 47
arn
Le
1. 2 2. 1 3. 5; A 4. 4 5. 3
Puzzle 48
w.
27 Wednesday B
28 Thursday No play
29 Friday M
30 Saturday Q
31 Sunday X
1. 5; A
2. 1 3. 2 4. 4 5. 3
Puzzle 49
.in
1. 1 2. 3
ng
3. 2; Rakesh, Mukesh and Ajay
4. 4; The family doesn’t have Ajay’s grandfather.
5. 4
eri
Puzzle 50
e
gin
1. 4; D or G
2 . 5; F
K KUNDAN
3. 1 4. 2 5. 2
En
Puzzle 51
B X Table Tennis
C IX Lawn Tennis
D IX Badminton
E VIII or X Cricket or Basketball
Le
F VIII Football
G VIII Basketball or Cricket
H X Hockey
1. 2 2. 4 3. 2 4. 1 5. 4
w.
Puzzle 52
Friend Class Colour
M VIII Blue
ww
V IV Yellow
K IX White
D VI Black
T VII Green
J V Red
R III Purple
1. 1 2. 4 3. 5 4. 3 5. 2
Puzzle 53
A English R
B History V
.in
C Maths T
D Histroy W
E English S
ng
F Maths P
G Maths Q
1. 4 2. 2 3. 3 4. 1 5. 5
eri
Puzzle 54
A Jaipur Jet
B
e
Chennai Kingfisher
gin
C Kolkata Indian Airlines
D Bangalore Air India
E Delhi Air Deccan
K KUNDAN
F Hyderabad Spicejet
En
G Ahmedabad Sahara
1. 3 2. 1 3. 2
Puzzle 55
arn
Puzzle 56
.in
N F Teacher Daughter of M
O M Businessman Husband of P
P F Doctor Wife of O
Q M Lawyer Brother of O
ng
1. 2; Clearly, ‘P’ is doctor in this family.
2. 3; Clearly, ‘O’ is businessman in this family.
3. 4; ‘N’ and ‘P’ are women.
eri
4. 4; ‘O’ and ‘P’ are couple.
5. 3; Clearly, ‘M’ ‘O’ and ‘Q’ are male members of this family.
Puzzle 57
e
1. 1; Of the six companies if ‘O’ is the, first, L is third and order, ‘J’, ‘K’, ‘M’
and ‘J’, ‘N’ is to be followed. Clearly, ‘J’ must be visited second.
gin
2 . 1; According to information, L must be in third place and the order J, K,
M must not be violated. This is followed only in the arrangement J, O,
L, K, N, M.
Puzzle 58
K KUNDAN
En
arn
1. 5 2. 1 3. 2 4. 4 5. 3
Puzzle 59
Le
J D Wednesday
M A Thursday
Q G Sunday
ww
L F Saturday
T E Friday
K B Monday
1. 3 2. 1 3. 4 4. 5 5. 2
Puzzle 60
.in
V Grey Table Tennis or Carrom
T Blue Chess
Q Black Lawn Tennis
S White Carrom or Table Tennis
ng
W Yellow Basketball
P Red Volleyball
1. 2 2. 3 3. 4 4. 3 5. 5 6. 2
eri
Puzzle 61
e
gin
1. 3 2. 3 3. 1 4. 1
K KUNDAN
5. 5; Second is left of the first.
En
Puzzle 62
B Marketing Nagpur
arn
G Engineering Chennai
H Marketing Ranchi
K Engineering Kolkata
D Systems Hyderabad
Le
F Systems Kozikode
T Marketing Patna
V Systems Bhopal
w.
1. 2 2. 1 3. 3 4. 4 5. 5
Puzzle 63
H
ww
E B
C F
G
D
A
1. 2 2. 3 3. 1 4. 2 5. 4 6. 5
Puzzle 64
According to age,
Sourav > Rahul > Anuj > Kunal > Harish
According to height,
Kunal > Rahul > Sourav > Harish > Anuj
.in
1. 1 2. 3 3. 4 4. 3 5. 2
Puzzle 65
ng
1. 2 2. 3 3. 4
e4. 5
eri
5. 5
gin
Puzzle 66
K KUNDAN
En
1. 1 2. 3 3. 3 4. 4 5. 2
Puzzle 67
w.
ww
1. 1 2. 2 3. 4 4. 1 5. 5
Puzzle 68
.in
B Cricket Biology
C Carrom English
D Football German
ng
E Badminton Physics
F Volleyball Economics
G Table Tennis Bio-Chemistry
eri
1. 1 2. 3 3. 5 4. 4 5. 2
Puzzle 69
e Rani
gin
Ashwini
Sudha
K KUNDAN
En
Meeta
Geeta
Priya Mukta
arn
1. 3
2 . 5; Geeta
3. 4 4. 2 5. 5
Le
Puzzle 70
A Badminton Flute
B Carrom Banjo
C Lawn Tennis Harmonium
ww
1. 3 2. 1 3. 5 4. 4 5. 3
Puzzle 71
R
W P
.in
Q T
ng
V
1. 3
2 . 5; V is third to the left of P.
3.1 4.2 5.4
eri
Puzzle 72
e
gin
1. 2 2. 3 3. 3 4. 1 5. 4
K KUNDAN
Puzzle 73
En
B Finance T
C Marketing S
D Finance Z
E IT W
Le
F HR R
G IT P
1. 5 2. 1 3. 2 4. 4 5. 3
w.
Puzzle 74
ww
1. 4 2. 3 3. 2 4. 5 5. 1
Puzzle 75
H
D M
.in
B A
K
T R
W
ng
1. 2 2. 5 3. 3 4. 1 5. 5
Puzzle 76
eri
V
Q Z
P S
W
e
gin
T R
Y
1. 4; V is sitting between Z and Q.
2. 1; Q is second to the right of Z.
K KUNDAN
3. 5; Y is sitting to the immediate right of T.
En
Puzzle 77
arn
D Sales I
E Finance III
F Operations II
w.
G Sales I
H Operations I
Puzzle 78
.in
ng
1. 1 2. 5 3. 4
4. 4 5. 3 6. 1
eri
Puzzle 79
e
gin
K KUNDAN
1. 2 2. 5 3. 1
En
4. 3 5. 5
Puzzle 80
arn
Le
w.
Puzzle 81
Amrita > Rhea > Smita > Deepa
.in
Rhea 5
Smita 6 or 7
Deepa 8
ng
1. 2 2. 4 3. 4
4. 4; Meaningful words are TIDE, TIED and DIET.
5. 1; Second, fifth, eighth and the eleventh letters from left are E, L, M and
T respectively.
Meaningful word is MELT of which second letter from the left is E.
eri
Puzzle 82
T
S
P
e
gin
R Q
W V
Z
K KUNDAN
En
Friends Professions
S Banker
V Cricketer
T Lawyer
arn
P Professor
Q Pilot
R Architect
W Doctor
Le
Z Businessman
1. 5 2. 2 3. 5 4. 4 5. 4 6. 2
7. 1 8. 5
w.
Puzzle 83
On the basis of given information following seating arrangement can be
made:
B
ww
F E
D C
.in
5. 4; Except AF, all other pairs indicate the persons seated adjacent to
each other.
Puzzle 84
ng
Following seating arrangement can be possible:
R Q V T U S
eri
1. 5; There is no person between T and V.
2 . 4; Except in UT, in all others the first person is sitting to the immediate
left of the second person.
3. 5; Q is fourth to the left of S.
e
4. 4; R and S are seated at the two extremes.
gin
5. 2; S is second to the right of T.
T is second to the right of Q.
U is second to the right of V.
Puzzle 85
K KUNDAN
En
T
arn
U A
C V
Le
1. 3; B and C are not facing the centre. Since the information ‘U is second
w.
4. 4; Option 4 is correct.
5. 1; A is second to the left of U.
Puzzle 86
On the basis of information given in the question, following table can be
constructed:
.in
Suman Parker Mica Samay
Mrudula Cello City Citizen
Amir Lamy Santro Timex
ng
Veena Lexi Wagon R Titan
Harsh Pointer Swift Fastrack
eri
2. 2; Harsh likes Pointer pen.
3. 2; Harsh likes Fastrack watch.
4. 1; Harsh likes Swift car.
5. 3; Veena likes Titan watch.
Puzzle 87
e
gin
On the basis of given information, following table can be constructed:
Floor Person
7 Q
K KUNDAN
En
6 Vacant
5 P
4 T
3 S
arn
2 V
1 R
Puzzle 88
w.
Days Games
Monday Sprinting
ww
Tuesday Wrestling
Wednesday Football
Thursday Shooting
Friday Basketball
Saturday Boxing, Cycling
Sunday Weightlifting, Swimming
1. 1; Basketball
2. 5; Weighlifting and swimming
3. 4; Monday
4. 5; Sunday
5. 2; Basketball is scheduled immediately after Shooting. Similarly, Football
is scheduled immediately after Wrestling.
.in
Puzzle 89
B (Female) D (Female)
ng
(Female) F
(Male) G H (Male)
eri
(Male) C E (Male)
A (Female)
K KUNDAN
Puzzle 90
En
N
arn
W E
Le
S
l l l l l l
T Q S P R U
1. 3 2. 3 3. 1
4. 5; 2 1
w.
S R P
2 1
Q P S
2 1
P U R
ww
2 1
T S Q
2 3
T S U
1 1 1 2 1
5. 4; U R; P S; Q T; S R ; R P
Puzzle 91
.in
Jayshree Thane Drawing
Rohini Dadar Reading
Meena Kanjurmarg Cooking
Nidhi Mulund Travelling
ng
Swati Matunga Dancing
1. 2 2. 4 3. 3 4. 1 5. 4
Puzzle 92
eri
On the basis of given information following table can be constructed:
Days Flights
Monday
e Emirates
gin
Tuesday Jet Airways
Wednesday Delta
Thursday British Airways
K KUNDAN
Friday Air India
En
Saturday Quantas
Sunday Lufthansa
Puzzle 93
Le
(Female)
A (Male)
w.
(Male) H F
(Female) C G (Female)
ww
(Male) E D (Male)
B
(Female)
A is wife of H.
B is wife of F.
.in
6. 3;
(A)
A
(H) (B)
H F
ng
(G) C G (C)
eri
E D (D)
(F)
B
(E)
Puzzle 94
e
gin
Sitting arrangement is as given below:
A
Businessman
K KUNDAN G D
En
Clerk Doctor
E F
Banker Architect
arn
B H
Shopkeeper Teacher
C
Engineer
1. 3; Statement (3) is true.
Le
2. 4; H is a Teacher.
3. 2; D, Doctor is third to the left of Banker E.
4. 4; Doctor D sits between F, Architect and A, Businessman.
5. 5; G is a clerk.
w.
Puzzle 95
Row-1
ww
R L
I E
G F
H
T T
V T Q R P S
E B A C D F
L R
E I
F G
H
T T
Row-2
.in
Puzzle 96
L N M O L Q P R
E I
G
Violet
Pink
Red
White
Blue
Green
ng
F H
T T
eri
3. 3; P- Green is correct.
4. 3; Chemical Q is in Violet bottle.
N M O L Q P
5. 2;
L M N
6. 2; Chemical N is in Red bottle.
O
e P Q
gin
7. 1; Chemical Pis kept in the bottle at the extreme right.
Puzzle 97
Days Play Duration
K KUNDAN
1
En
Monday C 1 Hours
2
Tuesday A 1 Hour
1
Wednesday E 2 Hours
arn
2
Thursday F 3 Hours
Friday Off day
Saturday D 2 Hours
Le
1
Sunday B Hour
2
1
1. 4; Duration of Play B is Hour.
2
w.
1
6. 2; If D is staged on Monday, Play E of 2 Hours duration will be staged
2
on Thursday.
7. 4; Now, Saturday would be the off day.
Puzzle 98
Sitting arrangement:
Supervisor
M
.in
Doctor N L Accountant
Shopkeeper R P Painter
ng
Reporter O S Cricketer
eri
T
Teacher
1. 1; O is a reporter.
2. 1; S is third to the right of R.
3. 4; Four persons - R, O, T and S.
4.
5.
5;
3; e
Shopkeeper and Doctor are immediate neighbours.
The doctor is sitting exactly between the Supervisor and Shopkeeper.
gin
Puzzle 99
K KUNDAN
Friend Specialisation Sport
En
Puzzle 100
E < D < A
10 20 30
B < F
50 60
E 10 Minutes D 20 Minutes
A 30 Minutes C 40 Minutes
B 50 Minutes F 60 Minutes
1. 3; C takes 40 minutes.
2 . 4; F takes maximum time.
3. 1; Four persons.
.in
Puzzle 101
S M
K
ng
Q T
eri
L
P R
1. 4;
e
M is second to the left of L.
gin
2. 2; P sits exactly between Q and R.
3. 5; Q faces T and both are sitting in the middle of the sides.
4. 3; P and Q.
5. 2; Q would sit to the immediate right of K.
6. 5; Except R, all others are seated at the corners.
K KUNDAN
En
Puzzle 102
M onth Friend
arn
January E/H
February I
March D
April A
May K
Le
June J
July C
August G
September L
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October E/H
November B
December F
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Puzzle 103
LEFT RIGHT
E P
.in
A Q
N
Row-2
Row-1
ng
W E
C S
eri
F V
D R
LEFT
e
RIGHT
gin
1. 5; F is facing V.
2 . 2; Two persons—A and B.
3. 4; E and R at the left ends of the rows. B and S are third from the left
end.
F is second from the right end. In Row-2, Q is second from the right
K KUNDAN end.
En
4. 4; T faces B.
5. 3; E and D are sitting at the ends of the row-1.
Puzzle 104
arn
A Y Fashion
Le
B Y Acting
C Y Architecture
D Z Teaching
w.
E X Medicine
F Z Engineering
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G X Business
1. 5 2. 3 3. 1
4. 1 5. 4 6. 4
7. 2
Puzzle 105
.in
ng
eri
1. 5 2. 4 3. 2 4. 2 5. 5 6. 4
7. 3 8. 1
Puzzle 106
e
gin
K KUNDAN
En
1. 3; D and H
arn
2. 5 3. 3 4. 4 5. 3
6. 5; Holland
7. 2
********
Le
w.
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SEATING ARRANGEMENTS
In this type of questions, some clues regarding
seating or placing (linear/ circular)of some
persons or items is given. The candidate is
required to form the paper sequence using these
.in
clues and answer the questions accordingly.
I) Read the following information carefully and answer the
ng
questions given below:
eri
in each. E is not at the end of any row D is second to the
left of F. C the neighbour of E, is sitting diagonally
opposite to D. B is the neighbour of F.
e
1. Which of the following are sitting diagonally opposite
gin
to each other?
2. Who is facing B?
arn
(a) FBC (b) CEB (c) DBF (d) AEF (e) ABF
(a) C and A (b) F and B (c) only B (d) only A (e) only C
Solution:
.in
1. Other than D and C, A and F are sitting diagonally
opposite to each other, as seen in the arrangement. So
the answer is(d).
ng
2. Clearly, E is opposite to B in the other row. So, E is
facing B and the answer is (d).
eri
3. Clearly, from amongst the given alternatives, A and E
are in the same row .So the answer is (a).
e
gin
4. Clearly, from amongst the given alternatives, D,B and F
are in the same row. So, the answer is (c).
***********************************************************
*
Le
II) Eight books are kept one over the other counting from
the top the second, fifth and sixth books are on plays.
Two books on plays are between two books on composition.
One book of plays is between two books on poetry. While
w.
Solution:
We analyse the given information as follows :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
_ P _ _ P P _ _
_ _ _ C P P C _
Po P Po _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ C L
.in
So the arrangement becomes:
ng
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Po P Po C P P C L
eri
Clearly the fourth book from the top is on composition. So
the answer is (c).
e
gin
En
arn
Le
Solution:
Clearly, in the circle this arrangement is as shown
D
B E
C F
.in
A
ng
2. Clearly, A is to the right of C. so the answer is (a).
eri
3. Since all the statements are necessary to determine the
arrangement none of them is superfluous. So the answer
is (e).
e
gin
EXERCISE
Answer is (d)
Shikha is to the left of Reena and Manju is to her right.
Le
**********************************************************
2. There are five different houses, A to E in a row. A is
ww
Answer is (a)
**********************************************************
3. In a march past, seven persons are standing in a row.
Q is standing left to R but right to P. O is standing
right to N and left to P.Similarly, S is standing
right to R and left to T.
.in
Answer is (b)
ng
Q is left to R and to the right of P i.e. P, Q, R.
O is to the right of N and left of P i.e. N, O, P.
S is to the right of R and left of T i.e. R, S, T.
eri
Clearly, Q is in the middle.
**********************************************************
e
gin
4. Five children are sitting in a row. S is sitting next to
P but not T. K is sitting next to R who is sitting on
extreme left and T is not sitting next to K. Who are
sitting adjacent to S?
En
Answer is (d)
arn
**********************************************************
ww
e) Cannot be determined
Answer is (a)
**********************************************************
.in
6. Read the following information carefully and answer the
questions given below it:
ng
(A)There are five friends
(B)They are standing in a row facing south.
(C)Jayesh is to the immediate right to Alok.
eri
(D)Pramod is between Bhagat and Subodh.
(E)Subodh is between Jayesh and Pramod.
e
gin
1. Who is at the extreme left end?
(a) Alok (e) None of these (b) Bhagat (c) Subodh
(d) Inadequate Data
En
Solution:
The boys are standing facing south. So, consider left and
Le
right accordingly.
Answer:
***********************************************************
.in
7. Study the given information carefully and answer the
questions that follows.
ng
(1)A, B, C, D, E, F and G are sitting on a wall and all of
them are facing east.
(2)C is on the immediate right to D.
eri
(3)B is at an extreme end and has E as his neighbour.
(4)G is between E and F.
(5)D is sitting third from the south end.
e
gin
1. Who is sitting to the right of E?
(a) A (b) C (c) D (d) F (e) None of these
Solution:
ww
D->
C->
A->
Answer:
.in
1. (e), G is sitting to the right of E.
ng
2. (a), A and B are sitting at the extreme ends.
eri
north.
e
gin
**********************************************************
En
China.
Solution:
**********************************************************
.in
a table and discussing their trades.
ng
(2)Miss B sits right to the barber.
(3)The washer man is on the left of the tailor.
(4)Miss D sits opposite to Mr C.
eri
What are the trades of A and B?
Solution: (b)
En
**********************************************************
w.
(a) None (b) B only (c) C only (d) B or C only (Ans) None
Solution:
.in
P
S T
Q
ng
R
Answer:
eri
1. (b), Q is to the immediate left of R.
2. (a) None. All the three statements are essential to
find out the answer for the first question so none can
be dispensed with.
e
gin
**********************************************************
En
Answer is (b)
Clearly, in a circle the arrangement is as shown:
w.
A
C F
ww
B E
D
So, C is to the immediate left of B hence the answer is (b)
A
F C
E B
.in
ng
**********************************************************
eri
e
gin
En
1. Who is facing A?
(a) B (b) D (c) F (d) either F or B (e) None
C
A E
F B
D
Answer:
.in
A E
B F
ng
D
eri
If so the answer for the first question will be (
d) either F or B
e
gin
En
**********************************************************
arn
Le
w.
ww
.in
(c) D and A are sitting opposite to each other.
(d) E is sitting between F and D.
(e) E and C are sitting opposite to each other
ng
Solution: Solution for the 1st and 2nd question is
eri
B is between G and D i.e. the order is G B D.
G D
En
B
arn
between A and H.
C
H A
F E
w.
G D
B
ww
Answer:
1. (c), F is third to the left of D.
**********************************************************
.in
(a) B (b) F (c) G(d) H
Answer: (d)
ng
eri
In a circle the arrangement is as shown
e
G
gin
H C
B E
En
F A
D
arn
H is diagonally opposite to A.
Le
____________________________END______________________________________
w.
ww
Exercise–1
Three-statement Data Sufficiency
Directions: Each of the questions below consists
of a question and two or three statements given below the father-in-law of the mother of ‘L’.
it. You have to decide whether the data provided in 1) No ne
the statements are sufficient to answer the question. 2) All the information even together are not sufficient.
1. How is P related to Q? 3) Any one of them
A. P is the mother of R, who is the sister of S. 4) Only C
B. S is the brother of Q, who is the son of T. 5) None of these
C. P is the wife of T. 7. P, Q, R, S, T, U and V are seven policemen standing
1) Only A and B together are sufficient in a column (not necessarily in the same order) facing
2) Only B and C together are sufficient east. Who is exactly in the middle?
.in
3) A and either B or C are sufficient A. The number of persons between S and U is equal
4) B and either A or C are sufficient to that between V and S.
5) All even together are not sufficient B. P, who is 5th from one end, is 3 positions behind
2 . What is the direction of K with respect to L? R.
A. K is east of M, which is south of L. C. Q and P are adjacent to each other, so are T and
ng
B. N is north of L and north-west of K. S.
C. K is south-east of N, which is north of M. 1) Either A or B or C 2) Only B
1) Only either A or B alone is sufficient 3) Only A 4) All together are sufficient
2) Only A alone is sufficient 5) None of these
eri
3) Only B and either A or C are sufficient 8. How many sons and daughters does Amod have?
4) Either A alone or B and C together are sufficient A. Amod’s wife says she has number of sons twice
5) Only B alone is sufficient the number of daughter.
3. How is B related to Y? B. Tom, who is one of the sons of Amod, says that
he has one-and-a-half times as many brothers as
A. X and Y are brothers. B is the brother of A and A
is the mother of X.
e sisters.
gin
B. A is the brother of B and father of X, who is the C. Tinu, who is one of the daughters of Amod, says
brother of Y. that she has 4 times as many brothers as sisters.
C. B is the brother of A and father of X. X is the 1) Any one of them 2) Any two of them
brother of Y. 3) Either B or C 4) Either A or C
1) Any one of the three is sufficient 5) None of these
2) Either (A) or (B) is sufficient 9. Who is the uncle of L?
En
K KUNDAN
4) Either (B) or (C) is sufficient B. R is father of L’s cousin.
5) None of these 1) A alone is sufficient
4. What is the meaning of the code ‘kullu’ in a code 2) B alone is sufficient
3) Either A alone or B alone is sufficient
arn
lanugage?
A. In that code language rem tez kullu pullu tullu 4) Both A and B together are not sufficient
means ‘Sher Singh is my son’ and ‘gullu sullu rullu 5) Both A and B together are necessary
pullu’ means ‘is he at home’. 10. How is Raju related to Manohar?
B. In that code language nel pullu kullu dela means I. Pramila is the mother-in-law of Rashmi, the wife
‘my daughter is Nirmala’ and setha gama lala means of Raju.
Le
A. City ‘X’ is to the east of city ‘W’ but both the cities
‘Y’ and ‘X’ are in the straight line. I. ‘use the rope’ is written as 'nik ta re’ in the code
B. No cities are to the north of ‘X’. language.
C. No cities except ‘X’ are on the same straight line II. ‘rope is straight’ is written as ‘pe da ta’.
on which ‘W’ is situated. III. ‘always use rope’ is written as 'ma re ta’.
1) Either A or B or C 2) B and C 1) Only I and II 2) Only I and III
3) Only B 4) All are true 3) Only II and III 4) Only II and either I or III
5) None of these 5) Question cannot be answered ev en wit h the
6. How is ‘L’ related to ‘W’? information in all three statements
A. ‘P’ is wife of one of the sons of ‘X’ and mother of 12. Who amongst Subodh, Neeraj, Tara, Meena and Anil
the grandson of the father of ‘Y’. is the first to take the lecture?
B. ‘Y’ is the father of ‘W’ but ‘W’ is not the daughter I. Subodh takes lecture before Meena and Neeraj
of the wife of ‘Y’. but not before Anil.
C. ‘L’ is the brother of ‘T’, who is granddaughter of II. Tara is not the first to take the lecture.
III. Meena is not the last to take the lecture. 1) Only I and II
1) Only I 2) Only I and III
2) Only I and II 3) Only II and III
3) Only I and either II or III 4) Only I and either II or III
4) All I, II and III are necessary 5) None of these
5) Question cannot be answered ev en wit h the 19. How many children are there in the class?
information in all three statements I. Saurabh is fif th f rom the top if arranged in
13. P is in which direction with respect to Q? descending order of marks.
I. M is to the North of R, who is to the West of Q. II. Sulabha, who is ten ranks below Saurabh, is 25th
II. P is to the East of M. from the bottom.
III. P is to the North-East of R. III. Jatin is four ranks above Sulabha.
1) Only I and II 1) Only I and III 2) Only II and III
2) Only I and III 3) Only I and II 4) Any two of three
.in
3) Any two of the three 5) None of these
4) All I, II and III are necessary 20. How many daughters does W have?
5) Question cannot be answered ev en wit h the I. B and D are the sisters of M.
information in all three statements. II. M’s father T is the husband of W.
14. What is Sunita’s rank from top in a class of 45 III. Out of the three children which T has, only one
ng
students? is a boy.
I. Sunita is five ranks below Samir, who is 15th 1) Only I and III are sufficient to answer the question.
from the bottom. 2) All I, II and III are required to answer the question.
II. Radha is 30th from the top and Neeta is 4th from 3) Only II and III are suf f icient t o answer the
eri
the bottom. question.
III. Sunita is exactly in the middle of Radha and 4) Question cannot be answered even with all I, II
Neeta. and III.
1) Only I 5) Only I and II are sufficient to answer the question.
2) Only II and III
3) Either only I or only II and III
e 21. Who among A, B, C, D, E and F, each having a
different height, is the tallest?
gin
4) Only I and either II or III I. B is taller than A but shorter than E.
5) None of these II. Only two of them are shorter than C.
15. Among P, T, J, F and L who scored the highest? III. D is taller than only F.
I. P scored less than J and F. 1) Only I and II are sufficient to answer the question.
II. T scored more than F but less than L. 2) Only I and III are sufficient to answer the question.
III. J has not scored the highest. 3) Only II and III are suf f icient t o answer the
En
K KUNDAN
2) Only I and III 4) All I, II and III are required to answer the question.
3) Only II and either I or III 5) All I, II and III even together are not sufficient to
4) Only I and either II or III answer the question.
arn
5) All I, II and III 22. Towards which direction is Village J from Village
16. Pillar ‘P’ is in which direction with respect to pillar W?
’Q’? I. Village R is to the west of Village W and to the
I. Pillar ‘M’ is to the East of pillar T, which is to north of Village T.
the South of pillar ‘Q’. II. Village Z is to the east of Village J and to the
II. Pillar 'P' is to the North of pillar ‘M’. south of Village T.
Le
III. Pillar ‘R' is to the North of pillar ‘P’ and to the III. Village M is to the north-east of Village J and to
East of pillar ‘Q'. the north of Village Z.
1) Only I and II 1) Only III is sufficient to answer the question.
2) Only I and III 2) Only II and III sufficient to answer the question.
w.
3) Only II and either I or III 3) All I, II and III are required to answer the question.
4) Only III 4) Question cannot be answered even with all I, II
5) All I, II and III and III.
17. What is the code for ‘adequate’ in a code language? 5) None of these
ww
I. In the code language, ‘rainfall is adequate’ is 23. On which day of the week did Suresh visit Chennai?
written as ‘vo al ji’. (Assume that the week starts from Monday.)
II. In the code language, 'food is adequate’ is written I. Suresh took a leave on Wednesday.
as 'vo ji fa’. II. Suresh visited Chennai the day after his mother’s
III. In the code language, ‘food is delicious’ is written visit to his house.
as ‘fa vo re’. III. Suresh’s mother visited Suresh’s house on neither
1) Only I and III 2) Only II and III Monday nor Thursday.
3) Only I and II 4) All I, II and III 1) Only II and III are suf f icient t o answer the
5) None of these question.
18. How is Sanjeev related to Radha? 2) Only I and II are sufficient to answer the question.
I. Sanjeev is the son of Radha’s grandfather’s only 3) Only I and III are sufficient to answer the question.
daughter. 4) All I, II and III are required to answer the question.
II. Sanjeev has no siblings. 5) Question cannot be answered even with all I, II
III. Radha has only one brother. and III.
.in
1. 4; From A and B: (-) P T (+)
10. 2; Statement I and statement II both lack information
(-) R — S (+) — Q (+) about Manohar. Hence, reject the options 1), 3) and
Thus, P is mother of Q. 4).
From B and C: (-) P T (+) Now, check for the possibility of the option 2).
ng
Using, statement I and statement III, we get
S(+) — Q(+)
Answers and explanations
Manohar
Again, P is mother of Q. |
2 . 2; From A: L Pr amila ( ) * ( ) (Manohar ' s son )
eri
|
M K Rashmi ( ) Raju ( )
K is south-east of L. Hence A alone is sufficient.
From B: K is east of L but we don’t know whether Hence, Raju is the grandson of Manohar.
11. 4; From I: we get
3. 5;
north or south. And C is no help either.
In (B) we have no information about the sex of
e use the rope nik ta re ... (i)
gin
‘B’. Hence correct answer is either (A) or (C). From II: we get
4. 1; We can access the answer with the help of B rope is straight pe da ta ... (ii)
and either A or C. From III: we get
5. 4; From A: The possible situations are as follows: always use rope ma re ta ... (iii)
1. W — X — Y From I and II: We get that the only word which
2. W — Y — X
En
K KUNDAN
| code for ‘rope’ is ‘ta’.
W — X From II and III:
4. W —X We get that the code for ‘rope’ is ‘ta’.
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as indicated in 4. Hence, we need all the three 13. 4; From I and II: we get
informations.
M P1 P2 P3 —
6. 2; Statement C has no relation either with statement |
A or with B. In the statement C, ‘W’ is not being R _______ Q
w.
talked about. Similarly, in statemnts A and B, ‘L’ P may be towards North or North-west or North-
is not being talked about. Hence all the three East of Q. Since we do not get any specific answer
statements even together are not sufficient. both I and II together are not sufficient.
7. 4; VQPSTRU or UQPSTRV From I and III: We get
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8. 2; From A: B = 2S; P3
3 M
From B: B-1 = S;
2 P2
From C: (S-1)4 = B
Where, B = no. of brothers; P1
S = no. of sisters R Q
We have three different equations. Hence any Once, again we do not get any specific answer
two of them will be sufficient. because P may be North-West or North or North-
9. 2; From (A): East of Q.
(+)P —— M(+) From I, II and III: we get
| |
L S
Hence ‘M’ is uncle of ‘L’.
of Radha.
M P 19. 3; From I and II: We get
Sulabha's rank from top = 5 + 10 = 15th
Sulabha's rank from bottom = 25th
Total number of students in the class
= 15 + 25 - 1 = 39
2 0 . 3; From the statements II and III:
R Q
P is to the North of Q.
14. 3; From I: We get Sunita’s rank is (15-5 =) 10th
from the bottom, ie (45 - 10 + 1 =) 36th from the
top. Though, sex of M is not known, it is given in
From II and III: We get statement III, that T has three children and only
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Radha's rank from top = 30th one of them is boy. Therefore, we may conclude
Neeta’s rank from top = 45 - 4 + 1 = 42nd that W has two daughters.
21. 4; From statement I:
30 42 E > B > A
Now, Sunita’s rank =
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2 From statement II:
= 36th (from top) — > — > — > C > — > —
15. 5; From I and II: We get From statement III:
L > T > F > P Now combining all the above statements, we have
E > B > A > C > D > F
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J > P
From I, II and III: We get 2 2 . 5; From statement II:
L > T > F > P
L > J > P
Hence, 'L' scored the highest.
16. 4; From III: We get
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Q R
P
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the pillar 'P' is to the North-East of the pillar 'Q'.
17. 2; From II and III: We get Now combining statements I and II:
food is adequate vo ji fa ... (i) R W
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(-)
now or never again torn ka na sa ...(i)
Radha again go now or never na ho ka sa torn ...(ii)
Sanjeev From (i) and (ii), code for ‘go’ is ‘ho’.
(+)
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Chapter 24
Syllogism
Introduction (b) Particular Proposition: Part icular proposition
either only partly include or only partly exclude the subject
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Syllogism is originally a word given by the Greeks. while making a statement. Examples are,
Which means ‘inference’ or ‘deduction’. Some documents are secret.
Some cloths are not cotton.
Definitions of Some Important Terms
Particular propositions are also further classified as
The terms defined below are used in the well defined
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( i ) Particular Positive Proposition: A proposition
method for solving the problems on syllogism. of the form “Some S are P”, for example, “Some
documents are secret”, is called a particular positive
Proposition proposition and it is denoted by the letter “I”.
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( i i) Particular Negative Proposition: A proposition
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A proposition is a sentence that makes a statement
and gives a relation between two terms. It consists of of the form “Some S are not P” for example, “Some
three parts (a) the subject; (b) the predicate; (c) the relation cloths are not cotton”, is called a particular negative
between the subject and the predicate. proposition. And is usually denoted by the letter
Some examples of propositions are being given below: “O”.
( i ) All coasts are beaches.
( i i) No students are honest.
e Important Note
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( i ii ) Some documents are secret The definition of the A, E, I, O propositions are very,
( iv) Some cloths are not cotton. very important and the student must have the ability to
immediately recognise these types. With this need in mind
Subject and Predicate we are listing these four types of propositions in the
A subject is that part of the proposition about which following table:
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something is being said. A predicate, on the other hand,
is that term of the proposition which is stated about or
related to the subject. Type of
Universal Particular
Thus, for example, in the four propositions mentioned Proposition
above, ‘coasts’, ‘students’, ‘documents’ and ‘cloths’ are A Format: I Format:
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subjects while ‘beaches’, ‘honest’, ‘secret’ and ‘cotton’ are All S are P Some S are P.
predicates. Positive Example: Example:
All coasts are Some documents
Categorical Propositions beaches. are secret.
E Format: O Format:
A categorical proposition makes a direct assertion. It
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Examples are,
All coasts are beaches. statements are given: “All tips are balls” and “All balls are
No Students are honest. pencils”, then a conclusion could be drawn that “All tips
Universal propositions are further classified as are pencils”. This is a case of syllogism or mediate inference
( i ) Universal Positive Proposition: A proposition of because conclusion is drawn from two propositions. We
the form “All S are P”, for example, “All coasts are will learn how to draw conclusion (mediate inference)
beaches”, is called a universal positive proposition. from the two given propositions later on in this chapter.
And it is usually denoted by a letter “A”. Immediate Inf erence: In immediat e inf er ence
( i i) Universal Negative Proposition: A proposition conclusion is drawn from only one given proposition. For
of the form “No S are P”, for example, “No students example, let a given statement be “All coasts are beaches”.
ar e honest ”, is called a univ er sal negativ e Then, based on this statement, a conclusion could be
proposition. And it is usually denoted by a letter drawn that “Some beaches are coasts”. This is a case of
“E”. immediate inference.
Syllogism 599
Important Cases of Immediate Inference by analytical method than venn-diagram method. Though,
I will be discussing about Venn-Diagram also in the latter
In order to be able to solve syllogism problems completely section of this book.
and speedily we need to have a thorough idea of immediate The analytical method for solving syllogism completely
inference. There are many aspects or methods of immediate consists of the following easy steps:
infer ence. These include conv er sion, obver sion,
contraposition etc. We shall not study the less important I. Draw mediate inferences
of these methods. We shall see only two important cases II. Draw immediat e inferences (implicat ion or
of immediate inference. conversion)
III. Check for complementary pairs
I. Implications (of a given proposition):
Let us see examples given below: I. Draw Mediate Inferences
(a) Suppose we are given a proposition “All coasts are
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beaches”. then this proposition naturally implies There are two extremely simple steps to draw mediate
that the conclusion “Some coasts are beaches” must inferences:
be true. It is very easy to comprehend because if
“all” are beaches, then “some” (“some” is only a Step I: Properly align the given sentences.
part of “all”) must be beaches. Step II: Use the given table to draw the conclusion.
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(b) Take the statement “No students are honest”. If
t his stat ement is tr ue the conclusion “Some
students are not honest”, too, must be true. Step I: Aligning the given sentences
Thus, the above examples state that
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The first step is to properly align the two sentences.
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( i ) if a given proposition is of A-type, then it also implies Before going into the details of ‘aligning’ we must remember
that the I-type conclusion must be true. that “The two given propositions must always have
( i i) an E-type proposition also implies an O-type conclusion. one common term, otherwise no conclusion could be
Always remember the above two implications as thumb drawn”
rules.
Step I: The subject becomes t he predicat e and t he ( i ) changing the order of the sentences and/or
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predicate becomes the subject. ( i i) convert one of the sentences.
Step II: The type of the given proposition is changed Now, see t he examples giv en below t hat will bet ter
according to the pattern given in the table. illustrate the concept:
Table: Rules of Conversion
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No students are honest. No honest are students. (a) Converting the first statement
I Format: I Format: All boys are goodlooking conversion Some
Some S are P. Some P are S. goodlooking are boys. Hence the aligned pair is
Example: Example: [Some goodlooking are boys.
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Some documents are secret. Some secret are documents. Some boys are Indian.]
O Format: (b) Converting the second statement and changing the
Some S are not P. O-Type statements order of the sentences
Example: cannot be converted. The aligned pair will be
Some cloths are not cotton. [Some Indians are boys. (converted form of
second statement)
Analytical Method to Solve Syllogism All boys are goodlooking.]
There can be two methods of solving syllogism. the Ex. 2: I. Some girls are cute.
analytical method and the method of Venn-diagrams. II. Some Americans are cute.
To solve syllogism, I take analytical method instead of Discussion:
Venn-diagram method delebrately because I consider, Here the term ‘cute’ is common to both the given
analyt ical met hod is easier t o compr ehend and the statements. And the predicate of the first statement is the
candidate can solve questions on syllogism more quickly predicate of the second statement. Hence the statement
are not properly aligned.
We can align the pair by Note : The reader should note that
(a) converting the first statement and changing the (i) There are only 6 cases where a conclusion can be
order of the statements. The aligned pair will be: drawn. These cases are highlighted in the table
[Some Americans are cute. by bold letters and can be memorised in short form
Some cute are girls (converted form of first as:
statement).] A + A = A
(b) converting the second statement, the aligned pair A + E = E
will be: E + A = O*
[Some girls are cute. E + I = O*
Some cute are Americans (converted form of I + A = I
second statement).] I + E = O
Ex. 3: I. No table is chair. (ii) The ‘-’ sign in the third column of the above table
II. Some doors are tables. means that no definite conclusion can be drawn.
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Discussion: (iii) Above table gives correct results if and only if the two
Here the term ‘table’ is common to both the given sentences have been properly aligned.
statements. And the subject of the first statement is (iv) Format of the conclusion (very important): The
predicate of the second statement. Hence the statements conclusion or the inference is itself a proposition
are not properly aligned. We can align this pair by changing whose subject is the subject of the first statement
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the order of the statements. The aligned pair will be: and whose predicate is the predicate of the second
[Some doors are tables. No table is a chair.] statement. The common term disappears.
Ex. 4: I. Some books are pants. (v) The meaning of O*: In the third column of above
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II. No pants are worthy. table we have written O* in place of O at two places.
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Discussion: By O* we mean that the conclusion or inference is
Here the term ‘pants’ is common to both the statements. of type O but its format is exactly opposite the
And the sentences are already aligned, since predicate of format mentioned in (iv). In this case the subject
the first statement is the subject of the second statement. of the inference is the predicate of the second
Rule of IEA
e sentence and the predicate of the inference is the
subject of the first sentence.
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W e have seen t hat in order t o align a sent ence,
An illustrative example
conversion is necessary when the common term is either
a subject in both the sentences or a predicate in both the Draw inferences for the following pairs of statements:
sentences (see Ex. 1 and Ex. 2 in the previous section). (i) All books are hooks.
In such cases we have to convert one of the sentences. A All hooks are crooks.
question may arise here as to which of the two statements (ii) All tables are chairs.
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to choose for conversion. For this remember the rule of All tables are glasses.
IEA. That is, given a pair of to-be-aligned sentences, the (iii) Some posters are goodlooking.
prior ity should be given, while conv er t ing t o I-t ype All posters are expensive.
stat ement , t o E-t ype st at ement and t hen t o A-type (iv) Some pencils are torches.
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statement, in that order. Hence, if in the given pair one No books are pencils.
sentence is of type I and the other of type A, then the (v) No bandit is kindhearted.
sentence of type I should be converted. All bandits are blackmailers.
(vi) Some roses are red.
Step II: Use the table to draw conclusions Some roses are good.
Solution:
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Syllogism 601
( i ii ) Step I: Again the common term ‘posters’ is a subject Conclusions: (i) Some buses are trucks.
in both the sent ences. By the r ule of IEA we (ii) Some cars are buses.
convert the I-type statement which is the first Here we have, A + A = A. Hence the conclusion should
stat ement. Consequent ly, t he aligned pair of be: “All buses are cars.” But this answer choice is not
sentences is: given. But if we convert this statement we get “Some cars
Some goodlooking are posters (converted). are buses” which is the second given conclusion. Also,
All posters are expensive. an immediate implication of “All buses are trucks” is “Some
Step II: I + A = I, hence inference is: buses are trucks”. Hence, here again, both the conclusions
Some goodlooking are expensive. are correct.
(iv) Step I: The common term ‘pencils’ is a subject in Hence the abov e t hr ee examples show that while
one sentence and a predicate in the other. Hence, judging the given conclusions, we should not only take the
changing the order of the statements is sufficient conclusion (mediate inference) drawn from the table (if any) as
to align the t wo sentences. Consequently, the correct, but the immediate inferences (immediate implications
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aligned pair will be: and/or conversions) of the given statements as well as of the
No books are pencils. conclusion drawn from the table, should also be treated as
Some pencils are torches. correct inferences.
Step II: E + I = O*. As we know, O* means that the
conclusion is of type O but the subject of the III. Check for Complementary Pair
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conclusion is the predicate of the second sentence We can say this step as Step IV.
and the predicate of the conclusion is the subject Two statements make a complementary pair if
of the first sentence. Hence, inference is: (a) both of them have the same subject and the same
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Some torches are not books. predicate.
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(v) Step I: By the rule of IEA, we convert the E-type (b) they fall into any of these categories:
statement. The aligned pair is: (i) I and O type pair
No kindhearted is a bandit. (ii) E and I type pair
All bandits are blackmailers. (iii) A and O type pair
Step II: E + A= O*. Hence, inference is:
Some blackmailers are not kindhearted.
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Ex. 1: Conclusions:
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(vi) Step I: We convert the first sentence and obtain (i) Some students are Indians.
the following pair of aligned sentences: (ii) Some students are not Indians.
Some red are roses. It is easy t o underst and t hat one of t hese
Some roses are good. conclusions must be true. This is because when
Step II: I + I = _. This means that there can be no ‘Some students are Indians’ is false the other
definite inference.
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II. Draw Immediate Inferences (implication or automatically tr ue. W e call such a pair of
sentences as complementary pair. Thus a pair
conversion)
of sentences is called complementary pair if it is
We say this step as Step III. so that when one is false other is true. Hence, in
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Step III: Check for any immediate inferences a complementary pair, at least one of the two
(implication or conversion) statements is always true. This is a typical case
Consider the following. Here two statements are given, where the choice “either (i) or (ii) follows” is
followed by two conclusions. true. Remember that this answer choice follows
(i) Statements: All books are chairs. even without looking at the statements.
All chairs are red. W e giv e below some mor e examples of
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But if we convert this conclusion, we obtain: Some red Some beautiful are not kind.
(objects) are books. Hence, both the conclusions given above More generally, we can classify complementary
should be taken as true. pairs by the type of proposition. You may notice
(i) Statements: Some buses are trucks. that in Ex 2, E and I type propositions made
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first sentence and the subject of the second. of course, be a little more time-taking but it is not more
Hence the sent ences do not appear t o be difficult.
complement ar y. But if we conv ert t he f ir st
sentence from ‘Some books are hooks’ to ‘Some Step I:
hooks are books’, the two sentences have the same The first step in solving a three-statement syllogism
subject and predicate now, and being an ‘I and O’ problem involves “carefully choosing the two relevant
pair they are complementary. statements out of the three given statements”. You should
Note: This step asks you to check for a complementary perform the first step in the following manner:
pair. If you do find a complementary pair you should (i) Take a given conclusion.
choose “eit her of t hem f ollows”. This st ep is (ii) See the subject and the predicate of this given
applicable to only those conclusions which do not conclusion.
follow from step II or III. Thus, the choice “Either (iii) Now see which of the two given statements has
of them follows” should be chosen if this subject and predicate.
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( i ) None of the given two conclusions are found (iv) A. If there is one term common between the two
to be correct, and statements chosen in the previous part [(iii)],
( i i) the two conclusions form a complementary t hese two st at ements are your relevant
pair. statements.
The rule is explained by way of the following examples:
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B. If there is no term common between the two
Ex. 5: Statements: Some stones are radios. statements chosen in the previous part [(iii)],
Some radios are chairs. then all the three statements are your relevant
Conclusions: No stones are chairs. statements. In this case you will have to apply
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Some chairs are stones. a chain-like formula.
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Explanation: You may check that none of the
giv en conclusions is cor r ect . But t he t wo Step II:
conclusions form a complementary pair because In syllogism, there are four types of statements, viz A,
they are ‘E and I’ type. Hence the choice ‘either E, I and O. When two statements are given and they
of them follows’ is correct.
Ex. 6: Statements: Some stones are radios.
e are arranged in such a way that the predicate of the
first sentence and the subject of the second sentence
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Some radios are chairs. is the same, then the f ollowing six f ormulae are
Conclusions: No stones are chairs. applicable.
Some chairs are not stones. A + A = A I + A = I I + E = O
Explanation: You may check that none of the A + E = E E + A = O* E + I = O*
giv en conclusions is cor r ect . The answer Note: O* means “O reversed.” In this case the predicate
conclusions do not form a complementary pair
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[E-O pair is not complementary]. Hence the choice order. For example, “No bomb is comb” + (Some combs
‘None of them follows’ is correct. are bullets” is of the form E +1 and it will give a
Ex. 7: Statements: Some stones are radios. conclusion “O reversed”, ie “Some bullets are not
All radios are chairs. bombs”. It will not be “Some bombs are not bullets”.
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Conclusions: Some stones are chairs. Thus, in the second step you should apply the
Some stones are not chairs. formulae to get conclusions. The second step should
Explanation: W e see that t he answer be performed in the following order:
conclusions form a complementary pair. But this (i) Take a giv en conclusion. See its subject and
does not mean that the choice “either of the two predicate. Now, by using the first step, find out
follows” is correct. This is because the conclusion how many and which statements are relevant for
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the steps to do a syllogism problem. first sentence and the subject of the second
Step I: Properly align the sentences. sentence are the same, and the predicate of the
Step II: Use the table to draw conclusion. second sentence and the subject of the third
Step III: Check for immediate inferences. sentence are the same. For example,
Step IV: Check for complementary pairs if steps II and III
fail. A. No hook is a cook.
Each of the steps given above has been elaborately and B. All books are docks.
clearly explained before. The reader is advised t o go C. Some docks are hooks.
through those details once again.
Syllogism 603
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mark the choice “either of the two follows”.
Also, not e t hat when thr ee st at ement s ar e
simultaneously relevant, you have to write them A Summary of the Method
in a chain and use the formula repeatedly. For
example, if you get I + A + E, you should write it as The entire process of solving three-statement syllogism
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(I + A) + E I + E ( I + A = I) O ( I + E = O). is performed in three simple steps. These three steps
Thus you get, I + A + E = O. have been already described above. To make it clearer, we
Similarly,you may see that A + E + I = (A + E) + I = are giving below the gist of these three steps:
(E) + I = O* or O reversed. Take a given conclusion.
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Perform step I. In other words, find out the relevant
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(iv) Now compare the given conclusion with the result
of the formula that you have applied. If they match, statements to test this conclusion.
the given conclusion is true. If they do not match, Perform step II. In other words, use the formulae to test
it is false. a given conclusion. [If more than two statements
are relevant for a given conclusion, use the chain-
Step III:
e like formulae]. If the given conclusion has been
rejected in step II.
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In certain cases, a conclusion follows directly from
Perform step III: (i). In other words check for immediate
one giv en statement only. This is called immediate
inference. If the given conclusion has still not
inference. Also, in some cases, two given answer choices
been accepted.
make a complementary pair, and in such cases “either of
Perf orm step III: (ii) . In ot her words check f or
them follows” should be chosen. Therefore, in the third
complementary pair. [Note: You do not need to
step you should do the following:
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been accepted in step II. Again, you do not need
conclusion. If it has already been marked as a valid
to perform step III (ii), if a given conclusion has
conclusion after step II then leave it. Otherwise,
already been accepted in step III (i)].
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Illustrative Examples
Ex. 1: Statements: (A) All docks are boxes. Some cars are docks. (I)
(B) Some cars are docks.
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IV. Some cars are not chocolates. step III because the conclusion has been accepted
1) Only I and IV follow in step II itself.)
2) Only I and II follow Conclusion II. Now we take conclusion II. Here, the
3) Either III or IV, and I follow subject is ‘chocolates’ and the predicate ‘docks’. Now
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Now, we have: A + E = E. Hence, the conclusion step II and step III mentally, too. Once you attain the skill
will be “No docks are chocolates”. Now the given you will be able to solve 5 questions of three-statement
conclusion is: “No chocolates are docks”. But “No syllogism in less than 4 minutes. To convince you that
docks are chocolates” automatically implies “No t his method is r eally f ast , I am pr esenting anot her
chocolates are docks”. Hence this conclusion is also example. In this example, I am only writing the relevant
valid. [Again we do not need to perform step III steps and omitting unnecessary details.
because the conclusion has been accepted in step II Ex. 2: Statements: A. All birds are swans.
itself.] B. Some skirts are birds.
Conclusion III. Now we take conclusion III. Here, the C. All swans are ducks.
subject is ‘cars’ and the predicate ‘chocolates’. We Conclusions: I. Some ducks are birds.
see that ‘cars’ appears in ‘B’ while ‘chocolates’ appears II. Some skirts are ducks.
in ‘C’. Now, is there any common term between ‘B’ III. All birds are ducks.
and ‘C’? We see that t here is no term common IV. Some birds are not ducks.
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between ‘B’ and ‘C’. So we will have to use a chain- 1) Only I and II follow
like f ormula in this case because all the thr ee 2) Only II and III follow
statements are relevant here. 3) Either III or IV follows
So we should perform step II. For this we should 4) I, II and either III or IV follow
write the three statements in such a way that the 5) I, II and III follow
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predicate of the first sentence is the subject of the Solution:
second and the predicate of the second sentence is Conclusions I, III, IV: Subject and predicate are “ducks”
the subject of the third. This is done as: and “birds”. Hence, the relevant statements are A
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Some cars are docks. (I) and C. Now, All birds are swans + All swans are
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ducks = A + A = A = All birds are ducks. Hence, III
is valid. Again, “All birds are ducks” gives “Some
All docks are boxes. (A) ducks are birds”. Hence I is valid. Ill and IV make
complementary pair but we do not choose “either III
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that “Some cars are not chocolates” does not follow Hence, conclusion II is valid.
from any of the three given statements alone. So Answer: 5 (I, II, III follow).
this test fails. Now, we perform step III (ii). For this,
we will have to first search any other conclusion The Euler’s Circles or Venn-Diagrams
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that has the same subject; and predicate. We see Ther e is a pict or ial way of r epr esent ing the
that conclusion IV fulfils this condition because the proposit ions, f or mulated by Euler , an ancient
subject and the predicate of conclusions III and IV mathematician. Suppose that the proposition is trying to
are the same: ‘cars’ and ‘chocolates’ respectively. relate the subject (S) with the predicate (P). Then there
Again, conclusion III is of type I and conclusion IV are f our ways in which t he relat ion could be made
is of type O and we know that an I-O pair makes a according to the four propositions:
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Type-I Type-O
Conclusion IV.
As already explained, it is a valid conclusion.
Answer: 4 (I, II and IV follow).
Quicker Approach
Fig. III Fig. IV
Till now, we have presented step-by-step, exhaustive
Some S are P. Some S are not P.
solutions to the questions. This may give an indication
that this method is very lengthy. But, actually it is not so. Fig. I clearly represents ‘All S are P’. This is denoted
In fact, once you have solved ten such questions, the by the fact that the whole circle denoting S (denoting ‘all
method will become very easy for you. First of all, you S’) lies within the circle denoting P. Similarly, Fig. II
should do step I mentally. After a certain time you won’t represents ‘No S are P’ because the circles denoting S and
take more than a couple of seconds for this step. Similarly, P do not intersect at all. Fig. III, similarly, represents the
after some practice, you will develop the ability of doing proposition “Some S are P” because some part of the circle
Syllogism 605
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Let S= {Green, Red, Blue, Madan, Mohan} and let P =
the circle P and hence the representation would take the
{names}. Now, in this case, there are some S (Green, Red,
form of Fig. VI.
Blue) that are not names and therefore not P. While there
Quite similar to this, there could be the case of the
are some S (Madan, Mohan) that are names and are,
statement “Some S are P”. This statement is as ambiguous
therefore, P. Therefore, here, we have “Some S are not P”
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as the statement “Some S are not P”. The reader may
while “Some S are P”. The correct pictorial representation
analyse this statement on the same lines as discussed
for such a case would be like Fig. Ill, that is:
above. He should be able to appreciate the fact that “Some
S are P” may have two aspects. One, where the remaining
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S are not P, and two, where the remaining S are also P.
“Some S are not P”. Correspondingly, there could be two representations, viz:
[“Some S are P”.]
Fig. V “Some S are P”.
Now, consider another case. [“Some S are not P”.]
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Let, S = {even numbers}, that is, S - {2,4,6,8,.....}, and
let P = {odd numbers}, that is, P = {1,3,5,7,....}. Now, here
and
“Some S are P”
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again, we may find “Some S”, say {2,4,8} that are not odd [“All S are P”.]
numbers and, therefore, not P. Therefore, the proposition
“Some S are not P” is true in this case as well. But on a
closer scrutiny we find that there is no element in S
which is an odd number or which is a P. In fact, here, Fig. VII
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we have “No S are P”. The correct pictorial representation Based on the discussions made so far, we tabulate the
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for such a case would be like figure II, that is, concepts developed in the following table.
A
All S are P Always
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E Always
No S are P
Some S are P.
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I Some S are P
Some S are P Or, [All S are P]
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All S are P Therefore, ‘No P are S’ is a case of certainty.
For t his stat ement , f ollowing ar e the def init e
conclusions: I-Type [Some S are P]
(i) All S are P conv er sion Some P are S I. Implication
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[Definitely True] Conclusions:
[Since, on conversion of A-Type statement, we (i) No S are P [False]
obtain I-type of statement] The above conclusion is definitely false.
(ii) All S are P implicat ion Some S are P
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Cases of Possibilities:
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[Definitely True] (i) All S are P [Doubtful]
(iii) No S are P [Definitely False] (ii) Some S are not P [Doubtful]
(iv) Some S are not P [Definitely False] All the above statements are cases of possibilities.
Therefore, the above drawn conclusions are cases of II. Conversion
certainties. Some S are P (I) conversion Some P are S (I). The
(2) When definite conclusions cannot be drawn from the
pair of aligned statements (mediate inference), cases
e above statement is a definite conclusion obtained by
conversion of the given I-Type of proposition. There
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of possibilities exist. are some possibilities related to I-type of statements
It should be noted that there are only six cases where as given below:
a conclusion can be drawn. These cases are as given (i) All P are S
below: (ii) Some P are not S
A + A = A
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KUNDAN
E + A = O*
I. Implication
E + I = O*
Conclusions:
I + A = I
(i) All S are P [False]
I + E = O
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Syllogism 607
O-Type [Some S are not P] being P. Therefore, conclusion I follows. Again, Some
(i) No S are P P are Q + All Q are R = I + A = I = Some P are R. From
(ii) Some S are P this conclusion, possibility of all P being R exists.
(iii) All P are S Therefore, conclusion II follows. But if II is possible,
(iv) No P are S I can’t be possible. How? Then All P are R + No R is
(v) Some P are S S = A + E = E = No P is S. Thus, both conclusions I
(vi) Some P are not S and II can’t follow simultaneously. Therefore, ‘Either
I or II follows’ will be the correct answer.
Mediate Possibilities Ex. 2: Statements: Some P are Q.
All Q are R.
When we have been given any of the following types No R is S.
of pair of aligned statements, cases of possibilities Conclusions:
exist: I. All P being R is a possibility.
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A + I; A + O; E + E; E + O; I + I; I + O; O + [A or E or II. All S being P is a possibility.
I or O] Ex planation:
Suppose, we have the following propositions: Some P are Q + All Q are R = I + A = I = Some P are R
1. A + I All P being R is a possibility. Therefore, conclusion
All S are P I follows. Again, Some P are Q + All Q are R + No R is
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Some P are Q S = I + A + E = (I + A) + E = I + E = O = Some P are not
2. A + O S All S being P is a possibility. Therefore, conclusion
All S are P II follows. But, conclusions I and II both cannot be
Some P are not Q
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true simultaneously. If I follows, All P are R + No R is
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3. E + E
S = A + E = E = No P is S. Hence II can’t follow.
No S is P
Hence, ‘Either I or II follows’ will be the correct
No P is Q
answer.
4. E + O
No S is P Determining the Hidden Proposition
Some P are not Q
5. I + I
e The reader must have noticed that there are some
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Some S are P sentences in the previous example that are on standard
Some P are Q patter ns as given in t he f irst table. But some other
6. I + O sentences are not on the standard patterns. We should
Some S are P know, therefore, how to find out the hidden propositions
Some P are not Q in such sentences.
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statements for O + A, O + E, O + I and O + O also. Some A-type propositions not beginning with ‘All’
W e know t hat fr om t he above pair s of aligned (i) All positive propositions beginning with ‘every’, ‘each’,
statements, definite conclusions cannot be drawn. ‘any’, are A-type propositions.
But some relationships between S and Q exist and
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Examples:
we cannot say definitely that the relationships do (a) Every man makes sandwiches.
exist. Therefore, cases of possibility arise. That is
(All men make sandwiches.)
there are the possibilities that some relationships
(b) Each of them has a share of profit.
between S and Q exist. For any of the above pairs of
aligned statements, following are the all standard (All (of them) have a share of profit.)
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cases of possibilities that exist between S and Q. (c) Any one could kill a mosquito.
(a) All S are Q (All (men) can kill mosquitoes.)
(b) Some S are Q (ii) A positive sentence with a particular person as its subject
(c) Some S are not Q is always an A-type proposition.
(d) All Q are S Examples:
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(iii) A negative sentence with a very definite exception is also propositions.
of E-type. Examples:
Example: (a) All men are not rich.
No student except Ram has failed. (Some men are not rich.)
(iv) When an interrogative sentence is used to make an
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(b) Every one is not present.
assertion, this could be reduced to an E-type proposition.
(Some are not present.)
Examples:
(c) All that glitters is not gold.
(a) Is there any sanity left in the world?
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(No sanity is left in the world.) (Some glittering objects are not gold.)
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(b) Is there any person who can cheat himself? (ii) Negative propositions with words as ‘most’, ‘a few’,
(None can cheat himself.) ‘mostly’, ‘generally’, ‘almost’, ‘frequently’ are to be reduced
to the O-type.
Some I-type propositions not beginning with Examples:
‘Some’
(i) Positive propositions beginning with words such as ‘most’,
e (a) Girls are usually not feminine.
(Some girls are not feminine.)
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‘a few’, ‘mostly’, ‘generally’, ‘almost’, ‘frequently’, ‘often’, (b) Students are not frequently short-tempered.
‘at least’ are to be reduced to the I-type. (Some students are not short-tempered.)
Examples: (c) Almost all the books have not been sold.
(a) Girls are usually feminine. (Some books have not been sold.)
(Some girls are feminine.) (d) Most of the paper is not handmade.
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(b) Students are frequently short-tempered. (Some (of the) paper is not handmade.)
(Some students are short-tempered.) (iii) Positive propositions with beginning words such as few’,
(c) Almost all the books have been sold. ‘seldom’,‘hardly’’scarcely’,’rarely’, ‘little’etc are to be
(Some books have been sold.) reduced to the O-type.
Examples:
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Examples:
(a) Few men are not corruptible. (a) No students except two have passed.
(Some men are corruptible.) (Some students have not passed.)
(b) Seldom are people not jealous. (b) No students except a few are absent.
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Syllogism 609
Exercise–1
Directions: In each question below are given two (12-14): Statements: All D's are A's.
statements followed by two conclusions numbered I All A's are C's.
and II. You have take the two given statements to be 12. Conclusions: I. Some C's are D's.
true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly II. Some A's are D's.
known facts. Read the conclusions and then decide 13. Conclusions: I. All D's are C's.
which of the given conclusions logically follows from II. Some D's are not A's.
the given statements disregarding commonly known 14. Conclusions: I. All A's are D's.
facts. II. All C's are A's.
Give answer (15-16): Statements: All doors are windows.
1) If only conclusion I follows. Some windows are clips.
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2) if only conclusion II follows. 15. Conclusions: I. Some clips are doors.
3) if either I or II follows. II. Some windows are doors.
4) if neither I nor II follows. 16. Conclusions: I. Some clips, if they are doors, they
5) if both I and II follow. are also windows.
1. Statements: All leaders are good team workers. II. All clips which are not windows
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All good team workers are good orators. are also not doors.
Conclusions: I. Some good team wor ker s ar e (17-18): Statements: No shoe is a chappal.
leaders. Some chappals are sandals.
II. All good orators are leaders. 17. Conclusions: I. Some sandals are not chappals.
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2. Statements: All terrorists are human. II. Sandals which are not chappals
All humans are bad. are shoes.
Conclusions: I. All terrorists are bad. 18. Conclusions: I. No sandal is a shoe.
II. No human can be a terrorist. II. Sandals which are chappals are not
3. Statements: Some teachers are followers.
Some followers are famous.
e shoes.
19. Statements: Some paints are red.
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Conclusions: I. Some teachers are famous. All red which are paints are yellow.
II. Some followers are teachers. Conclusions: I. Some paints are yellow.
4. Statements: Ship was overturned. II. Some yellow are red.
Captain was not traced. 2 0 . Statements: All seats are hot.
Conclusions: I. Captain died in the accident. All belts are hot.
II. Captain is alive. Conclusions: I. Some seats are belts.
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5. Statements: Some dedicated souls are angels. II. All hot are either seats or belts.
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All social workers are angels. (21-22): Statements: All buildings are houses.
Conclusions: I. Some dedicated souls are social No house is an apartment.
workers. All apartments are flats.
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II. Some social workers are dedicated 21. Conclusions: I. No flat is a house.
souls. II. No building is an apartment.
6. Statements: a. All huts are palaces. 2 2 . Conclusions: I. All buildings being f lat s is a
b. All palaces are houses. possibility.
Conclusions: I. Some houses are huts. II. All apartments being building is a
II. Some houses are palaces. possibility.
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7. Statements: a. Some books are pencils. (23-24): Statements: Some oceans are seas.
b. Class is a book. All oceans are rivers.
Conclusions: I. Some pencils are books. No river is a canal.
II. No pencil is book. 23. Conclusions: I. All rivers can never be oceans.
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8. Statements: a. All parrots are ducks. II. All canals being oceans is a
b. All ducks are hens. possibility.
Conclusions: I. All parrots are hens. 24. Conclusions: I. No ocean is a canal.
II. All ducks are parrots. II. At least some seas are rivers.
9. Statements: a. Some thoughts are brights. (25-26): Statements: No day is night.
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(29-30) Statements: Some institutes are banks. 38. Statements: Some mails are chats.
All institutes are academies. All updates are chats.
All academies are schools. Conclusions: I. All mails being updat es is a
29. Conclusions: I. Some institutes are not schools. possibility.
II. All academies being banks is a II. No update is a mail.
possibility. (39-40): Statements: No stone is metal.
30. Conclusions: I. All banks can never be schools. Some metals are papers.
II. Any bank which is an institute is All papers are glass.
a school. 39. Conclusions: I. No glass is metal.
(31-32) Statements: All energies are forces. II. At least some glasses are metals.
No force is torque. 40. Conclusions: I. All st ones being glass is a
All torques are powers. possibility.
31. Conclusions: I. All ener gies being power is a II. No stone is paper.
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possibility. 41. Statements: All rings are circles.
II. All power s being f orce is a All squares are rings.
possibility. No ellipse is a circle.
32. Conclusions: I. All those powers if they are forces Conclusions: I. Some r ings being ellipses is a
are also energies. possibility.
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II. No energy is torque. II. At least some circles are squares.
33. Statements: All circles are squares. 42. Statements: No house is an apartment.
Some squares are rectangles. Some bungalows are apartments.
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Conclusions: I. All rectangles being squares is a Conclusions: I. No house is a bungalow.
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possibility. II. All bungalows are houses.
II. All circles being rectangles is a 43. Statements: Some gases are liquids.
possibility. All liquids are water.
34. Statements: No gadget is a machine. Conclusions: I. All gases being water is a
All machines are computers.
Conclusions: I. No computer is a gadget.
e possibility.
II. All such gases which are not water
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II. All computers being gadgets is a can never be liquids.
possibility. 44. Statements: All minutes are seconds.
35. Statements: Some paintings are drawings. All seconds are hours.
All sketches are paintings. No second is a day.
Conclusions: I. All sketches are drawings. Conclusions: I. No day is an hour.
II. Some sketches being drawings is a II. At least some hours are minutes.
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possibility. (45-46): Statements: Some teachers are professors.
(36-38): Statements: All gliders are parachutes. Some lecturers are teachers.
No parachute is an airplane. 45. Conclusions: I. All teachers as well as professors
All airplanes are helicopters. being lecturers is a possibility.
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Exercise–2
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Directions (Q. 1-15): In each of the questions below 2. Statements: a. Some icosahedrons ar e
are given two statements followed by three conclusions dodecahedrons.
numbered I, II and III. You have to take the given b. Some dodecahedrons ar e
statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance tetrahedrons.
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with commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions Conclusions: I. Some icosahedrons ar e
and then decide which of the given conclusions tetrahedrons.
logically f ollow( s) f rom the given statements II. Some icosahedrons ar e not
disregarding commonly known fact. dodecahedrons.
1. Statements: a. All quadrilaterals are rhombuses. III. Some tet r ahedrons ar e not
b. No rhombuses are trapeziums. dodecahedrons.
Conclusions: I. No quadrilaterals are trapeziums. 1) None follows 2) All follow
II. Some quadrilaterals are rhombuses. 3) Only I follow 4) Only II and III follow
III. All rhombuses are quadrilaterals. 5) None of these
1) All follow 3. Statements: a. No circles are parabolas.
2) Only I follows b. No parabolas are hyperbolas.
3) Only II follows Conclusions: I. No circles are hyperbolas.
4) Only either I or II follows II. No hyperbolas are circles.
5) None of these III. No hyperbolas are parabolas.
Syllogism 611
1) All follow 2) None follows 11. Statements: a. All bulbs are tables.
3) Only III follows 4) Only I and II follow b. Some bulbs are pots.
5) None of these Conclusions: I. All pots are tables.
4. Statements: a. No pentagrams are pentagons. II. No pot is table.
b. All pentagons are cubes. III. Some pots are tables.
Conclusions: I. Some cubes are not pentagons. 1) Only I 2) Only II
II. Some cubes are not pentagrams. 3) Only III 4) Only I and II
III. Some pentagrams are not cubes. 5) None of these
1) All follow 2) Only II follows 12. Statements: a. All rats are bells.
3) Only III follows 4) Only II and III follow b. All bells are cars.
5) None of these Conclusions: I. All bells are rats.
5. Statements: a. No horses are cats. II. Some cars are neither bells nor
b. Some cats are rats. rats.
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Conclusions: I. Some rats are horses. III. No car is rat.
II. Some rats are not horses. 1) Only I 2) Only II
III. Some cats are not horses. 3) Only III 4) Only II and III
1) Only II and III follow 5) None follows
2) Either I or II and III follow 13. Statements: a. All roads are trees.
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3) Only I and III follow b. No tree is soap.
4) Only III follow Conclusions: I. No soap is road.
5) None of these II. Some trees are roads.
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6. Statements: a. All tables are boxes. III. No road is soap.
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b. Some boxes are windows. 1) Only I 2) Only II 3) Only III
Conclusions: I. Some tables are windows. 4) None follows 5) All follow
II. All boxes are tables. 14. Statements: a. Some hotels are bricks.
III. No window is table. b. All bananas are bricks.
1) None follows
2) Only either I or III follows
e Conclusions: I. Some bananas are hotels.
II. Some bricks are hotels.
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3) Only either II or III follows III. No banana is hotel.
4) Only I and II follow 1) Only I and II
5) None of these 2) Only II and III
7. Statements: a. No room is tiger. 3) Only I follows
b. All tigers are goats. 4) Only either I or III and II follow
Conclusions: I. Some goats are rooms. 5) All follow
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II. All goats are rooms. 15. Statements: a. Some books are lamps.
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III. Some goats are tigers. b. Some lamps are rods.
1) None follows Conclusions: I. Some books are rods.
2) Only either II or III follows II. No rod is either book or lamp.
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II. Some buses are cars. Directions (Q. 16-25): In each question below, there
III. Some buses are roads. are two statements f ollowed by four conclusions
1) All follow 2) Only I and II follow numbered I, II, III and IV. You have to take the given
3) Only II and III follow 4) Only I and III follow statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance
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5) None of these with commonly known facts and then decide which
9. Statements: a. Some men are lions. of the given conclusions logically follow(s) from the
b. All foxes are lions. given statements.
Conclusions: I. Some foxes are men. 16. Statements: All birds are books.
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5) Only II, III and IV follow Conclusions: I. All flies are rats.
19. Statements: All boys are girls. II. All bats are rats.
No books are boys. III. All rats are flies.
Conclusions: I. Some books are girls. IV. Some flies are not bats.
II. Some books are not girls. 1) Only I and III follow
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III. Some girls are books. 2) Only III and IV follow
IV. Some girls are not books. 3) Only III and IV follow
1) Either I or II follows 4) Only II and III follow
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2) Either III or IV follows 5) None of these
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3) Only II and IV follow 24. Statements: All cups are saucers.
4) Either I or II, and IV follow All pots are cups.
5) Either III or IV, and II follow Conclusions: I. All pots are saucers.
20. Statements: All books are pens. II. All saucers are cups.
All books are tigers.
Conclusions: I. Some pens are books.
e III. Some cups are pots.
IV. Some saucers are pots.
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II. Some pens are tigers. 1) Only I and III follow
III. Some tigers are pens. 2) Only II and IV follow
IV. Some pens are not tigers. 3) Only I, III and IV follow
1) Only I and III follow 4) All follow
2) Only II and III follow 5) None of these
3) Only I follows 25. Statements: Some boats are buses.
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KUNDAN
4) I, II and III follow All trains are buses.
5) I and either II or IV follow Conclusions: I. No train is a boat.
21. Statements: All spoons are bowls. II. All buses are trains.
Some bowls are plates. III. Some buses are boats.
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Conclusions: I. Some spoons are plates. IV. Some trains are boats.
II. Some bowls are spoons. 1) Either I or IV and III follow
III. Some plates are spoons. 2) Only IV follows
IV. All bowls are spoons. 3) Only I and III follow
1) Only I follows 2) Only II follows 4) Only III and IV follow
3) Only II and III follow 4) Only I and II follow 5) None of these
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5) None of these
Exercise–3
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Directions: In each question below, there are three 2. Statements: Some shirts are trousers.
statements followed by two conclusions numbered I Some trousers are jackets.
and II. You have to take the given statements to be All jackets are shawls.
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true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly Conclusions: I. Some shawls are shirts.
known facts and then decide which of the given II. Some jackets are shirts.
conclusions logically follow( s) f rom the given 3. Statements: Some leaves are plants.
statements. Give answer Some plants are trees.
1) if only conclusion I follows Some trees are fruits.
2) if only conclusion II follows Conclusions: I. Some fruits are trees.
3) if either I or II follows II. Some trees are plants.
4) if neither I nor II follows 4. Statements: Some rats are dogs.
5) if both I and II follow Some dogs are horses.
1. Statements: Some pins are forks. Some horses are camels.
All forks are keys. Conclusions: I. Some horses are rats.
No key is lock. II. Some camels are horses.
Conclusions: I. Some locks are pins. 5. Statements: Some books are dictionaries.
II. No lock is a pin. Some dictionaries are files.
Syllogism 613
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8. Statement: All books are magazines. No flower is branch.
Some magazines are notebooks. Some branches are roots.
Some notebooks are papers. Conclusions: I. Some roots are goats.
Conclusions: I. Some books are notebooks. II. No root is goat.
II. Some magazines are papers. 22. Statements: All pots are rings.
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9. Statements: Some pearls are stones. All bangles are rings.
All stones are bricks. All rings are paints.
All bricks are walls. Conclusions: I. Some paints are pots.
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Conclusions: I. Some pearls are bricks. II. Some bangles are paints.
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II. Some pearls are walls. 23. Statements: All benches are cots.
10. Statements: Some apples are oranges. No cot is lamp.
Some oranges are grapes. Some lamps are candles.
All grapes are bananas. Conclusions: I. Some cots are benches.
Conclusions: I. Some apples are bananas.
II. Some oranges are bananas.
e
24.
II. Some candles are cots.
Statements: Some cats are dogs.
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11. Statements: All mobiles are phones. All dogs are goats.
All phones are computers. All goats are walls.
All computers are scanners. Conclusions: I. Some walls are dogs.
Conclusions: I. All mobiles are computers. II. Some walls are cats.
II. All phones are scanners. 25. Statements: Some buildings are sofas.
12. Statements: Some boxes are bags. Some sofas are benches.
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All trunks are drawers. Conclusions: I. Some tables are sofas.
Conclusions: I. All bags are drawers. II. No table is sofa.
II. All trunks are bags. 26. Statements: All rats are bats.
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13. Statements: All cars are buses. Some bats are desks.
Some buses are scooters. All desks are chairs.
No scooter is a train. Conclusions: I. Some desks are rats.
Conclusions: I. No bus is a train. II. Some chairs are rats.
II. Some buses are trains. 27. Statements: Some roads are ponds.
14. Statements: Some chairs are wheels. All ponds are stores.
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15. Statements: Some coins are notes. Some woods are chairs.
All notes are cards. All chairs are stones.
All cards are plastics. Conclusions: I. No stone is table.
Conclusions: I. Some coins are cards. II. Some stones are woods.
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II. All notes are plastics. 29. Statements: All letters are black.
16. Statements: Some desks are tents. All black are blue.
Some tents are rivers. No blue is green.
All rivers are ponds. Conclusions: I. No letter is green.
Conclusions: I. Some ponds are tents. II. Most blue are black.
II. Some ponds are desks. 30. Statements: Some fruits are mangoes.
17. Statements: All chair are pens. Some mangoes are red.
Some pens are knives. All red are vegetables.
All knives are rats. Conclusions: I. No fruit is red.
Conclusions: I. Some rats are chairs. II. Some fruits are red.
II. Some rats are pens. 31. Statements: Some eyes are ears.
18. Statements: Some forests are huts. Some ears are hands.
Some huts are walls. Conclusions: I. No hand is an eye.
Some walls are nets. II. Some eyes are hands.
32. Statements: Some books are pens. Conclusions: I. Some wast e which is whit e is
Some pens are pencils. water.
Some pencils are buttons. II. Some water is neither waste nor
Conclusions: I. Some buttons are pens. whit e.
II. Some pencils are books. 38. Statements: All keys are locks.
33. Statements: Some caps are shirts. No lock is a door.
All shirts are papers. All doors are windows.
Conclusions: I. All shir t s which ar e caps ar e Conclusions: I. No key is a door.
papers. II. Some windows are locks.
II. Some shirts are caps. 39. Statements: All districts are cities.
34. Statements: 10% shoes are chappals. All states are cities.
5% chappals are papers. Some cities are countries.
99% papers are pens. Conclusions: I. Some states are districts.
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Conclusions: I. Some shoes are papers. II. Some countries are states.
II. Some shoes are pens. 40. Statements: All books are pages.
35. Statements: All A are Z. All libraries are books.
All Z are X. All words are pages.
All Y are A. Conclusions: I. All words are books.
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Conclusions: I. All A are Y. II. All libraries are pages.
II. All Y are X. 41. Statements: All ships are aeroplanes.
36. Statements: Some water is cold. All trucks are ships.
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No cold is milk. All cars are trucks.
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Some milk is water. Conclusions: I. Some ships are not cars.
Conclusions: I. Some water that is cold is milk. II. All cars are aeroplanes.
II. Some milk that is water is cold. 42. Statements: Some clouds are ashes.
37. Statements: Some waste is white. Some ashes are particles.
Some white is water.
Some water is waste.
e All particles are elements.
Conclusions: I. No particle is a cloud.
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II. Some elements are ashes.
Exercise–4
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KUNDAN
Directions: In each question below are given three Conclusions: I. Some glasses are cups.
statements followed by three conclusions numbered II. All drums are glasses.
I, II and III. You have to take the given statements to be III. Some bottles are drums.
true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly 1) None follows 2) Only I & II follow
known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide 3) Only II & III follow 4) Only I & III follow
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3) Only II follows 4) Only III follows 5. Statements: a. Some stations are ports.
5) All follow b. All shops are stores.
2 . Statements: a. Some papayas are guavas. c. No port is a store.
b. Some guavas are carrots. Conclusions: I. Some stations are shops.
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Syllogism 615
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II. Some cars are dolls. 5) Only II and III follow
III. Some windows are cars. 15. Statements: Some tables are chairs.
1) Only I and II follow All chairs are benches.
2) Only II and III follow All benches are desks.
3) Only I and III follow Conclusions: I. Some desks are tables.
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4) All follow II. Some benches are tables.
5) None of these III. Some desks are chairs.
9. Statements: a. Some benches are beads. 1) Only I follows 2) Only II follows
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b. All beads are flowers. 3) Only III follows 4) Only II and III follow
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c. No tree is a flower. 5) All follow
Conclusions: I. Some trees are benches. 16. Statements: All rats are cats.
II. Some trees are beads. No cow is cat.
III. No tree is a bead. All dogs are cows.
1) Only I follows
2) Only either I or II follows
e Conclusions: I. No dog is rat.
II. No dog is cat.
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3) Only either II or III follows III. No cow is rat.
4) Only III follows 1) None follows 2) Only III follows
5) None of these 3) Only I and II follow 4) Only II and III follow
10. Statements: a. All breads are tables. 5) All follow
b. Some tables are brushes. 17. Statements: Some blades are papers.
c. All brushes are paints. Some papers are books.
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II. Some brushes are breads. Conclusions: I. Some pens are papers.
III. Some paints are tables. II. Some books are blades.
1) None follows 2) Only II follows III. Some pens are blades.
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3) Only III follows 4) Only I and II follow 1) Only I follows 2) Only II follows
5) Only II and III follow 3) Only III follows 4) None follows
11. Statements: a. Some pictures are frames. 5) Only II and III follow
b. Some frames are idols. 18. Statements: Some pencils are marbles.
c. All idols are curtains. All marbles are buses.
Conclusions: I. Some curtains are pictures. Some buses are trucks.
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II. Some curtains are frames. Conclusions: I. Some trucks are pencils.
III. Some idols are frames. II. Some buses are pencils.
1) Only I and II follow III. No truck is pencil.
2) Only II and III follow 1) Only I follows
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Some files are ink-pots. 19. Statements: Some trees are jungles.
Some ink-pots are pads. Some jungles are flowers.
Conclusions: I. Some ink-pots are cards. All flowers are streets.
II. Some cards are pads. Conclusions: I. Some streets are jungles.
III. Some pads are files. II. Some streets are trees.
1) None follows 2) Only I follows III. Some flowers are trees.
3) Only II follows 4) Only III follows 1) Only I follows
5) All follow 2) Only II follows
13. Statements: Some keys are locks. 3) Only either I or III and II follow
All locks are doors. 4) Only I and II follow
Some doors are windows. 5) None of these
Conclusions: I. All keys are locks. 20. Statements: All desks are tables.
II. Some doors are locks. All tables are chairs.
III. No window is a key. Some chairs are sofas.
Conclusions: I. Some sofas are desks. Conclusions: I. Some needles are pins.
II. Some chairs are desks. II. Some chalks are needles.
III. Some tables are desks. III. No needle is pin.
1) Only I and II follow 2) Only II and III follow 1) Only I follows
3) Only I and III follow 4) All follow 2) Only III follows
5) None of these 3) Only either I or III follows
21. Statements: Some cycles are bikes. 4) Only either I or III and II follow
No bike is flower. 5) None of these
All flowers are goats. 28. Statements: Some buses are trucks.
Conclusions: I. No goat is cycle. Some trucks are boats.
II. Some flowers are cycles. No boat is jeep.
III. Some goats are bikes. Conclusions: I. Some jeeps are buses.
1) None follows 2) Only I follows II. Some boats are buses.
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3) Only II follows 4) Only III follows III. Some jeeps are trucks.
5) Only II and III follow 1) None follows 2) Only I follows
22. Statements: All rivers are hills. 3) Only II follows 4) Only III follows
All hills are rocks. 5) Only II and III follow
Some rocks are sticks. 29. Statements: All flowers are trees.
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Conclusions: I. Some sticks are hills. All trees are jungles.
II. Some sticks are rivers. No jungle is hill.
III. Some rocks are rivers. Conclusions: I. No flower is hill.
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1) None follows 2) Only I follows II. No tree is hill.
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3) Only II follows 4) Only III follows III. Some jungles are flowers.
5) Only II and III follow 1) None follows 2) Only I and II follow
23. Statements: All tyres are cars. 3) Only I and III follow 4) Only II and III follow
All wheels are cars. 5) All follow
All cars are trains.
Conclusions: I. All tyres are trains.
e 30. Statements: All tables are sofas.
All sofas are beds.
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II. Some trains are wheels. All beds are mats.
III. Some trains are cars. Conclusions: I. Some mats are sofas.
1) Only I follows 2) Only I and II follow II. Some beds are tables.
3) Only I and III follow 4) Only II and III follow III. Some mats are tables.
5) All follow 1) Only I and II follow 2) Only II follows
24. Statements: All pins are rods. 3) Only II and III follow 4) Only I and III follow
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KUNDAN
Some rods are chains. 5) All follow
All chains are hammers. 31. Statements: Some desks are chairs.
Conclusions: I. Some pins are hammers. Some chairs are pens.
II. Some hammers are rods. Some pens are drawers.
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25. Statements: Some books are papers. 4) Only either II or III follows
Some papers are desks. 5) Only I and either II or III follow
Some desks are chairs. 32. Statements: All flowers are trees.
Conclusions: I. Some books are desks. Some trees are houses.
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Syllogism 617
34. Statements: Some radios are telephones. 41. Statements: All stones are rivers.
All telephones are mirrors. All rivers are cars.
All mirrors are desks. Some cars are trains.
Conclusions: I. Some radios are desks. Conclusions: I. Some trains are stones.
II. Some radios are mirrors. II. Some cars are stones.
III. Some desks are telephones. III. Some trains are rivers.
1) Only I and II follow 2) Only I and III follow 1) None follows 2) Only I follows
3) Only II and III follow 4) All follow 3) Only II follows 4) Only III follows
5) None of these 5) Only II and III follow
35. Statements: All furniture are jungles. 42. Statements: All stamps are packets.
No jungle is road. Some packets are buckets.
Some roads are hills. All buckets are tubes.
Conclusions: I. Some roads are furniture. Conclusions: I. Some tubes are stamps.
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II. Some jungles are furniture. II. Some buckets are stamps.
III. Some hills are jungles. III. Some tubes are packets.
1) Only I follows 2) Only II follows 1) None follows 2) Only I follows
3) Only III follows 4) Only I and II follow 3) Only II follows 4) Only III follow
5) None of these 5) Only II and III follow
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36. Statements: All bricks are stones. 43. Statements: Some doors are windows.
Some stones are rocks. Some windows are lamps.
All rocks are mountains. All lamps are candles.
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Conclusions: I. Some mountains are stones. Conclusions: I. Some candles are doors.
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II. Some mountains are bricks. II. Some candles are windows.
III. Some stones are bricks. III. Some lamps are doors.
1) Only I follows 2) Only III follows 1) Only I follows 2) Only II follows
3) Only I and III follow 4) All follow 3) Only III follows 4) Only I and II follow
37.
5) None of these
Statements: Some bags are plates.
e 44.
5) None of these
Statements: Some towns are villages.
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Some plates are chairs. Some villages are lanes.
All chairs are tables. Some lanes are hamlets.
Conclusions: I. Some tables are plates. Conclusions: I. Some hamlets are villages.
II. Some chairs are bags. II. Some lanes are towns.
III. No chair is bag. III. Some hamlets are towns.
1) Only I follows 1) None follows 2) Only I follows
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KUNDAN
3) Only I and either II or III follow 5) Only I and II follow
4) Only III follows 45. Statements: Some rivers are hills.
5) None of these No hill is taxi.
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38. Statements: All desks are rooms. All taxis are buses.
Some rooms are halls. Conclusions: I. Some buses are rivers.
All halls are leaves. II. Some taxis are rivers.
Conclusions: I. Some leaves are desks. III. No bus is river.
II. Some halls are desks. 1) None follows 2) Only I follows
III. Some leaves are rooms. 3) Only III follows 4) Only II follows
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III. Some papers are mirrors. 3) Only III follows 4) Only II and III follow
1) None follows 2) Only I follows 5) None of these
3) Only II follows 4) Only III follows 47. Statements: All rooms are hotels.
5) Only II and III follow All hotels are buildings.
40. Statements: Some books are trees. All buildings are mountains.
All trees are roads. Conclusions: I. Some mountains are hotels.
All roads are wheels. II. Some buildings are rooms.
Conclusions: I. Some wheels are books. III. Some mountains are rooms.
II. Some roads are books. 1) Only I and II follow
III. Some wheels are trees. 2) Only I and III follow
1) Only I and II follow 2) Only II & III follow 3) Only II and III follow
3) Only I and III follow 4) All follow 4) All I, II and III follow
5) None of these 5) None of these
Exercise–5
Directions: In each of the questions below are given 1) None follows 2) All follow
four statements (a), (b), (c) and (d) followed by two 3) Only I and II follow 4) Only II and III follow
conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take the 5) Only III and IV follow
given statements to be true even if they seem to be at 6. Statements: a. No tree is fruit.
variance with commonly known facts. Read all the b. All fruits are stones.
conclusions and then decide which of the given c. All stones are rains.
conclusions logically f ollows f rom the given Conclusions: I. No stone is tree.
statements disregarding commonly known facts. Give II. No rain is tree.
answer III. Some rains are fruits.
1) if only Conclusion I follows. IV. Some rains are trees.
2) if only Conclusion II follows. 1) None follows
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3) if either Conclusion I or II follows. 2) Only either II or IV and III follow
4) if neither Conclusion I nor II follows. 3) Only either II or III and I follow
5) if both Conclusions I and II follow. 4) All follow
1. Statements: a. All flowers are buses. 5) None of these
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b. Some buses are cats. 7. Statements: a. All books are stars.
c. All cats are tigers. b. Some stars are windows.
Conclusions: I. Some tigers are buses. c. All windows are hills.
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II. Some tigers are flowers. Conclusions: I. Some windows are books.
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III. Some cats are flowers. II. Some hills are stars.
IV. Some buses are tigers. III. Some hills are books.
1) None follows 2) Only I and II follow IV. Some stars are books.
3) Only III and IV follow 4) Only I and IV follow 1) None follows 2) Only I and III follow
5) Only II and III follow 3) All follow 4) Only II and IV follow
2 . Statements: a. All fans are rooms.
b. No room is green. e 8.
5) None of these
Statements: a. Some cats are rats.
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c. Some windows are green. b. All rats are bats.
Conclusions: I. Some windows are fans. c. Some bats are jungles.
II. Some windows are rooms. Conclusions: I. Some jungles are cats.
III. Some fans are green. II. Some bats are cats.
IV. No green is fan. III. Some jungles are rats.
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KUNDAN
3) Only IV follows 4) Only II and IV follow 1) None follows
5) All follow 2) Only III follows
3. Statements: a. Some tablets are rains. 3) Only either I or IV and III follow
b. All dogs are rains. 4) Only either I or IV and II follow
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Syllogism 619
Conclusions: I. Some clouds are boys. Conclusions: I. Some mountains are buses.
II. Some cars are boys. II. Some roads are buses.
III. Some cars are rains. III. Some roads are rivers.
IV. Some rains are boys. IV. Some mountains are roads.
1) None follows 2) Only IV follows 1) None follows 2) Only I and II follow
3) Only I follows 4) Both I and IV follow 3) Only III and IV follow 4) Only I and IV follow
5) All follow 5) All follow
12. Statements: a. All bricks are flowers. 18. Statements: a. All lions are jungles.
b. Some houses are flowers. b. Some jungles are rabbits.
c. All pens are houses. c. All rabbits are elephants.
Conclusions: I. Some houses are bricks. Conclusions: I. Some rabbits are lions.
II. Some pens are flowers. II. Some elephants are jungles.
III. Some flowers are bricks. III. Some elephants are lions.
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IV. No pen is flower. IV. Some elephants are rabbits.
1) Only either II or IV and III follow 1) Only I and III follow 2) Only I and II follow
2) Only either II or IV and I follow 3) Only II and III follow 4) Only III and IV follow
3) Only either I or II and IV follow 5) None of these
4) None follows 19. Statements: a. All books are pens.
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5) All follow b. No pens are houses.
13. Statements: a. All lions are ducks. c. All houses are doors.
b. No duck is a horse. Conclusions: I. No books are houses.
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c. All horses are fruits. II. No books are doors.
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Conclusions: I. No lion is a horse. III. Some doors are pens.
II. Some fruits are horses. IV. Some houses are books.
III. Some ducks are lions. 1) Only I follows 2) Only I and II follow
IV. Some lions are horses. 3) Only II and III follow 4) Only III and IV follow
1) All follows
2) Only either I or II and both III and IV follow
e 20.
5) None of these
Statements: a. Some fruits are flowers.
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3) Only either I or IV and both II and III follow b. No flower is a boat.
4) Only either I or IV and II follow c. All boats are rivers.
5) None of these Conclusions: I. Some fruits are rivers.
14. Statements: a. Some mountains are rivers. II. Some rivers are boats.
b. Some rivers are roads. III. Some rivers are fruits.
c. Some roads are windows. IV. Some flowers are fruits.
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Conclusions: I. Some windows are roads. 1) All of the above 2) II and IV only
KUNDAN
II. Some rivers are mountains. 3) I and III only 4) II and III only
III. Some roads are mountains. 5) None of these
IV. Some windows are rivers. 21. Statements: a. Some buses are horses.
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1) All follow 2) Only II, III and IV follow b. All buildings are vehicles.
3) Only III and IV follow 4) Only II and III follow c. Some vehicles are trucks.
5) None of these Conclusions: I. Some chairs are trucks.
16. Statements: a. Some trains are radios. II. Some chairs are vehicles.
ww
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4) I, II and III only 31. Statements: a. Some hills are rivers.
5) None of these b. Some rivers are deserts.
25. Statements: a. All buildings are windows. c. All deserts are roads.
b. No toy is building. Conclusions: I. Some roads are rivers.
c. Some tigers are toys. II. Some roads are hills.
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Conclusions: I. Some tigers are buildings. III. Some deserts are hills.
II. Some windows are tigers. 1) None follows 2) Only I follows
III. All toys are tigers. 3) Only II and III follow 4) Only I and II follow
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IV. Some windows are toys. 5) All follow
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1) All follow 2) None follows 32. Statements: a. Some chairs are flowers.
3) Only I and II follow 4) Only III and IV follow b. All flowers are trees.
5) Only I and III follow c. Some trees are leaves.
26. Statements: a. No house is a school. Conclusions: I. Some trees are chairs.
b. All colleges are schools.
c. All schools are teachers.
e II. Some leaves are flowers.
III. No chair is a leaf.
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Conclusions: I. No house is a teacher. 1) None follows 2) Only I follows
II. All colleges are teachers. 3) Only II follows 4) Only I and III follow
III. Some teachers are not houses. 5) All follow
IV. No college is a house. 33. Statements: a. All buildings are mountains.
1) Only II, III and IV follow b. All glasses are mountains.
2) Only either I or IV follows c. Some mountains are windows.
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KUNDAN
3) Only either I or IV and III follow Conclusions: I. Some windows are glasses.
4) None follows II. Some buildings are windows.
5) All follow III. Some mountains are glasses.
27. Statements: a. Some towers are flowers. 1) Only I follows 2) Only II follows
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Syllogism 621
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38. Statements: a. All buildings are rains. 44. Statements: a. Some trucks are trains.
b. All papers are buildings. b. No book is a train.
c. All dogs are papers. c. Some trains are fruits.
Conclusions: I. All dogs are rains. Conclusions: I. Some trucks are books.
II. Some papers are rains. II. Some fruits are books.
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III. Some rains are buildings. III. Some fruits are trucks.
IV. Some rains are papers. IV. Some trains are either trucks or
1) All follow fruits.
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2) Only I, II and III follow 1) Only I follows 2) Only II follows
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3) Only II and III follow 3) Only I and II follow 4) Only III and IV follow
4) Only I and II follow 5) None of these
5) None of these 45. Statements: a. All papers are knives.
39. Statements: a. All pens are houses. b. All shirts are trousers.
b. Some desks are houses.
c. All pencils are desks.
e c. Some knives are trousers.
Conclusions: I. Some shirts are knives.
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Conclusions: I. Some pencils are houses. II. Some trousers are papers.
II. Some desks are pencils. III. Some shirts are papers.
III. Some pencils are pens. IV. No paper is trousers.
IV. No desk is a pencil. 1) Only I follows
1) All follow 2) Only either II or IV follows
2) Only either II or IV follows 3) Only III follows
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KUNDAN
4) Only I and III follow 5) None of these
5) None of these 46. Statements: Some desks are mirrors.
40. Statements: a. Some trains are roads. Some mirrors are combs.
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III. Some flowers are tables. III. All hammers are buckets.
IV. All jungles are flowers. IV. All blades are rods.
1) Only II follows 2) Only I and II follow 1) Only I and II follow
3) Only II and III follow 4) Only III follows 2) Only II and III follow
5) None of these 3) Only I, II and III follow
42. Statements: a. All benches are desks. 4) Only II, III and IV follow
b. Some desks are roads. 5) All follow
c. All roads are pillars. 48. Statements: All trees are chairs.
Conclusions: I. Some pillars are benches. No chair is flower.
II. Some pillars are desks. Some flowers are bangles.
III. Some roads are benches. Conclusions: I. No tree is bangle.
IV. No pillar is a bench. II. No chair is bangle.
1) None follows III. Some flowers are trees.
2) Only either I or IV follows IV. Some bangles are trees.
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2) Only III and IV follows 5) None of these
3) Only either I or IV and III follow
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Exercise–6
Directions: In each of the questions below are given c. Some desks are chairs.
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four statements (a), (b), (c) and (d) followed by two d. Some chairs are tables.
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conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take the Conclusions: I. Some tables are desks.
given statements to be true even if they seem to be at II. Some chairs are pens.
variance with commonly known facts. Read all the 7. Statements: Some pins are magnets.
conclusions and then decide which of the given Some magnets are scales.
conclusions logically f ollows f rom the given
statements disregarding commonly known facts. Give
e Some scales are trucks.
All trucks are buses.
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answer Conclusions: I. Some trucks are pins.
1) if only Conclusion I follows. II. No truck is pin.
2) if only Conclusion II follows. 8. Statements: All jungles are trees.
3) if either Conclusion I or II follows. All trees are roads.
4) if neither Conclusion I nor II follows. All roads are houses.
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KUNDAN
1. Statements: a. Some shops are markets. Conclusions: I. All trees are houses.
b. Some markets are huts. II. Some buildings are roads.
c. Some huts are rooms. 9. Statements: All tablets are packets.
d. Some rooms are buildings. No packet is bag.
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c. All rings are bangles. 11. Statements: All bangles are rings.
d. All glasses are bangles. All rings are bracelets.
Conclusions: I. Some bangles are beads. Some bracelets are jewels.
II. Some rings are poles. Some jewels are stones.
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4. Statements: a. All vegetables are plants. Conclusions: I. Some stones are bangles.
b. No plant is flower. II. Some jewels are rings.
c. Some flowers are jungles. 12. Statements: All trousers are pants.
d. All jungles are trees. Some pants are shirts.
Conclusions: I. Some trees are plants. All shirts are buttons.
II. No plant is tree. Some buttons are threads.
5. Statements: a. Some knives are hammers. Conclusions: I. Some threads are pants.
b. All hammers are poles. II. Some buttons are trousers.
c. All poles are sticks. 13. Statements: Some schools are colleges.
d. Some sticks are pencils. Some colleges are universities.
Conclusions: I. Some hammers are pencils. All universities are institutes.
II. Some sticks are knives. All institutes are classes.
6. Statements: a. All books are pens. Conclusions: I. Some colleges are classes.
b. Some pens are desks. II. All universities are classes.
Syllogism 623
14. Statements: Some umbrellas are raincoats. Conclusions: I. Some nuts are flowers.
All raincoats are shirts. II. No nut is flower.
No shirt is a blazer. 18. Statements: All pictures are paintings.
Some blazers are suits. All paintings are photographs.
Conclusions: I. Some shirts are umbrellas. Some photographs are designs.
II. Some suits are raincoats. Some designs are movies.
15. Statements: Some computers are boards. Conclusions: I. Some paintings are designs.
Some boards are chalks. II. Some photographs are movies.
All chalks are bulbs. 19. Statements: Some tablets are capsules.
No bulb is tubelight. All capsules are syrups.
Conclusions: I. Some bulbs are computers. Some syrups are medicines.
II. No chalk is a tubelight. All medicines are powders.
16. Statements: All doors are floors. Conclusions: I. Some syrups are powders.
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Some floors are tiles. II. Some syrups are tablets.
All tiles are paints. 2 0 . Statements: Some rooms are flats.
Some paints are stones. All flats are buildings.
Conclusions: I. Some floors are paints. Some buildings are bungalows.
II. Some doors are tiles. All bungalows are apartments.
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17. Statements: Some leaves are petals. Conclusions: I. Some flats are bungalows.
Some petals are flowers. II. Some apartments are buildings.
All flowers are fruits.
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Some fruits are nuts.
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Exercise–7
Directions: In each of the questions below are given
f our statements f ollowed by three conclusions
e 4. Statements: a. Some receipts are challans.
b. Some challans are papers.
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numbered I, II and III. You have to take the given c. Some papers are books.
statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance d. All books are files.
with commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions Conclusions: I. Some papers are files.
and then decide which of the given conclusions II. Some books are receipts.
logically follows from the given statements III. No book is a receipt.
disregarding commonly known facts. 1) Only I follows
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KUNDAN
b. Some storms are cyclones. 3) Only I and either II or III follow
c. All cyclones are thunders. 4) Only I and III follow
d. Some thunders are lightning. 5) None of these
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Conclusions: I. Some lightnings are cyclones. 5. Statements: a. All bottles are jars.
II. No lightning is a cyclone. b. All jars are containers.
III. Some cyclones are clouds. c. All containers are lids.
1) Only I follows d. All lids are caps.
2) Only II follows Conclusions: I. All bottles are lids.
3) Only III follows II. All containers are jars.
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III. Some pins are keys. Conclusions: I. Some leaves are stems.
1) None follows 2) Only I and II follow II. All leaves are either stems or fruits.
3) Only II and III follow 4) Only I and III follow III. All stems are either branches or
5) All follow fruits.
3. Statements: a. All hills are mountains. 1) Only I follows 2) Only II & III follow
b. All mountains are dams. 3) Only III follows 4) All follow
c. Some dams are rivers. 5) None follows
d. All rivers are lakes. 7. Statements: a. All lions are tigers.
Conclusions: I. Some hills are lakes. b. All tigers are leopards.
II. Some dams are lakes. c. Some leopards are wolves.
III. Some dams are hills. d. No wolf is elephant.
1) Only I and II follow 2) Only II and III follow Conclusions: I. No elephant is lion.
3) Only I and III follow 4) All follow II. Some wolves are lions.
5) None of these III. Some leopards are lions.
1) Only I follows 2) Only II follows 14. Statements: Some flats are houses.
3) Only III follows 4) Only I & II follow Some houses are bungalows.
5) All follow No bungalow is hotel.
8. Statements: a. Some caps are umbrellas. All hotels are restaurants.
b. Some umbrellas are raincoats. Conclusions: I. No bungalow is restaurant.
c. All raincoats are trousers. II. Some houses are hotels.
d. All trousers are jackets. III. Some restaurants are hotels.
Conclusions: I. Some raincoats are caps. 1) Only I follows 2) Only III follows
II. Some trousers are umbrellas. 3) Only II & III follow 4) None follows
III. All raincoats are jackets. 5) None of these
1) None follows 2) Only I & II follow 15. Statements: Some lemons are chillies.
3) Only II & III follow 4) Only I & III follow No chilly is brinjal.
5) None of these All brinjals are sweets.
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9. Statements: a. Some fans are coolers. Some sweets are desserts.
b. Some coolers are machines. Conclusions: I. No chilly is sweet.
c. Some machines are computers. II. Some lemons are desserts.
d. All computers are televisions. III. Some brinjals are desserts.
Conclusions: I. Some televisions are machines. 1) Only I follows 2) Only II follows
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II. Some machines are fans. 3) Only III follows 4) None follows
III. No machine is a fan. 5) None of these
1) None follows 16. Statements: Some pens are sticks.
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2) Only I follows Some sticks are canes.
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3) Only either II or III follows All canes are scales.
4) Only I and either II or III follow No scale is weight.
5) All follow Conclusions: I. Some sticks are scales.
10. Statements: a. All keys are staplers. II. No stick is scale.
b. All staplers are blades.
c. Some blades are erasers.
e III. No cane is weight.
1) Only either I or II follows
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d. Some erasers are sharpeners. 2) Only I & III follow
Conclusions: I. Some sharpeners are keys. 3) Only either I or II and III follow
II. All keys are blades. 4) All I, II & III follow
III. Some erasers are keys. 5) None of these
1) Only I & II follow 2) Only I follow 17. Statements: Some folders are boxes.
3) Only II follows 4) All follow Some boxes are bags.
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KUNDAN
5) None of these All bags are containers.
11. Statements: All grapes are plums. Some bags are sacks.
All plums are oranges. Conclusions: I. No folder is bag.
Some oranges are apples. II. Some boxes are containers.
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Syllogism 625
2 0 . Statements: All locks are keys. 26. Statements: Some shoes are socks.
All keys are doors. All socks are towels.
Some doors are windows. All towels are bedsheets.
Some windows are floors. No bedsheet is blanket.
Conclusions: I. Some keys are windows. Conclusions: I. No towel is blanket.
II. No floor is door. II. Some shoes are towels.
III. No lock is window. III. Some shoes are bedsheets.
1) None follows 1) Only I & II follow 2) Only II & III follow
2) Only I follows 3) Only I & III follow 4) All follow
3) Only I & II follow 5) None of these
4) Only III follows 27. Statements: Some fruits are flowers.
5) None of these Some flowers are buds.
21. Statements: All books are novels. No bud is leaf.
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Some novels are poems. All leaves are plants.
Some poems are stories. Conclusions: I. No plant is bud.
No story is a movie. II. Some plants are flowers.
Conclusions: I. Some books are poems. III. Some buds are fruits.
II. Some movies are novels. 1) None follows 2) Only I follows
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III. No movie is a novel. 3) Only II & III follow 4) Only III follows
1) Only I follows 5) None of these
2) Only I & II follow 28. Statements: Some pearls are gems.
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3) Only either II or III follows Some gems are diamonds.
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4) None follows All diamonds are rings.
5) None of these All rings are bangles.
22. Statements: Some bags are suits. Conclusions: I. Some bangles are rings.
All suits are trousers. II. All rings are diamonds.
Some trousers are shirts.
All shirts are coats.
e III. All diamonds are bangles.
1) Only I follows 2) Only I & II follow
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Conclusions: I. Some trousers are coats. 3) Only I & III follow 4) All follow
III. Some bags are trousers. 5) None of these
III. Some suits are coats. 29. Statements: All chairs are tables.
1) Only I & II follow All tables are telephones.
2) Only I follows All telephones are cell phones.
3) Only II & III follow No cell phone is computer.
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KUNDAN
5) None of these II. Some chairs are computers.
23. Statements: All flowers are fruits. III. No chair is computer.
No fruit is juice. 1) Only I follows
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3) Only I, II & III follow 4) Only II & III follow All mountains are rivers.
5) None of these No river is canal.
24. Statements: Some towers are pillars. Conclusions: I. All rocks are rivers.
Some pillars are buildings. II. Some hills are canals.
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32. Statements: Some books are files. 37. Statements: Some beads are rings.
All files are discs. Some rings are bangles.
Some discs are boards. All bangles are clothes.
All boards are keys. All clothes are boxes.
Conclusions: I. Some books are keys. Conclusions: I. Some boxes are bangles.
II. No book is key. II. Some clothes are rings.
III. Some discs are keys. III. Some bangles are beads.
1) Only III follows 1) None follows
2) Only I and III follow 2) Only I follows
3) Either I or II and III follow 3) Only II follows
4) All follow 4) Only III follows
5) None of these 5) Only I and II follow
33. Statements: All buses are trains. 38. Statements: All chairs are fires.
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Some trains are cars. Some fires are winds.
No car is scooter. All winds are nets.
All scooters are jeeps. Some nets are clocks.
Conclusions: I. Some cars are buses. Conclusions: I. Some clocks are winds.
II. All jeeps are scooters. II. Some nets are fires.
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III. No jeep is train. III. Some winds are chairs.
1) Only I follows 1) None follows
2) Only II follows 2) Only I follows
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3) Only III follows 3) Only II follows
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4) Only either I or III follows 4) Only III follows
5) None follows 5) Only II and III follow
34. Statements: All curtains are pillows. 39. Statements: All desks are pillars.
No pillow is mattress. All pillars are circles.
Some mattresses are beds.
All beds are sofas.
e Some circles are squares.
Some squares are rectangles.
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Conclusions: I. No bed is pillow. Conclusions: I. Some rectangles are pillars.
II. Some mattresses are sofas. II. Some circles are desks.
III. Some beds are pillows. III. Some squares are desks.
1) Only either I or III follows 1) None follows
2) Only II follows 2) Only I follows
3) Only II and either I or III follow 3) Only II follows
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KUNDAN
4) Only I and II follow 4) Only III follows
5) All follow 5) Only I and II follow
35. Statements: Some pulses are grains. 40. Statements: All sticks are hammers.
Some grains are sprouts. No hammer is dress.
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36. Statements: Some tyres are ropes. 41. Statements: Some plates are knives.
Some ropes are tents. All knives are chains.
Some tents are walls. Some chains are wheels.
Some walls are buildings. All wheels are poles.
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Conclusions: I. Some buildings are ropes. Conclusions: I. Some poles are chains.
II. Some walls are ropes. II. Some wheels are knives.
III. Some tents are tyres. III. Some chains are plates.
1) None follows 1) Only I and II follow
2) Only I follows 2) Only I and III follow
3) Only II follows 3) Only II and III follow
4) Only III follows 4) All I, II and III follow
5) Only I and II follow 5) None of these
Syllogism 627
Exercise–8
Directions: In each question below, there are four Conclusions: I. Some books are not calculators.
statements followed by four conclusions numbered I, II. No books are copies.
II, III and IV. You have to take the given statements to III. No pens are copies.
be true even if they seem to be at variance with IV. Some pencils are not copies.
commonly known facts and then decide which of the 1) Only III follows 2) Only IV follows
given conclusions logically follow(s) from the given 3) Only III and IV follow 4) All follow
statements. 5) None of these
1. Statements: a. All calculators are computers. 6. Statements: a. All books are tables.
b. No computers are televisions. b. All books are chairs.
c. No televisions are radios. c. No copies are chairs.
d. No radios are transistors. d. All chairs are stools.
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Conclusions: I. No calculators are televisions. Conclusions: I. Some copies are tables.
II. No calculators are radios. II. All books are stools.
III. No televisions are transistors. III. Some stools are not tables.
IV. No computers are radios. IV. All tables are stools.
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1) None follows except I 1) Only II follows 2) Only II and IV follow
2) None follows except II 3) All follow except III 4) None follows
3) None follows except III 5) None of these
4) All follow 7. Statements: a. No cops are police.
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5) None follows b. All police are humans.
2. Statements: a. All glasses are frames. c. All humans are politicians.
b. No frames are metals. d. No politicians are doctors.
c. Some metals are blocks. Conclusions: I. Only politicians are police.
d. Some blocks are not baskets. II. Only police are politicians.
Conclusions: I. Some blocks are not glasses.
II. Some baskets are not blocks. e III. No humans are cops.
IV. Some cops are not humans.
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III. All baskets are blocks. 1) All follow 2) Only I follows
IV. Some glasses are not blocks. 3) Only II follows 4) None follows
1) Only I follows 5) None of these
2) Only I and II follow 8. Statements: a. All jugs are slates.
3) Only either II or III along with I follow b. All tumblers are slates.
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KUNDAN
5) None of these d. All pots are cauldrons.
3. Statements: a. All buses are cars. Conclusions: I. Some cauldrons are jugs.
b. Some buses are not motorcycles. II. Some cauldrons are not tumblers.
c. No motorcycles are scooters. III. Some cauldrons are tumblers.
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4. Statements: a. All doors are windows. Conclusions: I. All police are militants.
b. No windows are chairs. II. All police are commandos.
c. All chairs are tables. III. No journalists are militants.
d. No tables are bottles. IV. Some militants are not politicians.
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1) Either I or II and III follow 15. Statements: a. Some umbrellas are sticks.
2) Only II and III follow b. Some sticks are balls.
3) Only II follows c. Some balls are bats.
4) Only III follows d. All bats are guns.
5) None of these Conclusions: I. Some balls are umbrellas.
11. Statements: a. No books are pens. II. Some guns are bats.
b. All copies are books. III. Some sticks are guns.
c. All books are telephones. IV. Some balls are guns.
d. No radios are telephones. 1) Only I, II and IV follow
Conclusions: I. Some pens are not copies. 2) Only II and IV follow
II. Some copies are neither books nor 3) Only II, III and IV follow
telephones. 4) Only I, II and III follow
III. Some t elephones ar e neither 5) None of these
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copies nor books. 16. Statements: a. Some books are notebooks.
IV. Some copies are not radios. b. Some notebooks are dictionaries.
1) Only I follows 2) Only IV follows c. Some dictionaries are files.
3) Only I and IV follow 4) All follow d. All files are envelopes.
5) None of these Conclusions: I. Some envelopes are notebooks.
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12. Statements: a. Some dogs bark. II. Some files are books.
b. All dogs bite. III. Some books are dictionaries.
c. All lions bite. IV. No book is an envelope.
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d. Those animals who bark are not 1) None follows
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dangerous. 2) Only I, II and III follow
Conclusions: I. Even those dogs who do not bark 3) Only II and III follow
bite. 4) Only III and IV follow
II. Those dogs who do not bark, do 5) None of these
not necessarily bite.
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III. All those dogs which are of white
17. Statements: a. Some keys are chains.
b. All chains are locks.
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colour, bite. c. All locks are numbers.
IV. Some dogs are lions. d. No number is a digit.
1) Only II and III follow Conclusions: I. Some keys are numbers.
2) Only II follows II. All chains are numbers.
3) Only III follows III. Some locks are keys.
4) Only I and III follow IV. No digit is a chain.
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KUNDAN
5) None of these 1) Only I and II follow
13. Statements: a. Some soldiers are famous. 2) Only I, II and III follow
b. Some soldiers are intelligent. 3) Only II and III follow
c. All soldiers are honest. 4) Only II, III and IV follow
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Syllogism 629
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21. Statements: a. All poles are fans. Conclusions: I. Some pins are hammers.
b. All fans are stands. II. Some threads are nails.
c. Some stands are pens. III. Some pins are threads.
d. Some pens are boxes. IV. No pin is thread.
Conclusions: I. Some boxes are poles. 1) Only I, II and either III or IV follow
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II. Some fans are boxes. 2) Only III & IV follow
III. Some pens are poles. 3) Only I & II follow
IV. Some pens are fans. 4) All follow
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1) None follows 2) Only I and II follow 5) None of these
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3) Only II and IV follow 4) Only III and IV follow 27. Statements: Some chairs are rooms.
5) Only I, II and IV follow No room is sofa.
22. Statements: a. Some scales are weights. All sofas are tables.
b. All weights are metals. Some tables are desks.
c. Some metals are rings.
d. All rings are bands.
e Conclusions: I. Some sofas are desks.
II. No room is table.
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Conclusions: I. Some bands are scales. III. Some chairs are tables.
II. Some weights are bands. IV. No desk is room.
III. Some rings are scales. 1) None follows
IV. Some metals are scales. 2) Only I follows
1) Only I and III follow 2) Only I and II follow 3) Only either II or III follows
3) Only II and III follow 4) Only II and IV follow 4) Only III and IV follow
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KUNDAN
23. Statements: a. Some houses are beads. 28. Statements: Some rings are chains.
b. Some beads are cycles. All chains are bangles.
c. Some cycles are tubes. All bracelets are bangles.
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2) Only either I or III follows 3) Only II & III follow 4) Only IV follows
3) Only I and II follow 5) None of these
4) Only either I or III and IV follow 29. Statements: Some jeeps are trains.
5) None of these All trains are buses.
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24. Statements: All stones are pearls. Some boats are jeeps.
Some pearls are shells. Some scooters are buses.
Some shells are boxes. Conclusions: I. Some scooters are trains.
No box is container. II. Some boats are buses.
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Conclusions: I. Some stones are shells. III. Some jeeps are scooters.
II. No pearl is container. IV. All buses are trains.
III. No shell is container. 1) None follows 2) Only IV follows
IV. Some pearls are containers. 3) Only II and IV follow 4) Only III follows
1) Only II follows 5) None of these
2) Only II & III follow 30. Statements: All teachers are engineers.
3) Only either II or IV follows All engineers are cooks.
4) Only III follows Some cooks are merchants.
5) None follows All merchants are poets.
25. Statements: Some schools are colleges. Conclusions: I. Some cooks are teachers.
Some colleges are hostels. II. Some merchants are engineers.
No hostel is office. III. All cooks are engineers.
All offices are institutes. IV. Some cooks are poets.
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5) None of these Conclusions: I. Some toys are mirrors.
32. Statements: All pens are bags. II. Some plastics are glasses.
All bags are glasses. III. Some bats are mirrors.
No glass is a spoon. IV. No glass is plastic.
All spoons are books. 1) Only III follows
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Conclusions: I. Some glasses are pens. 2) Only either II or IV follows
II. Some books are bags. 3) Only either I or III follows
III. No spoon is a pen. 4) Only either III or IV follows
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IV. No bag is a book. 5) None of these
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1) Only II and III follow 38. Statements: All graduates are advocates.
2) Only I, III and either II or IV follow Some advocates are judges.
3) Either II or IV follows All judges are lawyers.
4) All follow Some lawyers are doctors.
33.
5) None of these
Statements: All petals are flowers.
e Conclusions: I. Some doctors are advocates.
II. All graduates are judges.
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All thorns are flowers. III. Some doctors are graduates.
Some leaves are thorns. IV. Some lawyers are advocates.
Some stems are flowers. 1) None follows 2) Only I follows
Conclusions: I. Some petals are leaves. 3) Only II follows 4) Either III or IV follows
II. All leaves are flowers. 5) None of these
III. Some stems are petals. 39. Statements: Some roses are flowers.
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KUNDAN
IV. No petal is a leaf. Some flowers are buds.
1) None follows All buds are leaves.
2) Only II follows All leaves are plants.
3) Only II and either I or IV follow Conclusions: I. Some plants are flowers.
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Syllogism 631
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5) All follow 1) None follows
43. Statements: Some spoons are forks. 2) Only II follows
Some forks are bowls. 3) Only either I or III follows
All bowls are plates. 4) Only IV follows
Some plates are utensils. 5) None of these
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Conclusions: I. Some utensils are forks. 49. Statements: All parrots are pigeons.
II. Some plates are forks. Some crows are pigeons.
III. Some plates are spoons. Some sparrows are crows.
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IV. Some utensils are spoons. All sparrows are koels.
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1) Only I follows 2) Only II follows Conclusions: I. Some koels are crows.
3) Only I & III follow 4) Only II & IV follow II. Some parrots are crows.
5) None of these III. Some sparrows are pigeons.
44. Statements: All chairs are tables. IV. No crow is a parrot.
All tables are desks.
Some desks are benches.
e 1) Only I follows
2) Only III follows
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Some desks are sofas. 3) Only I and either II or IV follow
Conclusions: I. Some benches are sofas. 4) Only either I or III follows
II. Some sofas are tables. 5) None of these
III. Some benches are tables. 50. Statements: All chairs are tables.
IV. No chair is bench. All tables are cushions.
1) None follows 2) Only I & II follow Some cushions are trolleys.
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3) Only II & III follow 4) Only I, II & III follow All trolleys are lamps.
KUNDAN
5) None of these Conclusions: I. Some lamps are tables.
45. Statements: Some sweets are chocolates. II. Some trolleys are chairs.
Some chocolates are mints. III. Some cushions are lamps.
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1) None follows 2) Either I or III follows 51. Statements: All dolls are toys.
3) Only III & IV follow 4) Only II & III follow Some toys are gems.
5) None of these Some gems are boxes.
46. Statements: Some doctors are lawyers. All boxes are sticks.
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1) Only II and III follow 1) Only I, II and III follow
2) Only I, II and IV follow 2) Only I, II and IV follow
3) Only II, III and IV follow 3) Only II, III and IV follow
4) All follow 4) All follow
5) None of these 5) None of these
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54. Statements: Some papers are lamps. 59. Statements: Some birds are goats.
Some lamps are bulbs. Some goats are horses.
Some bulbs are tubes. Some horses are lions.
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Some tubes are walls. Some lions are tigers.
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Conclusions: I. Some walls are lamps. Conclusions: I. Some tigers are goats.
II. Some bulbs are papers. II. No tiger is goat.
III. Some tubes are lamps. III. Some lions are birds.
IV. Some walls are papers. IV. No lion is bird.
1) Only I and II follow
2) Only III and IV follow
e 1) Only either I or II follows
2) Only either III or IV follows
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3) Only I, II and III follow 3) Only either I or II and either III or IV follow
4) All follow 4) Only I and III follow
5) None follows 5) None of these
55. Statements: All roads are cars. 60. Statements: All papers are bottles.
No car is tree. All bottles are cups.
Some trees are jungles. Some cups are jugs.
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KUNDAN
All jungles are rivers. Some jugs are plates.
Conclusions: I. Some rivers are roads. Conclusions: I. Some plates are cups.
II. Some jungles are roads. II. Some plates are bottles.
III. Some cars are roads. III. Some cups are papers.
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56. Statements: All belts are rollers. 61. Statements: All bulbs are wires.
Some rollers are wheels. No wire is cable.
All wheels are mats. Some cables are brushes.
Some mats are cars. All brushes are paints.
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Conclusions: I. Some mats are rollers. Conclusions: I. Some paints are cables.
II. Some mats are belts. II. Some wires are bulbs.
III. Some cars are rollers. III. Some brushes are wires.
IV. Some rollers are belts. IV. Some cables are bulbs.
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Syllogism 633
63. Statements: Some pianos are violins. III. Some glasses are plastics.
Some violins are drums. IV. Some cloths are metals.
All drums are guitars. 1) None follows
No guitar is a flute. 2) All follow
Conclusions: I. Some guitars are pianos. 3) Only II and IV follow
II. Some drums are flutes. 4) Only I and II follow
III. Some pianos are drums. 5) None of these
IV. No flute is a drum. 66. Statements: Some airplanes are helicopters.
1) None follows All helicopters are gliders.
2) Only I follows All gliders are kites.
3) Only either II or IV follows All kites are balloons.
4) Only IV follows Conclusions: I. Some helicopters are balloons.
5) None of these II. All kites are airplanes.
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64. Statements: Some stones are rocks. III. All balloons are gliders.
All rocks are boulders. IV. All helicopters are kites.
Some boulders are mountains. 1) Only IV follows
All hills are mountains. 2) Only either II or III follows
Conclusions: I. Some stones are mountains. 3) Only III follows
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II. Some hills are boulders. 4) Only I follows
III. Some boulders are stones. 5) None of these
IV. All mountains are hills. 67. Statements: All kings are warriors.
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1) None follows 2) Only II follows All soldiers are warriors.
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3) Only II and III follow 4) Only III follows All sentries are warriors.
5) None of these Some sentries are soldiers.
65. Statements: All plastics are glasses. Conclusions: I. Some sentries are kings.
Some glasses are wood. II. All warriors are soldiers.
Some woods are metals.
All metals are cloths.
e III. Some warriors are sentries.
IV. Some soldiers are kings.
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Conclusions: I. Some cloths are woods. 1) None follows 2) Only I follows
II. Some woods are both cloths and 3) Only II follows 4) Only II and III follow
glasses. 5) None of these
Exercise–9
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1.
KUNDAN
‘All trees bear fruit’. ‘Fruits of some trees are not good
for human health’. If the two statements are assumed
1) Some pencils are books.
2) Some books are pencils.
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Directions (Q. 8-11): These questions are based on All Colours are Pictures.
six statements. For each question, two conclusions Some Pictures are Necklaces.
numbered I and II are given. You have to take the given 8. Conclusions:
statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance I. All Treasures if they are also Bangles they are
with commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions also necessarily Ornaments.
and then decide which of the given conclusions II. All Necklaces if they are also Colours they are
logically and def initely f ollows f rom the given also necessarily Pictures.
statements disregarding commonly known facts. G iv e 9. Conclusions:
answer I. All Ornament s which are Necklaces ar e
1) if only conclusion I follows. necessarily Bangles.
2) if only conclusion II follows. II. No Colour is a Treasure.
3) if either conclusion I or conclusion II follows. 10. Conclusions:
4) if neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows. I. Some Colours are Necklaces.
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5) if both conclusions I and II follow. II. Some Ornaments are Necklaces.
Statements: 11. Conclusions:
Some Necklaces are Bangles. I. Some Treasures are not Bangles.
All Bangles are Ornaments. II. Some Tr easur es t hat are Bangles are also
Some Ornaments are Treasures. Necklaces.
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No Treasure is a Picture.
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Answers and explanations
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Exercise–1
1. 1; All leaders are good team workers + All good team
e 9. 2; Conclusion II f ollows f r om conv er sion of
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workers are good orators = A + A = A = All leaders statement (b). Conclusion I does not follow from
are good orators. Hence Conclusion II doesnot st atement (a) + statement (b) [ I + I = no
follow. Again, All leaders are good team workers conclusion].
(A) conversion Some good team workers are 10. 4; Statement (a) + statement (b) gives no conclusion
leaders (I). Hence Conclusion I follows. [ A + I = no conclusion]. Hence, neither
2 . 1; All terrorists are human + All humans are bad = conclusion I nor conclusion II follows.
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KUNDAN
A + A = A = All terrorists are bad. Therefore, 11. 3; Both the given statements are of I-type. I-type of
Conclusion I follows. From the statement ‘All stat ement s can not be combined. Hence no
terrorists are human’, ‘All human are terrorists conclusion follows. But, conclusions I and II form
is a possibility’ exists. Hence ‘All human can be complementary pair. Therefore, either I or II
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are teachers (I). Therefore Conclusion II follows. are A’s (A) conversion Some A’s are D’s (I).
Hence conclusion II follows.
4. 3; Apply the logic for “either I or II follows”.
13. 1; Conclusion I is the above derived conclusion.
5. 4; Some dedicated souls are angels + Some angels
ar e social wor kers (Conversion of ‘All social 14. 4; Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows.
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workers are angles’) = I + I = No conclusion. (15-16): All doors are windows + Some windows are clips
Therefore, neither conclusion I nor conclusion = A + I = No conclusion.
II follows. 15. 2; All doors are windows (A) conversion Some
6. 5; Statement (a) + statement (b) gives conclusion “All windows ar e door s (I). Hence conclusion II
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Syllogism 635
19. 5; Some paints are red + All red paints are yellow = Possibility I:
I + A = I = Some paints are yellow. Hence
conclusion I follows. Again, All red (which are
paints) are yellow (A) conver sion Some
yellow are red (I). Hence conclusion II follows.
2 0 . 4; All seats are hot + conversion of ‘All belts are hot’
= All seats are hot + Some hot are belts = A + I =
No conclusion. [Some rivers are not oceans.]
(21-22): Possibility II:
21. 2; No house is an apartment + All apartments are flats
= E + A = O* = Some flats are not houses. Therefore,
conclusion I does not follow. All buildings are
houses + No house is an apartment = A + E = E = No
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building is an apar tment. Hence conclusion II
follows.
2 2 . 1; All buildings are houses + No house is an apartment
+ All apartments are flats = A + E + A = (A + E) + A [All rivers are oceans.]
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= E + A = O* = Some flats are not buildings.
Hence, conclusion I does not follow.
Now, look at the conclusions, here we have to find
Again, All oceans are rivers + No river is canal = A
possibilites. To find possibilites, we should draw
+ E = E = No ocean is canal. Therefore, conclusion
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all the possible venn-diagrams for the above derived
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II does not follow.
conclusion, ie ‘Some flats are not buildings’ as given
below: 24. 1; All oceans are rivers + No river is a canal = A + E =
E = No ocean is a canal. Hence conclusion I follows.
Possibility I:
Again, conversion of “All oceans are rivers” + Some
oceans are seas = Some rivers are oceans + Some
KUNDAN
26. 5; All nights are noons + No noon is an evening = A
+ E = E = No nights are evening conversion No
evenings are nights. Hence conclusion I follows.
Again, conclusion II is a case of possiblility. So we
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conclusion I nor conclusion II follows. [Some banks are not academies.]
28. 5; From Q.No. 27, we have “Some papers are not Possibility II:
cards” as a derived conclusion. Now, we draw all
possible venn-diagrams for t his conclusion as
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given below:
Possibility I:
KUNDAN
Hence, conclusion II follows.
30. 2; Some institutes are banks (I) conversion
[All cards are papers.] Some banks are institutes + All institutes are
academies + All academies are schools = I + A +
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f ollows.
[Some papers are not boards.] (31-32):
Possibility II: 31. 1; All energies are forces + No force is torque + All
torques are powers = A + E + A = (A + E) + A = E
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Syllogism 637
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Possibility I:
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[All rectangles are squares.]
Hence possibility I cannot be ruled out.
34. 4; No gadget is a machine + All machines ar e
computers = E + A = OH = Some computers are
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[Some powers are forces.] not gadget. This rules out the possibility of II.
Possibility II: As for I, it may be true but we can’t say so with
certainty.
35. 2; All sketches are paintings + Some paintings are
KUNDAN
Therefore, conclusion II (Some sketches being
drawings is a possibility) follows.
36. 2; All gliders are parachutes + No parachute is an
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have, ‘All powers are forces’ and ‘All powers are II.
energies’. We have to derive the conclusion, ‘All Draw the all possible venn-diagrams for the above
powers are energies’ from the combination of derived conclusion as given below:
statements ‘All powers are forces’ and ‘All energies Possibility I:
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Possibility III:
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conclusion II follows.
conclusion II doesnot follow. Again, we have the
43. 2; Some gases are liquids + All liquids are water = I +
statements ‘Some mails are chats’ and ‘Some chats
A = I = Some gases are water. Since this is a definite
are updates’ [Converse of the given statement ‘All
conclusion, no case of possibility exists in such
updates are chats’]. Now, we have the following
cases.
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possibilities from the above two statements:‘All
mails ar e chats’ and ‘All chats are updat es’ Again, from the conclusion ‘Some gases are water’,
respectively. Therefore, All mails are chats + All conclusion ‘All such gases which are not water can
never be liquids’ follows. Since we have been given
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chats are updates = A + A = A = All mails are updates.
‘All liquids are water’.
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Hence ‘All mails being updates is a possibility’, ie
conclusion I follows. 44. 2; All seconds are hours (A) conversion Some
hours are seconds (I) + No second is a day (E) = I +
39. 2; Some metals are papers + All papers are glasses =
E = O = Some hour s ar e not days. Ther efor e
I + A = I = Some metals ar e glasses. Therefore,
conclusion I doesnot follow. Again, All minutes are
conclusion I does not follow. Some met als ar e
e
papers + All papers are glass = I + A = I = Some metals
seconds + All seconds are hours = A + A = A = All
minutes are hours conversion Some hours are
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are glasses conversion Some glasses are metals
minutes (I). Therefore, conclusion II follows.
(I).
45. 1; From the statement ‘Some teachers are professors’
‘At least some glasses are metals’ implies ‘Some
t her e ar e possibilit ies t hat ‘All teacher s ar e
glasses are metals’.
pr of essor s’ and ‘All prof essor s ar e t eachers’.
40. 1; No stone is metal + Some metals are glasses = E + Similarly, from the statement ‘Some lecturers are
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KUNDAN
teachers’ there is a possibility that ‘All teachers are
us with the possibility in conclusion I. No stone is lecturers’. Again, All professors are teachers + All
metal + Some metals are papers = E + I = O* = Some teachers are lecturers = A + A = A = All professors
papers are not stones. Hence II does not follow. are lecturers. Hence, All teachers and professors
41. 1; All squares are rings + All rings are circles = A + A are lecturers is a possibility. But conclusion II
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= E + I = O* = Some rings are not ellipses. Now, draw teachers are professors = A + A = A = All lecturers
t he all possible venn-diagr ams f or t he abov e are professor s. Therefore conclusion II, ie ‘All
conclusion as given below: lecturers being professors is a possibility’ follows.
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Exercise–2
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1. 5; Only I and II follow. Statement (a) + Statement (b) 4. 2; Conclusion I does not follow because an A-type
gives conclusion I [ A + E = E] Conclusion II statement (b) gives two I-type conclusions only.
follows directly from statement (a). Statement (a) + Statement (b) gives conclusion II
2 . 1; Statement (a) + Statement (b) gives no conclusion [ E + A = O*]. Hence, II follows but III does not
[ I + I = No conclusion]. Hence, I does not follow. follow.
Conclusions II and III do not follow because if 5. 1; Statement (a) + Statement (b) gives conclusion II
“Some A is B” it does not imply that “Some A is [ E + I = O*]. Hence, conclusion II follows but
not B”. conclusion I does not follow. Conclusion III
3. 3; Statement (a) + Statement (b) gives no conclusion follows from the conversion of statement (a).
[ E + E = No conclusion]. Hence, I and II do not 6. 2; Statement (a) + Statement (b) gives no conclusion.
follow. But conclusion III follows by conversion [ A + I = No conclusion]. Hence, conclusion I
of statement (b). and conclusion III do not follow independently.
Syllogism 639
But, conclusion I and conclusion III make a conclusion I or conclusion III follows.
complementary pair (IE type). Hence, either I or 15. 4; Statement (a) + Statement (b) gives no conclusion
III follows. Conclusion II does not follow because [ I + I = no conclusion]. Therefore, conclusion
“All tables are boxes” gives only the following I does not follow. Again conversion of statement
conclusions: (b) gives the conclusion “Some rods are lamps”.
1. Some tables are boxes. Hence, conclusions II and III do not follow.
2. Some boxes are tables. 16. 5; A + A = A gives conclusion I. Conclusion II follows
7. 5; Statement (a) + Statement (b) gives the conclusion from conclusion I itself. Conclusion III follows
“Some goats are not rooms” [ E + A = O*]. Thus, directly f rom t he second statement while IV
conclusions I and II do not follow. Conclusion III follows directly from the first.
follows from statement (b). 17. 4; I + A = I gives conclusion I. Conclusion III follows
8. 4; Statement (a) + Statement (b) gives no conclusion directly from the second statement.
[ I + I = No conclusion]. Hence, conclusion II 18. 1; I + E = O, hence conclusion II follows. Conclusion
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does not f ollow. Conclusion I follows fr om IV follows directly from the second statement by
conversion of statement (a). On a similar basis, converting it.
conclusion III also follows. 19. 4; First change the order of the sentences to align
9. 3; Conversion of Statement (a) gives the conclusion them:
“Some lions ar e men”. Hence, conclusion II No books are boys. (Type E)
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follows [say statement (c)]. Now, Statement (b) + All boys are girls. (Type A)
Statement (c) gives no conclusion [ A + I = No Now, by the rule E + A = O reversed, we have
conclusion]. Therefore, conclusion I does not ‘Some girls are not books’ as a conclusion. Hence,
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follow. Conclusion III does not follow because an IV follows. Further, conclusions I and II make a
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A-type statement gives I-type conclusions. complementary pair; hence either of them must
10. 1; Conclusion III follows because Statement (a) + be true.
Statement (b) gives the conclusion “All birds are 2 0 . 4; Conclusion I follows dir ect ly f r om t he f irst
trees” [ A + A = A]. “All birds are trees” implies statement (on conversion).
“Some t r ees ar e bir ds”. Hence, conclusion I
follows. Conclusion II follows from statement (a).
e Further, conclusion I + second statement = I + A
= I = conclusion II. Conclusion III follows from
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11. 3; Conversion of statement (b) + Statement (a) gives conclusion II, on conversion.
conclusion III [ I + A = I]. Hence, III follows but 21. 2; All spoons are bowls conversion Some bowls
conclusions I and II do not follow. are spoons. Hence II follows. No other conclusion
12. 5; Statement (a) + Statement (b) gives the conclusion follows.
“All rats are cars” [ A + A = A] “Some cars are 2 2 . 5; Some dogs are cats (I) conversion Some cats
are dogs (I). Hence only conclusion I follows.
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KUNDAN
III follows. Conclusion I does not follow from
statement I since conversion of statement (a) will All rats are flies. Hence conclusion III follows.
give the conclusion “Some bells are rats”. 24. 3; All pots are cups + All cups are saucers = A + A =
13. 5; Conversion of statement (a) gives conclusion II. A = All pots are saucers. Hence conclusion I
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Hence, conclusion II follows. Again statement (a) follows. Again, All pots are cups (A) conversion
+ statement (b) gives conclusion III [ A + E = E]. Some cups are pots (I). Hence conclusion III
Hence, conclusion III follows. Conclusion I follows f ollows. Conclusion IV is t he conver se of
from conversion of conclusion III. Hence, All follow. conclusion I. Hence, conclusions I, III and IV
14. 4; Conclusion II f ollows f r om conv er sion of follow.
statement (a). Now, statement (b) + conversion of 25. 1; Some boats are buses (I) conversion Some
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statement (a) gives no conclusion [ A + I = no buses are boats (I). Hence conclusion III follows.
conclusion]. Hence, conclusions I and III do not Again, conclusion I and IV f or m E-I type of
follow. But conclusion I and conclusion III make complementary pair. Hence ‘either I or IV and III
an IE-type complementary pair. Hence either follow’ is the correct answer.
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Exercise–3
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1. 3; Some pins are forks + All forks are keys = I + A = camels are horses (I). Hence conclusion II follows.
I = Some pins are keys + No key is lock = I + E = But I-type statements can't be combined. Hence
O = Some pins are not locks. But I and II form a conclusion I does not follow.
complement ary I-E pair . Hence either I or II 5. 1; Some files are papers (I) conversion Some
follows. papers are files (I). Hence conclusion I follows.
2 . 4; Some shirts are trousers + Some trousers are But II does not follow as I-type statements can't
jackets = I + I = No conclusion. Hence II does not be combined.
follow and consequently I also cannot follow. 6. 5; Some stones are rocks + All rocks are clouds = I
3. 5; Some trees are fruits (I) conversion Some + A = I = Some stones are clouds + All clouds are
fruits are trees (I). Hence conclusion I follows. rains = I + A = I = Some stones are rains
Some plants are trees (I) conversion Some conversion Some rains are stones (I). Hence
trees are plants. (I). Hence conclusion II follows. conclusion I follows. Also, All rocks are clouds
4. 2; Some horses are camels (I) conversion Some (A) conversion Some clouds are rocks (II).
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II follows. lamp + some lamps are candles = E + I = O H =
10. 2; Some oranges are grapes + All grapes are bananas Some candles are not cots. Hence II does not
= I + A = I = Some oranges are bananas. Hence II f ollow.
follows. Again, Some apples are oranges + Some 24. 5; All dogs are goats + All goats are walls = A + A =
oranges are bananas = I + I = No conclusion. A = All dogs are walls conversion Some
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Hence I does not follow. walls are dogs (I). Hence I follows. Some cats
11. 5; All mobiles are phones + All phones are computers are dogs + All dogs are walls = I + A = I = Some
= A + A = A = All mobiles are computers. Hence I cats are walls conversion Some walls are
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follows. All phones are computers + All computers cats (I). Hence II follows.
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are scanner s = A + A = A = All phones ar e 25. 3; Some sofas are benches + Some benches are
scanners. Hence II follows. tables = I + I = No conclusion. Hence I and II do
12. 1; All bags are trunks + All trunks are drawers = A not follow by combination. However, since they
+ A = A = All bags are drawers. Hence I follows. make a complementary I-E pair, either I or II
All bags are trunks (A) conversion Some
trunks are bags (I). Hence II does not follow.
e 26. 4;
f ollows.
All rats are bats + Some bats are desks = A + I =
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13. 3; Some buses are scooters + No scooter is a train = No conclusion. Hence I and subsequently II do
I + E = O = Some buses are not trains. From this not follow.
I or II does not follow. However, they form an E- 27. 2; All ponds are stores + Some stores are bags = A
I complementary pair. Hence either I or II must + I = No conclusion. Hence I does not follow.
follow. Some roads are ponds + All ponds are stores = I
14. 1; Some wheels are sofa sets + All sofa sets are + A = I = Some roads are stores conversion
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cupboards = I + A = I = Some wheels are cupboards. Some stores are roads (I). Hence II follows.
Hence I follows. Some chairs are wheels + Some 28. 2; Some woods are chairs + All chairs are stones =
wheels are sofa sets = I + I = No conclusion. I + A = I = Some woods are stones (I) conversion
Hence II does not follow. Some stones are woods (I). Hence II follows.
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15. 5; Some coins are notes + All notes are cards = I + A No table is wood + Some woods are stones = E +
= I = Some coins are cards. Hence I follows. All I = O H = Some stones are not tables. Hence I
notes are cards + All cards are plastics = All notes does not follow.
are plastics. Hence II follows. 29. 1; All letters are black + All black are blue + No
16. 1; Some tents are rivers + All rivers are ponds = I + blue is green = (A + A) + E = A + E = E = No letter
A = I = Some tents are ponds conversion is green. Hence I follows. But II can’t be inferred
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Some ponds are tents (I). Hence I follows. But from “All black are blue.”
some desks are tents + Some tents are ponds = I 30. 3; Some fruits are mangoes + Some mangoes are
+ I = No conclusion. Hence II does not follow. red = I + I = No conclusion. However, either I or
17. 2; Some pens are knives + All knives are rats = I + II follows as they form a complementary E-I pair.
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18. 4; I-type statements can't be combined. II and the second statement, I also follows.
19. 5; All tables are windows + All windows are rooms 34. 4; The given statements are of I-type and hence
= A + A = All tables are rooms conversion can’t be combined.
Some rooms are tables. Hence II follows. Again, 35. 2; All Y are A (A) conversion Some A are Y (I).
All tables are rooms + All rooms are buses = A + A Hence I does not follow. All Y are A + All A are
= All tables are buses conversion Some buses Z + All Z are X = (A + A) + A = A + A = A = All Y
are tables. Hence I follows. are X. Hence II follows.
2 0 . 5; Some trees are boxes + All boxes are bricks = I + 36. 4
A = I = Some trees are bricks conversion 37. 4
Some bricks are trees (I). Hence II follows. Again, 38. 1; All keys are locks + No lock is a door = A + E =
Some trees are bricks + All bricks are dogs = I + A E = No key is a door. Hence I follows. No lock is
= I = Some trees are dogs conversion Some a door + All doors are windows = E + A = O H =
dogs are trees (I). Hence I follows. Some windows are not locks. Hence II does not
21. 3; All goats are flowers + No flower is branch = A + f ollow.
Syllogism 641
39. 4; All districts are cities (A) conversion Some 41. 2; All cars are trucks + All trucks are ships = A + A
cities are districts (I). Now, All states are cities = A = All cars are ships conversion Some
+ Some cit ies ar e di st r ict s = A + I = No ships are cars (I). Hence I does not follow. All
conclusion. Hence I does not follow. All states cars are ships + All ships are aeroplanes = A +
are cities + Some cities are countries = A + I = A = A = All cars are aeroplanes. Hence II follows.
No conclusion. Hence II does not follow. 42. 2; Some clouds are ashes + Some ashes are particles
40. 2; All books are pages (A) conversion Some = I + I = No conclusion. Hence I does not follow.
pages are books (I). Now, All words are pages + Some ashes ar e par ticles + All par ticles are
Some pages are looks = A + I = No conclusion. elements = I + A = I = Some ashes are elements
Hence I does not follow. All libraries are looks + conversion Some elements are ashes (I).
All books are pages = A + A = A = All libraries Hence II follows.
are pages. Hence II follows.
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Exercise–4
1. 1; Statement (a) + statement (b) gives no conclusion 7. 1; Statement (b) + statement (c) gives no conclusion
[... I + I = no conclusion]. Hence, conclusion I [ ...I + I = no conclusion]. Hence, conclusion I
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does not follow. Again, since statement (a) + does not follow. Again, statement (a) + statement
statement (b) gives no conclusion, therefore we (b) gives no conclusion [ ...
I + I = no conclusion].
can't relate 'teachers' and 'rectors' either. Hence, Hence, conclusion II does not follow. Also, from
conclusion II does not follow. Again, conversion all the three statements, no specific conclusion
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of statement (c) gives conclusion "Some rectors can be obtained for axes and blades. Hence,
are readers". Hence, conclusion III does not follow. conclusion III does not follow.
2 . 2; Statement (a) + statement (b) gives no conclusion 8. 3; Statement (c) + statement (b) gives conclusion I
[... I + I = no conclusion]. Hence, conclusion II [ ...A + A =A]. Hence, conclusion I follows. Also,
does not follow. Again, since statement (a) +
statement (b) gives no conclusion, we can't relate
e on conversion of conclusion I we get conclusion
III. Hence, conclusion III f ollows. Again,
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'papayas' and 'mangoes'. Hence, conclusions I and conclusion I ("All cars are windows") + conversion
III do not follow. But these two conclusions make of statement (a) gives no conclusion [ ... A + I = no
a complementary pair (IE-type). Hence, either conclusion]. Hence, conclusion II does not follow.
conclusion I or conclusion III follows. 9. 4; Statement (b) + conversion of statement (c) gives
3. 5; Statement (b) + statement (a) gives conclusion II the conclusion "No bead is a tree" [ ...
A + E = E].
[ ..
. A + A = A]. Hence, conclusion II follows. Again, W hich, on conv er sion, giv es conclusion III.
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statement (c) + statement (a) gives conclusion Hence, conclusion III f ollows. And hence,
KUNDAN
"Some cups are glasses" [ ...I + A = I]. Now, conclusion II does not follow. Again, statement
conv ersion of " Some cups are glasses" giv es (a) + "No bead is a tree" gives the conclusion "Some
conclusion I. Hence, conclusion I follows. Again, benches are not trees" [ ...
I + E = O]. Hence,
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conversion of statement (b) gives conclusion III. conclusion I does not follow.
Hence, conclusion III follows. 10. 3; Statement (b) + statement (c) gives the conclusion
4. 1; Conversion of statement (b) gives conclusion III. "Some tables are paints" [ ...
I + A = I]. Which, on
Hence, conclusion III follows. Again, statement conv ersion, giv es conclusion III. Hence,
(b) + statement (c) gives conclusion "All sitars are conclusion III follows. Again, statement (a) +
violins" [... A + A = A]. Now, conversion of "All "Some tables are paints" gives no conclusion [ ...
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sitars are violins" gives conclusion II. Hence, A + I = no conclusion]. Hence, conclusion I does
conclusion II follows. Again, statement (a) + "All not follow. Again, statement (a) + statement (b)
sitars are violins" gives conclusion "All tablas are gives no conclusion [ ... A + I = no conclusion].
violins". Again, conver sion of "All tablas are Hence, conclusion II does not follow.
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violins" gives conclusion I. Hence, conclusion I 11. 2; Conversion of statement (b) gives conclusion III.
follows. Hence, conclusion III follows. Again, statement
5. 3; Statement (b) + conversion of statement (c) gives
conclusion III [... A + E = E]. Hence, conclusion
(b) + statement (c) gives the conclusion "Some
frames are curtains" [ ...
I + A = I]. Which on
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Hence I and III do not follow. chains + All chains are hammers = I + A = I =
15. 5; Some tables are chairs + All chairs are benches = Some rods are hammers conversion Some
I + A = I = Some tables are benches conversion hammers are rods (I). Hence II follows.
Some benches are tables. Hence II follows. All 25. 1; I-type statements can’t be combined.
chairs are benches + All benches are desks = A + 26. 2; All buckets are tubs (A) conversion Some
A = A = All chairs are desks conversion tubs are buckets (I). Hence II does not follow.
Some desks are chairs. Hence III follows. Now, All buckets are tubs + All tubs are drums = A + A
Some tables are chairs + All chairs are desks = I = A = All buckets are drums conversion
+ A = I = Some tables are desks conversion Some drums are buckets (I). Hence III follows.
Some desks are tables. Hence I follows. Some pots are buckets + All buckets are drums =
16. 5; All dogs are cows + No cow is cat = A + E = E = I + A + i = Some pots are drums conversion.
No dog is cat. Hence II follows. Some drums are pots (I). Hence I follows.
No cow is cat (E) conversion No cat is cow 27. 3; All pins are bags (A) conversion Some bags are
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(E). Now, All rats are cats + No cat is cow = A + E pins (I). All needles are bags + Some bags are pins
= E = No rat is cow conversion No cow is = A + I = No conclusion. Hence I and III do not
rat. Hence III follows. Again, No dog is cat (E) follow by combination. However, since they form
conversion No cat is dog (E), Now, All rats are a complementary I-E pair, either I or III follows.
cats + No cat is dog = A + E = E = No rat is dog Again, All chalks are bags + conv ersion of All
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conversion No dog is rat. Hence I follows. needles are bags = A + I = No conclusion. Hence II
17. 4; I-type statements can't be combined. does not follow.
18. 3; Some pencils are marbles + All marbles are buses 28. 1; Some buses are trucks + Some trucks are boats =
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= I + A = I = Some pencils are buses conversion I + I = No conclusion. Hence II and consequently
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some buses are pencils. Hence II follows. Some I do not follow. Some trucks are boats + No boat
pencils are buses + Some buses are trucks = I + I is jeep = I + E = O = Some trucks are not jeeps.
= No conclusion. Hence I or III do not follow. But Hence III does not follow.
since they make an I-E complementary pair, either 29. 5; All flowers are trees + All trees are jungles = A +
I or III follows.
19. 1; Some jungles are flowers + All flowers are streets
e A = A = All flowers are jungles conver sion
Some jungles are flowers (I). Hence III follows. All
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= I + A = I = Some jungles are streets conversion trees are jungles + No jungle is hill = A + E = E =
Some streets are jungles (I). Hence I follows. No t ree is hill. Hence II follows. All f lowers are
Some trees are jungles + Some jungles are streets trees + No tree is hill = A + E = E = No flower is hill.
= I + I = No conclusion. Hence II does not follow. Hence I follows.
Nor can the first two statements be combined. 30. 5; All sofas are beds + All beds are mats = A + A =
Hence III does not follow. A = All sofas are mats conversion Some
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2 0 . 2; All desks are tables (A) conversion Some mats are sofas (I). Hence I follows. All tables
tables are desks (I). Hence III follows. All desks are sofas + All sofas are beds = A + A = A = All
are tables + All tables are chairs = A + A = A = All tables are beds conversion some beds are
desks are chairs conversion Some chairs tables (I). Hence II follows. All tables are beds +
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are desks (I). Hence II follows. However, All desks All beds are mats = A + A = A = All tables are
are chairs + Some chairs are sofas = A + I = No mats conversion Some mats are tables (I).
conclusion. Hence I does not follow. Hence III follows.
21. 1; Some cycles are bikes + No bike is flower = I + E 31. 4; Since I-type statements can't be combined, no
= O = Some cycles are not flowers. Hence II does conclusion follows by combination. But II and
not f ollow. Since O-t ype st at ement can't be III make a complementary I-E pair. Hence either
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2 2 . 4; All hills are rocks + Some rocks are sticks = A + All flowers are trees (A) conversion Some
I = No conclusion. Hence I does not follow. All trees are flowers (I). Hence II follows. But I and
rivers are hills + All hills are rocks = A + A = A = II can't be combined as they are I-type statements.
All rivers are rocks conversion Some rocks Hence III does not follow.
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are rivers (I). Hence III follows. But All rivers are 33. 4; All windows are doors + All doors are boats = A
rocks + Some rocks are sticks = A + I = No + A = A = All windows are boats. Hence I follows.
conclusion. Hence II does not follow. All buildings are doors + All doors are boats = A
23. 5; All cars are trains (A) conversion Some trains + A = A = All buildings are boats. Hence II follows.
are cars (I). Hence III follows. All wheels are cars All doors are boats (A) conversion Some
+ All cars are trains = A + A = A = All wheels are boats are doors (I). Hence III follows.
trains conversion Some trains are wheels 34. 4; Some radios are telephones + All telephones are
(I). Hence II follows. All tyres are cars + All cars mirrors = I + A = I = Some radios are mirrors.
are trains = A + A = A = All tyres are trains. Hence II follows. Some radios are mirrors + All
Hence I follows. mirrors are desks = I + A = I = Some radios are
24. 4; All pins are rods + Some rods are chains = A + I desks. Hence I f ollows. Al l t elephon es ar e
= No conclusion. Hence I and III do not follow. mirrors + All mirrors are desks = A + A = All
However, the two form a complementary I-E pair. telephone are desks conversion Some desks
Hence either I or III f ollows. Some rods are are telephones (I). Hence III follows.
Syllogism 643
35. 2; All furniture are jungles + No jungle is road = A + wheels are trees (I). Hence III follows.
E = E = No furniture is road conversion No road 41. 3; All stones are rivers + All rivers are cars = A + A
is f ur nit ur e (E). Hence I doe s not f ollo w. All = A = All stones are cars conversion Some
furniture are jungles (A) conversion Some cars are stones (I). Hence II follows. All rivers
jungles ar e f ur nit ur e (I). Hence II f ollows. No are cars + Some cars are trains = A + I = No
jungle is road + Some roads are hills = E + I = O H = conclusion. Hence III and consequently I do
Some hills ar e not jungles. Hence III does not not follow.
f ollow. 42. 4; Some packets are buckets + All buckets are tubes =
36. 3; Some stones are rocks + All rocks are mountains I + A = I = Some packets are tubes conversion
= I + A = I = Some st ones ar e moun t ains Some t ubes are packets. Hence III follows. All
conv er sion Some mount ains ar e st ones (I). stamps are packets + Some packets are buckets = A
Hence I f ollows. All br icks ar e st ones + Some + I = No conclusion. Hence II and consequently I do
stones ar e mountains = A + I = No conclusion. not follow.
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Hence II does not follow. All bricks are stones (A) 43. 2; Some doors are windows + Some windows are
conversion Some stones are bricks (I). Hence lamps = I + I = No conclusion. Hence III and
III follows. and consequently I do not follow. Some windows
37. 3; Some plates are chairs + All chairs are tables = are lamps + All lamps are candles = I + A = I =
I + A = I = Some plates are tables conversion Some windows ar e candles conver sion
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Some tables are plates (I). Hence I follows. Some candles are windows (I). Hence II follows.
Some bags are plates + Some plates are chairs = 44. 1; I-type statements can't be combined.
I + I = No conclusion. Hence II and III do not 45. 5; Some rivers are hills + No hill is taxi = I + E = O =
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follow by combination. However, the two form a Some rivers are not taxis. Hence II does not follow.
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complementary I-E pair. Hence, either II or III Again, since O-type statement can't be combined,
f ollows. neit he r I nor III f ollows. B ut t he t wo f or m a
38. 4; Some rooms are halls + All halls are leaves = I + A complement ar y I-E pair. Hence eit her I or III
= I = Some rooms are leaves conversion Some f ollows.
II and consequently I do not follow. conversion Some mountains are hotels (I).
KUNDAN
40. 4; Some books are trees + All trees are roads = I + A Hence I follows. All rooms are hotels + All hotels
= I = Some books are roads conversion Some ar e buildings = A + A = A = All r ooms ar e
roads are books (I). Hence II follows. Some books buildings conversion Some buildings are
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are roads + All roads are wheels = I + A = I = r ooms (I). Hence II f ollow s. All r oo ms ar e
Some books are wheels conversion Some buildings + All buildings are mountains = A + A
wheels are books (I). Hence I follows. All trees = A = All rooms are mountains conversion
are roads + All roads are wheels = A + A = A = Some mountains are rooms (I). Hence III follows.
All t r ees ar e wheels conv er sion Some
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Exercise–5
1. 4; Conclusion IV follows from statement (b) and conclusion II [ A + A = A]. Now, statement (b) +
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statement (c). [ I + A = I]. Conclusion I follows conversion of statement (a) gives no conclusion.
from conversion of conclusion IV. Statement (a) Hence, conclusion III does not follow. Conversion
and statement (b) give no conclusion [ A + I = of conclusion IV gives conclusion I.
no conclusion]. Therefore, conclusions II and III 4. 5; Only II follows.
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“Some stones are not trees.” [ E + A = O*]. Hence, Similar ly, conv ersion of stat ement (a) gives
conclusion I does not follow. Statement (b) + conclusion II. Statement (a) + Statement (b) gives
Statement (c) gives the conclusion “All fruits are no conclusion [ I + I = No conclusion]. Hence
rains”. On conversions it gives conclusion III. conclusion III does not f ollow. Similarly,
Now, statement (a) + “All fruits are rains” gives statement (b) + statement (c) gives no conclusion
the conclusion “Some rains are not trees” [ E + [ I + I = No conclusion]. Therefore, conclusion
A = O*]. Conclusions II and IV do not follow but IV does not follow.
these two conclusions make a complementary pair 15. 2; Statement (a) + Statement (b) gives conclusion “All
(EI-t ype). Hence, eit her conclusion II or benches ar e f lower s” [ A + A = A] — on
conclusion IV follows. conversion “Some flowers are benches”. Hence,
7. 4; Statement (a) + Statement (b) gives no conclusion [ conclusion IV follows. Again, “All benches are
A + I = no conclusion]. Hence, conclusion I does not flowers” + “All flowers are fruits” gives conclusion
follow. Stat ement (b) + St atement (c) gives the “All benches are fruits”. Hence, I does not follow.
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conclusion “Some stars are hills” [ I + A = I]. Statement (b) + Statement (c) gives conclusion II
Conv er sion of “Some st ar s ar e hills” giv es [ A + A = A]. Conclusion III f ollows fr om
conclusion II. Conclusion III does not f ollow Statement (c) [on conversion].
because st atement (a) + statement (b) gives no 16. 3; Statement (a) + Statement (b) gives no conclusion
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conclusion. Conclusion IV follows from statement [ I + I = no conclusion]. Therefore, conclusions
(a). II and III do not follow. But these two conclusions
8. 4; Statement (a) + Statement (b) gives the conclusion make complementary pair of IE-type. Therefore,
“Some cats are bats” [ I + A = I]. “Some cats are either conclusion II or conclusion III follows.
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bats” on conversion “Some bats are cats”. Since Statement (a) + Statement (b) gives no
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Hence, conclusion II follows. Conclusion III does conclusion therefore “train” and “tiger” can’t be
not follow because statement (b) + Statement (c) related. Hence, conclusion I does not follow. “All
gives no conclusion [ A + I = no conclusion]. tigers are waters” on conversion “Some waters
Conclusions I and IV do not f ollow because are tigers”. Hence, conclusion IV does not follow.
statement (b) + statement (c) gives no conclusions.
But conclusions I and IV make a complementary
e 17. 4; Statement (a) + Statement (b) gives conclusion
“Some buses are mountains” [ I + A = I] on
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pair (IE-type). Hence, either I or II follows. conversion “Some mountains are buses”. Hence,
9. 5; Only I and III follow. Conclusions I and III follow conclusion I follows. Again, Some buses are
from statement (a) and statement (c) respectively mountains + Some mountains are roads gives no
[on conversion]. But conclusions II and IV do not conclusion [ I + I = no conclusion]. Hence,
follow because A-type statement can’t be converted conclusion II does not follow. Again, Statement
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KUNDAN
10. 2; Statement (a) + Statement (b) gives the conclusion conclusioon [ A + I = no conclusion]. Hence,
“Some dogs are trees” [ I + A = I]. Now conversion conclusion III does not follow. Conclusion IV
of “Some dogs are trees” gives conclusion I. Hence, follows from conversion of Statement (c).
I follows. But conclusions II and IV do not follow. 18. 5; Only II and IV follow. Statement (a) + Statement
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Conversion of statement (a) gives the conclusion (b) gives no conclusion [ A + I = no conclusion].
“Some rats are dogs”. Hence, conclusion III does Therefore, conclusion I does not follow. Again,
not follow. Statement (b) + Statement (c) gives the conclusion
11. 4; Statement (a) + Statement (b) gives the conclusion “Some jungles are elephants” [ I + A = I] on
“Some boys are clouds [ I + A = I] on conversion conversion “Some elephant s ar e jungles”.
”Some clouds are boys”. Hence, conclusion I
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conclusion]. Hence, conclusion III does not follow. “No books are houses” [ A + E = E]. Hence,
But conclusion IV follows from statement (a). conclusion I follows but conclusion IV does not
12. 1; Statement (a) + conversion of statement (b) (“Some follow. Again, “No books are houses” + Statement
flowers are houses”) gives no conclusion [ A + I (c) gives the conclusion “Some doors are not books”
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= no conclusion]. Hence, conclusion I does not [E + A = O*]. Hence, conclusion II does not follow.
follow. Statement (c) + Statement (b) gives no Again, Statement (b) + Statement (c) gives the
conclusion ( A + I = no conclusion). Hence, conclusion “Some doors are not pens” [ E + A =
conclusions II and IV do not follow. But these O*]. Hence, Conclusion III does not follow.
two conclusions make a complementary pair (IE- 2 0 . 2; Statement (a) + Statement (b) gives conclusion
type). Hence, either II or IV follows. Conclusion “Some fruits are not boats” [ I + E = O]. Again
III follows from conversion of statement (a). “Some fruits are not boats” + “All boats are river”
13. 5; Only I, II and III follow. Statement (a) + Statement gives no conclusion [ O + A = no conclusion].
(b) gives conclusion I [ A + E = E]. Hence, Therefore, conclusions I and III do not follow.
conclusion I follows but conclusion IV does not Conversion of statement (c) gives conclusion II.
follow. Conclusion II follows from conversion of Similar ly, conv ersion of stat ement (a) gives
statement (c). Similarly, conclusion III follows from conclusion IV. Hence, only conclusions II and
conversion of statement (a). IV follow.
14. 2; Conversion of statement (c) gives conclusion I.
Syllogism 645
21. 5; Statement (a) + statement (b) gives conclusion IV 28. 4; Statement (a) + statement (b) gives conclusion “All
[ I + A = I]. Now, “Some buses are goats” + forests are villages” on conversion “Some
Statement (c) gives the conclusion “Some buses villages are forests”. Hence, conclusion IV follows.
are dogs” [ I + A = I] on conversion “Some Conversion of statement (b) gives conclusion I.
dogs are buses”. Hence, conclusion I follows. Again, statement (b) + conversion of statement (c)
Statement (b) + Statement (c) gives the conclusion gives no conclusion [ A + I = no conclusion].
“All horses are dogs” on conversion “Some Hence, conclusion II does not follow. “All forests
dogs are horses”. Hence conclusion II follows. are villages” + conversion of statement (c), ie “Some
Conclusion III f ollows f r om conv ersion of villages are cities”, gives no conclusion [ A + I =
statement (c). no conclusion]. Hence, conclusion III does not
2 2 . 4; Statement (a) + Statement (b) gives the conclusion follow.
“Some chairs are vehicles” [ I + A = I]. Hence, 29. 1; Statement (c) + statement (a) gives no conclusion
conclusion II follows. Again, “Some chairs are [ A + I = no conclusion]. Hence, conclusions I
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vehicles” + “Some vehicles are trucks” (c) gives and III do not follow. Conversion of statement (c)
no conclusion [ I + I = No conclusion]. Hence, gives the conclusion “Some goats are boats”.
neither conclusion I nor IV follows. But these Hence, conclusion II does not follow. Again,
two conclusions make a complementary pair (IE- statement (a) + conversion of statement (b) gives
no conclusion [ I + I = no conclusion]. Hence,
ng
type). Hence, either conclusion I or conclusion
IV follows also. Conclusion III follows from the conclusion IV does not follow. Thus, no
conversion of statement (b). conclusion follows.
23. 1; Statement (a) + conversion of statement (b) gives 30. 2; Statement (b) + statement (c) gives no conclusion
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no conclusion [ A + I = no conclusion]. [ I + I = no conclusion]. Hence, conclusion I
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Therefore, conclusion I does not follow. Similarly, does not follow. Again, conversion of statement
statement (b) + statement (c) gives no conclusion (a) gives “Some spectators are players”. Hence,
[ A + I = no conclusion]. Hence, conclusion II conclusion IV does not follow. Again, conversion
does not follow. Again, statement (a) + statement of statement (b) + “Some spectators are players”
(c) gives no conclusion. Therefore, conclusion III
does not follow. Conclusion IV does not follow
e gives no conclusion [ I + I = no conclusion].
Hence, conclusion III does not follow. Again, from
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from conversion of statement (c). Thus, none all (a), (b) and (c), players and dramas can’t be
follows. correlated. Hence conclusion II does not follow.
24. 5; Either I or IV and II and III follow. Statement (a) + 31. 2; Statement (b) + statement (c) gives “Some rivers
Statement (b) gives the conclusion “Some cruel are roads” [ I + A = I],, conversion of which
animals are not trees”. Hence, neither conclusion gives conclusion I. Hence, conclusion I follows.
En
I nor conclusion IV f ollows. But t hese t wo Again, statement (a) + “Some rivers are roads” gives
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conclusions make a complementary pair (EI-type). no conclusion [ I + I = No conclusion]. Hence,
Hence, either conclusion I or conclusion IV follows. conclusion II does not follow. Again, statement
Conclusion II follows from conversion of statement (a) + statement (b) gives no conclusion [ I + I =
(c). Conclusion III f ollows f r om conv ersion of No conclusion]. Hence, conclusion III does not
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conclusion “Some windows are not toys”. Hence, 33. 3; Statement (b) + statement (c) gives no conclusion
conclusion IV does not follow. Thus, no [ A + I = no conclusion]. Hence, conclusion I
conclusion follows. does not follow. Again, statement (a) + statement
26. 1; Statement (a) + statement (c) gives conclusion III (c) gives no conclusion [ A + I = no conclusion].
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[ E + A = O*]. Hence, conclusion III follows but Hence, conclusion II does not follow. Conversion
conclusion I does not follow. Again, statement of statement (b) gives conclusion III. Hence,
(b) + statement (c) gives conclusion II [ A + A = conclusion III follows.
A]. Statement (b) + conversion of statement (a) 34. 1; Statement (c) + conversion of statement (b) gives
gives conclusion IV [ A + E = E]. no conclusion [ A + I = no conclusion]. Hence,
27. 5; Only II and III follow. conclusion I does not follow. Again, statement
Statement (a) + statement (b) gives conclusion (a) + statement (b) gives no conclusion [ I + I =
“Some towers are cats” [ I + A = I]. Now, “Some no conclusion]. Hence, conclusion II does not
towers are cats” on conversion “Some cats follow. Again, from all the statements (a), (b) and
are towers”. Hence, conclusion III follows. Again, (c), no specific relation between house and lantern
conversion of statement (b) gives conclusion II. can be established. Hence, conclusion III does
Conclusion I and IV do not follow, because not follow.
statement (b) + statement (c) gives no conclusion 35. 5; Statement (a) + conversion of statement (b) gives
[ A + I = no conclusion].
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conclusion II follows. But we can’t related ‘boxes’ follow. Again, statement (a) + “Some desks are
and ‘windows’ because statement (a) + statement pillar s” giv es no conclusion [ .. . A + I = no
(b) gives no conclusion. Hence, conclusion I does conclusions]. Hence, neither conclusion I nor
not follow. conclusion IV follows. But both conclusion I and
conclusion IV together make a complementary pair
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37. 2; Statement (a) + statement (b) gives conclusion
“Some boats are rats” on conversion “Some [I-E type]. Hence, either conclusion I or conclusion
rats are boats” [ I + A = I]. Hence, conclusion II IV follows.
follows. Again, statement (b) + statement (c) gives 43. 5; Statement (b) + statement (c) gives conclusion II
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no conclusion [ A + I = no conclusion]. Hence, [ ..
. A + A = A], which, on conver sion, gives
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conclusion I and conclusion IV do not follow. conclusion IV. Hence, both conclusion II and
We can’t get any specific conclusion regarding conclusion IV f ollow. Again, st at ement (a) +
‘boats and ‘mountain’s [ Statement (b) + statement statement (c) gives conclusion I [ .. . A + A = A],
(c) gives no conclusion]. Hence, conclusion III which, on conv er sion, giv es conclusion III.
38. 1;
does not follow.
e
Statement (b) + statement (a) gives conclusion “All
Hence, bot h conclusion I and conclusion III
follow.
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papers are rain” [ A + A = A]. Hence, conclusion 44. 5; Only IV follows. Statement (a) + conversion of
II follows. Conclusion IV can be obt ained af ter statement (b) gives “Some trucks are not books”
conversion of conclusion II. Hence, conclusion IV [ ..
. I + E = O]. Hence, conclusion I does not follow.
follows. Again, statement (c) + statement (b) gives Again, statement (b) + statement (c) gives “Some
conclusion “All dogs are buildings” [ A + A = A]. fruits are not books” [ .. . E + I = O*]. Hence,
conclusion II does not follow. Again, statement
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rains” (statement (a)) gives conclusion I. Hence, . I+I=
no conclusion]. Hence, conclusion III does not
conclusion I f ollows. Again, conv ersion of
follow. Again, conclusion IV is obvious from the
statement (a) gives conclusion III. Hence conclusion
conclusion obtained after conversion of statement
III follows.
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not follow.
(c) giv es conclusion II. Hence, conclusion II
46. 1; I-type statements can't be combined.
follows but conclusion IV does not follow.
47. 5; All hammers are rods + All rods are buckets = A
40. 3; Statement (a) + statement (b) gives conclusion “Some
+ A = A = All hammers are buckets. Hence III
t r ains ar e not jungles” [ I + E = O]. Hence,
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Syllogism 647
49. 3; All rocks are balls (A) conversion Some balls I-E pair. Hence either I or IV follows.
are rocks (I). Hence III follows. All rocks are balls 50. 4; All books are papers + Some papers are pencils
+ Some balls are rings = A + I = No conclusion. (conversion of All pencils are papers) = A + I =
Hence II does not follow. Nor can we get a "rock- No conclusion. Hence I does not follow. Similarly,
stone" relationship (I or IV) as the route lies via II and III also do not follow. But IV follows by
"ring". However, I and IV form a complementary converting the last statement.
Exercise–6
1. 4; Some huts are rooms + Some rooms are buildings = A + I = No conclusion. Hence 'rings' and 'jewels'
= I + I = No conclusion. Hence conclusion I does can't be connected. And when this can't be done,
not follow. there is no chance of connecting 'stones' and
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Some markets are huts + Some huts are rooms = 'bangles' as they can be connected only through
I + I = No conclusion. Hence II does not follow. 'ring-jewel' route.
2 . 1; Some fruits are biscuits + All biscuits are snacks = 12. 4; The middle two propositions can be combined as
I + A = I = Some fruits are snacks conversion I + A = I. Hence, we get Some pants are buttons
Some snacks are fruits. Hence conclusion I follows. as a middle pr oposit ion. But t his can't be
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All cakes are breads + Some breads are fruits = A + combined with the last proposition as I + I = No
I = No conclusion. Hence II does not follow. conclusion. Hence Conclusion I does not follow.
3. 5; All beads are rings + All rings are bangles = A + Similarly, the first proposition can't be combined
A = A = All beads are bangles conversion with this either as A + I = No conclusion.
K eri
Some bangles are beads. Hence conclusion I Hence Conclusion II does not follow.
follows. All poles are rings (A) conversion 13. 5; All universities are institutes + All institutes are
Some rings are poles (I). Hence conclusion II classes = A + A = A = All universities are classes.
follows. Hence I I f ollows. No w, Some colle ges ar e
4. 3; Some flowers are jungles + All jungles are trees =
I + A = I = Some flowers are trees. Now, No plant
e universities + All universities are classes = I + A
= I = Some colleges are classes. Hence I follows.
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is flower + Some flowers are trees = E + I = O* = 14. 1; Some umbrellas are raincoats + All raincoats are
Some trees are not plants. From this neither I shirts = I + A = I = Some umbrellas are shirts
nor II can be concluded. But either I or II must conversion Some shirts are umbrellas (I). Hence
follow because they make a complementary I-E I follows. All raincoats are shirts + No shirt is a
type pair. blazer + Some blazers are suits = (A + E) + I = E
5. 2; All hammers are poles + All poles are sticks = A + I = OH = Some suits are not raincoats. Hence II
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are pencils = A + I = No conclusion. Hence 15. 2; Some computers are boards + Some boards are
conclusion I does not follow. Again, Some knives chalks = I + I = No conclusion. Hence I does not
are hammers + All hammers are sticks = I + A = follow. All chalks are bulbs + No bulb is tubelight
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not follow. 17. 3; All flowers are fruits + Some fruits are nuts = A
7. 3; We can't establish a relationships between 'pins' + I = No conclusion. Hence I and II do not follow
and 'trucks' because I-type statements can't be by combination. However, the two form an I-E
combined. However, the two conclusions form a complementary pair. Hence either I or II follows.
w.
complement ary I-E pair . Hence either I or II 18. 4; All pa int ings ar e phot ogr aphs + Some
follows. photographs are designs = A + I = No conclusion.
8. 5; All trees are roads + All roads are houses = A + A Hence I does not follow. Some photographs are
= A = All trees are houses. Hence Conclusion I designs + Some designs are movies = I + I = No
follows. All roads are houses + All houses are conclusion. Hence II does not follow.
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buildings = A + A = A = All roads are buildings 19. 5; Some syrups are medicines + All medicines
conversion Some buildings are roads (I-type). ar e powder s = I + A = I = Some syr ups ar e
Hence Conclusion II follows. powder s. Hence I f ollows. Some t ablet s ar e
9. 2; Some bags are toys + All toys are puppets = I + A capsules + All capsules are syrups = I + A = I =
= I = Some bags are puppets conversion Some tablets are syrups conversion Some
Some puppets are bags (I-type). Hence Conclusion syrups are tablets (I). Hence II follows.
II follows. Now, All tablet s are packets + No 2 0 . 2; All f lats are buildings + Some buildings are
packet is bag = A + E = E = No tablet is bag + bungalows = A + I = No conclusion. Hence I
Some bags are puppets (obtained earlier) = E + I = does not follow. Some buildings are bungalows
O* = Some puppets are not tablets. But Conclusion + All bungalows are apartments = I + A = I =
I can't be established. Some buildings are apartments conversion
10. 4; I-type statements can't be combined. Some apar tments ar e buildings (I). Hence II
11. 4; All rings are bracelets + Some bracelets are jewels f ollows.
Exercise–7
1. 4; Statement (c) + statement (d) gives no conclusion Again, statement (b) + statement (c) gives the
[ A + I = no conclusion]. Therefore, conclusions conclusion "Some umbrellas are trousers" [ I +
I and II do not follow. But, since these t wo A = I] Now, the conversion of "Some umbrellas
conclusions make a complementary pair (IE-type), are t rouser s" giv es conclusion II. Hence,
eit her conclusion I or conclusion II f ollows. conclusion II follows.
Again, statement (a) + statement (b) gives no Again st atement (c) + st atement (d) giv es
conclusion [ A + I = no conclusion]. Hence, conclusion III [ A + A = A]. Hence, conclusion
conclusion III does not follow. III follows.
2 . 1; Note that I + I = no conclusions. Therefor e, 9. 4; Statement (c) + statement (d) gives conclusion
statement (a) + statement (b) gives no conclusion. "Some machines are televisions" [ I + A = I].
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Similarly, statement (b) + statement (c) gives no Now, conv er sion of " Some machines ar e
conclusion. Also, statement (c) + statement (d) televisions" gives conclusion I. Hence conclusion
giv es no conclusion. Hence, no conclusion I follows.
follows. Again, statement (a) + statement (b) gives no
3. 2; Statement (a) + statement (b) gives conclusion "All conclusion [ I + I = no conclusion]. Hence,
ng
hills are dams" [ A + A = A]. Conversion of "All conclusions II and III do not follow. But look at
hills ar e dams" gives conclusion III. Hence, the conclusions II and III carefully. These two
conclusion III follows. Again, statement (c) + conclusions make a complementary pair. Hence,
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statement (d) gives conclusion II [ I + A = I]. either conclusion II or conclusion III follows.
eri
Hence, conclusion II follows. Again, "All hills 10. 3; Statement (a) + statement (b) gives conclusion II
are dams" + conclusion II gives no conclusion [ A + A = A]. Hence, conclusion II follows. Since
[ A + I = no conclusion]. Hence, conclusion I statement (b) + statement (c) gives no conclusion,
does not follow. we can't relate 'keys' and 'sharpeners' [ A + I =
4. 3; Statement (c) + statement (d) gives conclusion I
[ I + A = I]. Hence, conclusion I follows. Again,
e no conclusion]. Hence, conclusion I does not
follow.
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since statement (a) + st atement (b) gives no Again, conclusion II and st atement (c) giv es no
conclusion, we can't get any specific relationship conclusion [ .. . A + I = no conclusion]. Thus
regarding 'receipt' and 'book'. Hence, neither conclusion III does not follow.
conclusion II nor conclusion III f ollows. But, 11. 1; All grapes are plums + All plums are oranges = A
since these two conclusions make an IE-type + A = A = All grapes are oranges conversion
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complementary pair, either conclusion II or Some oranges are grapes. Hence conclusion I
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conclusion III follows. follows. But the last two statements are of I-type
5. 3; Statement (a) + statement (b) gives conclusion "All and do not lead to any results here. Hence II and
bottles are containers" [ A + A = A]. Again, "All III do not follow.
bot tles are cont ainers" + statement (c) gives 12. 5; Some dogs are cats conversion Some cats
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I does not follow. Again, statement (c) + statement 14. 2; No bungalow is hotel + All hotels are restaurants
(d) gives no conclusion [ I + I = no conclusion]. = E + A = O* = Some r estaur ant s ar e not
Hence, conclusion III does not follow. bungalows. Hence I does not follow. Some houses
7. 3; Statement (a) + statement (b) gives conclusion "All are bungalows + No bungalow is hotel = I + E = O
lions ar e leopar ds" [ A + A = A]. Now, = Some houses are not hotels. Hence II does not
conv ersion of " All lions ar e leopar ds" gives follow. All hotels are restaurants (A) conversion
conclusion III. Hence, conclusion III follows. Some restaur ants are hotels (I). Hence III
Again, "All lions are leopards" + statement (c) gives follows.
no conclusion [ A + I = no conclusion]. Hence, 15. 4; No chilly is brinjal + All brinjals are sweets = E +
conclusion I and conclusion II do not follow. A = O* = Some sweets are not chillies. Hence I
8. 3; Statement (a) + statement (b) gives no conclusion does not follow. All brinjals are sweets + Some
[ I + I = no conclusion]. Hence, conclusion I sweets are desserts = A + I = No conclusion.
does not follow. Hence III and consequently II do not follow.
Syllogism 649
16. 2; Some sticks are canes + All canes are scales = I + 26. 4; All towels are bedsheets + No bedsheets is blanket
A = I = Some sticks are scales. Hence conclusion = A + E = E = No towel is blanket. Hence I follows.
I follows but II does not. Again, All canes are Some shoes are socks + All socks are towels = I +
scales + No scale is weight = A + E = E = No cane A = I = Some shoes are towels. Hence II follows.
is weight. Hence III follows. Some shoes are towels + All towels are bedsheets
17. 2; Some folders are boxes + Some boxes are bags = I = I + A = I = Some shoes are bedsheets. Hence III
+ I = No conclusion. Hence conclusion I does not follows.
f ollow. Some boxes are bags + All bags ar e 27. 1; No bud is leaf + All leaves are plants = E + A =
containers = I + A = I = Some boxes are containers. O*= Some plants are not buds. Hence I does not
Hence II follows. Some bags are sacks (I) follow. Nor can II follow. Some fruits are flowers
conversion I Some sacks are bags + All bags + Somes flowers are buds = I + I = No conclusion.
are containers = I + A = I = Some sacks are Hence III does not follow.
containers. Hence III follows. 28. 3; All rings are bangles (A) conversion. Some
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18. 4; No bird is amphibian + All amphibians ar e bangles ar e r ings (I). Hence I follows. All
animals = E + A = O* = Some animals are not diamonds are rings (A) conversion Some
birds. Hence conclusion I does not follow. Some rings are diamonds (I). Hence II does not follow.
insects are pests + All pests are birds = I + A = I All diamonds are rings + All rings are bangles =
= Some insects are birds. Hence II follows. All A + A = A = All diamonds are bangles. Hence III
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pests are birds + No bird is amphibian = A + E = follows.
E = No pests are amphibians. Hence III follows. 29. 3; All tables are telephones + All telephones are
19. 5; Some paints are colours + All colours are solutions cellphones = A + A = A = All tables are cell phones
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= I + A = I = Some paints are solutions. Hence conversion Some cell phones are tables (I).
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conclusion I follows. Hence I does not follow. All chairs are tables +
All colours are solutions + Some solutions are All tables are telephones + All telephones are
liquids = A + I = No conclusion. Hence II does cell phones + No cell phone is computer = (A +
not follow. Some solutions are liquids + All liquids A) + A + E = (A + A) + E = A + E = E = No chair is
are solids = I + A = Some solutions are solids.
Hence III follows.
e computer. Hence III follows while II does not.
30. 5; Some rocks are hills + All hills are mountains +
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2 0 . 5; All keys are doors + Some doors are windows = A All mountains are rivers = (I + A) + A = I + A = I =
+ I = No conclusion. Hence conclusion I does not Some rocks are rivers. Hence I does not follow.
follow. But there are two possibilities: (i) either Since the only statement containing 'canal' is a
some keys are windows (conclusion I) or (ii) No negative type, no positive inference with 'canal'
keys are windows (in which case conclusion III can be true. Hence neither II nor III follows.
can be obtained). Hence either I or III follows. 31. 4; Some plates are spoons + All spoons are forks +
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21. 3; All books are novels + Some novels are poems = plates are bowls. Hence I follows. All spoons are
A + I = No conclusion. Hence conclusion I does forks + All forks are bowls = A + A = A = All
not follow. Some novels are poems +. Some poems spoons are bowls. Hence II follows. However, All
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are stories = I + I = No conclusion. Hence II and forks are bowls + Some bowls are utensils = A +
III do not follow. But they make a complementary I = No conclusion. Hence III does not follow.
I-E pair. Hence either II or III follows. 32. 3; Some discs are boards + All boards are keys = I +
2 2 . 1; Some trousers are shirts + All shirts are coats = I A = I = Some discs are keys. Hence III follows.
+ A = I = Some t r ousers are coat s. Hence Some books are files + All files are discs = I + A =
conclusion I follows. Some bags are suits + All I = Some books are discs + Some discs are keys =
Le
suits are trousers = I + A = I = Some bags are I + I = No conclusion. Hence I and II do not follow.
trousers. Hence II follows. All suits are trousers But they form an I–E complementary pair. Hence
+ Some trousers are shirts = A + I = No conclusion. either I or II follows.
Hence III does not follow. 33. 5; All buses are trains + Some trains are cars = A +
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23. 4; All flowers are fruits + No fruit is juice = A + E = I = No conclusion. Hence I does not follow. Again,
E = No flower is juice. Hence III follows. Some All scooters are jeeps (A) conversion Some
juices are proteins + All proteins are vitamins = I jeeps are scooters (I). Hence II does not follow.
+ A = I = Some juices are vitamins. Hence II Also, Some trains are cars + No car is scooter +
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follows. No fruit is juice + Some juices are vitamins All scooters are jeeps =(I + E) + A = O + A = No
= E + I = O* = Some vitamins are not fruits. Hence conclusion. Hence III does not follow.
conclusion I does not follow. 34. 3; Some mattresses are beds + All beds are sofas = I
24. 2; All buildings are flats + No flat is house = A + E + A = I = Some mattresses are sofas. Hence II
= E = No building is house. Hence conclusion I follows. No pillow is mattress + Some mattresses
follows. Some towers are pillars + Some pillars are beds = E + I = O* = Some beds are not pillows.
are buildings = I + I = No conclusion. Hence Hence neither I nor III follows by combining. But
neither II nor III follows. the two form an I–E complementary pair. Hence
25. 5; All bowls are trays + Some trays are plates = A + I = either I or III follows.
No conclusion. And if these two statements can't 35. 1; Some grains are sprouts + All sprouts are nuts =
be combined, we can't relates 'cups' and 'spoons' I + A = I = Some grains are nuts conversion
either. Hence none follows by combination. But Some nuts are grains (I). Hence II follows. Some
conclusions II and III form a complementary I-E pulses are grains + Some grains are nuts = I + I =
pair. Hence either II or III follows. No conclusion. Hence I does not follow. All
sprouts are nuts + (conversion of No fruit is nut follows. All desks are pillars + All pillars are
=) No nut is fruit = A + E = E = No sprout is fruit circles = A + A = A = All desks are circles
(E) conversion No fruit is sporut (E). Hence conversion Some circles are desks (I). Hence
III follows. II follows.
36. 1; I-type statements can't be combined. 40. 4; Some dresses are doors + All doors are cots = I +
37. 5; All bangles are clothes + All clothes are boxes = A = I = Some dresses are cots.
A + A = All bangles are boxes conversion Now, No hammer is dress + Some dresses are cots
Some boxes are bangles (I). Hence I follows. Some = E + I = O H = So me cot s ar e not ham mer s.
rings are bangles + All bangles are clothes = I + However, I and II form a complementary I-E pair.
A = I = Some rings are clothes conversion Hence either I or II follows. All sticks are hammers
Some clothes are rings (I). Hence II follows. Some + No hammer is dress = A + E = E = No stick is dress
beads are rings + Some rings are bangles = I + I conversion No dress is stick. Hence III does
= No conclusion. Hence III does not follow. not follow.
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38. 3; All winds are nets + Some nets are clocks = A + 41. 2; Some chains are wheels + All wheels are poles
I = No conclusion. Hence I does not follow. Some = I + A = I = Some chains are poles conversion
fires are winds + All winds are nets = I + A = I Some poles are chains (I). Hence I follows.
= Some fires are nets conversion Some nets All knives are chains + Some chains are wheels
are fires (I). Hence II follows. All chairs are fires = A + I = No conclusion. Hence II does not follow.
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+ Some fires are winds = A + I = No conclusion. Some plates are knives + All knives are chains
Hence III does not follow. = I + A = I = Some plates are chains conversion
39. 3; All pillars are circles + Some circles are squares Some chains are plates (I). Hence III follows.
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= A + I = No conclusion. Hence neither I nor III
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Exercise–8
e
1. 1; a(A-type) + b (E-type) gives conclusion I ( A + E = E) of statement (c) gives conclusion III [ A + E = E].
Statement (c) + conversion of statement (d) [ E +
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2 . 3; a (A-type) + b (E-type) gives the conclusion “No
glasses are metals.” Again “No glasses are metals” I = O*]. Hence, IV does not follow.
+ statement (c) gives conclusion I. [ E + I = O*]. 11. 3; Statement (b) + Statement (a) gives “No pens are
II and III make a complementary pair of O-A copies” [ A + E = E]. Hence I follows. Statement
t ype. (b) + statement (c) gives “All copies are telephones”.
3. 2; St at ement c(E-type) + statement d(A-t ype) = Hence, conclusions II does not follow. III also
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conclusion II (O* type). can’t be concluded. Again “All copies ar e
4. 5; Only II and III follow. telephones” + conversion of statement (d) gives
5. 3; (b) + (c) = A + E = E = No pens are copies. Hence “No copies are radios” [ A + E = E]. Hence, IV
III follows. IV follows as an implication of (c). follows from this result.
12. 4; We have been given “All dogs bite”. Here the word
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+ (b) = E + A = O* = Some humans are not cops. (b) + conversion of (c) gives no conclusion. Hence,
Hence III and IV do not follow. IV does not follow.
8. 3; Statement (b) + statement (c) gives conclusion “No 13. 5; Either I or II and either III or IV follow.
tumblers are pots”. [ A + E = E]. Now, “No Statement (a) + Statement (b) gives no conclusion
[ I + I = No conclusion]. Now look at conclusions
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Syllogism 651
conclusions I and II do not follow. But, these statement (c) + statement (d) gives no conclusion
two conclusions make a complementary pair. [ ..
. I + I = no conclusion], therefore, we can't relate
Hence, eit her conclusion I or conclusion II 'boxes' and 'poles'. Hence, conclusion I does not
follows. Now, look at the options given. We do follow. Again, since statement (b) + statement (c)
not need extra work. Hence, 3) is our answer. gives no conclusion, we can't relate 'fans' and
15. 2; Statement (a) + statement (b) gives no conclusion 'boxes'. Hence, conclusion II does not follow.
[ I + I = no conclusion]. Hence, conclusion I 2 2 . 5; Only IV follows
does not follow. Again, conversion of statement Statement (a) + statement (b) gives conclusion
(d) gives conclusion II. Hence, conclusion II "Some scales are metals" [ .. . I + A = I]. Hence,
follows. Again, statement (c) + statement (d) gives conclusion IV can be obtained after conversion
conclusion IV [ I + A = I]. Hence, conclusion IV of "Some scales are metals". Also, statement (b) +
follows. Since, statement (b) + statement (c) gives statement (c) gives no conclusion [ .. . A + I = no
no conclusion [ I + I = no conclusion], therefore conclusion]. Therefore, conclusions I, II and III
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we can’t r elat e ‘sticks’ and ‘guns’. Hence, do not follow.
conclusion III does not follow. 23. 2; Note t hat I + I = no conclusion. Ther ef or e,
16. 1; Statement (a) + statement (b) gives no conclusion conclusions I, II, III and IV do not follow. But
among these four conclusions, conclusion I and
[ I+I = no conclusion]. Hence, conclusion III
conclusion III make an I-E type complementary
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does not f ollow. Similarly, st atement (b) +
pair. Hence, either conclusion I or conclusion III
statement (c) gives no conclusion. Therefore,
follows.
conclusions, I, II and IV do not follow.
24. 3; All stones are pearls + Some pearls are shells =
17. 5; Statement (a) + statement (b) gives conclusion
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A + I = No conclusion. Hence I does not follow.
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“Some keys ar e locks” [ I + A = I]. Now,
Some shells are boxes + No box is container = I +
conv ersion of “Some keys ar e locks” giv es E = O = Some shells are not containers. Hence
conclusion III. Hence, conclusion III f ollows. III does not follow. Again, Some pearls are shells
Statement (b) + statement (c) gives conclusion II + Some shells are not containers = I + O = No
[ A+A =A]. Hence, conclusion II follows. Again,
“Some keys are locks” + statement (c) giv es
conclusion I [ I+A=I]. Hence, conclusion I e conclusion. Hence II and IV do not follow by
combination. However, since they form an E-I
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complementary pair, either of the two must follow.
follows. Again, conclusion II + statement (d) gives 25. 4; No hostel is office + All offices are institutes = E +
conclusion “No chain is a digit”. Now, conversion A = O = Some institutes are not hostels. Hence
of “No chain is a digit” gives conclusion “No digit neither I nor III follows by combination. However,
is a chain”. Hence, conclusion IV follows. they form an E-I complementary pair. Hence either
18. 4; I + I = no conclusion, therefore, no conclusion I or III follows. II does not follow because I-type
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follows. Again, since the conclusions I and II statements can't be combined. Some colleges are
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make a complementary pair (IE-type). Hence, hostels + No hostel is office = I + E = O = Some
either conclusion I or conclusion II follows. colleges are not offices. Hence IV does not follow.
19. 5; Statement (b) + statement (c) gives conclusion 26. 1; Some pins are needles + All needles are nails +
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"Some pins are needles" [ I + A = I]. Now, on All nails are hammers = (I + A) + A = I + A = I =
conv ersion " Some pins ar e needles giv es Some pins are hammers. Hence I follows. Some
conclusion I. Hence, conclusion I follows. threads are needles + All needles are nails = I +
Conclusion II f ollows f r om conv er sion of A = I = Some threads are nails. Hence II follows.
statement (a). Conversion of statement (d) gives Some threads are needles (I) conversion Some
conclusion III. Again, conclusion IV follows from needles ar e t hreads (I). Now, Some pins are
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conversion of statement (c). Thus, all conclusions needles + Some needles are threads = I + I = No
follow. conclusion. Hence III and IV do not follow by
2 0 . 2; Statement (a) + statement (b) gives conclusion III combination. However, since they form an I-E
[ A + A = A]. Hence, conclusion III follows. complementary pair, either III or IV follows.
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Again, conclusion III + st atement (c) giv es 27. 1; All sofas are tables + Some tables are desks = A +
conclusion II [ A + E = E]. Hence, conclusion II I = No conclusion. Hence I and consequently IV
follows. Note that statement (b) + statement (c) do not follow. No room is sofa + All sofas are
tables = E + A = O = Some tables are not rooms.
gives conclusion "No bins are roots" [ A + E =
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are trains (I). Hence IV does not follow. Now, Hence I does not follow. Nor does II follow by
Some scooters are buses + Some buses are trains converting the second statement. Again, All stars
= I + I = No concl usion. Hence I and are asteroids + All asteroids are moons = A + A =
consequently III do not follow. Some boats are A = All stars are moons conversion Some
jeeps + Some jeeps are trains + All trains are moons are stars (I). Hence III does not follow.
buses = I + I + A = No conclusion. Hence II does Some moons are rocks (I) conversion Some
not follow. rocks are moons (I) + Some moons are stars = I +
30. 4; All t eacher s ar e engineers + All engineer s ar e I = No conclusion. Hence IV does not follow.
cooks = A + A = A = Al l t eacher s ar e cooks 37. 2; I-t ype st at ements can’t be combined among
conversion Some cooks are teachers (I). Hence themselves. Hence I and III do not follow. Some
I follows. All engineers are cooks + Some cooks are plastics are mirrors + No mirror is glass = I + E
merchants = A + I = No conclusion. Hence II does = O = Some plastics are not glasses. Hence II
not f ol low. All engin eer s ar e cook s (A) and IV do not follow. However, the two make a
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conversion Some cooks are engineers (I). Hence complementary I-E pair. Hence either II or IV
III does not follow. IV follows by combining the last f ollows.
two statements. 38. 5; All graduates are advocates + Some advocates are
31. 5; All screws are nuts (A) conversion Some nuts judges = A + I = No co nclusion. Henc e II and
ar e sc r ews (I). H ence I does not f ollow . Some consequently III do not follow. Some advocates are
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hammers are nails + All nails are screws = I + A = judges + All judges are lawyers = I + A = I = Some
I = Some hammers are screws. Hence III follows. adv ocat es ar e lawyer s conv er sion Some
All nails are screws + All screws are nuts = A + A lawyers ar e advocates. Hence IV follows. Some
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= A = All nails are nuts conversion Some nuts advocates are lawyers + Some lawyers are doctors
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are nails (I). Hence IV does not follow. II also can't = I + I = No conclusion. Hence I does not follow.
be con cluded when we combine a ll t he 39. 3; Some flowers are buds + All buds are leaves + All
statements. leaves are plants = (I + A) + A = I + A = I = Some
32. 2; All pens are bags + All bags are glasses = A + A flowers are plants conversion Some plants
= A = All pens are glasses Some glasses are
pens (I). Hence I follows. All pens are glasses +
e are flowers (I). Hence I follows. Some roses are
f lower s + Some f lower s ar e buds = I + I = No
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No glass is a spoon = A + E = E = No pen is a conclusi on. Hence II a nd IV do not f ollow by
spoon conversion No spoon is a pen (E). combination. Nor can III follow. However, II and
Hence III follows. All bags are glasses + No glass IV form a complementary I-E pair. Hence either II
is a spoon + All spoons are books = (A + E) + A = or IV follows.
E + A = OH = Some books are not bags. Hence 40. 1; Some books are journals + All journals are papers
neit her II nor IV f ol lows by combi nat ion. = I + A = I = Some books are papers conversion
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However, since they make a complementary I-E Some papers are books (I). Hence I follows. Some
pair, either II or IV follows. papers are cards + All cards are boards = I + A = I
33. 4; All petals are flowers + conversion of All thorns = Some papers are boards. Hence II follows. All
are flowers = A + I = No conclusion. Hence I journals are papers + Some papers are boards = A
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does not follow. Nor does IV follow. However, + I = No conclusion. Hence III does not f ollow.
since they make a complementary I-E pair, either Some books are papers + Some papers are boards
I or IV f ollows . Combini ng t he las t t wo = I + I = No conclusion. Hence IV does not follow.
statements, we get I + I = No conclusion. Hence 41. 4; Some grapes are apples + Some apples are bananas
II does not follow. Some stems are flowers + = I + I = No conclusion. So we can't move any
conversion of All petals are flowers = I + I = No further for 'grapes' and this rules out I and II. Some
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conclusion. Hence III does not follow. apples are bananas + All bananas are guavas = I +
34. 3; IV doe s not f oll ow by conv er t ing t he t hir d A = I = Some apples are guavas conversion
statement. Some eagles are rabbits + All rabbits Some guavas are apples (I). Hence III follows. All
are birds = I + A = I = Some eagles are birds bananas are guavas + No guava is pomegranate =
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conversion Some birds are eagles. Hence III A + E = E = No bananas are pomegranates. Hence
follows. All snakes are eagles + Some eagles are IV follows.
birds = A + I = No conclusion. Hence II and 42. 5; All walls are floors + All floors are rooms = A +
consequently I do not follow. A = A = All walls are rooms. Hence I follows.
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35. 4; All notebooks are diaries (A) conversion Some Some doors are walls + All walls are rooms = I +
diaries are notebooks (I). Now, Some calculators A = I = Some doors are rooms conversion
are diaries + Some diaries are notebooks = I + I = Some r ooms ar e door s (I). Hence II f ollows.
No conclusion. Hence I does not f ollow. Some Conversion of I gives us III. Some doors are walls
calculators are diaries + All diaries are computers + All walls are floors = I + A = I = Some doors
= I + A = I = Some calculators are computers. Hence are floors conversion Some floors are doors
II follows. All notebooks are diaries + All diaries (I). Hence IV follows.
ar e com put er s = A + A = All not ebo oks ar e 43. 2; Some forks are bowls + All bowls are plates = I +
computers. Hence III follows. Some cameras are A = I = Some forks are plates conversion
calculators + Some calculators are diaries = I + I = Some plates are forks (I). Hence II follows. Some
No conclusion. Hence IV does not follow. forks are plates + some plates are utensils = I +
36. 1; All planets are stars + All stars are asteroids = I = No conclusion. Hence I does not follow. Some
A + A = A = All planet s ar e ast er o ids spoons are forks + Some forks are plates = I + I
conversion Some asteroids are planets (I). = No conclusion. Hence III and IV do not follow.
Syllogism 653
44. 1; Some desks are benches (I) conversion Some Some sticks are gems (I). Hence I follows. All
benches are desks (I) + some desks are sofas = I dolls are toys + Some toys are gems = A + I = No
+ I = No conclusion. Hence I does not follow. conclusion. Hence II and consequently III do
All tables are desks + Some desks are sofas = A not follow. All dolls are toys (A) conversion
+ I = No conclusion. Hence II does not follow. Some toys are dolls (I). Hence IV follows.
All tables are desks + Some desks are benches = 52. 2; Some nights are weeks + All weeks are months =
A + I = No conclusion. Hence III does not follow. I + A = I = Some nights are months conversion
For the same reason IV too does not follow. Some months are nights (I). Hence III follows.
45. 2; I-type statements can't be combined. However, I Some nights are months + All months are years =
and III form a complementary E-I pair. Hence I + A = I = Some nights are years conversion
either I or III follows. Some years are nights (I). Hence I follows. All
46. 4; All teachers are lawyers (A) conversion Some weeks are months + All months are years = A + A
lawyers are teachers (I). Hence IV follows. Now, = A = All weeks are years conversion Some
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Some doctors are lawyers + Some lawyers are years are weeks (I). Hence IV follows. Some days
teachers = I + I = No conclusion. Hence I does are nights + Some nights are years = I + I = No
not follow. Some engineers are lawyers (I) conclusion. Hence II does not follow.
conversion Some lawyers are engineers + All 53. 5; Some pins are threads + All threads are clothes =
engineers are businessmen = I + A = I = Some I + A = I = Some pins are clothes conversion
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lawyers are businessmen conversion Some Some clothes are pins (I). Hence I follows. Some
businessmen are lawyers. Hence II follows. But, doors are handles + All handles are pins = I + A =
All t eachers are lawyers + Some lawyer s are I = Some doors are pins conversion Some pins
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businessmen = A + I = No conclusion. Hence III are doors (I). Hence II follows. All handles are pins
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does not follow. + Some pins are clothes = A + I = No conclusion.
47. 1; All sponges are clothes + All clothes are liquids = Hence III does no t f ollow. N or does IV f ollow
A + A = All sponges are liquids conver sion consequently.
Some liquids are sponges (I). Hence I does not 54. 5; I-type statements can't be combined.
+ A = I = Some beaches are hotels. Hence III Some mats are rollers (I). Hence I follows.
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follows. Now, All shores are beaches + Some Some rollers are mats + Some mats are cars = I +
beaches are hotels = A + I = No conclusion. Hence I = No conclusion. Hence III does not follow.
I does not follow. All shores are beaches (A) All belts are rollers (A) conversion Some
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conversion Some beaches are shores (I). Hence rollers are belts (I). Hence IV follows. All belts
II does not follow. All sands are beaches + Some are rollers + Some rollers are mats = A + I = No
beaches are trees = A + I = No conclusion. Hence conclusion. Hence II does not follow.
IV does not follow. 57. 2; All flowers are jungles + All jungles are tubes =
49. 3; Some sparrows are cr ows + Some crows are A + A = A = All flowers are tubes conversion
pigeons = I + I = No conclusion. Hence III does Some tubes are flowers (I). Hence IV follows.
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not f ol low. Some cr o ws ar e pigeon s (I) Some rains are flowers + All flowers are tubes =
conversion Some pigeons are crows (I). Now, I + A = I = Some rains are tubes conversion
All parrots are pigeons + Some pigeons are crows Some tubes are rains (I). Hence II follows. Some
= A + I = No conclusion. Hence II does not follow. rains are flowers + All flowers are jungles = I +
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Nor does IV follow. However, conversion of II A = I = Some rains are jungles conversion
forms an I-E complementary pair with IV. Hence Some jungles are rains (I). Hence III follows.
either II or IV follows. Some sparrows are crows Some tyres are rains + Some rains are jungles =
(I) conversion Some crows are sparrows + I + I = No conclusion. Hence I does not follow.
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All sparrows are koels = I + A = I = Some crows 58. 4; All tables are boxes + All boxes are trunks = A +
are koels conversion Some koels are crows A = A = All tables are trunks conversion
(I). Hence I. Some trunks are tables (I). Hence I follows. All
50. 2; Some cushions are trolleys + All trolleys are chairs are tables + All tables are boxes = A + A =
lamps = I + A = I = Some cushions are lamps. A = All chairs are boxes. Hence II follows. All
Hence III follows. All chairs are tables + All tables desks are chairs + All chairs are boxes = A + A
ar e cushions = A + A = A = All chair s ar e = A = All desks are boxes conversion Some
cushio ns. Hence IV f ollows . All t abl es ar e boxes are desks (I). Hence III follows. All desks
cushions + Some cushions are lamps = A + I = are boxes + All boxes are trunks = A + A = A =
No conclusion. Hence I does not follow. All All desks are trunks. Hence IV follows.
chairs are cushions + Some cushions are trolleys 59. 3; I-type statements can't be combined. However, I
= A + I = No conclusion. Hence II does not follow. and II form a complementary I-E pair. So do III
51. 4; Some gems are boxes + All boxes are sticks = I + and IV. Hence, either I or II and either III or IV
A = I = Some gems are sticks conversion f ollow.
60. 1; Some cups are jugs + Some jugs are plates = I + boulders are mountains = I + I = No conclusion.
I = No conclusion. Hence I does not follow. Nor Hence I does not follow. All hills are mountains (A)
does II follow. All papers are bottles + All bottles conver sion Some mountains ar e hills (I).
are cups = A + A = A = All papers are cups Hence IV does no t f ollow. S ome boulde r s ar e
conversion Some cups are papers (I). Hence mountains + Some mountains are hills = I + I = No
III follows. All papers are bottles (A) conversion conclusion. Hence II does not follow.
Some bottles are papers (I). Hence IV follows. 65. 5; Some woods are metals + All metals are cloths = I
61. 2; Some cables are brushes + All brushes are paints + A = I = Some woods are cloths conversion
= I + A = I = Some cables are paints conversion Some cloths ar e woods (I). Hence I follows. All
Some paints are cables (I). Hence I follows. plastics are glasses (A) conversion Some
All bulbs are wires (A) conversion Some glasses are plastics (I). Hence III follows. All metals
wires are bulbs (I). Hence II follows. No wire is ar e clot hs (A) conver sion Some cloths are
cable + Some cables are brushes = E + I = OH = met als (I). Hence IV f ollows . But II ca n't be
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Some brushes are not wires. Hence III does not established.
follow. All bulbs are wires + No wire is cable = 66. 5; All helicopters are gliders + All gliders are kites
A + E = E = No bulb is cable conversion No = A + A = A = All helicopters are kites. Hence IV
cable is bulb (E). Hence IV does not follow. follows. All helicopt ers are kites + All kit es are
62. 2; Some swords are daggers + All daggers are knives balloons = A + A = A = All helicopters are balloons
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= I + A = I = Some swords ar e kniv es. Hence II implication Some helicopters are balloons (I).
follows. All bows are swords + Some swords are Hence I follows. Some airplanes are helicopters +
knives = A + I = No conclusion. Hence I does not All helicopters are kites = I + A = I = Some airplanes
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follow. All arrows are bows (A) conversion are kites conversion Some kites are airplanes
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Some bows are arrows (I). Hence III does not follow. (I). Hence II does not follow. All gliders are kites
All arrows are bows + All bows are swords = A + A + All kites are balloons = A + A = A = All gliders are
= A = All arrows are swords. Hence IV follows. balloons conversion Some balloons are gliders
63. 4; Some pianos are violins + Some violins are drums (I). Hence III does not follow.
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Howev er , Some st ones ar e boulder s + Some
Exercise–9
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1. 2; All trees bear fruit + Fruits of some trees are not (8-11):
good for human health = Some fruits are healthy 8. 5; I is correct since “All bangles are ornaments”. II is
for some human beings. correct since “All colours are pictures”.
2 . 3; Some books are papers + All papers are phones = 9. 2; I does not follow unless we have been given ‘All
I + A = I = Some books are phones conversion
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4. 4; Some pens are pencils + All pencils are erasers 10. 2; All colours are pict ures + Some pict ures ar e
= Some pens are erasers conversion Some necklaces = A + I = No conclusion. Hence I does not
erasers are pens. follow. Some necklaces are bangles + All bangles
5. 5; All pens are erasers + Some erasers are pins = A are ornaments = I + A = I = Some necklaces are
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+ I = ‘–’,ie No conclusion. Hence (1), (3) and (4) ornaments conversion Some ornaments are
are not true. Again, (2) is not the conversion of necklaces (I). Hence II follows.
first statement. 11. 4; All bangles are ornaments + Some ornaments are
6. 2; Some papers are pens (I) conversion Some treasures = A + I = ‘–’, ie No conclusion. Hence,
pens are papers (I). Hence conclusion (2) follows. conclusion I doesnot f ollow. Conclusion II
7. 4; Some pens are files + All files are books = I + A = doesnot follow unless we have been given ‘All
I = Some pens are books. Hence statement (4) bangles are necklaces’. Hence II doesnot follow.
definitely follows.
POSSIBILITY
I.Immediate Possibility
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A-TYPE[All S are P]
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(i) All P are S
(ii) All S are P
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E-TYPE[No S are P]
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(i) No S are P e
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I-TYPE[Some S are P]
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(iii) Some S are not P
(iv) All P are S
(v) Some P are not S
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(i) No S are P
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II.Mediate Possibility
(1) A+I
(2) A+O
(3) E+E
(4) E+O
(5) I+I
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(6) I+O
and similarly O+A,O+E, O+I,O+O also.
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Suppose the aligned statements are like the given below(I am giving
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example only for A + I type):
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All S are P e
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Some P are Q...........for other types do them yourself
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tions:
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(i)All S are Q
(ii)Some S are Q
(iii)Some S are not Q
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(iv)All Q are S
(v)Some Q are S
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K e
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w.
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Syllogism : Possibilities
Questions based on possibilities are often asked in various Immediate Possibilities
competitive exams. To solve syllogism questions on
possibilities, following points should be kept in mind: A-Type [All S are P]
(1) When definite conclusions (either definitely true or I. Implication
definitely false) can be drawn from the given Conclusions:
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propositions, they are certainties. It is to be noted (i) Some S are P [True]
that conclusions can be drawn either by ‘immediate (ii) Some S are not P [False]
inference’ (implication or conversion) or by ‘mediate (iii) No S are P [False]
inference’ (combining pair of aligned propositions).
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The above three conclusions are either definitely true
For example, take an A-type proposition as given or definitely false.
below: II. Conversion
All S are P We know that A-Type of statements can be converted
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For this statement, following are the definite to I-Type of statements. Therefore, All S are P
conclusions: conversion Some P are S
(i) All S are P conversion Some P are S Hence, ‘Some P are S’ is a definite conclusion.
[Definitely True]
[Since, on conversion of A-Type statement, we e But ‘All P are S’ is a possibility.
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E-Type [No S are P]
obtain I-type of statement]
(ii) All S are P implication Some S are P I. Implication
[Definitely True] Conclusions:
(iii) No S are P [Definitely False] (i) All S are P [False]
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(iv) Some S are not P [Definitely False] (ii) Some S are P [False]
(iii) Some S are not P [True]
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Therefore, the above drawn conclusions are cases of
certainties. The above conclusions are either definitely true or
(2) When definite conclusions cannot be drawn from the definitely false.
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below:
A+A = A I. Implication
A+ E = E Conclusions:
E + A = O* (i) No S are P [False]
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Except the abovementioned cases, in all other cases, (ii) Some S are not P [Doubtful]
possibilities exist. All the above statements are cases of possibilities.
A+I = – II. Conversion
A+O = – Some S are P (I) conversion Some P are S (I). The
E+ E = – above statement is a definite conclusion obtained by
E+O = – conversion of the given I-Type of proposition. There
I+ I = – are some possibilities related to I-type of statements
I+O = – as given below:
O + [A or E or I or O] = – (i) All P are S
Note: ‘–’ stands for ‘No conclusion’. (ii) Some P are not S
Now, we analyse the different cases of possibilities in
the following pages:
O-Type [Some S are not P] We know that from the above pairs of aligned
I. Implication statements, definite conclusions cannot be drawn. But
Conclusions: some relationships between S and Q exist and we
(i) All S are P [False] cannot say definitely that the relationships do exist.
The above conclusion is definitely false. Therefore, cases of possibility arise. That is there are
Cases of Possibility: the possibilities that some relationships between S
(i) No S are P [Doubtful] and Q exist. For any of the above pairs of aligned
(ii) Some S are P [Doubtful] statements, following are the all standard cases of
The above statements are cases of possibilities. possibilities that exist between S and Q.
II. Conversion (a) All S are Q
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We know that O-type of statements cannot be (b) Some S are Q
converted. Therefore, there can be no definite (c) Some S are not Q
conclusion from the conversion of O-type of (d) All Q are S
statements. However, the following possibilities exist: (e) Some Q are S
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(i) All P are S (f) Some Q are not S
(ii) No P are S
(iii) Some P are S ‘Either......or’ Cases in Possibility
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(iv) Some P are not S We will try to understand the ‘Either.....or’ cases of
Note: Here, for the cases of possibilities, we consider possibility by examples as given below:
O-Type and O*-Type statements alike. For this reason Ex. 1: Statements: Some P are Q.
we do not take up O*-Type as a separate case. All Q are R.
Summary
e No R is S.
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Cases of Possibility Conclusions:
A-Type [All S are P] I. All S being P is a possibility.
(i) All P are S II. All P being R is a possibility.
I-Type [Some S are P] Explanation:
(i) All S are P (ii) Some S are not P
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O-Type [Some S are not P] Type of conclusion there is a possibility of all S being
(i) No S are P (ii) Some S are P P. Therefore, conclusion I follows. Again, Some P are
(iii) All P are S (iv) No P are S
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of pair of aligned statements, cases of possibilities can’t follow simultaneously. Therefore, ‘Either I or II
exist: follows’ will be the correct answer.
A + I; A + O; E + E; E + O; I + I; I + O; O + [A or E or I Ex. 2: Statements: Some P are Q.
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or O] All Q are R.
Suppose, we have the following propositions: No R is S.
1. A + I Conclusions:
All S are P Some P are Q
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