Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Field Ops Manual 2021
Field Ops Manual 2021
Field Ops Manual 2021
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Field Operations
Manual
These standards and policies cannot address every situation you may
encounter while participating in this program. Throughout this document you
will find guidance and advice, but there will be times when you face a
situation no one has anticipated. You have been brought into our organization
to exercise your best judgment in these cases and to be resourceful in solving
problems. When in doubt, use cautious, common sense as your guide and
contact a program support staff member for guidance. If you follow the
policies set forth here and use your best judgment, Conservation Legacy will
back you when you must make a difficult decision.
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We do, however, expect you to uphold Conservation Legacy policies and
abide by our regulations, whatever your own feelings about them. If this
seems difficult, realize that we do not select you to run your own program,
but to participate in one of ours. If you feel unable to uphold our standards
and policies, you will need to consider withdrawing from the program. If you
remain committed despite your differences of opinion, it is incumbent on you
to come to timely terms with the issues and consider how you will negotiate
these.
Part 1 – Expectations
In your agreement to participate in a Conservation Legacy Program, you have
made a choice that requires you to take on added responsibilities which affect
you and your crew or partner colleagues. These expectations, policies and
procedures were developed with the consideration of your safety and well-
being, as well as to provide you with the greatest opportunity to gain skills
and a positive experience while you are with the program. It is important that
you know and respect the way we do things and adhere to these expectations.
Doing something not in line with this can impact others and can lead to
disciplinary action and may mean the possible dismissal from the program as
outlined in this handbook. You are encouraged to ask questions about these
policies and field procedures so that you may understand their justifications.
Remember: It is your goals, values, and beliefs that brought you to this
program and it is those same goals, values, and beliefs that are reflected in
what we do and how we do it. It is a much more appropriate and healthy
response to say, “We don’t…” rather than “We can’t…”
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1. Expedition Behavior, Safety and Culture of Caring
The National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS) developed, and has long
lived by, the concept of Expedition Behavior. This approach to living together
and depending on each other in outdoor settings is also something we believe
Scenario
You've hiked your last mile of a long, hard hiking
day, and now it's time to set up camp in the rain.
Everybody's tired. And wet. But you step up to the
challenge, making hot drinks for the group and
cracking a joke that makes everybody laugh
And how do you know when this has gone astray? Here is a quote from the
founder of NOLS, Paul Petzoldt, who coined the term: “Poor expedition
behavior is a breakdown in human relations caused by selfishness,
rationalization, ignorance of personal faults, dodging blame or responsibility,
physical weakness, and in extreme cases, not being able to risk one’s own
survival to ensure that of a companion.”
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Creating a Culture of
Safety
The main goal of
Expedition Behavior is to Policy &
ensure a safe and positive
experience for all
Systems
members of the group,
including yourself.
Keeping safe depends on Conservation Legacy
many things.
Experience
Conservation Legacy
programs have put into Culture
Training
place protocols and of Safety
systems, and trains
leaders and members in
the knowledge they need
to carry these out.
It is not enough for you or your group to know what to do and have the ability
to do it. There also has to be a culture that supports a safe and inclusive
environment. Creating and maintaining this culture of safety and Expedition
Behavior in turn involves being attentive to and helping to develop the factors
that contribute to it. Within the Culture of Safety are three key factors:
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PERSON ENVIRONMENT
Knowledge, skills, abilities, attitude, Equipment, tools, climate,
motives, personality management systems
BEHAVIOR
Complying, recognizing, communicating,
actively caring
2. Professionalism
Beyond the members of your crew or work colleagues you also have a
responsibility to the communities you work in and society at large through the
activities of this program. Of course, Expedition Behavior is applicable to all
relationships, but in addition to EB we all have work to do and contributions
to make through our service projects. In that regard professionalism in all
elements of operation is integral to the success of all Conservation Legacy
programs. Professionalism is a requirement of all interactions between
program participants, project partners, Conservation Legacy leadership and
staff, and community members. At times, this can be difficult when dealing
with others who choose a less tactful route. We will always hold our
leadership and program members to the highest standard of professionalism.
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• All participants and staff should regard their affiliation with a
Conservation Legacy program as a privilege and strive to maintain a
positive appearance, attitude and outlook at all times during work
projects and AmeriCorps activities.
Essential eligibility requirements for the program must be met. If you are
unable to meet certain requirements, we may be able to assist you with some
modification unless it alters the fundamental nature of the program,
compromises the health and safety of participants or staff, or places an undue
financial or administrative burden on the organization. These requirements
are written the same for all positions and therefore may not apply directly to
your particular position.
Part 2 – Policies
1. Drugs, Alcohol and Tobacco
1.1. Drugs and Alcohol – Program participants will not purchase,
possess, consume or be under the influence of alcohol or illicit
drugs at any time during work hours, anytime while on field duty
or during any other AmeriCorps-related event. If a participant
violates this policy, they may be subject to immediate termination
from the program. Conviction of any criminal drug statute must be
reported to the program staff immediately. In addition, no article
of clothing bearing the AmeriCorps logo will be worn in any
establishment that makes most of its money from the sale of
alcoholic beverages or marijuana products.
1.2. Medical/Recreational Marijuana Use – As stated above the use
or possession of any controlled substance is prohibited. This
includes medical or recreational marijuana use, whether the
participant holds a valid medical marijuana use card or not. No
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program member or staff person may possess or consume
marijuana in any form during the entire length of a hitch/spike or
anytime in the field for program activities including break or
downtimes. In addition, program members or staff may not be
under the influence of controlled substances during this same
period.
1.3. Drug Testing – Conservation Legacy maintains the right to
perform drug testing of any staff or participant at any time for
purposes of upholding policy and ensuring the safety of crews and
participants. In addition, Conservation Legacy’s workers
compensation insurer may require a drug test when a claim is filed
with them.
1.4. Tobacco Use – Conservation Legacy prohibits tobacco use –
including e-cigarettes, vaping and chewing tobacco – on
Conservation Legacy property and inside of Conservation Legacy
vehicles. Tobacco may be used before and after the workday and
on designated breaks only. The same guidelines apply to volunteer
events, Conservation Legacy sponsored events, and any other
instance in which participants are representing the organization.
Participants choosing to use any of the above are expected to honor
the rights and health of their fellow members by refraining from
smoking in communal areas and tight quarters.
Partner or project demands regarding tobacco use may supersede
Conservation Legacy policy. In addition - during periods of
restrictions due to the potential for wildfire - smoking will not be
allowed at any time during field activities including at camp.
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2.4. All injuries and illnesses, both serious and minor, must be recorded
either in a Daily Log and/or on an Incident Report Form (IRF)
according to the protocols listed in the Incidence Response section
of this document.
2.5. Crew Leaders are required to initiate contact with their program
staff through the on-call system as outlined on the Incident
Threshold Chart located in the Incidence Response section of this
document.
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person should not use sharp or heavy tools, operate any motorized
equipment or drive a program vehicle.
4.5. Identify hazards and address them with the crew before beginning
project work. All unsafe conditions and hazards must be mitigated
before commencing work.
4.6. Crew leaders are required to take appropriate precautions to protect
themselves and their crew members from sunburn and excessive
sun exposure, including but not limited to sunscreen and protective
clothing.
4.7. In general, working at heights is one of the most dangerous
activities and all precautions need to be made including the
following:
• No working on roofs unless approved by Field Operations
Director
• Those under age 18 may not perform any work at heights.
• Any work where a person is exposed to a fall of 6 feet or
more requires risk mitigation whether it is on ladders, up a
tree, over a ledge, etc. Mitigation will require guardrails,
safety harnesses, and/or personal fall arrest systems in
accordance with all current OSHA and industry standards.
(See standards 1910.25-28 and 1926 Subpart M)
• Any risk of injury from falling objects should be mitigated
through closing off areas, using a hanging net, and posting
warning signs as appropriate.
• When working at heights, before any work is completed, a
program staff person familiar with OSHA regulations must
confirm the structural integrity of walking surfaces that are
at height and identify hidden hazards. Crews must consider
air temperature, wind conditions, and UV exposure.
• Absolutely no chainsawing at height and no ladders on
elevated surfaces, trees etc.
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any other time designated by a Leader. No modified shirt sleeves
or tank tops.
5.4. All proper PPE and uniforms MUST be used during de-rig and rig-
up.
5.5. Dust masks are required while cutting or breaking rock with a
power tool (e.g. Pionjär) as well as when deconstructing buildings.
The appropriate type should be used for each activity and should
be in accordance with OSHA standards (generally N95 respirators
for molds and air-born toxins, and standard dust masks for non-
toxic dusts). The mask must seal tightly against the user’s face. A
beard will interfere with this.
5.6. Ear protection rated to at least 28dB Noise Reduction Rating
(NRR) is required for any use of a power tool or working around
heavy machinery. This is a lower requirement than for chainsaws,
which need an NRR of 32dB. Earplugs issued for chainsaw work
are adequate for other heavy machinery work, but the reverse isn’t
necessarily so.
5.7. For herbicide application, water-resistant coveralls, chemical-
resistant gloves and chemical-resistant boots, and any other PPE as
required or recommended on the herbicide label will be worn in
addition to standard PPE as dictated by the work. Hand-wash and
eye-wash stations are also required on all projects involving
herbicide application. All PPE will be thoroughly cleaned between
projects.
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Conservation Legacy’ s PPE Guidelines (X-Required, S-Suggested)
PPE requirements of activities not listed here will be determined by Program Director
Activity Conservation Legacy’
Boots Hard Hat Gloves s PPEEyeGuidelines (X-Required,
Pro Long Pants Chaps L.S. Shirt Dust Mask High-Vis Vest
Ear Pro S-Suggested)
PPE requirements of activities not listed here will be determined by Program Director
Weed pulling S S X X S S
Weed spraying X S Legacy’
Conservation X s PPE Guidelines
X X(X-Required, S-Suggested)S S
PPE requirements of activities not listed here will be determined by Program Director
Working near heavy machinery X X X X X X S
Working near highway X X Legacy’
Conservation X s PPE Guidelines
X X(X-Required, S-Suggested) X
Painting PPE requirements
S S activities
of S here will be determined by Program Director
X not listed
Trash pick up Conservation
S X s PPE Guidelines
Legacy’ S S(X-Required, S-Suggested) S
Power tools PPE requirements
X X activities
of X here willXbe determined
X not listed X by Program Director
S S
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Gardening w/ tools X X X X X
Gardening w/gardening tools only S S S
Tool carrying X S X X X
Tool maintenance X S X X X
Fencing X X X X X S X
Planting/Restoration work X X X X X
Trail work X X X X X
Brush cutter - bladed X X X X X X S X
Crosscut work X X X X X S S
Chainsaw work (including close X X X X X X X X S
swamping)
6. Chainsaw – Refer to the separate Chainsaw manual for all protocols
and policies
Campsite
7.3. Camps will be set up in the safest possible location. Inquire about
known animal or other ecological concerns (e.g., bears, poison ivy,
etc.). Participants will also be responsible for doing a walk-around
to get a sense of the area. Any dangers, (e.g., cliffs, snags, etc.)
should be discussed with the entire group before camp is set up.
Other pertinent camp information should also be discussed as a
group during the first night in camp, including: evacuation plan,
location of latrines, camp boundaries, and location of potable
water.
7.4. Program members will take special precautions when camping in a
burned area. All tents are to be set up at least two tree lengths
from the base of any dead or fire-damaged trees. Hazard trees
within the designated camp area should be felled if doing so can be
accomplished safely. This should be done only when no other
suitable camping area exists. It should also be approved by the
project partner if the tree is outside of designated work area and/or
project scope.
7.5. When considering tent sharing, emotional and physical safety for
each member must be taken into account and crew leaders have the
authority to regulate this as they determine appropriate.
7.6. Camp boundaries should be set and agreed upon. They must be put
within sight and clearly outlined to the entire group. Camp
boundaries should be established so that anyone can be easily
located within 5 minutes. Within these boundaries, anyone may
travel alone.
7.7. Individuals wanting to leave camp boundaries must travel in
groups of three. (Exceptions may be made with prior approval of
program support staff). When a group leaves camp boundaries, it
must give crew leaders a travel plan that includes the destination or
route of travel and time of return. All travel must occur on
established roads or trails. Bushwhacking or cross-country travel is
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not allowed except as an entire crew as described below. Crew
leaders will have discretion over what camp boundaries are and
extra caution must be used in particularly remote situations like
backcountry camps.
Campfires
7.8. Program members will comply with all fire restrictions of the
Partner Agency. Campfires are not allowed unless they have
express permission of the Project Partner.
7.9. Program staff reserve the right to implement fire restrictions above
and beyond those of the Project Partner or other agencies.
7.10. Use fire pans whenever it is determined that it is safe to have a
campfire and there is not a safe, appropriate existing campfire ring.
The only exception to this will be if the Project Partner specifically
requests the crew to do otherwise. A 6’ diameter area will be
cleared under and around the fire location. Do not use liquid fire
starters such as gasoline or chainsaw fuel to start fires.
7.11. Never leave a fire unattended for any amount of time. The fire will
be completely extinguished each night before going to bed and
each morning before leaving for work. The fire should be doused
with water and stirred until heat cannot be felt on a hand held one
inch above any part of the fire. If sufficient water is not available,
mineral soil can be mixed with the ashes to extinguish the fire.
7.12. Keep fires reasonably sized. Flame heights should not exceed 2-3
feet at any time. Keep in mind the environmental impacts of fuel
use to the area when deciding whether to have a campfire and
when deciding the size and duration of that fire.
Hygiene
7.13. For proper health and when possible, all program members should
wash their bodies with whatever resources are available.
7.14. Group dishes must be washed thoroughly and carefully with the 4
bucket system: rinse, hot soapy water, rinse, bleach water (always
cold to ensure proper sanitization).
7.15. Human waste must be disposed of properly whether in a trench
latrine (minimum of six inches deep), groover, or cat holes.
7.16. Grey water should be strained and poured into a sump (in
minimally impacted sites) or broadcasted over an impacted site
such as a roadbed. When sinks are available all dishwater needs to
be strained into them.
7.17. All trash should be taken or packed out and disposed of properly.
Food
7.18. All crews must protect local animals from the crew’s food and
other scented items. Food should be stored in vehicles, bear boxes,
or in bear hangs, NEVER in the tent. All food and scented items
will be kept together and stored in a way to prevent the attraction
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of animals. Have crew members check their pockets before going
to bed to remove wrappers and other scented items.
7.19. No food or other scented items will be stored in personal packs,
tents, or daypacks overnight and food must never be eaten in tents.
7.20. Proper food handling is essential for the overall health of the crew.
7.21. All crew leaders and members are required to wash their hands
with soap before handling any food and after using the latrine.
Hand sanitizer is not a good substitute for this practice, especially
in the kitchen – use soap and water.
Water
7.22. All water used for drinking and the washing of dishes will be either
obtained from a reliably potable source (i.e. municipally treated) or
treated by filtering, chemical treatment (bleach, iodine, etc.), or
boiling, in order to reduce the chances of waterborne illnesses such
as giardia and cryptosporidium. See water treatment procedures
later in this document.
Swimming
8.2. The area must be explored first to make sure it is free of hazards
and safe for swimming.
8.3. A supervising person who knows how to swim must be on shore at
all times to observe activity and all swimmers must be in sight of
this person at all times.
Free Time
8.4. All program members on crews must do activities in groups of at
least three individuals and they must receive prior approval from a
leader/supervisor.
8.5. Hitchhiking during program time is ABSOLUTELY prohibited at
all times, unless it is an emergency situation.
8.6. Crew and individuals are not allowed to complete “solo”
experiences.
Hiking Trips
8.7. Hiking trips are an excellent off-time activity but are not without
risk. It is a leader’s responsibility to evaluate all trips and use good
judgment to ensure the group’s safety. Groups should always carry
with them the “10 essentials” for hiking.
8.8. Hikes that require technical knowledge, significant route finding or
are aid-assisted (eg. Rock climbing) are prohibited.
8.9. Off-trail hiking should only be done as an entire group led by staff
or leaders.
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8.10. Trip plans must be approved by program support staff prior to
starting the hike.
8.11. Leaders should always place themselves so that one is at the
beginning of the group and the other sweeps up the rear. No one
should hike alone.
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vehicle is away. In ALL other situations, the entire crew must
leave if the vehicle leaves.
9.11. Vehicles will be used for program use only. Recreational trips
must receive prior approval from the office.
9.12. All passengers and the driver must wear seat belts while the
vehicle is in motion. It is the driver’s responsibility to check all
seat belts before starting to drive. If seat belts are non-functioning
or missing for any seat, the affected seat cannot be used.
9.13. Driving under the influence of alcohol or other mind-altering drugs
(prescribed or non-prescribed) is prohibited.
9.14. All drivers and passengers are required to behave professionally,
including but not limited to keeping feet inside the vehicle and
keeping music at a reasonable volume.
9.15. All vehicular accidents must be reported according to the incident
response procedures described in the incident management chapter
of this manual and will be reviewed by program support staff.
9.16. Drivers are responsible for the payment of any tickets resulting
from a violation of traffic laws; it will be documented on their
driving records and may result in disciplinary action.
9.17. Individuals must notify the Program Staff of any traffic violations
they receive whether driving a personal or program vehicle after
submitting a driving record to Conservation Legacy. All violations
must be reported no later than one week after the date it was
received.
9.18. Tools may not be transported in program vehicles carrying
passengers unless secured in one of the following ways:
a. In the trunk of a car
b. In the bed of a pick-up, or otherwise physically separated
from passenger space
c. Behind the last seat of a van/SUV wrapped in a tarp and
secured to the floor.
9.19. Fuel and propane may not be transported inside any vehicle and
must be secured outside the vehicle or in a trailer.
9.20. Park for egress (i.e. backed in and facing forward) – A vehicle
parked facing the direction of egress is more effective in case of
emergency evacuation and easier to get to for necessary repairs and
inspection.
9.21. Program vehicles must carry the following items at all times: a
minimum of two sets of keys (if possible), one form of
communication (radio, cell phone or satellite phone), one insurance
card, the vehicle registration, a completed Emergency Response
Form, all member and staff medical disclosure forms, local and
program safety contact information, a first aid kit, an emergency
vehicle kit, all relevant maps, and a jack and spare tire.
9.22. Because program vehicles are frequently operated off-highway and
in inclement weather, drivers must exercise their own best
judgment in these situations. Therefore, whenever a vehicle is
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traveling on primitive roads or in bad weather, operators must
carefully decide their maximum speed, judge when a road is
impassible, or decide whether conditions warrant a new route
and/or travel schedule.
9.23. Not only should divers use spotters when backing, but if ever there
is a physical obstacle to overcome, a spotter should be used.
Common obstacles include large rocks on primitive roads that
cannot be moved, large ruts where a tire could fall in and get the
vehicle stuck, and other instances where ground clearance, roof
clearance, or side clearance might be in question.
Trailer Policies
9.24. All lights, hitches and safety chains must be checked and correctly
attached to the vehicle before departing. Do not cut and splice
trailer wires unless trained; instead notify the office.
9.25. Ensure the trailer tongue is locked on the ball of the hitch
correctly.
9.26. The trailer padlock or hitch pin must be on and tongue lock closed
both when the trailer is attached to the vehicle and disconnected
from it.
9.27. If the trailer is swaying behind the vehicle you have too much
weight in the rear of it. Pull over and re-distribute the weight so the
bulk of it is over the axle or closer to the front.
9.28. When maneuvering in tight situations remove the trailer and move
it by hand.
9.29. Take the trailer off hitch and chock if you are parking somewhere
for the day.
ATV/OHV Policies
9.30. To operate an ATV or OHV (4-wheelers) drivers must complete
agency training, meet agency safety requirements and must wear
an agency-approved helmet. In addition, ATV/OHV operators
must:
1. Wear a helmet that meets current safety standards
2. Wear appropriate boots and long pants
3. Not exceed the maximum weight limit for the vehicle.
9.31. UTVs (side-by-side or Gators) may only be operated by those that
are also fully designated drivers for the program, i.e. their driver’s
record has been reviewed and they have passed a full driver
training.
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Part 3 – Procedures
3. Medical/safety protocols
For Conservation Legacy Medical Protocols see separate document
Field Evacuations
Because the variables in each situation can vary widely, the final decision
whether to evacuate someone from the field will always have to be made by
the leader in the field. However, below are some general guidelines that
attempt to strike a balance between ensuring the health and safety of all crew
members and avoiding the expense and extra risk of unnecessary evacuations.
Evacuations from the field will be limited to the following cases:
1. A medical emergency or illness requiring immediate medical
attention
2. A patient whose health is deteriorating due to being in the field
3. Keeping the patient in the field is deemed unsafe for any reason
4. Keeping the patient in the field impairs the ability of the rest of the
crew to accomplish work objectives.
4. First-Aid Certification
Another important step in managing risk in any Conservation Legacy
program is to make sure you have the skills and experience necessary to
contain a situation involving an accident or illness from becoming a larger
situation. Holding current first-aid certification is a requirement for leaders of
Conservation Legacy programs, whether they are a new crew leader or have
led 10 crews. A leader must gain required certification or renew a present
certification before their program begins.
• Crew leaders will at minimum hold current Wilderness First Aid.
• Each Backcountry and Leadership Crew will have at least one crew
leader certified as a Wilderness First Responder or higher.
• Programs may have higher level requirements for leader positions
and requirements also for members. This will be made clear through
the application process or the certifications may be part of the crew
training after the start of the program.
• Any individual practicing first aid or medicine as part of
Conservation Legacy must remain within the scope of their training
level.
5. Environmental hazards
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Hazard Assessment
Anytime a crew is presented with a new campsite, a new project, a new task
or tool within a project, or changing environmental or work conditions, a new
Hazard Assessment and Mitigation worksheet should be completed (or a
current one should be updated). These worksheets can be found in the crew
paperwork. It is best to complete this with all the crew involved and to also
periodically review either at the stretch and safety circle or at some other
relevant point during the day. Be sure to keep this a relevant and dynamic
document – conditions change and your mitigation strategies might change as
well depending on resources available and increased knowledge of variables
involved.
Heat
In hot weather, insist that everyone drink copious amounts of water and take
longer breaks (in the shade!). Most people do not drink enough under
“normal” circumstances and, in certain conditions, a gallon or more per
person per day will be required! Your crew may not drink enough even if you
insist. Watch each member carefully for symptoms of dehydration, including
headaches, sore eyes, nausea or stomach cramps and general malaise or
discomfort. Use the following protocol to guide your actions:
* The temperature ranges are relative, i.e. if your crew has been used to
working in 70-degree weather, but the temperature spikes to 90, heat will be
an issue.
• Temperature a minimal issue (100 F and below): Normal work
schedule (people can still drink and take short breaks when needed)
• Temperature a concern (100-110 F): restricted work (5 through 10
minute mandatory breaks on the hour to drink water)
• Temperature a danger (110 F plus): Mandatory consultation with the
project partner AND program staff to determine whether or not
crews can continue working.
If heat will be an issue, plan to start the day early in order to complete work
before it gets too hot. If feasible, plan to work in shaded areas or areas with
easier access to water as the temperature climbs. Complications due to
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dehydration and/or loss of electrolytes are significant risks when working in
the heat. Drink enough fluids throughout the day, and use electrolyte-
containing drinks (e.g. Gatorade, or homemade equivalent) to ensure
electrolyte balance. The heat guidelines are recommendations for action based
on a certain temperature. However, similar action should also be taken
outside of these temperature ranges if the situation becomes dangerous due to
a number of other factors such as, preexisting low hydration levels, humidity
or fatigue.
Rain or Snow
Neither is a work-stopper, but precautions should be taken when either are
present to maintain the health and safety of the crew. Be sure that each
member has the proper gear and attire to work in these conditions prior to
leaving for the field. Each of these conditions can result in slippery and loose
walking/ working conditions and crew members should be careful with their
footing. Driving in these conditions is even more dangerous than driving is on
its own; make sure you have taken the precautions necessary to get to and
from the worksite if you know inclement weather is on the horizon.
Lightning Safety
Lightning is, by its nature, a random and unpredictable process, though it is
also quite common in monsoonal areas such as the southwest. There is no
way to completely eliminate the risk of lightning strikes in the field, but there
are ways to reduce the risk and mitigate injuries due to lightning strikes.
The best way to protect yourself from lightning in the field is to be aware of
your surroundings, the conditions, and the local weather patterns. Lightning
can behave differently depending on where you are in relation to hillsides/tree
cover/mountain tops/etc. There are some suggestions for recognizing safer
areas later in this section, but judgement and awareness of your surroundings
will be key to your decision-making in the field. Ultimately the decision to
pause work, return to work, or seek a safer location will be the leaders’.
Recommendations:
Timing:
If you see a storm approaching or developing, or if you hear lightning, begin
moving to safer terrain. Set turnaround times that will get you off exposed
terrain (e.g., mountain tops or large open spaces where you are the tallest
object) before afternoon mountain storms hit. Moving to safer terrain is the
single most effective protection from lightning injury, but you have to move
before the storm hits. If you are already in safer terrain, cease work and get in
a vehicle or building if possible (or assume the lightning position if not) if
there is less than 30 seconds between the lightning flash and the sound of
thunder (this means that the strike was within 6 miles of you). Stay there
until 30 minutes have passed without hearing thunder before returning to
work. As in other safety situations use good judgment as much as rule-of-
thumb to determine actions.
Safer Locations:
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In a front country situation, get into a building or metal-roofed vehicle, and
then avoid touching any metal objects. These are by far the safest locations in
which to ride out a storm. In the backcountry, avoid high-risk locations, such
as high peaks or other exposed terrain, when storms are likely or imminent.
Low areas or depressions are safer in wide open terrain. Areas with relatively
low vegetation (bushes or small trees) are also safer than wide open ground.
In rolling terrain, low spots are not necessarily any safer.
Other Things to Avoid:
· Trees: Trees are especially good at producing positively charged ground
streamers, which attract lightning strikes. If moving through a forest to a
safer location, stay away from all tree trunks, detour at least 75 ft around
especially large trees and avoid passing through large open meadows. A lone
tree in an open space is especially dangerous.
· Long conductors: Stay away from long pieces of metal, especially ones
near the ground, as lightning currents tend to travel along them. Working on
a fence is one of the most dangerous things you can do when lightning is
imminent. Also avoid measuring tapes, power lines and other wires, railroad
tracks, bridges, and handrails. Wet ropes can also act as conductors.
· Tents: If your tent has metal poles, it can increase your chances of being
struck. If your tent is set up in a safer location, assume the lightning position
(see below) inside your tent. If your tent is in an exposed location, get away
from the tent and assume the lightning position until the storm has passed.
· Cave entrances and overhangs: Lightning can “jump the gap” between the
floor and ceiling of cave entrances or overhangs, so avoid these locations.
· Open water: Avoid all bodies of water. However, naturally wet ground,
such as that near a stream, is not any more dangerous than dry land.
The Lightning Position
If you smell ozone, see coronas or feel your hair stand on end, STOP and
assume the lightning position. A strike could be imminent and seconds
count! Many people have been struck while attempting to reach a safer
location.
HOWEVER, the effectiveness of the lightning position is not a guarantee and
should never substitute for getting to a safe location before being placed in an
immediate threat situation.
To assume the lightning position, first get rid of all metallic objects. Disperse
the crewmembers at least 50 ft apart to avoid multiple injuries in case of a
strike. Squat down (on an insulating object, e.g., backpack or sleeping pad)
with your feet together (at least try to touch your heels) and ball up to make
yourself as small as possible. Wrap your arms around your legs, cover your
ears with your hands and close your eyes.
First Aid for Lightning Victims
See Medical Protocol for Lightning Strikes
Living and Traveling in Bear Country (much the same applies to mountain
lions)
Find out as much about the bears in the area as you can from your coordinator
and anyone else who spends time in the field. Learn what the project partner’s
policies and practices are on bear avoidance and management. Important
questions to ask are:
• Are the bears habituated to people? Or are they “wild” bears that
tend to avoid human contact?
• What regulations does the area have regarding food storage,
campfires, etc?
• What native foods are the bears likely to be feeding on at the time of
year you will be in the field? Where are those food sources found
and what can you do to avoid those areas?
• Are bears likely to be with their cubs this time of year? Mothers with
cubs tend to be much more aggressive and defensive in encounters.
• What does the agency recommend as the most effective/ appropriate
response to a curious bear or an attacking bear?
Rehearse with your crew what each person would do in any number of bear
situations. Have sufficient preparation so that your crew members will
respond appropriately to the different situations you might find yourselves in.
Secure all food in vehicles or in a bear hang. If you are charged by a black
bear, the current wisdom is to fight back. Aggression toward attacking black
bears often can repulse the attack. Black bears are less aggressive overall than
grizzly bears and will retire more readily. Making loud noises to scare black
bears out of camp (yelling, banging pots and pans, blowing an air horn) may
be all it takes. If more drastic measures are required, throw stones at it. If the
bear physically attacks you or one of your crew members, DO NOT PLAY
DEAD. Aggressively fight back and use any available tool or weapon on
hand: rocks, Pulaskis, sticks, fists, etc. Climbing trees to escape an intent
black bear is probably futile, as anyone who has watched a black bear “run”
up a tree can attest to. Instead, gather your group together, perhaps with your
backs to a tree or rock and make a stand.
29
Snake Bites
The treatment for serious snake venom poisoning is the administration of
anti-venom. The best thing you can do for a victim is to get them to a medical
facility as soon as possible. Here are some general guidelines:
• Back out of striking range. Consider the length of the snake as the
striking range, then double it for good measure. A rattlesnake can
strike at a speed of 8 ft / 2.4 m per second.
• Don’t panic. Most snake bites do not result in medically significant
envenomation. Reassure the victim and keep them from wasting
energy. Have them sit or lay down, avoid unnecessary movement,
and stay calm to keep their heart rate low.
• Identify the species. If time allows or others are on hand, try and
identify the species. Don’t try to capture or kill the snake, but do try
to identify it. You may be able to take a photo for later identification.
If the snake is dead, use a stick to put it into a safe container for
transport. Be aware that the jaws of a dead snake can bite in a reflex
action for up to 90 minutes after death.
Treatment
• Arrange immediate evacuation
• Rest the bitten extremity at a level below or even with the heart
• Clean wound to remove any venom around the bite. (Apply same
concepts of wound management and make sure to use the cleanest
water available).
• Remove jewelry or other constrictive items.
• Mark swelling with a permanent marker and the time that it was
marked – this will help medical practitioners determine the rate of
spread of the venom.
• Pressure-immobilization bandage with ace wrap, coflex, coban, or
any elastic breathable material that will accommodate potential
swelling.
• Monitor ABC’s! Some snake bites such as the Green Mojave Rattle
Snake result in immediate respiratory distress while other might
trigger an allergic reaction; be prepared to preform CPR or Rescue
Breathing if patient’s vitals indicate inadequate breathing!
Avoid the following common treatment myths
• Don't suck out the venom. Making an incision and extracting the
venom by mouth or with a pump doesn’t work and the caretaker may
be adversely affected.
• Don't make a tourniquet. Trapping all the venom in one place can
increase tissue damage and could cost a victim their limb.
Additionally, upon release of the tourniquet, a flood of venom is
pushed toward the heart and could be fatal.
30
6. Water
Water Purification
Several purification options are available for ensuring safe drinking water for
crews. All are time consuming and require diligence in making sure that
water is purified before it is needed.
Boiling
Boiling questionable water for about a minute kills the giardia cyst. Water
that will be used for cooking, hot drinks or washing does not need to be
treated except by boiling. Boiling is not the ideal method for treating your
other drinking water as it consumes too much fuel. Take note that boiling
may be your only option in some circumstances.
Pre-filtering
If your water has organic matter or is cloudy, murky, or colored in any way,
chemical purification methods will be much less effective and water filters
could get clogged. For water in this condition, filter through a clean cloth then
allow it to settle for at least 30 minutes and pour off the clear water for
purifying.
Water Filters
Water filters are supplied in every backcountry cache, though the type varies
between programs. Be sure to use the filter according to the instructions and
be aware that most micro-filters do not filter out all viruses and small
bacteria. For these filters to work correctly and efficiently, it is paramount
that crew leaders maintain the filters. If the filters are filtering water
extremely slowly, the filter element most likely needs to be cleaned
(backflushing) or replaced.
Aquamira Drops or Tablets
Aquamira is reliable and easy to use. It is a two-step process, has no iodine or
free chlorine and can be used for large quantities. Just follow the directions
on the bottle. The two-ounce bottles are good for 60 gallons.
Chlorine (not a preferred method)
Disinfecting with household bleach kills most, but not all, types of disease-
causing organisms. The bleach must contain chlorine in order to work (i.e. not
the biodegradable kind). Most household chlorine bleaches have 4-6 percent
available chlorine, in which case you should add 1/8 teaspoon (8 drops) of
regular, unscented, liquid household chlorine bleach for each gallon of water
(2 drops per liter), stir it well and let it stand for 30 minutes before you use it.
Check the label; if the percentage of available chlorine is around 1 percent, or
you don’t know what the percentage is, use 40 drops per gallon/10 drops per
liter; if the percentage is 7-10 percent, use four drops per gallon or one drop
per liter. Double the amount of chlorine if the water is cloudy, murky, or
colored, or if the water is extremely cold. If after sitting covered for 30
minutes, the water doesn’t have a slight chlorine odor, repeat the dosage and
let sit for another 15 minutes.
Iodine (not a preferred method)
Iodine purification has an advantage over micro-filtration in that it will kill
viruses as well as bacteria and parasites, but may be less effective against
giardia. In a populated area where groundwater may be contaminated with
31
pathogens like hepatitis, use iodine. However, drinking iodine treated water
for extended periods of time is not recommended so this should just be a
backup method in case of emergency. The speed at which iodine can kill
microbes depends on the temperature of the water. Purification time in cold
water is about twice that in warm water (above 60 degrees). Also, colored
foreign material in the water can bind the iodine. If your water has a lot of
tannin in it or other organic materials, double the amount of iodine you use.
Also, remember that the warmer the water, the less iodine you need to
adequately treat the water. Pre-filtering the water before treatment can help as
well.
Managing Water in Camp
Water Containers
Clearly mark your water containers “drinking” and “contaminated.” Don’t put
unpurified water in the drinking containers. If you use a gravity system for
purifying your water, you’ll need a third type of jug, “prefiltered,” to be used
for no other purpose than to be hung up to filter.
Estimating Water Needs
For your own information you will want to know about how much your crew
will drink. Estimating this becomes even more important if you have a dry
camp (with water being brought in by truck or mule) or if you will be using
bleach to purify it. Surely you have heard that you ought to drink eight
glasses of water a day. This amounts to about two quarts. But, when you are
working, your water consumption needs to go up dramatically, especially if
the weather is hot and/or you are at a high elevation. A crew of eight drinks
about 8 to 10 gallons of purified water per day in moderate conditions. This
does not include any of their hot drinks, soups or other foods that have water
in them, or dishes after dinner. In very hot, dry weather you will consume
much more. Always be thinking ahead about water that is on-hand. Do not
wait until all containers are empty before collecting and filtering more. This is
no fun to do at 5 a.m. because you need water for breakfast.
Dry Camps
If you will have a dry camp, plan on water consumption for drinking,
cooking, dishes, and a rare sponge-bath at roughly:
• 2.5 gallons per person per day, or
• 220 gallons for 8 people for an 11-day hitch, 150 gallons will do if
there is other water available for dishes and bathing.
If your water will be packed in you also need to estimate the weight of this
water. Calculate this weight using 8.3 pounds for each gallon of water, also
remembering to allow for the weight of the containers.
A responsibility that everyone has throughout the program is the health and
safety of yourself and fellow crew members. Continually identifying hazards
and assessing risks will get you started in the right direction, and monitoring
and being concerned with the health of the crew is equally as importantFor
32
some participants, participating in the program is the scariest, most
adventurous thing they have ever done. There are many stresses on them that
can cause unhappiness, homesickness, antisocial behavior, and carelessness
or accident proneness. For instance, they may not have the social skills to deal
well with a group of strangers. The food may be totally foreign to them. They
may not know what is expected of them nor have the skills to accomplish
something, both at work and in camp. Unfortunately, there is no magic
formula for evaluating and mitigating these stresses. You need to be aware
that stress manifests itself in many ways and you must be prepared to
confront situations honestly, sympathetically and with a large dose of human
kindness. Be alert to potential problems as indicated by moodiness, antisocial
behavior, aggressive behavior, and crying. Make a point of asking your crew
members how they are feeling about their experience. Also, informally check-
in with each crew member each day and ask them how they are generally
doing. Ask them mundane questions, such as:
• Is everyone getting enough to eat?
• Are you sleeping well at night?
• Do you have regular (daily) bowel movements?
• Are you happy being here? Why or why not?
• Do you feel disconnected/depressed/unmotivated/stressed?
• Do your muscles hurt?
• Is the sun/heat affecting your energy levels?
• Do you like going to work? Why or why not?
• Are there changes in what you are eating, drinking, or taking for
medication that you are feeling the effect of?
33
The answers to such basic
inquiries can be very
illuminating. Either you will Now this is the Law of
be reassured that everything the Jungle - as old and true as
is OK, or you will be set on the sky;
the track of what is not well.
Follow up with more And the Wolf that shall keep it
questions, in a group forum may prosper, but the Wolf that
or individually, to find out
shall break it must die.
what is really going on.
Sometimes it may not be any
specific thing, just a sense of As the creeper that girdles the
uneasiness that can be tree-trunk, the Law runneth
dispelled by encouraging a forward and back -
lonely member to vocalize
their feelings and actively For the strength of the Pack is
listening to what they say. the Wolf, and the strength of
the Wolf is the Pack.
Preventive Health Care and
Treatment
As well as anticipating and Rudyard Kiping
preventing accidents, you The Second Jungle Book
should focus some energy on
preventing common illnesses.
You should also remember that as much as you would like to respect the
privacy of each member of your crew, you may need to intrude a bit further
into their personal health “space” than you would under many other
circumstances to assure a crew member’s well-being.
Allergic Reactions
Keep an eye out for any reactions to bee stings, bugs, sun, food, or other
irritants. You can’t rely completely on the medical forms to alert you to these,
as participants may try to play down an allergy, or may not be aware of it.
Blisters
Blisters present the most chronic and annoying of the injuries that crews deal
with. The three main causes of blisters are heat, sweat, and friction. Teaching
the crew how to prevent blisters can alleviate much misery down the road. If
members come with new boots that have not been well broken in, or with old,
broken-in boots that they have not worn yet this year, there is bound to be
trouble. In the breaking-in process, both feet and boots need to get
accustomed to each other. Common prevention strategies include:
• Before starting out, put tape or moleskin on areas that commonly
blister.
• If possible, wear synthetic or wool socks that wick sweat away
effectively. Change socks regularly.
34
• If boots are large enough, wear two layers of socks to reduce
friction. The inner sock should be nylon, silk, or some other slippery
fiber that allows easy movement between sock layers.
• Keep feet dry with powder to reduce friction. Air feet out by taking
boots off after work and slipping into camp shoes/sandals
• Stop to apply moleskin as soon as you feel a hot spot.
• Keep feet clean.
36
Restorative Justice
Imagining a “Restorative”
What is restorative justice?
approach:
Restorative justice is a framework
Conservation Legacy is moving
that works to repair harm and restore
community. Restorative justice forward in 2022 with a new
processes identify the needs of the approach to supporting our
harmed party, the responsible party, members that will incorporate
and the larger community. restorative practices into our work.
Restorative justice ensures This information provides
sustainable community safety, educational points about the
improved community cohesion for restorative philosophy that aligns
groups, and increased self-esteem in with our organization’s mission to
individuals. promote healthy, resilient
communities and ecosystems.
4 Guiding Principles of Restorative
Justice Conservation Legacy’s historical
1. Safety: can you proceed approach to discipline can be found
with a restorative after this section, to be used by
process and keep your those who are not yet trained or
crew safe while doing otherwise un-prepared to
so? Or is the situation implement the restorative approach
beyond your capacity to with their programming
ensure safety for you
and your crew?
Different programs have
different levels of capacity to handle various situations, what
can your program safely handle, and what can it not handle?
2. Harmed Party Centered: have you checked in with those
harmed by the actions? What are their needs? How do they want
to proceed?
3. Accountability: Is the responsible party willing to take
accountability to restore relationships and repair harm?
4. Racial equity: What are the underlying racial, gendered, and
historical context of this situation? Are you ensuring your
process is mindful of the societal context at play?
What is Accountability?
Accountability is a practice. We can hold ourselves accountability, but we can
also support someone else in their own accountability.
37
4. Do sorry: take actual steps – ideally those identified by the
harmed party – to repair the harm. This can be a long process,
and that’s okay! Transformation takes time.
5. Become a person that never causes harm again.
What is Remorse?
Remorse is how we express and feel empathy when we are the cause of the
harm. When we feel remorse, we are putting ourselves in the shoes of the
person(s) we harmed. Although we often conflate remorse and shame, they
are VERY different. Shame centers our own experience and drives isolation.
Remorse, like empathy, motivates connection.
Where is the Blame and Shame? There is no place for blame and shame in a
restorative process. We can process feelings in a healthy way that lead to
authentic change. Blame and shame PREVENT that change from happening.
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Disciplinary Action Procedures
* This traditional Conservation Legacy approach is still in practice but will
be phased out as restorative techniques are adopted across the organization
39
5. Termination (document on Disciplinary Action Form): The decision
to terminate a member typically is made after the above corrective
measures have been tried without success. When a member is
terminated, it must be because they have failed the program and not
because the program has failed them.
40
7. Log in and complete timesheet if possible, otherwise arrange for
them to do so later.
8. Once you are all back together (minus one) gather the group to talk
about how they feel about their departure and/or ask any questions.
You will likely have a few days of feeling off balance before the
group finds its new equilibrium.
41
9. Managing Challenging Behavior
Many behavioral challenges can be effectively managed in the field through
skilled communication. Other behaviors are beyond the scope of leaders or
the program to manage or accept. Although there may be healing elements for
any population in being outdoors, none of Conservation Legacy’s programs
are therapeutic, aimed at rehabilitation or counseling, and it’s important to
recognize where the lines are between being supportive and the work that a
trained counselor or social worker should be doing.
Evacuate from the field and submit an incident report under any of the
following circumstances:
• Suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, or undisclosed history of suicidal
behavior is grounds for immediate evacuation from the field and a call to
your coordinator
• Intentional self-harm (for example, cutting oneself with a knife or razor)
• Any member who displays eating disorders such as binging and purging
• Any member who poses a direct threat to themselves, or those around
them
• Any member whose behavior creates a physically or emotionally unsafe
work environment
• Any member whose mental state (depression, anxiety, inability to follow
instructions, etc.) compromises the leaders’ ability to adequately focus on
the safety/well-being of the rest of the group
• Sexual activity involving minors (whether consensual or not)
• Any non-consensual sexual activity (at any age)
Other behaviors may be ones that leaders or staff are able to work with
in the field, without necessitating evacuation. Examples of these
behaviors include:
• Low motivation
• Intentional destruction of property or environment
• Unprofessional behavior
Crisis Leadership
When faced with a debilitating or perhaps life-threatening injury or illness,
the leaderis responsible for both caring for the hurt participant and leading the
rest of the crew, but any member can take on a leadership role in this
situation. Take charge of the situation in a firm, calm way. Let both the
injured person and the rest of the crew see that you are in control of the
situation and not being controlled by it. One of our greatest challenges in this
business of outdoor programming, however, is that it is often difficult to put
up “the wall of professionalism” that separates us from the human drama,
trauma, and sometimes tragedy of the situation to which we are responding.
The reason this happens is that rather than coming to the aid of patients we
have never met, the patient will likely be a member of our group of
wilderness travelers, and perhaps even a colleague or longtime friend. And
we may in fact, like many outdoor leaders, be responsible for a decision that
led to the original incident. In the midst of the stress of such a situation,
remember to care for yourself. Once the injured person is stabilized, you may
want to step away for a moment to give yourself space to plan what you will
do next.
Aggravating Factors
Bad weather, fatigue, and uncertainty can further aggravate already stressful
emergency situations. Evaluate the impact of existing conditions on your first
aid treatment and evacuation plans. Prepare your crew to deal with the
situation you find yourselves in. Such factors might include:
• Fatigue
• Darkness
• Bad weather
• Absence of a written emergency response plan
• Unclear communications
• Unclear lines of authority
• Unstable group dynamics or peer pressure
• Communication device malfunction
• Unknown terrain
43
The tasks of On-site Incident Manager include:
• Stabilizing the situation. In cases of injury, administer first aid
• Calling a program support staff member to notify them of the
incident
• Implementing your Emergency Response Plan (ERP)
• Establishing On-site emergency roles as necessary
• Maintaining communication with program staff until incident is
resolved
• Preparing a written report of emergency details (who, what, when,
where, how, etc.)
• When necessary, obtaining written accounts of incident from all
witnesses (members, staff, and others if appropriate)
• In the event of a fatality, do not move the body. Wait for legal
authorities to arrive and conduct an investigation
Administering First-aid
An incident manager’s immediate concern after an accident occurs, or as an
illness is developing, is to administer first aid. After assuring that the accident
site is safe and secure, attend to breathing, bleeding, and consciousness first.
Your training will kick in quickly as you assess the situation once immediate
concerns are handled. Remember that prevention of shock, hypothermia, and
heat stroke may be pressing concerns as well. Once you have stabilized the
patient and are confident that you can ward off shock, do not leave the patient
44
unattended. If it will be a long wait for evacuation, assign a rotating schedule
to the crew to sit with the patient through the night if necessary. This will
allow you some quiet time or even some sleep. If the patient’s condition
worsens, the attendant should call you.
Evacuations
Making a Plan
Once you have protected the injured person from immediate danger
andstabilized their injuries/illness to the best of your ability and training, you
will begin to act on the emergency response plan you developed with your
coordinator. Before you call for help, you will need to evaluate the
seriousness of the injury and have a plan for the course of action you think
you should follow. Remember that you are required to call Conservation
Legacy in the event of any evacuation, and after accidents or incidents.
Managing an Evacuation
Once you decide that an evacuation is necessary, let the project partner know
how you prefer to proceed: by helicopter, horseback, handcrew, or vehicle. If
you suspect any possibility of a spinal injury, report it, so the partner can
arrange for the safest possible evacuation. You may not have any control over
what means they choose. Do not get too involved in this UNLESS you
believe they are making a potentially life-threatening error. Use your ERP to
make sure you have considered all the necessary steps and precautions in the
47
procedure. Gather the crew together before the rescue team arrives, and send
the following with those going out with the participant:
• Patient’s medical history form with emergency contact information
• Any essential prescription drugs the participant uses
• Change of clothes to replace bloody, ripped, wet, or muddy items
• Money for meals, motels, phone calls, prescriptions drugs, etc.
• List of emergency contacts, including your program’s on-call
number
• A crew leader, if you are part of a co-leading team.
Remember that if your crew has two leaders, one leader should go out with
the patient as an advocate if it is logistically possible (see discussion below).
Working Apart
When the crew is not working in close proximity to each other, establish clear
parameters that will govern actions while you are apart. There may be some
instances in which it may be beneficial to divide the group. Carefully analyze
the reasons of wanting or needing these separations. Unless there are
extenuating circumstances, everyone should always be in a reasonably close
proximity to the group. Here are some reasons that may lead to the need to
separate the group:
• Having afternoon quiet time where everyone disperses away
from group interaction
• Going for a short walk on your own
• Allowing small groups of members to take a walk
• Managing an injury or evacuation with only a solo crew leader
On these occasions, the leader should carefully outline for the crew exactly
what is expected of each person. Discuss:
• Who is going or staying
• What tasks or activities they may and may not undertake in a
leader’s absence
• Where exactly they are going and what route they will follow to
get there and back
• When will the crew see them next
48
Establish a boundary around the camp/work/recreation site within which
members may wander freely by themselves. Make it big enough that
everyone can get the privacy they need, but small enough to search quickly
should someone be missing. Members should notify a leader if they wish to
go beyond the limits of this area.
If someone is hurt, someone (preferably a leader) should stay with the hurt
person and another leader or member should return to camp for help. A
seriously ill member should not be left alone in camp.
Missing/Overdue Person
A missing/overdue person is anyone that is unreasonably overdue at a
prearranged meeting place. Once you have a missing/overdue person, go
through the following steps:
• Conduct a quick and efficient search of the immediate area;
interview members for information about the person who is
missing.
• If your quick search does not find the missing person, activate
your crew emergency response plan.
• Maintain control of the rest of the group. Do not involve them in
the search unless directed by program support staff. While many
hands can make light work in most situations, a second or third
missing person who is inexperienced in search-and-rescue
protocols would only add to an already stressful situation.
49
Upon reaching a Conservation Legacy staff member, be prepared to briefly
describe the situation.
It may not be a big emergency, and you may just need to talk to support staff
for some reason, which is fine. If it is a serious situation, like a medical
emergency, be organized and have all pertinent information on hand. This
includes:
• who the patient is
• what has happened
• what the present condition of the patient is
• where the patient is
• what the next step of treatment will be
• what you plan to do once the patient is released from the hospital
• what the status of the rest of the crew is
• when and how you will next communicate with Conservation
Legacy
For other situations, including behavioral issues or logistical problems, be
prepared to offer information such as:
• the current situation
• options you have considered
• type of help requested from program support staff
• next steps to be taken in the situation
• when and how you will next communicate with Conservation
Legacy
The on-call staff member will be writing all of this down, and may ask you to
repeat things for clarity. You will be reminded of the need to document some
types of situations.
If you can’t reach anyone through the on-call number
It happens. First, try calling the number again after some minutes (staff
person may be occupied for a moment). If you can’t reach the on-call person,
begin calling the numbers on the Emergency Information card. You should
leave a message on any phone not answered with your name, crew, date, time,
location, a short summary of the issue, whether or not you can be re-contacted
and through what number, and what your next steps will be.
What to do if you can’t get to a phone
Use any communication device provided to you by the program staff or the
agency and have a message relayed to program staff if necessary via your
partner or other 3rd party (this info should be in the ERP in possession of your
project partner).
When to call
We strongly emphasize that you strictly adhere to the criteria Conservation
Legacy has developed that require you to contact the Conservation Legacy
program staff.
In general:
1. When in doubt, call!
2. It is not just for emergencies – it is for use in many emergency and
non-emergency situations.
50
3. It is not for travel snafus or problems that you can solve yourself,
except as a last resort. Use your judgment.
Conservation Legacy has developed an Incident Threshold System that allows
you and the program staff to assess the seriousness of an incident and initiate
the appropriate action and communication. You should familiarize yourself
with the chart below before going into the field and have it available in the
field to reference when an incident occurs. Following the Threshold Level
Chart is another chart outlining the actions you should take depending on
threshold level and what communications should occur.
Threshold Level
Incident1
1 2 3 4 5
Behavioral Breaking any of our policies or DAP
procedures
Member behavior that affects an DAP
individual or group’s ability to
function
Differences of style or opinion DAP
between staff affecting program
success
Contact to Parent or Guardian DAP
regarding behavioral concerns
Evacuation of a member for behavioral DAP
reasons
Dismissal of a member (If RM related
issue, otherwise DAP)
Evacuation of a staff member for
behavioral reasons
Member who is direct threat to self or
others
Dismissal or departure of Conservation
Legacy staff
Staff behavior that interferes with
effectiveness of individual or group
Staff member who is direct threat to
self or others
HR Member behavior (or other concern) DAP
that affects an individual or group’s
ability to function
Incident involving worker’s
compensation2
Member who may be threat to self or
others (for medical or other reasons)
Member or staff member whose
medical condition interferes with
ability to do job duties
Staff behavior that interferes with
effectiveness of individual or group
51
Accusation of abuse or harassment
(sexual or physical)
Dismissal or departure of Conservation
Legacy staff
Staff member who may be a threat to
self or others (for medical or other
reasons)
Threshold
Incident
1 2 3 4 5
Medical Illness or minor injury that prevents
participating in part of a workday
Any visit to Hospital, Clinic, or
Medical Professional
Incident involving Worker’s
Compensation2
Contact to Parent or Guardian
regarding medical concerns
Self-evacuation3 of staff or member for
medical reasons (other than asthma or
systemic anaphylactic reaction)
Previously undisclosed and
unreviewed medical condition or
medication
Member or staff evacuated due to
asthma
Admission to a hospital or clinic
Member or staff member with medical
condition that interferes with ability to
do job duties
Expedited evacuation3 of a
Conservation Legacy member or staff
for any medical reason
Member or staff evacuated due to a
systemic anaphylactic reaction
Member who may be threat to self or
others (for medical or other reasons)
Staff member who may be a threat to
self or others (for medical or other
reasons)
Life threatening conditions or
potentially permanent disability to
Conservation Legacy member or staff
Fatality
52
Threshold
Incident
1 2 3 4 5
Missing Failure of a Conservation Legacy
Person member to meet at the designated
meeting place at the beginning of the
program/hitch
Loss of contact with a Conservation
Legacy member for over 1 hr after
scheduled contact (during program
time)
Loss of contact with a Conservation
Legacy member for over 4 hrs after
scheduled contact (during program
time)
Search and rescue for a Conservation
Legacy member or staff
Missing person for over 24 hours
Political Conflict between Conservation Legacy
and an agency sponsor
Situation involving law enforcement
Political situation occurring with an
agency sponsor
Parent questions Conservation
Legacy’s authority or competency
Incident with significant media
attention
Vehicle Vehicle breakdown or very minor Call
dents and scrapes to vehicle
Vehicle incident/ accident which either
(a) results in any injury or (b) involves
damage to a Conservation Legacy
vehicle
Vehicle accident/incident which results
in multiple injuries
Threshold
Incident
1 2 3 4 5
Other Destruction or loss of equipment
Any equipment failure which could
have led to injury
Any significant near miss4
Destruction and/or loss of equipment
which affects the safety/success of the
program
53
Living or environmental conditions
that interfere with the effectiveness of
individual or group (not affecting
safety)
Any equipment failure that resulted in
an injury
Conservation Legacy assists another
organization in any emergency action
Living or environmental conditions
that threaten the safety of member/staff
Conservation Legacy involvement in a
search and rescue or evacuation (not
involving a Conservation Legacy
member or staff)
Non- Slip and fall resulting in injury in the
Program office or on office property
Office/Facilities Break-in, theft of
property
A situation that requires evacuation of
the office (fire, flood, etc…)
54
Communication Chart
Threshold Crew Leader Program Staff Notified by Incident
Level Protocol Incident Responder Management
Threshold 1 Note in Daily No need for immediate By Field Staff
Log – indicate contact unless assistance is
Threshold I needed
incident
Threshold 2 - Call On-Call - Complete Incident Report By On-Call
person for Form person or
notification and - On-Call person must notify designated
potential PD or designated program program staff
response staff within 24 hrs
- Begin filling out - If Worker’s Comp is
an Incident involved the reporting
Report Form process must be initiated
within 24 hours.
Threshold 3 - Call On-Call - Complete Incident Report By PD and/or
person for Form ED
notification and - On-Call person must notify
potential PD or ED immediately
response - If Worker’s Comp is
- Begin filling out involved the reporting
an Incident process must be initiated
Report Form within 24 hours.
We insist that you follow through with this communication, but we also
expect you to use your best judgment in the timeliness of the communication.
Any situation listed above that brings you to town (or whatever counts as
“civilization” in your area) should lead to a phone call. Some situations,
particularly in remote settings, may obviously require patience on our part.
55
Incident Report Forms (IRF)
As noted in the above charts, the IRF is not just for major medical incidents.
It is also required for vehicle accidents, significant behavior incidents,
significant crew dynamic incidents, incidents involving outside entities, etc.
The crew leader is responsible for starting the completion of the IRF. Provide
as much information as possible and work with the on-call staff and your
supervisor to complete the IRF. Providing follow-up information will also be
essential before the incident can be closed. Documentation of this sort helps
us improve our training, crew support, incident response, and organizational
policies. Keep copies in your binder and/or first-aid kits.
Vehicle Accidents
All vehicle accidents and incidents that result in anything but very minor
damage (scratches, small dent) – especially if it involves another vehicle – is
at least a Threshold 3 incident and the on-call staff needs to be contacted
immediately. A Vehicle Accident Report (VAR copies should be kept in the
vehicle) will assist with the gathering of critical information needed by the
program support staff to follow-up on the incident. An Incident Report Form
should also be completed and processed for any vehicle accident. Vehicle
insurance coverage is provided through a plan with Philadelphia Insurance.
Insurance information can be found in the glove box/console of each vehicle.
A vehicle accident review by the driver’s supervisor needs to be completed
following all accidents/incidents no matter how minor.
Vehicle Accident Procedures:
1. Take prompt measures to ensure the safety of everyone involved.
2. Stay Calm. Do Not Argue. Gather Facts.
3. Call a police officer to the scene
4. Obtain the name of the driver(s), passenger(s), and witnesses
5. Obtain the name of the other vehicle’s insurance company and
policy number, VIN number and license plate information
6. Take pictures of the accident scene and from each corner of each
damaged vehicle if it is safe to do so.
7. Contact Conservation Legacy staff through the on-call system
8. Complete a VAR and an IRF
9. Report any Workers Comp claims immediately
Worker’s Compensation
Worker’s Compensation insurance is for the protection of workers (i.e.
members and staff) who are injured or contract a disease as a direct result of
their occupation. Worker’s compensation does not cover non-work related
illness or injury nor does it cover you if you get hurt during time off —
during this time, Conservation Legacy is under no obligation to assist you
with your injury. The same applies to injury or illness in the field that is not
directly related to work as identified by our insurance provider. The time lost
from work is not compensated, light duty is not guaranteed, and you could be
subject to suspension or termination as a result of your inability to perform
your work duties.
56
Basic Policies
• Nearest medical facilities are listed on your Emergency Response
Plan (ERP)
• Non-emergency injuries should be taken to a medical clinic (ie.
Urgent Care). Use the ER only for more severe emergencies, or if no
clinic is available.
• If transporting crew members to medical facilities for any reason,
crew leaders must contact the office, via the on-call phone, as soon
as possible.
At Medical Facility
• Provide information listed on the Letter to Treating Provider if
needed and/or SOAA’P notes along with the claim number, if
available. Refer to the “Claimant Guidelines” document and “WC
Info Card” for processes information.
• If injured worker is under 18, contact legal guardian. If serious or
life-threatening injury, Conservation Legacy office staff will contact
legal guardians.
• Obtain a specific work release and/or follow-up requirements from
treating doctor before leaving medical facility - use “Letter to
Treating Provider” form each time a new provider is used and ensure
this same form is used for each follow-up visit by your patient.
Follow-up
• Any visit to the hospital REQUIRES contact to the on-call system.
The staff member will assist the crew leaders with making decisions
about the injured member/leader.
• Some workers will be clear ONLY for light duty work. Injured
workers cannot return to unrestricted work without doctor’s
clearance.
• All light duty is performed in the field unless restriction is such that
there is nothing that they can do in the field. In that case, contact the
office to arrange transport back to the office. Conservation Legacy
may suspend the member’s term until they are cleared to complete
the tasks identified in their original position description.
Conservation Legacy offices are not required to provide office duties
for light duty.
• Light duty is only for workers who are injured or sick as a direct
result of a work injury. If you do not have a legitimate work injury
or illness you will not receive light duty work and could face
termination for inability to do your job.
57
Member/CL should stick to prescribed light duty restrictions and not
re-injure themselves.
• Member/CL should bring copies of medical paperwork to the office
after each follow-up visit. Member/CL should notify office of their
status and restrictions after each follow up visit. Copies of medical
clearance need to be given to the office before an injured
Member/CL can return to the field.
• Once the injured member’s/CL’s claim has been reported by
Conservation Legacy, it is the member’s/CL’s responsibility to
monitor the claim, its billing and, communication to the insurance
provider.
Agency Radios
Radios issued to a crew by the partner agency are borrowed and tend to be
very expensive items. Protect them from weather and abuse. Ask for and
follow any radio protocols provided to you from agency staff. As with all
communication devices, be sure that you orient your crew members on the
proper use of these devices so that they can call for help if you are the one
injured.
Incident Review
Major incidents (typically those at Threshold 4 and 5) plus any others that
have a significant impact on operations or are judged to have lessons learned
should be formally reviewed by program staff. For major incidents, this will
58
be facilitated by the Field Operations Director. For all others the review can
happen at the program level. Reviews should be shared with other program
staff organization-wide. Reviews should contain the following elements:
1. Description of the incident/accident:
a. When and where the incident/accident occurred
b. Who and what were involved
c. The extent of the damage and injuries.
2. Build an account of the event and the response (gathered from several
sources if necessary)
a. Timeline and the sequence of events, including incident response
by program staff
3. Analyze the Incident/Accident
a. Determine the direct and indirect causes of the incident/accident
i. Human Factors
ii. Environmental Factors
iii. Equipment Factors
b. Determine what was normal or not normal before/during the
incident/accident.
c. Where and when the abnormality occurred and who noticed it.
4. Provide Recommendations to Prevent a Recurrence
a. What are our lessons learned from this incident/accident?
b. What could you have reasonably done to prevent this
incident/accident?
Notes:
59
Youth Participant Addendum
The following policies and additional guidelines apply to programs and crews
with youth participants (under 18). All policies and protocols outlined in
previous sections of this manual STILL APPLY unless specifically altered by
one below.
Missing Member
Policy:
An unplanned loss of contact with a youth member for any amount of time
should be dealt with as a missing person and is an immediate Threshold 2
incident.
Guidelines:
1. In the event of a missing corpsmember, program staff should be
notified immediately
2. Crew leaders should under no circumstance contact
parents/guardians. Program staff will notify parents/guardians once it
has been established that the participant is missing (Step 5).
3. Once staff is notified, a hasty search (i.e. bathrooms, vehicles,
campsite, worksite etc.) should be conducted
a. Keep the rest of the crew together and calm while
conducting the hasty search
b. Report back to program staff once this is complete
4. Program staff will contact project partners as needed in order to
request resources/disseminate information.
5. Once it is confirmed that a member is missing, program staff will
contact the parents/guardians and keep them up to date as more
information arises.
Supervision of a Minor
Policy:
1. Adult crew leaders cannot have one-on-one time with a youth
participant at any time during the program. One-on-one interaction
should always be within eyesight or hearing of the rest of the crew.
Exceptions can be made only in the case of an emergency.
2. Youth participants should always be under Crew Leader supervision
when on program time. Do not hand this over to project partners,
volunteers, or even parents if they are present.
60
Guidelines:
1. At work sites leaders need to supervise much more closely than they
would with an adult crew. Leaders should always be present for all
work activities. Do not send small groups or individuals off to work
at another site even if it is close by but out of eyesight or hearing.
Check all participants regularly with an eye to safe tool use and
health status.
2. One-on-one time could include a vehicle, separate room, or out of
eyesight from the rest of the crew including project work.
Discipline
Policy:
Any disciplinary action of a youth participant that occurs with a Crew Leader
needs to take place with another adult (preferably staff) in the conversation.
Any behavior or verbiage that could potentially lead to harm of self, other
members or the greater public must be immediately addressed with the
member.
Guidelines:
Disciplinary action for youth members should follow the standard process
outlined earlier in the manual, but altered to avoid one-on-one interactions
and to include parent involvement when necessary.
Examples of nonnegotiable actions with potential consequences:
1. If a youth member is found using drugs or alcohol, parents will be
notified immediately and the member may be removed from the field
until further discussion and decisions can be made.
2. If a youth member is caught lying, proper documentation will be
initiated and it will be addressed as determined by the crew leader
and/or program staff.
3. If a youth member is involved in a physical altercation or
intimidation they may be removed from the field immediately and
terminated from the program by a staff member.
4. If a youth member is verbally abusive or is making threats, they may
be removed from the field immediately and terminated from the
program by a staff member.
Youth/Adult Relationships
Policy:
61
When supervising and leading youth on project and non-project hours, leaders
must use cautious and good judgement to ensure the mental, emotional, and
physical safety of the youth members, themselves, and those around them
prior to any decision. Exclusive relationships between youth and adult
leadership are prohibited during and after program hours. An exclusive
relationship may include, but are not limited to: romance, flirtation (verbal or
physical), behaviors or words clearly exhibiting preference of one youth
member over another, and majority of leader's time spent with a specific
youth member by choice.
Guidelines:
Leaders/Supervisors must be more cautious with socializing with youth
outside of program time and are discouraged from sharing personal contact
information with members. Do not have any in-depth conversations that
shares your history that could be used against you, or misinterpreted out of
context, that could compromise your leadership role with the youth and/or
their parent. Some examples may include but are not limited to: sexual
history, use of illegal substances, misuse of unhealthy legal (drugs)
substances (alcohol).
Medication Management
Policy:
Camping Crews –
1. Medications from Minors will be collected at the beginning of the
session by crew leaders. This includes all Rx (Prescription) Meds,
Over-the-Counter Medications, and Naturopathic meds. All
medications must be listed on the Medical Form. If a member arrives
in the program with medication not listed on their medical form, that
member may be suspended from participating in the program until
an updated Medical Form is submitted and reviewed. Medications
should be in their original containers with name, prescribed dosage,
and intake schedule. Members must bring enough medication for
their planned time in the field. Leaders will keep medication in a
safe and secure location.
2. It is the responsibility of the Youth to come to the leader and get
their medication when needed. Members will administer and take
their own medication, and leaders will record observed medication
intake in their daily log.
3. Exceptions are made for Inhalers and Epi-Pens, of which the
member will keep one dose/unit, and the leader keeps the other of
the required two that the member should bring.
62
4. If a youth refuses to take a medication that is required (versus “as
needed”), then the leader should make a note that they refused and
immediately notify program staff. The member may be dismissed if
they refuse to take required medication as directed by their doctor.
5. If members go home for the weekend, they must remind crew
leaders to get their medications back at the end of each hitch.
Day Crews –
1. Program must be made aware of any medications that members take
in case they could affect a member’s performance or behavior during
the workday.
2. Any medication that a youth member is required to take during work
hours will be treated the same as on camping crews, but crew leaders
are not responsible for holding any medications that a member takes
on their off-time.
3. Emergency medication which a member may need to take during
work time (like Epi-pens or inhalers) should be treated as outlined
above with camping crews.
Mandatory Reporting
Policy:
Any disclosure by a minor participant of either physical or sexual abuse must
be reported to a program staff person as soon as possible. Program staff will
work with crew leaders to contact the appropriate authority.
Guidelines:
1. Write down what the youth participant says in their own words –
record what you have seen and heard also. Make certain you
distinguish between what the youth has actually said and the
inferences you may have made. Accuracy is paramount in this stage
of the procedure. In order to avoid misleading situations a
leader/supervisor should inform their crew that this will be the case
if any of them discloses something to a leader.
2. It is the responsibility of each program support staff to contact their
local Child Protective Services (CPS) to receive the correct
information and training for their state and locale. This information
should be distributed during crew leader training.
Non-Work/Service Hours
Policy:
Boundaries for work area, camp area, and other recreational activities will be
determined by crew leaders upon arrival to a new site and should be narrower
boundaries than with an adult crew. Participants should all be within sight or
hearing range at all times. Participants cannot go off in small groups without
accompaniment of a leader, including on the hike back to camp. This also
includes non-camp settings like in town or in stores. Extra considerations
should be made for backcountry or isolated crews where more conservative
judgement should be made to all policies.
64
Camping/Tent Arrangements
Policy:
When considering tent sharing, emotional and physical safety for each
member must be taken into account and Crew Leaders have the authority to
regulate this as they determine appropriate. No adult leader or member will
share a tent with any minor.
Guidelines:
Youth should either be in their own tents or with two other youth; avoid
putting two youth alone together. Parents should be notified if youth may be
sharing a tent. Crew Leaders should use judgement in where they place their
tents; choose a location to make youth feel safe, be accessible, and give the
ability to monitor youth.
Parent Interactions
Policy:
For behavioral issues, a parent or guardian will be notified by program staff if
a youth has received a Disciplinary Action Plan.
Guidelines:
1. Parents should be informed of Disciplinary Action Procedures prior
to the season
2. Parents/friends should not visit the worksite or contact crew leaders.
If a parent must visit the worksite, it should be approved by program
staff. If a parent needs to get a hold of the youth or CL, they should
contact program staff who will facilitate communication.
3. Youth crew members who are 18 or over may be exempted from this
policy
Tool Use
Policy:
Individuals under the age of 18 are not allowed to operate chainsaws, ATVs,
other large motorized/mechanical equipment, or apply herbicides or
pesticides. Youth may be allowed to use smaller power tools such as electric
drills and sanders with Crew Leader discretion and supervision, training, and
proper PPE.
65
Tobacco
Policy:
The use of tobacco products is prohibited on all youth crews including use by
crew leaders at all times. This includes smoking cigarettes, electronic
cigarettes, vaporizers, and chew products.
Transportation
Policy:
Conservation Legacy is not responsible for member transportation before or
after work hours and official program time.
Guidelines:
1. Parents may request that certain people should/should not be allowed
to pick up their child after work. Program staff will work the parents
to accommodate these needs.
2. Programs may have a sign-in/sign-out procedure as needed at the
discretion of staff.
Swimming
Policy:
66
Index
Alcohol .................................................................................................... 11
vehicles ................................................................................................ 21
ATV/OHV Policies.................................................................................. 22
Bear Country............................................................................................ 29
burn areas................................................................................................. 17
camp boundaries ...................................................................................... 17
Campfires ................................................................................................ 18
Campsite .................................................................................................. 17
Cold and High Elevation ......................................................................... 26
Discipline ................................................................................................. 39
Disciplinary Action Form ...................................................................... 39
Performance Improvement Contract .................................................. 39
dish washing ............................................................................................ 18
Drugs ....................................................................................................... 11
marijuana ............................................................................................. 11
Emergency Response Plan (ERP) ............................................................ 23
Epinephrine.............................................................................................. 12
Evacuations.............................................................................................. 46
First Aid
administering ....................................................................................... 44
Certification ......................................................................................... 25
First Aid Kit........................................................................................... 12
Food ......................................................................................................... 18
handling ............................................................................................... 19
footwear ................................................................................................... 17
Free Time................................................................................................. 19
Hazard Assessment ............................................................................ 13, 26
Heat.......................................................................................................... 26
heights, Working at.................................................................................. 14
herbicide .................................................................................................. 15
Hiking ...................................................................................................... 19
Hitchhiking .............................................................................................. 19
hours worked ........................................................................................... 20
Hygiene.................................................................................................... 18
Incident Report Form......................................................................... 13, 56
Incident Threshold Level Chart ......................................................... 51–54
Leave No Trace (LNT) ............................................................................ 17
Lightning Safety ...................................................................................... 27
Medications
administering ................................................................................. 12, 44
equipment use ..................................................................................... 13
67
Missing/Overdue Person .......................................................................... 49
motorized/mechanized equipment............................................................ 13
on-call....................................................................................................... 13
On-Call
Numbers ............................................................................................... 49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ...................................................... 14
chart ..................................................................................................... 16
Rain or Snow ............................................................................................ 27
Recreation ................................................................................................ 19
River and Stream Crossings ..................................................................... 28
Snake Bites ............................................................................................... 30
Solo Experiences ...................................................................................... 19
stretch and safety ...................................................................................... 13
sun exposure ............................................................................................. 14
Suspension ............................................................................................... 39
Swimming ................................................................................................ 19
tent sharing ............................................................................................... 17
Termination .............................................................................................. 40
Tools and Equipment ............................................................................... 13
UTV use ................................................................................................... 22
Vehicles and Trailers
Accidents .............................................................................................. 56
driver training....................................................................................... 20
driving after dark .................................................................................. 20
max speed ............................................................................................ 20
seat belts .............................................................................................. 21
tool transportation ............................................................................... 21
traffic violations ................................................................................... 21
vehicle check ........................................................................................ 20
Water ........................................................................................................ 19
estimating needs .................................................................................. 32
purification/treatment ......................................................................... 31
Workers Compensation ............................................................................ 56
Working Apart ......................................................................................... 48
Youth Programs
heights .................................................................................................. 14
Youth specific policies ............................................................................. 60
68