THE COPPERBELT UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF MINES AND MINERAL SCIENCES

NAME: LUYANDO JOY KONAYUMA

SIN: 19136478
LECTURER: MR. CHOMBA
COURSE: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
COURSE CODE: EM211
DUE DATE: 9TH MARCH, 2021.
QUESTION 1
(i) The value of 0.2% offset yield strength that corresponds with 0.002 strain is
400MPa according to the values given in the table.
(ii) The ultimate tensile strength is the maximum stress that a material can have
before it begins to fail. According to the data given, this stress is 892MPa.
(iii) The modulus of elasticity can be determined by picking a pair of stress and strain
σ
values from the proportional region and using the formula E= . Using the
ε
values 0.01 and 200MPa for stress and strain respectively,
E = 200MPa/0.001
= 200GPa
(iv) μ=areaunder graph fromzero up ¿ proprotional limit
= ½ × b× h
1
¿ ×0.0025 ×500 MPa
2
= 645MPa
(v) Modulus of toughness = area under the stress-strain curve up to fracture
The area can be obtained by dividing the curve into appropriate shapes.
A = L×H
¿( 0.07−0.03)×509 MPa
= 20.36MPa
1
A= × B × H
2
1
= × ( 782−509 ) MPa ×0.04
2
= 5.64MPa
1
A= × B × H
2
1
¿ ×0.01 ×120 MPa
2
= 0.6MPa
Hence, the modulus of toughness will be (20.36+5.64+0.6) = 6.26MPa

QUESTION 2
(a) (i) Elastic deformation is defined as the temporal deformation of a body such that it is
able to return to its original size or shape when the load applied onto it is removed.
(ii) Plastic deformation is the permanent change in size of a body upon the removal of
an applied load.
(iii) Elastic recovery is the amount of energy a body can absorb and still return to its
original size.
(b) Strain hardening occurs when a material hardens due to the effect of plastic
deformation. A material, being made up of atoms has some regions where atoms are
missing called dislocations. These dislocations are able to move throughout the
material. They become harder to move when a material is bent in a different direction,
causing strain hardening.
Final length−initial length
(c) % elongation = ×100 %
initial length
65 mm−50 mm
= ×1000 %
50 mm
15 mm
= ×100 %
50 mm
= 30 %
(ii) Area reduction at fracture = area at fracture – initial area
22 22
[ =
7 ][
× ( 0.004 m )2 −
7 ]
× ( 0.005 m )2

= (5.029 ×10 −7.857 ×10−5 ¿ m ²

−5

= -2.828×10−5 m²
Maximumload
(iii) ultimate yield strength = ( )
Area
= 70kN/0.00007857m²
= 890.9MPa
(iv) 0.2% offset yield strength = load corresponding to 0.2% set÷ area
55000 N
=
7.857× 10−5 m 2
= 700MPa

(v)Fracture strength = stress at fracture

P
=
A
60 kN
=
( 7.857 ×10−5 ) m 2
= 763.7MPa
σ
(vi)ε =
E
= 890.9MPa/200GPa
= 0.0045
(vii)% elongation = length at maximum load – initial length/ initial length × 100%
 20% = [(x – 50mm)/ 50 mm] ×100%
x = 60mm
( 60−50 ) mm
ε=
50 mm
= 0.2
(d) (i) A good basis to solve this problem would be to compare the yield strength to the stress
produced within the elastic limit. If the stress produced within the elastic limit is higher than
69MPa, then the wire has been permanently deformed.
σ =Eε

= 110GPa × ( 0.08
12 )

= 733MPa
Since 733MPa is higher than 69MPa, the wire has been permanently deformed.
(ii) Since the load is removed, stress becomes indirectly proportional to strain.
1
That is, σ =
ε
The value of the constant is calculated by stress × strain=4.89 ×106

The stress calculated due to the load is 4.9×10 6

kl
When replaced into the equation σ =
∂L
Change in length then becomes 11.97m
So, the length when the load has been removed will be 11.97 + 12=
23.97m

QUESTION 3
(a) (i) Since extension is the same. Then, extension of steel road = extension of copper
rod. Hence,
PL PL
=
EA EA
 0.2 P 0.4 P
=
22 22 2
210GPa ×
7 ( )
× 0.022 110 GPa ×
7
×r ¿ ( )
¿
0.2 0.4
=
264 MPa 22 2
110 GPa × ×r
7

105600000=6.9× 1010 r ²

1.53 ×10−3 =r 2
r =0.0391m = 39.1mm
Hence diameter will be radius ×2=¿ 78.2mm

(ii) First find the change in length of both the steel and copper rod as it is the same.
PL
∂ L=
EA
30 kN × 0.2m
210GPa × 0.00126 m 2
= 0.0000227
The formula of strain will then be used to find the strain in both steel and copper.
For steel, For cooper,
0.00000227 0.00000227
ε= ε=
0.2 0.4
=1.14 ×10−4 = 5.7×10−5
P
(b) σ =
A
315 N 980.175 kN
=
m m2 22 2
×r
7
980175 m m2 =990 r ( mm )2
¿ 31.5 mm
Since there are 8 bolts, the diameter of each bolt will be 31.5 / 8 = 3.94mm.
QUESTION 4
(a) i. An isotropic material is one whose mechanical and thermal properties remain the
same when tested in different directions. These directions can be in three dimensions.
ii. Poisson’s ratio is defined as the ratio of lateral deformation to deformation in the
axial direction.
 iii. Bulk modulus is a measure of the amount of resistance to compression of a
material. It is defined as the ratio of pressure increase to the decrease in volume.
(b) (I) E = 2G (1+ v)
200 GPa=2 ( 80 GPa )( 1+ v )
200 GPa=1.6 ×1011 ( 1+v )

4 ×1010=1.6 × 1011 v
v=0.25

(ii) E=3 K ( 1−2 v )

200 GPa=3 K ( 1−2 ( 0.25 ) )

200 GPa=3 K ( 0.5 )

200 GPa=1.5 K
K=133.33GPa × m²
(c)

QUESTION 5
(a) A metal placed in between a concreate wall will be restricted to expansion when there
has been a change in temperature and will experience stress. The metal will want to
contract according to the equation ∂ L=α × L× ∆ T . However, the concrete will exert
PL
a force on the metal and cause it to contract according to the equation ∂ L= .
EA
Equating the two equations yields a formula, σ stress =α × ∆ T × E . Hence, tensile stress
results in a metal when it is made to cool and wants to shrink but the concrete
prevents the metal from doing so, leaving it under tensile stress.
(b) Given,
L = 20cm
A = 4cm2
∆T = 30
α= 12×10−6 /℃
E = 200GPa

σ =−α × ∆ T × E
= (-12×10−6 ¿/℃ × 30℃ ×200 GPa
 = 72MPa
The force exerted on the steel will be;
P=σ × A Converting A in cm2 ¿ m2 ,
2
= 72MPa × 4 ×10−4 m 2 4cm2 × 1 m
¿¿
= 28,800N = 4 ×10−4 m2
(c) Given
Initial temperature = 10℃
Final temperature = 52℃

10−6
α =12 ×
℃
E = 200GPa
∆ T =Final temperature−initial temperature
¿ 52℃ −10 ℃
= 42 ℃

σ =−α × ∆ T × E

¿−12× 10−6 ℃ × 42 ℃ × 200,000,000,000 Pa

= -100.8MPa