PSpice Simulation of Feedback Control

Simulation is a valuable tool in the design and verification of a closed-

loop control system for dc power supplies.
Figure 7.27a shows a PSpice implementation using idealized switches
and ETABLE sources for the op-amp and for the comparator in the
PWM function.
The input is 6 V, and the output is to be regulated at 3.3 V.
The phase margin of this circuit is 45o when the load is 2 Ω, and slightly
greater than 45o when the load changes to 2||4 .
The switching frequency is 100 kHz.
A step change in load occurs at t =1.5 ms.
If the circuit were unregulated, the output voltage would change as the
load current changed because of the inductor resistance.
The control circuit adjusts the duty ratio to compensate for changes in
operating conditions.

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 1

 4

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 2

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 3
Power Electronics by Daniel W. Hart Chapter 04 4
Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 5
Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 6
Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 7
Type 3 Error Amplifier with Compensation
The type 2 compensation circuit described previously is sometimes not
capable of providing sufficient phase angle difference to meet the stability
criterion of a 45 phase margin.
Another compensation circuit, known as the type 3 amplifier, is shown in Fig.
7-28a.
The type 3 amplifier provides an additional phase angle boost compared to
the type 2 circuit and is used when an adequate phase margin is not
achievable using the type 2 amplifier.
The small-signal transfer function is expressed in terms of input and feedback
impedances Zi and Zf,

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 8

7.14 PWM CONTROL CIRCUITS
The major elements of the feedback control of dc power supplies are available
in a single integrated circuit (IC).
The National Semiconductor LM2743 is one example of an integrated circuit
for dc power supply control.
The IC contains the error amplifier op-amp, PWM circuit, and driver circuits
for the MOSFETs in a dc-dc converter using synchronous rectification.
The block diagram of the IC is shown in Fig. 7-30a, and a typical application
is shown in Fig. 7-30b.

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 9

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 10
PWM CONTROL CIRCUITS

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 11

7.15 THE AC LINE FILTER
In many dc power supply applications, the power source is the ac power
system.
The voltage and current from the ac system are often contaminated by high-
frequency electrical noise.
An ac line filter suppresses conductive radio-frequency interference (RFI)
noise from entering or leaving the power supply.
A single-phase ac input to a power supply has a line (or phase) wire, a neutral
wire, and a ground wire.
Common-mode noise consists of currents in the line and neutral conductors
that are in phase and return through the ground path.
Differential-mode noise consists of high-frequency currents that are 180 out of
phase in the line and neutral conductors, which means that current enters from
the line and returns in the neutral.

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 12

7.15 THE AC LINE FILTER
Atypical ac line filter circuit is shown in Fig. 7-31.
The first stage is a common-mode filter, consisting of a transformer with
adjacent polarity markings and a capacitor connected from each line to
ground.
The capacitors in this stage are referred to as the Y capacitors.
The second stage of the filter, consisting of a transformer with opposite
polarity markings and a single capacitor connected across the ac lines,
removes differential-mode noise from the ac signal.
The capacitor in this stage is referred to as the X capacitor.

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 13

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 14
Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 15
Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 16
7.16 THE COMPLETE DC POWER SUPPLY

A complete dc power supply consists of an input ac line filter, a power factor

correction stage, and a dc-dc converter, as illustrated in the block diagram of
Fig. 7-32.
The power factor correction stage is discussed in Sec. 7.11, and the dc-dc
converter could be any of the converters discussed in this chapter or in Chap.6

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 17

An off-line power supply for low-power applications.

A full-wave rectifier with a capacitor filter (Chap. 4) produces a dc voltage

from the ac line voltage source, and a flyback dc-dc converter reduces the dc
voltage to the appropriate level for the application.
An optically coupled feedback loop preserves electrical isolation between the
source and the load, and a control circuit adjusts the duty ratio of the switch
for a regulated output.
Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 18
C HAPT E R 8 Inverters Converting dc to ac
8.2 THE FULL-BRIDGE CONVERTER
The focus of this chapter is on inverters that produce an ac output from a dc
input.
Inverters are used in applications such as adjustable-speed ac motor drives,
uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), and running ac appliances from
an automobile battery.
Overlap of switch “on” times will
result in a short circuit, sometimes
called a shoot-through fault, across
the dc voltage source.
The time allowed for switching is
called blanking time.

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 19