Neurones:

Basic annotated, structure of a sensory neurone (this means function of the labelled parts too please!):

Basic annotated, structure of a motor neurone:

The resting potential:

Explain in detail what resting potential is (refer clearly to numbers of sodium and potassium ions). Include a diagram.
Action potentials:

Annotate the image of the action potential, fully. Include when specific channels open and close and definitions of
depolarisation, repolarisation, & hyperpolarisation.
Features of membrane potentials 1:

What is the refractory period, why does it happen and why is it important?

Why are there waves of depolarisation? Explain using diagrams.

Features of membrane potentials 2:

What is the all or nothing response? Explain using diagrams.

What is saltatory conduction? Explain using diagrams.

In what way does axon diameter affect speed of conduction? In what way does temperature affect speed of conduction?
Synapses:
Label the synapse :

What effects can neurotransmitters have when they bind to receptors?

How do synapses make sure impulses are unidirectional?

What happens to ensure that response isn’t constant (neurone constantly firing)?
Synaptic transmission:
Label & annotate the diagram of a cholinergic synapse :
Synaptic transmission 2:
Inhibitory Excitatory

Hyper– or depolarisation?

Action potential or not?

Sodium or potassium channels?

Example using acetylcholine

Label & annotate the diagrams to explain spatial & temporal summation:
Drugs & synapses: fun stuff!
Keep your ideas simple, and at A level—not degree level!

Chemical Effect on synapses

Nicotine

Alcohol

Amphetamines

Sarin

Tetrodotoxin

Conotoxin

Botox
(botulinum
toxin)

Curare
Neuromuscular junctions:
Label and annotate the neuromuscular junction:

What effects can neurotransmitters have when they bind to receptors?

How do synapses make sure impulses are unidirectional?

What happens to ensure that response isn’t constant?

Superhero & villain:
Choose a neurotoxin from the list (unless you have found a more exciting one) Create draw and describe a villain (neurotoxin)
and a superhero (antidote—you may have to use your imagination). Describe their “powers” by discussing their mode of action.
Oh, and lighten up! Make it fun Neurotoxins: tetrodotoxin, botulinum toxin, chlorotoxin, conotoxin,.
Synaptic terminology:
Term Definition / description / relevance

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholinesterase

Agonist

Antagonist

Calcium ions

Cholinergic

Depolarisation

Excitatory

Exocytosis

Hyperpolarisation

Inhibitory

Ion channels

Neuromuscular
junction
Noradrenaline

Presynaptic

Postsynaptic

Receptors

Summation

Synapse

Synaptic cleft

Synaptic knob

Vesicle
Antagonistic muscles:
Label and annotate the diagram to explain how antagonistic muscles work:

Where are there antagonistic muscle pair in your body?

Structure of skeletal muscle:
Label the muscle fibre:

Label the sarcomere:

Muscle contraction 1:
Fully label and annotate the diagrams then complete the table below;

Relaxed muscle Contracted muscle

Length of actin

Length of myosin

Length of sarcomere

Length of A band

Length of I band

Length of M line

Length of H zone
Muscle contraction 2:
Annotate each phase of muscle contraction:
Muscle terminology:
Term Definition / description / relevance

A band

Actin

ATP

ATP hydrolase

Calcium ions

Crossbridge

Fast twitch

H zone

I band

M line

Mitochondria

Multinucleate

Myofibrils

Myosin

Phosphocreatine

Sarcolemma

Sarcomere

Sarcoplasmic re-

Slow twitch

T tubules

Tropomyosin

troponin