Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Standard: Aerodynamic Decelerator and Parachute Drawings
Standard: Aerodynamic Decelerator and Parachute Drawings
Standard: Aerodynamic Decelerator and Parachute Drawings
S-017A-2000
Standard
AIAA grants you a license as follows: The right to download an electronic file of this AIAA
standard for temporary storage on one computer for purposes of viewing, and/or printing
one copy of the AIAA standard for individual use. Neither the electronic file nor the hard
copy print may be reproduced in any way. In addition, the electronic file may not be
distributed elsewhere over computer networks or otherwise. The hard copy print may only
be distributed to other employees for their internal use within your organization.
ANSI/AIAA
S-017A-2000
Sponsor
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Abstract
This AIAA Standard establishes terminology for 260 terms critical to communication about the
design and function of parachutes. It further sets requirements for the graphic description of
materials, stitching, seams, view, and projections, with related dimensions and tolerances, all of
which are consistent with current procurement practice. Many figures are included to illustrate
the requirements. Additional illustrations of several types of parachutes are provided in an
appendix. This drawing standard refers to federal and military specifications which, as of the
time of this revision, are either equivalent to existing commercial specifications or are in the
process of being converted to commercial specifications. The federal or military specification
should be considered a reference only.
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
American Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the
National requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria have been met by
Standard the standards developer.
Consensus is established when, in the judgement of the ANSI Board of
Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and
materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a
simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all
views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward
their resolution.
The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence
does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the
standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products,
processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards.
The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will
in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard.
Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of
an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards
Institute. Requests for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or
sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard.
CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or
withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards
Institute require that action be taken to affirm, revise, or withdraw this standard
no later than five years from the data of approval. Purchasers of American
National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or
writing the American National Standards Institute.
TL753.S73 2000
629.134’386—dc21
99-089291
Published by
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
1801 Alexander Graham Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191
ii
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
CONTENTS
Foreword .............................................................................................................................................vi
2.0 Definitions................................................................................................................................ 2
Index ............................................................................................................................................ 47
iii
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
Figures
6 Material Thickness................................................................................................................... 20
16 Marking View.......................................................................................................................... 27
27 Bartack Stitch, 25 to 31 stitches per inch measured along one side of stitching .................................... 29
iv
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
31 Plain Hem.............................................................................................................................. 30
34 Bound Hem............................................................................................................................ 30
v
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
Foreword
The purpose of this standard is to help government and private organizations prepare parachute drawing
details in a reasonably uniform format. For parachute drawings, it offers guidelines on exceptions to basic
drawing standards; general notes; views and projections, seams and stitching, identification markings;
and finished and pattern dimensions. Every attempt has been made to base this standard on widely-
accepted usage by government and industry. By following the requirements and recommendations of this
standard, developing groups will help create consistent parachute drawings which will enhance their
usefulness in design and manufacturing applications.
This AIAA Standard was prepared by the AIAA Aerodynamic Decelerator Systems Committee on
Standards, functioning as a subcommittee of the Technical Committee of the same name. A standard
used by Sandia Laboratories was proposed as a starting point. The official DoD adoption notice is
reprinted on page vi.
The AIAA Standards Procedures provide that all approved Standards, Recommended Practices, and
Guides are advisory only. Their use by anyone engaged in industry or trade is entirely voluntary. There
is no agreement to adhere to any AIAA standards publication and no commitment to conform to or be
guided by any standards report. In formulating, revising, and approving standard publications, the
Committees on Standards will not consider patents, which may apply to the subject matter. Prospective
users of the publications are responsible for protecting themselves against liability for infringement of
patents or copyrights, or both.
A revision of this Standard was made in 1999 by the members of the Specifications and Standards Team,
comprised of:
Elsa J. Hennings, Chairman (Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, China Lake, CA)
Glen Brown (Vertigo Inc., Lake Elsinor, CA)
Phil Delurgio (Irvin Aerospace, Santa Ana, CA)
Troy Loney (Vee-Dot, Inc., Mount Holly, NJ)
Tony Taylor (Irvin Aerospace, Santa Ana, CA)
Al Witkowski (Pioneer Aerospace, S. Windsor, CT)
Additional help was provided by:
Christine Hailey (Utah State Univ., Logan, UT)
Gary Thibault (US Army Natick Soldier Center, Natick, MA)
The AIAA Aerodynamic Decelerator Systems Technical Committee approved the revised draft in
December 1999. At the time of voting, the membership was:
Michael L Accorsi (University of Connecticut) Alec K. Dyatt (Edwards AFB)
Richard Almassy (Boeing) Werner Gabriel (DLR Space Operations Center)
Brent Appleby (Draper Laboratory) Bill Gargano (Quantum Parachutes, Inc.)
Andrew W. Bennett (Lockheed Martin) William L. Garrard (University of Minnesota)
Richard J. Benney (U.S. Army Soldier & Maurice P. Gionfriddo (MPG Consultants)
Biological Chemical Command)
Christine Hailey (Utah State University)
Glen Brown (Vertigo, Inc.)
Elsa Hennings (Naval Air Warfare Center)
Scott Dellicker (U.S. Army Yuma Proving
Christine A. Iacomini (NASA)
Ground)
Hamid Johari (Worcester Polytechnic Institute)
Karl-Friedrich Doherr (DLR, ret.)
vi
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
John Leblanc (Performance Designs, Inc.) Jean Potvin (St. Louis University)
Daniel B. Levin (Technion ITT) Sandy Reid (Rigging Innovations, Inc.)
J. Stephen Lingard (Martin-Baker Aircraft, Ltd.) James Ross (NASA Ames Research Center)
Troy Loney (Consultant) Tony Taylor (Irvin Aerospace, Inc.)
Timothy A. Lott (Textron Systems) Robert Underwood (Lockheed Martin Aircraft
Service Co.)
Andrew J. Mawn (U.S. Army Soldier & Biological
Chemical Command) Edwin Vickery (Irvin Aerospace, Inc.)
Robert E. Meyerson (Kistler Aerospace Allen Witkowski (Pioneer Aerospace Corp.)
Corporation)
Dean F. Wolf (Consultant)
Sanjay Patel (U.S. Army Soldier & Biological
Walter Wolfe (Sandia National Laboratories)
Chemical Command)
The Standards Executive Council accepted the document for publication in January 2001.
vii
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
ADOPTION NOTICE 1
NOTICE OF 3 January1992 for
ADOPTION ANSI/AIAA S-017-1991
20 December 1991
ANSI / AIAA S-017-1991 was adopted on 3 January 1992 and is approved for use by
the Department of Defense (DoD). Copies of this document are stocked at the
Standardization Documents Order Desk, Building 4D, 700 Robbins Avenue,
Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, for issue to DoD activities only. Other Government
activities, contractors, private concerns, or other requestors must obtain the document
from:
or
Army – GL Army – GL
Navy – OS
Air Force – 16 Project (DRPR – 0321)
Review Activities:
Army – AR, GL, TR
Navy – AS
Air Force – 11, 82
DLA – GS
AMSC N/A FSC DRPR
viii
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
American National Standard Y14.2M Line Notes herein in capital letters are intended to
Conventions and Lettering, New York, 1979 appear on finished drawings. Notes in lower
case are explanatory only and are not intended
American National Standard Y14.3 Multi and to appear on drawings. Notes as given are
Sectional View Drawings, New York, 1975 generic in nature and should be adapted to the
specific end-item requirements.
1
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
Apex
2 Definitions
The center and topmost point of an inflated
The following is a glossary of parachute drafting parachute canopy.
terms:
Backstitch
Accordion folding see Folding, accordion Used to anchor a row of stitching by sewing
Actuator, automatic parachute back over the end of original stitching a short
distance.
A device that automatically withdraws the
ripcord from a parachute. Bag, deployment
Adapter, harness strap A fabric container, containing a parachute
canopy, often enclosed in a parachute pack.
A rectangular metal fitting with a cross bar. It is
Sometimes, the container or parachute pack
incorporated in a parachute harness to permit
also serves as a deployment bag.
proper adjustment of webbing.
Ballute
A balloon-shaped ram air-inflated decelerator,
commonly used to stabilize and decelerate
bombs.
Band, lateral
A continuous circumferential tape or webbing
reinforcement sewn across the radial seams of
some canopies to limit the extent of canopy
fabric damage due to deployment or inflation
Harness Strap Adapter
stresses.
Adapter, harness, quick fit
Band, pack-opening see Elastics, pack-
An adapter with the fixed crossbar replaced by a opening
floating friction grip. The adapter is incorporated
in a harness web to permit quick adjustment. Band, pocket
Also called a friction adapter. A tape, webbing, or line attached at the outside
of the skirt, across radial seams, in a manner
that causes the gores to be pulled outward at
inflation, thus improving the opening
characteristics of the canopy. Also called a
quick-opening band or taschengurt.
Band, reinforcement
Reinforcing tape, webbing, or ribbon, located in
varied positions to reinforce weak points of
Quick Fit Harness Adapter construction in a drag-producing surface.
2
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
Bartack Canopy
A concentrated series of zigzag-like stitches The portion of a parachute consisting of the
used to reinforce points of stress. drag-producing surface (cloth area) and the
suspension lines extended to a mutual
Bias cut
confluence point.
A diagonal cut across fabric; that is, at a 45-
degree angle from the warp and fill, so that the Canopy release see Release, canopy.
warp and fill threads will be located at a 45- Cascade line
degree angle to the vertical centerline of the
A line on ram air canopies that attaches
gore.
between the upper portion of a suspension line
Bight see Stow. and the canopy for the purpose of helping to
hold the airfoil shape.
Binding
A piece of tape or fabric folded over and stitched Cell
to a raw edge of the fabric to prevent fraying or A single, inflatable chamber of a ram air canopy.
raveling.
Channel, parachute canopy
Bottom, false The space or opening through which the
A piece of pack fabric stitched to the inside of a suspension lines are passed. It is formed by the
pack for the purpose of retaining the pack frame; overlapping of the fabric in the main seams, or
it also serves as a base for stitching of the by the addition of cover tape to the drag-
suspension line retaining loops. producing surface.
Brakes, deployment Chord
Used on ram air canopies, deployment brakes The distance from the leading edge to the
are intended to prevent forward canopy surge trailing edge of a ram air canopy.
during opening. Lines attached to the rear
Clevis
portion of the canopy are pulled down and
locked until after stable descent has been A U-shaped metal fitting with a hole in each end
established. to receive a pin or bolt. It is used on cargo
parachutes and heavy drop kits.
Breakcord
Clip, safety
A thread or tape, tied between parachute
components, which is intended to break under A U-shaped metal fitting used to prevent the
desired load during deployment. accidental opening of the parachute harness
release.
Bridle
Cone, pack (locking cone)
The arrangement of cords attaching the pilot
chute to the apex of one or more parachute A small, cone-shaped metal post sewn to one of
canopies, or to the deployment bag or bags the side flaps of the deployment bag, used in
containing those canopies. conjunction with ripcord locking pins and
grommets.
Buffer
Tape or webbing, usually cotton, between the
load-bearing layers of webbing and hardware,
used to prevent chafing of the webbing.
Bungee cord
An elastic cord with a braided cover.
Butterfly see V-tab.
Cable, ripcord
A flexible cable joining the locking pins and the
ripcord grip. Locking Cone
3
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
4
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
SELVAGE
WARP
Eyelet
SELVAGE FILL
False bottom see Bottom, false.
Fastener, glove
A small metal fastener consisting of button with Filling
socket and stud with eyelet.
Flap, pack
Fastener, directional A fabric extension, on a side or end of the pack,
A snap fastener which can be engaged or designed to enclose and protect the canopy.
released only in one direction. Also called a "lift- Flap nomenclature may be subdivided into
the-dot" fastener. corner, end, and side flaps.
Fastener, non-directional Flaring
A snap fastener which can be engaged or Method of splitting, taping, and stitching the end
released by applying pressure or pull from any of the webbing to widen it and prevent it from
angle. slipping through a hardware fitting or adapter.
Fastener, parachute pack Folding, accordion
A metal fitting attached to a pack flap and Folding a canopy into folds of uniform length,
designed to fit over a locking cone. accordion fashion, before it is placed into the
pack.
Fastener, slide
A zipper. French fell seam
Seam type LSc-2 of Fed-Std-751.
Friction adapter see Adapter.
5
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
6
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
Square Knot
Two Half Hitch Knots
Knot, surgeon's
Knot, lark's head
Frequently combined with square knot to
Frequently used to tie pilot chute bridles to the
terminate double-strand hand tacking.
canopy apex and other similar applications with
bridles.
Surgeon's Knot
7
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
8
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
9
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
10
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
11
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
Riser Selvage
That portion of the suspension system between The woven edge of cloth so formed to prevent
the lower end of a group of suspension lines or raveling, as compared to a cut edge, which will
canopies and the point of attachment to the ravel.
load.
Separator, line
Rolling A slotted metal or wood device used to hold
A method of finishing the end of webbing to suspension lines at the canopy skirt after
prevent it from slipping through hardware separation into groups during packing.
fittings. The end is folded into multiple plies to
Serving, spiral
increase the thickness and stitched.
A method of wrapping cord around rope, lines,
Run-Off or elastic cord to bind tightly together. It is
Stitching that extends beyond the edge of the started with a lark's head or clove hitch around
fabric, tape, webbing, or cord. the lines being served, and followed by a series
of half hitch knots that form a spiral. The free
Sail
end is first looped along the lines to be served,
A section of a gore of a ringsail parachute. ending up under the half hitches. When the half
Scotchmate see Tape, fastener hitches are complete, the half hitch end is
passed through the exposed loop of the free
Seam end, and the half hitch end is pulled through
A series of stitches joining two or more pieces of under the half hitches and trimmed. Variations
fabric or material. Seams are described fully in to this procedure occur.
Fed-Std-751.
Seam, bias
The radial or diametrical seam of a bias-
constructed drag-producing surface.
Seam, block
A seam that runs parallel to the warp or filling
Spiral Serving
threads of material used in block construction of
drag-producing surfaces. Shot bag
Seam, diagonal A parachute packing tool. A bag is filled with
sand or lead shot and used to hold folded gores
The diagonal or horizontal seams that join the
in position during packaging.
sections of each gore of a bias-constructed,
drag-producing surface. Single-X
Seam, radial A stitch pattern representing an X-formation,
usually used with a box stitch. Also called a
A seam that extends from the skirt to the vent
box-X stitch.
and joins two gores. A portion of the suspension
lines may be concealed in the channels formed Skirt
by the radial seams. The reinforced hem forming the periphery of a
Searing drag-producing surface.
A method of sealing ends of nylon cord or Skirt hem
webbing by melting them to prevent raveling. The folded-over lower periphery of the canopy.
Section Skirt reinforcement band see Band, skirt.
An individual panel of fabric that is sewn to other
Sleeve
fabric panels, using cross seams, to form a gore.
Used interchangeably with Panel. A tapered fabric tube in which a canopy is
placed to control deployment.
12
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
Slider
A canopy reefing device that consists of a
rectangular cloth surface with holes near each
corner. Suspension lines pass through the Insertion Splice
holes. The slider is packed near the skirt of the
Square canopy
parachute; air tries to keep it there, while the
suspension lines try to push it down in order to A parachute that is square in constructed form;
open. The action slows the opening. the term may also describe ram air canopies.
Slot Squidding
A vent, or radial slit, within a gore of a drag- A state of incomplete canopy inflation in which
producing surface. the canopy resembles the shape of a squid.
Splice
The joining of two strands or core ends by
interweaving or mechanical joint.
Splice, insertion
The insertion and stitching of braided cord into Cross Stitch
itself. (4-point type illustrated)
13
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
14
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
Tape, hook
Strip of fabric tape with small nylon hooks on
one side. Hook is used with pile tape as a
fastener.
One Turn Single Tape, pile
(Single Strand of Thread) Strip of fabric tape with small nylon loops on one
side. Pile tape is used with hook tape as a
fastener.
Tape, reinforcement
Two Turns Single Tape or webbing sewn to strengthen the fabric
(Single Strand of Thread) at a weak spot or point of stress.
Tenacity
Tensile stress in a fiber or yarn based on the
linear density of the unstrained material. The
preferred units are millinewtons per tex
One Turn Doubled (mN/tex), grams-force per denier (gf/den), or
(Double Strands of Thread) pounds-force per denier (lbf/den).1
Tie down a chain and binder assembly used to
lash cargo to structural points in aircraft or to
heavy drop platforms.
Thread, break
A stitching intended to break easily under a
relatively small stress.
Thread, plied
Running Stitch Thread in which two or more yarns are twisted
together.
Triple-X
A stitch pattern resembling three adjoining Xs. It
is often used with a box stitch.
Tuck
A shortening of material caused by pulling fabric
up in folds and stitching across the gathered
fabric.
Twist
In thread or cord, the direction (right or left) in
which the strands of thread or cord are wound
around one another. If the thread unwinds when
Whip Stitch
turning it to the left, it is right twist; if it tightens, it
Tape, Fastener is left twist. Right twist is also called "Z" twist;
Woven nylon tape consisting of two mating left twist is also known as "S" twist.
strips that, when pressed together, engage to
serve as a closure. Some commercial names
for tape fastener are Scotchmate and Velcro.
1 This definition and these units are consistent with
those given in ASTM D4848-98, Standard Termin-
ology of Force, Deformation, and Related Properties
of Textiles.
15
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
16
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
17
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
Zigzag stitching, types 304 and 308 of Fed-Std- either in the cross section or in the general
751, shall be drawn as shown in Figures 3a and notes. When a general note is used, it should
3b. The zigzag pattern should be shown in the state that all zigzag stitching shall penetrate the
plan view only: the sections should show only item being attached. Intentional backstitching or
the beginning and end of the length and width of crowded stitches at the ends of zigzag patterns
the pattern. The needle gauge is not usually need not be shown on the drawing; when not
specified on the drawing, but may be listed shown, they should be designated by local note.
Figure 3a: Zigzag Stitching Type 304 Figure 3b: Zigzag Stitching Type 308
18
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
OVEREDGE STITCH
TYPE 301
USING NYLON THREAD
V-T-295. SIZE E
A
SECTION A-A
Figure 4: Overedge Stiching
19
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
Tubular webbing, hook or pile tape fastener, and elliptical in section views. See Figures 7a and
similar textiles may be drawn with a thick object 7b. The pile or hook side of tape fastener may
line. The thickness of round or flat braided cord be indicated either by local note or hatching.
may be drawn circular or See Figure 7c.
20
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
21
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
22
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
5 12 12
NOT RECOMMENDED
29
17
5
RECOMMENDED
23
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
24
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
3.3.2 Inflated Profile and Top Views Figure 12: Top View
Parachute canopy drawings shall contain
sufficient views to establish the suspension line 3.3.3 Gore Views
lengths and sequence, identification, gore color
scheme, and other essential features. A top Drawings for canopies formed with gores should
view and an inflated profile view should usually include a typical gore construction view to show
be sufficient to define these features. For other essential dimensions and features. See Figure
than flat parachutes the top view need not be a 13.
true projection. See Figures 11 and 12. See the
Annex for inflated profile views of representative
canopies.
25
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
26
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
27
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
Figure 20:
Figure 24: Zigzag Stitching
Three-Point Cross Stitch
(Type 304)
Figure 21: Box Stitch Figure 25: Split Four-Point Cross Stitch
28
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
A A
SECTION A - A
A A
SECTION A - A
29
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
A A A A
SECTION A - A SECTION A - A
A A
SECTION A - A
Figure 35: Enlarged View of
Figure 33: Rolled Hem Double-Throw Zigzag Stitching
30
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
31
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
32
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
Annex:
33
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
CONSTRUCTED PROFILE
CONSTRUCTED PROFILE
34
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
35
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
Figure B-5. Flat Extended Skirt Parachute Figure B-6. Full Extended Skirt Parachute
36
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
CONSTRUCTED PROFILE
CONSTRUCTED PROFILE
37
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
38
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
39
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
CONSTRUCTED PROFILE
CONSTRUCTED PROFILE
Figure B-13. Flat Circular Ribbon Figure B-14. Conical Ribbon Parachute
Parachute
40
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
CONSTRUCTED PROFILE
CONSTRUCTED PROFILE
41
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
CONSTRUCTED PROFILE
CONSTRUCTED PROFILE
42
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
43
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
Figure B-21. Single Keel Parawing Parachute Figure B-22. Twin Keel Parawing Parachute
44
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
INFLATED PROFILE
45
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
46
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
Index M
Marking views............................................... 27
Material thickness ......................................... 20
A Mil-I-6903..................................................... 31
Mil-P-7620.................................................... 24
American National Standards, Mil-Std-130.............................................. 24,31
relationship to other ......................... 1 Mil-Std-849.............................................. 24,31
Mil-T-31000....................................................1
C
N
Crosshatching .............................................. 22
Current Design Activity.................................. 31 Needle gauge for zigzag stitching .................. 18
Notes, general .............................................. 24
D
O
Detail views.................................................. 26
Dimensions .................................................. 22 Omitted features ........................................... 27
finished vs. pattern.................................. 31
location of .............................................. 31 S
stacked dimensions ................................ 23
Seams ......................................................... 26
E and hems ............................................... 29
bound hem ............................................. 30
Exceptions to basic drawing conventions........ 17 French fell .............................................. 29
plain hem ............................................... 30
F plain lapped............................................ 29
Fastener, tape .............................................. 21 rolled hem .............................................. 30
Fed-Std-595 ............................................ 24,31 Section views ............................................... 22
Fed-Std-751 ................................ 18, 19, 24, 29 removed................................................. 26
Fraying, protection from ................................ 31 Stitches per inch ................................ 24, 29, 30
Stitching
G adjacent stitching.................................... 17
backstitching .................................... 17, 24
In zigzag patterns ............................. 18
Gore views ................................................... 25 bartack................................................... 29
basting................................................... 17
H box stitching ........................................... 28
box-X stitching.................................. 17, 28
Hems ........................................................... 30 crowded stitching in zigzag patterns......... 18
cross-stitching .................................. 17, 28
I diamond stitching.................................... 28
hand ...................................................... 30
overedge stitching................................... 19
Identification markings................................... 31 overlapped stitching ................................ 17
Inflated profile views ..................................... 25 overstitching........................................... 24
split cross stitch ................................ 28, 29
L staggered cross stitch ............................. 29
stitching lines.......................................... 17
Lines straight stitching................................ 17, 27
hidden.................................................... 19 zigzag stitching............................ 18, 24, 28
suspension............................................. 25 zigzag tolerances.............................. 22
47
ANSI/AIAA S-017A-2000
T gore ....................................................... 25
marking.................................................. 27
number of............................................... 25
Tensions, standard ....................................... 31
on separate sheets ................................. 27
Tolerances ................................................... 22
profile..................................................... 25
angles.................................................... 22
section ................................................... 22
SI units................................................... 23
top ........................................................ 25
tensions ................................................. 22
zigzag stitching....................................... 22
Top views..................................................... 25 W
Views
and projections ....................................... 25
detail...................................................... 26
48
American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics
ISBN 1-56347-467-0