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Impact of Industrialization On The Environment
Impact of Industrialization On The Environment
Impact of Industrialization On The Environment
7. These industries are responsible for the following adverse diseases and
ill effect like silicosis and pneumoconiosis, tuberculosis, skin diseases and
deafness.
2. Industrial wastes including toxins enter in the food chain causes number
of undesirable effects to living beings and animals.
1. Primary Industry
Primary industry is concerned with production of goods with the help of
nature. It is a nature-oriented industry, which requires very little human
effort. E.g. Agriculture, farming, forestry, fishing, horticulture, etc.
2. Genetic Industry
Genetic industries are engaged in re-production and multiplication of
certain spices of plants and animals with the object of sale. The main aim is
to earn profit from such sale. E.g. plant nurseries, cattle rearing, poultry,
cattle breeding, etc.
3. Extractive Industry
Extractive industry is concerned with extraction or drawing out goods from
the soil, air or water. Generally products of extractive industries come in
raw form and they are used by manufacturing and construction industries
for producing finished products. E.g. mining industry, coal mineral, oil
industry, iron ore, extraction of timber and rubber from forests, etc.
4. Manufacturing Industry
Manufacturing industries are engaged in transforming raw material into
finished product with the help of machines and manpower. The finished
goods can be either consumer goods or producer goods. E.g. textiles,
chemicals, sugar industry, paper industry, etc.
5. Construction Industry
Construction industries take up the work of construction of buildings,
bridges, roads, dams, canals, etc. This industry is different from all other
types of industry because in case of other industries goods can be
produced at one place and sold at another place. But goods produced and
sold by constructive industry are erected at one place.
6. Service Industry
In modern times service sector plays an important role in the development
of the nation and therefore it is named as service industry. The main
industries, which fall under this category, include hotel industry, tourism
industry, entertainment industry, etc.
1. Heavy Industries:
Industries which use heavy and bulky raw-materials and produce products
of the same category are called heavy industries. Iron and steel industry
presents a good example of heavy industries.
2. Light Industries:
The light industries use light raw-materials and produce light finished
products. Electric fans, sewing machines are light industries.
III. On the basis of Ownership:
Since the start of the planned development of Indian economy in 1951,
industries are divided in the following four classes:
1. Private Sector Industries:
Industries owned by individuals or firms such as Bajaj Auto or TISCO
situated at Jamshedpur are called private sector industries.
3. Pastoral-Based Industries:
These industries depend upon animals for their raw material. Hides, skins,
bones, horns, shoes, dairy, etc. are some of the pastoral-based industries.
1. Village Industries:
Village industries are located in villages and primarily cater to the needs of
the rural people. They usually employ local machinery such as oil
extraction, grain grinding and agricultural implements.
2. Cottage Industries:
Industries which artisans set up in their own houses, work with wood, cane,
brass, stone, etc. are called cottage industries. Handloom, khadi and
leather work at the artisans house fall in this category.
4. Ancillary Industries:
The industries which manufacture parts and components to be used by big
industries for manufacturing heavy articles like trucks, buses, railway
engines, tractors, etc. are called ancillary industries.
5. Basic Industries:
Industries on which depend many other industries for their manufacturing
processes are called basic industries. Iron and steel industry and power
generating industry are included in this category.
6. Capital-Intensive Industries:
Industries requiring huge investments are called capital-intensive
industries. Iron and steel, cement and aluminium are outstanding examples
of capital-intensive industries.
7. Labour-Intensive Industries:
Industries which require huge labour force for running them are called
labour-intensive industries. In these industries, labour is more important
than capital. Shoe- making and bidi-manufacturing, etc. are included in
these industries.
Indian Industries: Historical Perspective of Indian
Industries!
Early Times:
Working on the locally available raw materials and with the skills and tools
handed over to them by their forefathers, the village artisans produced
products of high aesthetic quality with ease and efficiency.
There is enough evidence to show that the Indians knew weaving some
1,500 years before Christ, when the Europeans were still covering
themselves with animal skins. Pyrard, the 17th century Portuguese writer
has recorded that everyone from the Cape of Good Hope to China was
clothed from head to foot in Indian made garments.
The fine Dhaka muslin was the envy of the world for centuries together.
Iron and Steel industry was also in advanced stage at that time. The iron
column near Qutab Minar in Delhi is standing in the open and is exposed to
sun, rain and weathering over 1,500 years old and it still looks fresh. It
seems that this column will continue to stand there till eternity.
The decline of the traditional industry and the rise of the modem industry in
India were neither simultaneous nor casually connected. The beginning of
modem large scale industry in India dates back to 1830 when the first
charcoal fired iron making was attempted in Tamil Nadu.
The first jute mill was set up at Rishra near Kolkata in 1855. Since the
geographical conditions were very much favourable for jute industry in the
Hugli basin, this industry flourished well and there were 64 mills in 1913-14,
providing employment to over two lakh persons.
Among the other industries which appeared on the industrial scene of India
before the outbreak of World War I in 1914 were woollen textiles, paper and
breweries. The main industrial centres were port cities of Mumbai, Kolkata
and Chennai. This pattern of industrial location was conceived by the
British rulers to facilitate imports and exports. The sole inland industrial
centre of any consequence was Kanpur, the base of military equipment
production.
Indian industries made rapid strides during the First World War (1914-18)
due to rise in demand for industrial goods by the Armed Forces. However,
the real spurt was provided by the Indian Fiscal Commission set up in
1921-22. This gave the much needed protection to industries like iron and
steel, textiles, cement, sugar, paper and metals.
One of the most prominent features of Indian industrial scene during this
period was the dispersal of cotton textile industry away from Mumbai. In
1875-76, 61.7 per cent of cotton textile mills were located in Mumbai and
by 1938-39 only 17.5% per cent of the mills remained in Mumbai.
In fact this industry gained a lot as a result of war. On the eve of the war,
India had emerged as the fourth largest cotton manufacturing country next
to the USA, the U.K. and Japan in that order. Jute industry on the other
hand, continued to concentrate in the Hugli basin only. However, the
number of jute mills rose from 64 in 1913-14 to 107 in 1938-39.
While Indian industry prospered during World War I, the Second World War
created problems for Indian industry. India became an active participant in
war and the entry of Japan in the hostilities brought war to India’s doorstep.
However, the impact of war was short-lived and the industry was quick to
recover from the initial shock and exploited the opportunities offered by the
war.
With this object in view, heavy chemical industry was started in 1941 and
the production of sulphuric acid, synthetic ammonia, caustic soda, chlorine
and bleaching powder commenced. The Hindustan Aircraft Company also
assembled its first aircraft in 1941.
Cott
on Jute
Ye Gene Texti Texti Ste Chemic Sug Cem Pap
ar ral le le el als ar ent er
19 104. 108 121.
39 105.4 3 90.3 .0 84.4 88.7 124.8 0
19 120. 142 196.
45 120.0 0 84.4 .9 134.1 85.5 196.6 5
It is clear from the table that the overall performance of industry was
satisfactory. Steel, chemicals, cement and paper industries recorded
impressive gains. Cotton textile industry also showed considerable
improvement. However, jute and sugar industries suffered decline.
Industry and Maths
Industrial mathematics is a branch of applied mathematics, but where the latter can
include theoretical topics from physics, biology, economics and computer science
for example, industrial mathematics focusses on problems which come from
industry and aims for solutions which are relevant to industry, including finding the
most efficient (i.e., cost-effective) way to solve the problem. With the increasing
complexity and sophistication of modern industry, personnel who are able to
understand technical issues, who are able to formulate precise and accurate
mathematical models, who can implement solutions using the latest computer
techniques, and who can convey these ideas to their co-workers who may be
managers, engineers, etc, are becoming a necessary part of many organizations and
companies. Examples of areas in industry that industrial mathematicians can find
employment are signal processing, computer graphics, risk management, system
reliability, software testing and verification, database systems, production line
optimization, and marketing research (see the Applied Mathematics Resources web
page for career information).
INDUSTRY TECHNOLOGY