Total Runout | GD&T Basics

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Total Runout

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Total Runout | GD&T Basics

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Total Runout is how much one entire feature or surface varies with respect
Enroll in the to a datum when the part is rotated 360° around the datum axis. Total
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runout controls both the amount of variation in the surface as the part is
rotated, but the amount of variation in the axial dimension. Both radial

Professio variation and axial variation are measured and held within the tolerance.
Total Runout is usually called on a part that is rotated about an axis where

nal Plan the entire surface is critical to be in spec.

1- GD&T Tolerance Zone:

Year Access A 3-Dimensional cylindrical tolerance zone that surrounding a referenced
surface that is directly derived from either the datum surface or the axis. All
points along the surface must fall within this zone when the part is rotated
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Gauging / Measurement:
Please choose
here what you Total Runout is measured by fixing the all datum points and rotating the
would like to
part along the rotational axis. The part is usually constrained with a set of
contact us
about. * V-blocks or a spindle of some sort that will constrain the part while allowing
it to rotate. To measure total runout, a series of gauges must be linked to
How
How cancan weyouhelp
we help today?yo
take their measurement in reference to each other – similar to how
cylindricity is measured.

Another method for measuring total runout is to take one gauge held
perpendicular to the surface of the part, and slowly move it across the
Sign Up for surface of the part axially as the part is rotated. If the gauge varies at any
Discounts point by more than the total runout tolerance, the part would be out of spec.

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Total Runout | GD&T Basics

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Relation to Other GD&T Symbols:
Which Category Total Runout Controls:  Conentricity, Perpendicularity/Paralellism
Applies to You? *
(feature of size axis), Cylindricity, Circularity, Straightness and of
Individual course normal Circular Runout
Professional
For a Corporate Total Runout captures Concentricity  by controlling the radial alignment of
Group the datum’s axis to the feature’s median points.
Student
Perpendicularity or Parallelism of the two features would be controlled,
Professor / Academic
Institution because if the central axis is offset by an angle, the end of the workpiece
would runout far more than the side closer to the datum.
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Cylindricity would also be controlled because any form variation along a
cylindrical surface would show up in the total runout. If the feature is a
GD&T Symbols cylinder, any circularity or straightness would cause the height gauge to
List fluctuate, even if the part is perfectly coaxial.

Axis Straightness is controlled because any bow in the feature would cause
the end of the piece to have a larger runout at the end of the work piece.
Surface Straightness would also be controlled because you are now
controlling any form variation across the entire surface. (this would control
whether the part is a cylinder or a tapered feature)

Circularity is controlled because any form variation along surface, would be

picked up by the total runout measurement.

Total Runout is of course the 3D version of Runout or circular runout (the

term runout on its own, always implies circular runout). While total runout
takes the surface of the entire part in a 3D tolerance zone, runout or
circular runout only captures the cross section of the part.

When Used:
Total runout is much less common than circular runout due to the tight
constraint it puts on an entire part surface However it is still a fairly
common symbol in GD&T due to its functional effect of preventing vibration
and oscillation. It is very effective at preventing surface taper of a cylinder.
Any time a part rotates and has a large amount of surface contact, total
runout may be required. Things like large pump shafts, transmission shafts,

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Total Runout | GD&T Basics

and complex gears all are cases where total runout is used.

Example:
An axle is normally under high stress and needs to fit evenly in a bushing
(not shown). If the referenced surface does not make even, stable contact
with the housing bushings the axle will wear unevenly leading to eventual
failure. Surface ‘A’(datum) is controlled with a roller bearing and should be
axially aligned with the reference surface. Total Runout is called in the
same way as Runout.

Referenced Feature is the entire surface for Total Runout.

Similar to Runout total Runout allows the final specification or condition of

the part to be called out, thus controlling how the part reacts when it is
rotated. The gauge to check this part for total runout would also be nearly
identical as the normal runout gauge. The only difference would be that if
you moved the gauge up and down the part, or had multiple gauges all
fixed to each other, the total gauge indication along the entire surface could
not be out.

Gauging the entire surface

Note: Circular and Total Runout can sometimes be used interchangeably to

accomplish the same functional goal – Check out our section on Runout for
information on how a cross section is check as opposed to an entire
surface.

Final Notes to Remember:

Combination of Tolerances

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Total Runout | GD&T Basics

Total Runout combines concentricity which is axis to axis relation of a part,

with cylindricity. Since Cylindricity is actually a combination of
Circularity and Straightness, all of these individual geometric symbols are
controlled when total runout is used.

Regardless of Feature Size

Total Runout is always RFS (regardless of feature size) meaning that the
boundary formed by the dimensions is the entire part envelope that the part
can exist in regardless of how large the runout tolerance is. It is directly
referenced to a datum axis so a functional gauge or MMC cannot be called
out.

GDandT Basics

 Maximum Material Condition (MMC) Perpendicularity

Related Posts

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22 Comments
Dnyandeo says:
April 29, 2015 at 2:17 am

Gone through all GD& T symbols and their explanations & found very
nicely explained. Still it is requested to give thought on explanation on final
size of a feature with consideration of feature tolerance and GD&T
tolerance. This will be helpful.

Reply

geisstc says:
April 29, 2015 at 4:53 pm

Thanks for the feedback! If you check out our section on Max Material
Condition and Least Material Condition, you can see how in GD&T you

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Total Runout | GD&T Basics

can create controls that limit the size and geometry at the same time.
We will also be releasing in the coming weeks a page on Rule #1 of
GD&T called the envelope principle. For the ASME Standard, this rule
controls the form of your part when a size dimension is used.

Reply

Arun Kumar says:

May 27, 2015 at 7:59 am

Dear Sir,
Gone through all your GD&T’s. Explained simply & very easy to
understand. Expecting more to come. Few clarifications required.
1. As Explained in this web, Total Runout = Concentricity + Cylindricity. In
that case, shall we measure Both concentricity & cylindricity individually, &
when we sum up whether can we come to a conclusion it will be the
maximum total run out in that part.
2. To measure Total run out, with reference to datum, Whether we have to
move the measure gauge in the same axis ( i.e., in straight line) , or we can
vary the measurement axis.
3. Is there any difference between Total Indicated runout ( TIR) & Total
runout.

Reply

geisstc says:
May 27, 2015 at 10:42 am

Hey Thanks for your comment, It allowed me to rethink how to present

the material so everyone can better understand.

1. Total runout controls many of the other symbols, however unlike

circular runout, you could not just measure the two components to get
the resultant tolerance.
Runout and Total Runout can capture several different symbols at once
under one measurement which makes them fairly common and
practical. Runout is especially easy to measure compared to its
components of circularity and concentricity.
2. Total runout is a little more difficult to measure because your height
gauge must remain at a fixed height and normal to the surface you are
measuring. It is often enough to control runout alone for many
functions, and then specify a straightness (or angularity for a taper)
tolerance, to ensure the form is consistent along the surface.
3. Total Runout is a technical term from the ASME and ISO GD&T
standard that we described above. However, when you hear the term
“total indicated runout”, usually it is referring the combination of angular
runout (if you have a drill bit cocked at an angle while it is rotating) and
radial runout/concentricity. (how offset the drill bit is from the chuck or
collet). This is refered to as total indicated runout because it is a

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combination of both these components. It is a common industry term

equivalent to just the basic term “runout” .
Here is a good link to understand this further –
http://www.precisebits.com/tutorials/tir.htm

Reply

Arun Kumar says:

May 28, 2015 at 2:06 am

Many thanks for your detailed & immediate reply. When we

measuring total runout, For an example, if at first measurements
point the measurement gauge varies from +.1 to -.1. At second
measuring point, it shows +.1 to -.2. at third measuring point, +.3 to
-.1. In this case, what will be the maximum runout in that
component. Whether can we to take the two maximum readings.
i.e., +.3 & -.2. Therefore total runout will be .5 in that component.

Reply

Arun Kumar says:

May 28, 2015 at 2:37 am

For better understanding of total run out, i just asked with one practical
example. When we are making a Shell roller fitted with shafts at both ends.
The operation details will be procurement of Sheets, Sheets rolled & joined
through welding to form like shell, then end shaft fitted with the shell
through welding. after that machining only the end shafts being the shell
roller wall thickness will be only 3mm. Therefore we cant machine in that
area & moreover not necessary to machine the shell too. Maximum
permissible total run out allowed is 0.5mm. After manufacturing the roller, if
we check, there maybe possibilities to exceed the limit. To control the
same, Is there any formula or calculation available to control the process
from starting. To achieve the tolerance, this will be the maximum
permissible straightness allowed in the sheet. After rolling the sheet, this
will be the maximum permissible cylindricity tolerance allowable in the
shell. if it exceeds at this intermediate stage, then that at final stage, the
total runout cant be achieved. So that the process can be controlled &
rejection at final stage can be avoided.
Awaiting for your valuable reply.

Reply

Christopher says:
August 13, 2015 at 1:50 pm

Why in the picture you’re saying that gauge cannot vary more than 30
microns ? while FCF states for 0.2 maximum (assuming are mm) this

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Total Runout | GD&T Basics

would be 200 microns variation right?… (or maybe 1 micron isn’t

0.001mm? ) you may be using different units conversion; please help me to
understand, thanks.

Reply

GDandT Basics says:

August 16, 2015 at 10:01 pm

Sorry for the confusion – It was a typo. The example should be fixed
now to reflect 200 microns/ 0.2 mm of total runout.

Thanks for letting us know!

Reply

Taylor Farner says:

September 8, 2015 at 6:45 pm

Is there a difference between Total Indicated Runout (TIR) and Radial

Error? I’ve seen both used, and was wondering what the difference was…
surely there’s a difference, right?

Reply

GDandT Basics says:

September 14, 2015 at 1:36 pm

Total runout is as described above, where radial error is not a GD&T

term and thus not always clearly defined I would interpret radial error
the difference between your desired location and your measured
location radially. This could also be interpreted as the position tolerance
in GD&T. Total runout is a dual surface and location control of a rotating
object., where as position tolerances only control location. I hope this
helps!

Reply

Radu M. says:
October 20, 2015 at 8:09 am

Can you correct the first picture, please? (Total) run out is not applied to
axis!
And… why you have added diameter symbol in your example picture?
What this it means?

Reply

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GDandT Basics says:

October 25, 2015 at 3:01 pm

Correct – This was a carry over from concentricity and we forgot to

remove the Ø symbol. Runout never uses the diameter symbol. Only
Straightness (cylindrical feature of size), axial orientation, axial true
position and concentricity should use this. Thanks for spotting the
mistake!

Reply

Nazreen says:
May 21, 2016 at 4:38 am

Hi, I want to ask about total runout to measure gear.

What equipment is the best to use for this measurement?

Reply

GDandT Basics says:

May 21, 2016 at 10:12 am

I have heard of the German Klingelnberg machine used for measuring

most criteria of gears. I assume it is very expensive though.

Reply

CT says:
April 5, 2017 at 7:31 am

Great information. I work with very tight tolerance sliding spools. This has
been helpful when determining how to handle parts that have been
dimensioned differently through the years. Having one callout (TIR) that
can control all of the criteria that are important for the function is great.

Also, you have a small typo: Total Runout Controls: Conentricity, <- should
be conCentricity.

Reply

Matt Derr says:

April 5, 2017 at 10:27 pm

Thanks for the positive feedback and for the heads up on the typo.
We’ve been focusing the majority of our effort to developing our
advanced GD&T course but we’ll be circling back soon to update and
improve upon our website as well.

Cheers,

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Total Runout | GD&T Basics

Matt

Reply

waikit says:
June 6, 2017 at 8:02 pm

It was stated that the total run-out cannot vary more than
200microns/0.2mm. Is there any standard reference for the said tolerance?

Many thanks.

Reply

Matt Derr says:

June 23, 2017 at 7:33 pm

Waikit –

The stated limit of 200 microns is directly from the feature control frame
tolerance value stated in the example. There is no set minimum or
maximum, it all depends on the size of your part and what kind of
control you place on it. I’d recommend you read more closely into
Section 9 of the ASME Y14.5 – 2009 standard. Feel free to ask further
questions if they come up, we’re happy to answer.

Cheers,
Matt

Reply

anh says:
August 2, 2017 at 8:29 am

Hi, we have gears that needs the total runout. However, there is no control
datum to be referenced of (plastic parts’ surfaces have draft angle). From
reading this page, I think that we can only use an axis for the referenced
datum. However, you only have the example with datum being a surface.
Can you please add one more example with datum being an axis.

Many thanks.

Reply

GDandT Basics says:

August 2, 2017 at 3:59 pm

Hello – The datum may be pointing to a surface, but it’s the surface of a
cylinder – that cylinder has an axis and that is your datum axis.

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Reply

Mohamed says:
August 2, 2017 at 1:19 pm

Does Total runout control the Datum as well? since the part is rotated
around the datum so it has to stay within the cylindricity tolerance?

Reply

GDandT Basics says:

August 2, 2017 at 4:00 pm

No, since your measurement is only on the feature being called out,
and nowhere on the datum. You would need to call this separately.

Reply

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