Question 1

The manufacturing industry is one of the many industries growing fast in technology
advancement to meet the requirements and demand of the new generation population in the
world. Manufacturing technology provides the tools that enable production of all manufactured
goods. Manufacturing technology provides the productive tools that power a growing, stable
economy and a rising standard of living.

Technological advance is the major factor in the creation of higher paying and more productive
jobs. Moreover, technological advance is critical to achieving the greater product variety, quality
and customization which has an ever more pervasive impact on the competitive position of
nations and firms.

e-Manufacturing is a collaborative Web-centric manufacturing that involves real-time data with

trading partners and customers and making collaborative decisions about production based on
that data. In order to collaborate, information must be converted into electronic form, protocols
for communication must be established, and an infrastructure must be in place for connectivity
with customers, suppliers and partners. Rather than producing high volumes of standard
products, in anticipation of demand, e-manufacturing uses real-time information on customers’
orders and productive capacity across the supply chain to speed customized products directly to
the customer.

1.1.1 Biotechnology field

Molecular Imaging

This early 21st century discipline is a new and innovative technological imaging system
originating from the radio-pharmacology field that enables the visualization of the cellular
function and the follow-up of the molecular process in living organisms without agitating them.
This imaging system is applicable to the diagnosis of diseases like cancer, neurological and
cardiovascular diseases.
Molecular imaging differs from the traditional imaging methods which primarily imaged
differences in qualities such as density or water content, in that probes known as biology markers
(biomarkers) are used to help image particular targets or pathways. These biomarkers interact
chemically with the surroundings and in turn alter the image according to molecular changes.

Molecular imaging may allow discovery of a "pre-disease state" in a patient when the first
genomic and proteomic missteps in a pathway or cascade of events occur. Molecular imaging
stands to show, in ways not previously possible, the dynamic underlying causes of disease while
providing better treatment monitoring.

Molecular imaging technologies provide information about the functional or metabolic

characteristics of malignancies, tumor stage and therapeutical response, and tumor recurrence;
whereas conventional imaging technologies predominantly assess the tumor's anatomical or
morphologic features including its size, density, shape, etc

1.1.2 Cell phone manufacturing

With the introduction of smart-phones (phone/personal digital assistance), cell phone

manufacturing is reaching its peak and manufactures are now able to offer customers cell phones
based on their needs.
There was an estimated to be 1.5 billion mobile phone users in the world (Prensky, 2004).

Advances in fiber optics—very thin strands of glass that transmit light and data much more
efficiently than wires and cables—not only improved the quality of voices transmitted over
phone lines but also made high-volume phone traffic possible.

Manufacturers have introduced a full touch screen phone that uses solar energy to recharge the
battery of the cell phone. This advanced battery is environmentally friendly and does not require
electricity to charge and it’s always powered with energy all the time.

In telecommunications, 4G (fourth generation) is the fourth generation of cellular wireless

standards. It is a successor to the 3G and 2G families of standards, and it is based on the speed of
the internet and it’s expected to be a faster service at 100 Mbit/s, compared to the previous
generations.

Bluetooth 3.0
Manufactures have created phones that have Bluetooth 3.0 chip. This further technology in
manufacturing is expected to utilize fiber-optics, giving an increase in transferring rates of up to
a 10 meters distance. With an additional low-power usage, it’s expected that a large variety of
mobile phones, health monitoring, sensors and cars will use this type of technology.

Light-emitting diode (LED)

LED technology uses LED lights for back lighting instead of the fluorescent lighting. This
advanced lighting technology comes in very small sizes, so screens can have a vey thin depth.
These lights can be controlled to lower the amount of back lighting in dark areas of the screen
and raise it in brighter areas for higher contrast and better blacks. LED makes screens brighter
by emitting more light per watt, they are more realistic and their efficiency is not affected by
shape and size compared to the liquid crystal diode (LCD).
1.2
USE OF TECHNOLOGY IN SERVICES

In recent years, technology use in services has advanced drastically to a point that most
organizations rely heavily on it to deliver services to the satisfaction of the customer.
Widespread use of technology is changing the way people work, learn, and communicate-even
the way they carry out our regular, daily activities. They are using technology tools like
handheld computers, smart phones, and websites not only to create efficiencies but also to
become more effective.
At universities and government sectors, they create relational databases about customer needs
and behavior, mine data banks for insights as means to better serve their customers on a more
personal level, so as to create customer loyalty.

1.2.1 In Learning

E-learning comprises of all forms of electronically supported learning and teaching. The
information and communication systems serve as specific media to implement the learning
process. It is essentially the computer and network-enabled transfer of skills and knowledge.
This type of learning is being used by millions of people who are busy with their daily lives and
do not have the means or time to be attending lectures in a classroom.
E-learning also provides virtual classrooms, where students can have forums and discuss topics
regarding their school work.
In higher education, technology has had a dramatic impact on teaching and learning, including
service-learning experiences. Service learning classes and activities can be augmented through
the use of technology to provide more effective experiences for the faculty, students and
community participants. Being ready to access the new technology, higher educational
institutions are well positioned to take advantage of changes in this field.
Staff members could be trained to interpret the students’ records and scheduling data and use it to
make decisions, such as which classes should be offered more often or which classes should be
dropped.

1.2.2 Customer Service technology

There are major areas in which technology is now able to assist in key advantages to businesses
in engendering customer loyalty by improving customer service. For example, an organization
may use a database—rather than a slow and often inaccurate paper calendar—to quickly access
client records and schedule new appointments. This creates efficiencies for the staff, allowing
them to serve more people.
Other areas include:

 Websites provides service companies the area where their customers can seek more
information about the company, have questions asked and answered without having to go
to the exact location of the company.
 E-mails are used frequently as a form of communication to improve customer service
and a quicker respond to certain customer needs or help requests.

 Create relational databases about customer needs and behavior, mine data banks for
insights and internet based business models.

 Communication can be unified so that one knows voice mails and emails are connected.

 Software’s allow a better managing with more sophisticated data-gathering tools.

1.2.3 Financial Services

Financial services industry uses technology in many ways to offer customers easier ways to
access their finances without having to be physically present at the financial institution to have
transactions performed. This technology uses intelligent systems and the internet.

 Automatic Teller Machine (ATM)

The bank-focused model emerges when a traditional bank uses non-traditional low-cost delivery
channels to provide banking services to its existing customers. Examples range from use of atm’s
to internet banking or mobile phone banking to provide certain limited banking services to
banks’ customers. This model is additive in nature and may be seen as a modest extension of
conventional branch-based banking.

These machines are used in the banking services industry to enhance and deliver self-services
quickly, by reducing queues in bank branches during peak times, to eliminate the excess use of
paper work and cash handling.
The latest generation networked ATMs allow the user to perform up to 150 kinds of transactions
ranging from simple cash withdrawals and deposits, to fund transfer to trading in stocks to
buying mutual funds to something mundane like payment of electricity bills, booking air-tickets
and making hotel reservations.

 Online banking

Online banking systems have wider reaching implications because they do not rely on ATM’s,
EFTPOS or co-operative schemes with other banks for users to perform transactions.
Electronic Funds Transfer at Point Of Sale (EFTPOS)
This is another way customers can be served quicker by use of debit or credit card technology
available. With this method, the use of technology has enhanced service delivery to consumers
who demand easier methods of payment at a point of sale without having to carry cash. This
occurs whereby retailers wanted to reduce the amount of cash in the payment systems, and
financial services institutions wanted to reduce the amount of cheque-based systems.
1.2.4 Geographical Information System

A geographic information system (GIS) integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing,
managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. GIS
allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in many ways that reveal
relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. It helps us
answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood
and easily shared.

GIS technology can be integrated into any enterprise information system framework.

 Governments
Government agencies trust GIS technology to establish and regulate policy and to strengthen the
welfare of their citizens. GIS is also an intelligent means for agencies to provide public
information. They rely heavily on GIS to evaluate the results of census and to map features for
an integrated view of information.

 Security

GIS assets at local, regional, and national levels are used in emergency response in the areas of
detection, risk assessment, mitigation and prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery.
Utilized in both natural and human-induced disasters, GIS has merged into the common
operating procedures for public safety and emergency response activities. City, county, state, and
federal-level agencies use GIS as a common framework for organizing and sharing data in a
digital world.

 Law Enforcement

GIS is an effective crime-fighting tool. Police analysts use GIS for planning and event modeling,
tactical and strategic planning, and incident mapping. It gives all police officers access to
information about crime throughout the city.

 Health
Effective health care services management uses GIS not only to show what resources and needs
exist but also where to find them. Health experts also put GIS to work in epidemiological and
public health monitoring. They can geographically track public health indicators, identify disease
clusters, and explore sites of environmental risk.