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Portland Cement (Detailed Study)
Portland Cement (Detailed Study)
Portland Cement (Detailed Study)
Portland Cement
A hydraulic cement capable of setting, hardening and
remaining stable under water. It consists essentially of
hydraulic calcium silicates, usually containing calcium
sulfate.
Manufacture
Raw Materials:
2/3 calcareous materials (lime bearing) - limestone
1/3
/ argillaceous
g materials ((silica,, alumina,, iron)-
) clay
y
Raw Material
Crushing
g
Blending
Old Method
Kiln
Grinding
Oooops, Problem Production Process
Production of cement
Is reponsible for 8%
CO2 production in the
world
Cement grains
3 hours 10 hours
C t
Courtesy: Prof.
P f Karen
K S
Scrivener
i
Hydration Products
Hadley Grain
Cli k
Clinker
Based on the following notation:
C C O
CaO
S SiO2
A Al2O3
F Fe3O4
H H2O
Cement Composites
C3S : 3CaOSiO2
C2S : 2CaOSiO2
C3A : 3CaOAl2O3
C4AF : 4CaOAl2O3Fe3O4
See video 1
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
2C3S + 6H -->
> C3S2H3 + 3CH + 120 cal / g
2C2S + 4H --> C3S2H3 + CH + 62 cal / g
C3A + CSH2 --> Ettringite + 300 cal / g
See video 2
Hydration Products
Hadley Grain
H d t dP
Hydrated Paste
t
SOLIDS IN CEMENT PASTE
-Calcium Silicate Hydrate
Notation: C-S-H
C/S
/ Ratio: 1.5 to 2.0
Main Characteristics: High Surface (100 to 700 m2/ g) ---->
Hi h Van
High V der d Walls
W ll F Force -----> > Strength.
St th
Volume % : 50 a 60
CSH
C-S-H
SOLIDS IN CEMENT PASTE
-Calcium
C l i H
Hydroxide
d id ( portlandite)
l di )
Ca(OH)2
Volume % : 20 to 25
low Van der Walls force
problems with durability and strength
Calcium Hydroxide
SOLIDS IN CEMENT PASTE
Cement
g
grain
Cement
g
grain
8h 30min.
In-situ Massive precipitation
8h 36min.
9h 16min.
Spot
Summary
• Th
The accelerative
l i power off CaCl2 C Cl2 may come
from its ability to flocculate hydrophilic
Retarders: Sucrose
Vp = 100 cm3
Vc= 100 cm3 Vc=50
Vc 50 cm3
Once More…
Vp = 150 cm3
Vc= 100 cm3 Vc=25
Vc 25 cm3
Finally
Vp = 200 cm3
Vc= 100 cm3
Exam question
• Calculate the water/cement ratio needed to
obtain zero porosity in a fully hydrated
cement paste.
W/c = 100/100*3
100/100*3.14
14
100 cm3
V id iin th
Voids the H Hydrated
d t dC Cementt
-Interlayer
I t l iPaste
space in CSH (HCP)
* size = 5 to 25 Å
* no adverse effect on strength and permeability
* some effect on drying shrinkage and creep
-Capillary
Capillary Voids
> 50 nm : detrimental to strength and impermeability
< 50 nm
nm: important to drying shrinkage and creep.
-Air Voids
* entrapped air: ~ 3 mm
* entrained air: 50 to 200 mm
Water inside the pores
Orders of magnitude
Orders of Magnitude
More Advanced Material