ASSIGNMENT-1

IDENTIFICATION & INTRODUCTION TO VARIUOS

INTERNAL COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER CABINET
A computer is an electronic machine that processes electronic signals to perform
arithmetic and logical operations. It has three main parts:- input devices, processor, and
output devices.
In simple words, the working principle of a computer is it takes input signals from the
input devices. After processing those signals, it generates the output signal and sends it
to the output devices.

Some examples of computer hardware are Processor, Memory, RAM, Graphics Card,
etc. Some examples of software are MS Office, MS Word, MS Excel, etc.

Computer Block Diagram

Input Devices
Input devices of a computer are those devices through which we give the input
information or data to calculate or process. For example, we want to add 3 and 5. So,
we need to open the calculator application and give input by typing 3+5 through the
keyboard. Some examples of computer input devices are keyboards, mouses,
microphones, joysticks, etc.

Output Devices

Computer output devices are those devices through which the computer provides the
output signal to its external world. For, example, when we give input 3+5, after
calculating it will show result 8 in its display. So the display or monitor is an output
device. Some other examples of computer output devices are speakers, printers, etc.

Central Processing Unit(CPU)

It is the main part of the computer. CPU consists of main three parts - control unit,
Arithmetic, and Logic Unit or ALU, and Memory Unit.

1) Control Unit or CU
It is part of the CPU. The main function of the control unit is to provide control signals to
all components and circuits of the computer including input and output devices. It
synchronizes the components when they transferring data to each other. The control
unit provides a synchronize control to both ALU and Memory Unit, (so the ALU can
easily take data from the memory unit)

2) ALU or Arithmetic and Logic Unit

It performs all the logical and arithmetic operations. Addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division comes under arithmetic operations. On the other hand, greater than, less than,
comparing, move, rotate is comes under the logical operations. ALU is the main part of
the CPU as well as the computer because it only performs the tasks or executes the
instructions.

3) Memory Unit
It is for storing data temporarily or permanently. Primary memory such as register,
cache memory is the part of the CPU and they used for storing data temporarily during
program execution by the ALU. Once the task is completed by the ALU, all data will
automatically delete from the cache memory or register. Hard Disk Drives(HDD), Solid
State Drives(SSD) are secondary, they used for data permanently or for a long time.
Until we manually delete the data it will store in the secondary.

Our computer has three type of memory

1. Data Storage memory like Hard Disk.
2. RAM.
3. Cache memory.
Hard Disk:
The first kind of memory that we find inside our computer is the non-volatile kind of
memory like a hard disk drive.
This hard disk drive contains a mechanically rotating disk. The typical rotating speed of
the disk is either 5400 or 7200 RPM. As this hard disk drive contains a mechanically
rotating part, so in terms of the speed, they are quite slow.

The typical read or write speed that you get with this hard disk drive is in the range of
80 to 150 MBPS. But if you see the clock speed of the CPU, it is in the range of 1GHz
up to the 4 GHz. So, even though the processor is capable of accepting a data much
higher speed, but it can't get the data through this hard disk drive at the same rate.

Random Access Memory (RAM):

So we need a fast memory. To overcome this problem the second kind of memory

comes which is Random Access Memory (RAM). Random Access Memory is faster
compared to the hard disk drive and RAM can provide data to the CPU at a much faster
rate compared to the Hard disk drive.

But in modern days processors which we are using is not single core processor but they
are multicore processors( dual core, quad core or maybe even octa-core). If all the
cores are asking for data at the same time, then this RAM can't be able to deliver the
data to all the cores at the same time. To overcome this problem The Cache Memory
comes. Cache memory is the fastest among all memories.

Cache Memory:

The Cache memory is also Random Access Memory but it is a special kind of RAM,
which is known as Static RAM(SRAM). Unlike the Dynamic RAM, which we find inside
the normal RAM, this static RAM is quite fast. The data which is frequently required by
the CPU can be supplied by this cache memory. Generally, some instructions and data
which is required by the CPU are stored in this cache memory.

If this cache memory is so fast then why the size of this cache memory is only in
MegaBytes ?? The reason is that this cache memory is much costlier than the other
memories. And that is the reason you find only a few MegaBytes of cache memory
inside the CPU.
5 parts of a computer
The five main components that make up a typical, present-day computer include:

 A motherboard
 A Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 A Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), also known as a video card
 Random Access Memory (RAM), also known as volatile memory
 Storage: Solid State Drive (SSD) or Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

1. Motherboard
What it is: All components of a computer communicate through a circuit board called the
motherboard, as was mentioned above. 

What it does: holds everything else together.

The motherboard contains video card and Central Processing Unit that are contained in an
integrated (built-in) chipset.

This is where input/output devices such as a keyboard, mouse, and speakers get plugged in.
3. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
What it is: Graphic cards make it possible for computers to generate high-end visuals like
those found in the many video games.

In addition to video games, though, good graphics cards also come in handy for those who
rely on images in order to execute their craft, like 3D modelers using resource-intensive
software.
4. Random Access Memory (RAM)

What it is: RAM, also known as volatile memory, stores data regarding frequently accessed
programs and processes. (It's called volatile memory because it gets erased every time the
computer restarts.)

What it does: RAM helps programs and games start up and close quickly.

5. Storage

What it is: All computers need somewhere to store their data. Modern computers either use a
Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or Solid State Drive (SSD).

What it does: HDDs are made of an actual disk onto which data is stored. The disk is read by
a mechanical arm. (HDDs are cheaper than SSDs, but are slowly becoming more and more
obsolete.)

SSDs (cards) have no moving parts and are faster than a hard drive, because no time is spent
waiting for a mechanical arm to find data on a physical location on the disk.