ECUR M2 Sciences Criminelles ANGLAIS

UNIVERSITE DES ANTILLES
Faculté de Droit et d’Economie

Campus de Schoelcher [20/21]
M2
CRIMINAL SCIENCES
STUDENT NAME …………………………………………….………………………………………
1
TABLE DE MATIERES
COURSE REQUIREMENTS 3
IMPROVE YOUR LISTENING ANS SPEAKING SKILLS 4
IPA PHONETIC CHART 5
IPA SOUNDS IN EVERYDAY LIFE 6
SESSION 1 – Language Revision Exercises 10
SESSION 2
S.2.i. – Pronunciation Exercises 12

S.2. ii. – Comprehension – Vocabulary Revision Exercises 13
S.2.iii. – Grammar Revision - Purpose, Reason, Result 18
SESSION 3

S.3. ii. – Comprehension – What is Law? 22
S.3.iii. – Grammar Revision - The Past 26
SESSION 4

S.4. ii. – Comprehension – Elements of Criminal Law 30
S.4.iii. – Grammar Revision – Expressing the Future 36
SESSION 5

S.5. ii. – Comprehension – Forensic Science and Scientific Expertise 40
S.5.iii. – Grammar Revision – The Passive 45
SESSION 6
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S.6. ii. – Comprehension – Policing 48
S.6.iii. – Grammar Revision – Modals 55
SESSION 7

S.7. ii. – Comprehension – Civil and Criminal Penalties 58
S.7.iii. – Grammar Revision – Gerunds and Infinities 63
SESSION 8

S.8. ii. – Comprehension – Swiss gives Kenya Legal Advice 66
S.8.iii. – Grammar Revision – The Conditional 70
SESSION 9

S.9. ii. – Comprehension – Exercises 73
S.9.iii. – Grammar Revision – Causitives 76
SESSION 10

S.10. ii. – Comprehension – Thousands of foreign convicts… 79
S.10.iii. – Grammar Revision – Wishes 84
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COURSE REQUIREMENTS
The following material is essential year after year, no matter what level the student is in.
DICTIONARIES - Bilingual, monolingual, illustrated, electronic or online.
GRAMMARS - are useful reference tools and provide detailed information about grammar and
usage. Some include exercises to help you practise the various aspects of grammar.
VOCABULARY NOTEBOOKS - A good way to reinforce new words is to keep a vocabulary book
into which you can transfer new words, common phrases or expressions.
AUDIO BOOKS - Listening to audio books in a language you're learning is a great way to
improve your listening comprehension and vocabulary.
RECORDING DEVICES - Recordings can help you to improve your listening comprehension.
You can also make recordings of your own attempts to speak your L2, which can help you to
improve your pronunciation and intonation.
A USB flash drive -Very practical. You can store computer data gathered from the net.
Access to MAGAZINES and NEWSPAPERS
Essential Online ESL News Sites for You and Your Students
a) CNN Student News - a news resource just for students, sharing breaking and popular news
such that students can relate and understand.
b) Time for Kids - This reputable online news resource is a weekly online publication for
students to build confidence and enthusiasm for reading.
c) The New York Times Learning Blog - is a reputable online news resource geared toward
students, influencing them to take part in their world through reading.
d) The New Yorker – A challenging read which will allow you to build your vocabulary even
further while processing professional writing.
e) British Council website for adult learners –

http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/?utm_source=le&utm_medium=header-
tab&utm_campaign=learnenglish
f) Learning English, source of news and information for millions of English learners worldwide
https://learningenglish.voanews.com/
g) News in Easy English – interesting and fun news articles –

https://newsineasyenglish.com/
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IMPROVE YOUR LISTENING/SPEAKING SKILLS
This document is also on ECURSUS. From there you can copy and paste
links to access these videos.
I. LISTENING TESTS WITH ANSWERS

1. TOEIC LISTENING TEST
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1taTAA7vRI&t=30s
2. TOEFL LISTENING TEST

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90qhGio5aRg
II. LEARNING ENGLISH THROUGH STORIES

1. STORY - Rain Man
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GH-slrWL3n0
2. STORY - Open Doors

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zH1XhMDWUR4&list=UUoIdrULeenCQ_d1_-
ayFuTA&index=7
3. STORY - Jack the Ripper

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TqMwaycOUZo
4. STORY - Bourne Ultimatum By Robert Ludlum

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfKg4jYqkgQ
III. LAW AND ORDER

1. Forensic Investigation Terminology | Anglais Police Scientifique
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkCg9S6gg5A
2. English vocabulary - Words to talk about CRIME

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L10e287-i0k
3. Advanced Vocabulary Course: lesson 1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3Z-Zjnlyas
4. Advanced Vocabulary Course: lesson 3

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2S53D60Etpo
5. Forensic Science and Criminal Law

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nEJgx0hokl8
5
IPA PHONETIC CHART
VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwTDPu2TE6k
Sounds of English Vowels and Consonants
6
IPA Sounds in Everyday Speech
Short Vowels
IPA Symbol Word examples
I Thin, sit, rich, kick, hit.
e Went, intend, send, letter.
æ Cat, hand, nap, flat, have.
ʌ Fun, love, money, one, London, come.
ʊ Put, look, should, cook, book, look.
ɒ Rob, top, watch, squat, sausage.
ə Alive, again, mother.
Long Vowels
i: Need, beat, team.
ɜ: Third, turn, worse, world, word.
a: Glass, half, car, arch, hard.
ɔ: Talk, law, bored, yawn, jaw.
u: Few, boot, lose, gloomy, fruit, chew.
Diphthong Vowels
ɪə Near, ear, clear, weird, disappear.
eə There, air, care, bear, stairs.
ʊə Cure, pure, tourist.
eɪ Face, space, grace, case, eight.
ɔɪ Joy, employ, toy, coil, oyster.
aɪ My, time, life, high, fly, wide.
əʊ No, don’t, stones, alone, hole.
aʊ Mouth, house, brown, couch.
Consonants Sounds: Plosives

p Pin, cap, purpose, pause.
b Bag, bubble, build, robe.
t Time, train, tow, late.
d Door, day, drive, down, feed.
k Cash, quick, cricket, sock.
g Girl, green, grass, flag.
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Consonants Sounds: Fricatives
f Full, Friday, fish, knife.
v Vest, village, view, cave.
θ Think, thought, Thursday, earth.
ð Those, brothers, either, others.
s Sight, six, silence, sun, kiss.
z Zoo, crazy, lazy, zigzag, nose.
ʃ Shirt, rush, shop, cash.
ʒ Pleasure, treasure, measure.
h High, help, hold, hello.
Consonants Sounds: Affricates

ʈʃ Choose, cheese, church, watch.
dʒ Joy, juggle, juice, stage.
Consonants Sounds: Nasals

m Room, mother, mad, more.
n Now, nobody, knew, turn.
ŋ King, thing, song, swimming.
Consonants Sounds: Approximants

r Road, roses, river, ring, ride.
j Yellow, usual, tune, yesterday, yard.
w Wall, walk, wine, world.
l and ɫ Law, lots, leap, long, pill, cold, chill, melt.
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SESSION 1 – LANGUAGE REVISION
EXERCISE 1
These exercises are designed to assess applicants’ ability to comprehend written material in English.
Select the word or phrase that best fits into the blank space so that the sentence makes the most
sense.
1. Studies have shown that longevity in the Far East is ______________ to the inhabitants’
wholesome diet.
A. attributed B. discovered C. disconnected D. contributed
2. The judge gave the jury instructions in a ______________ manner because their
comprehension was critical to the case.
A. deliberate B. feeble C. callous D. monotonous
3. A ‘not guilty’ verdict was almost __________ given the conflicting testimony of the undercover
police officers.
A. improbable B. indefinite C. inevitable D. far-fetched
4. The hiker’s allergic reaction to bee stings caused him to be _________ after he was bitten by
a swarm of bees.
A. incapacitated B. bemused C. enabled D. coerced
5) The ……… sentenced the accused to 15 years in prison.
a) barrister b) counsel c) judge d) solicitor
6) It is the responsibility of the police to ......... the law, not to take it into their own hands.
a) compel b) enforce c) force d) press
7) They all thought he was guilty, but no one could ……… anything against him.
a) accuse b) ensure c) prove d) point
8) I ……… to say anything unless I am allowed to speak to my solicitor.
a) deny b) neglect c) refuse d) resist
9) The new laws come into ……… on May 15.
a) condition b) date c) force d) power
10) At the end of the trial he was ……… of murder.
a) condemned b) convicted c) convinced d) penalized
11) The policemen who were ……… the crime could find no clues at all.
a) enquiring b) investigating c) researching d) seeking
12) The lawyer gave me ……………………………………
a) an advice b) some good advice c) some good advices

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13) He wasn’t prosecuted because there …………………………… witnesses.
a) haven’t been any b) have been no c) were no
14) This lawyer is …………………………….. experienced in the city.
a) more b) most c) the most
15) The defendant claimed that he ………………………………. by the police.
a) is victimized b) was being victimized c) has been victimized
16) Do the authorities know where ……….?
a) does the suspect lives b) does the suspect live c) the suspect lives
17) The police don’t have ……… information about the suspect’s whereabouts.
a) no b) any c) some
18) He was found guilty ……… murder and sentenced to death.
a) with b) from c) of
19) The police didn’t have enough ……… to convict him, so he was released.
a) evidences b) evidence c) proof
20) The police ……… this robbery for months now.
a) has been investigating b) have been investigating c) was investigating.
21) I’m not going to pay ……… the fine; it wasn’t my fault.
a) Ø b) for c) on
EXERCISE 2
Each sentence contains a mistake. The mistake is either an incorrect word or a word that should not
be there. Underline the word.
Example
(*) The considering for the sale of the business is £60,000 including all of the stock.
(1) I qualified to a lawyer five months ago.
(2) The bank will charge you interests on the loan at a rate of 4.5%.
(3) The judge awarded the claimant £250,000 in damage.
(4) I am not able to do with this matter as I do not know that area of law.
(5) I would like to accept your offer to sale your car to me for £5000.
EXERCISE 3
Here is a conversation between a lawyer and the Human Resources Manager of the same law firm.
The conversation is mixed up. Put the conversation in the correct order.
There is an example at the beginning (*), which is the start of the conversation.
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Example (*)
(AA) Hi Sarah. How’s life in the HR department?
(A) That’s quite a lot of questions and answers to get through! Which department is recruiting?
(B) Hmm, I’m not sure if I’d like to do that sort of law. How many years’ experience do you want
the lawyer to have?
(C) I have to interview five lawyers who want to join this firm. There were lots of applicants, but
after I read their CVs, I shortlisted these five people.
(D) Not bad thanks. I’ve got a busy day ahead of me though.
(E) Insolvency. Because of the recent interest rate rises there are a lot of personal and company
insolvencies and we need another lawyer.
(F) Well, good luck with the interviewing. I hope you find the right person. See you later.
(G) Oh, just newly qualified, or up to one year PQE. There are already enough senior lawyers in
that department.
(H) Really? What are you doing?
1. … 2. …….. 3. …….. 4. …….. 5. …….. 6. …….. 7. …….. 8. …….. 9. ……..
AA….
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NEW VOCABULARY AND EXPRESSIONS:
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NOTES
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STUPID CRIMINALS
A cashier at a Mumbai shop was surprised when he was handed a credit card in the name of one
of Bollywood’s biggest stars. The shopper, who was trying to buy $500 worth of clothes,
certainly wasn’t the famous actor named on the card, so the cashier rang the card issuer. The
matter was referred to police, who arrested three men on the spot. The gang said they’d
“found” the movie idol’s credit card in the street.
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SESSION 2
eS2. i – PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1
Put the words into the correct columns.
( = stress on first syllable in a three-syllable word,  = stress on last
syllable in a three-syllable word)
studying afternoon cigarette desperate disagree fortunate

impolite introduce magazine manager medical millionaire
overweight poisonous possibly questionnaire recipe recommend
refugee shopkeeper questioning totally unemployed uniforms
Column 1 Column 2
 
studying afternoon
EXERCISE 2 Practise saying these phrases.
1. unemployed manager 8. introduce uniforms
2. fortunate millionaire 9. poisonous cigarette
3. desperate refugee 10. disagree totally
4. possibly overweight 11. recommend studying
5. magazine recipe 12. medical questionnaire
6. impolite shopkeeper 13. impolite millionaire
7. fortunate refugee 14. possibly unemployed
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S2. ii – COMPREHENSION
VOCABULARY REVISION EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1
Complete the table below with related forms of the words given.
Verb Noun – event/action Noun – person
Appeal …………………………………………..... ………………………………………….....
.
Hear …………………………………………..... ………………………………………….....
Try …………………………………………..... ………………………………………….....
Offend …………………………………………..... ………………………………………….....
defend …………………………………………..... ………………………………………….....
Now fill in the gaps with words from the table above.
1) The …………………………………………..... was sentenced to life imprisonment.
2) The …………………………………………..... courts can uphold or reverse decisions of lower courts.
3) A European Arrest Warrant may be issued for ………………………………………….....punishable by
imprisonment or a detention order for a maximum period of at least 12 months.
4) The …………………………………………..... claimed that the police had forced him to sign the statement.
5) The …………………………………………..... of the suspect will help the investigators in solving the case.
6) The offender was extradited and …………………………………………..... in the requesting Member State
EXERCISE 2
Match the words with the corresponding definitions.
arson, assassination, assault, blackmail, bribe, burglary, embezzlement, espionage,
extortion, forgery, libel, manslaughter, murder, obscenity, perjury, piracy, robbery,
slander, smuggling, theft, unlawful assembly
1. theft The act of taking away property that belongs to another

person
2. ………………………………………………… Killing a human being without intention, premeditation or

. malice or in mitigating circumstances.
3. …………………………………………………. The act of killing a public figure usually by sudden or secret

attack for political or religious reasons.
4. ………………………………………………… An act or utterance that is offensive according to current

. moral or decency standards.
5. ………………………………………………… Meeting in secret in order to organize unlawful activities

.
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6. ………………………………………………… Making, adapting or imitating objects, documents, etc. with
. the intent of deceiving another person(s) into believing that
the forged object is genuine.
7. ………………………………………………… The crime of unlawfully killing another person with malicious

. intent
8. ………………………………………………… To wilfully set fire to the property of a person or a

. company.
9. ………………………………………………… A defamatory statement against a person by written or

. representational means.
10. ………………………………………………… The act of entering a dwelling or other inhabited building

. where people live or work with the express intention of
stealing something.
11. ………………………………………………… To get money from someone by threatening to make public

. facts about a person’s private life that the person does not
wish made public.
12. ………………………………………………… Causing or threatening to cause immediate physical harm or

. contact by putting a person in danger or making the person
believe in such harm or contact.
13. ………………………………………………… The act of defaming a person by means of oral statements

. that damage that person’s character or reputation.
14. ………………………………………………… The act of unlawfully taking property that belongs to

. another person by using violence or intimidating threats.
15. ………………………………………………… Making a false statement while under oath

.
16. ………………………………………………… The use or reproduction of another person’s copyrighted or

. patented material such as film or music.
17. ………………………………………………… To dishonestly withhold or make use of money or assets

. which you are looking after for someone else usually in a
premeditated fashion
18. ………………………………………………… To obtain money, services or property from a person or

. company by means of threats or intimidation.
19. ………………………………………………… The act of obtaining secret or confidential information by

. unlawful means.
20. ………………………………………………… The act of transporting goods or persons in and out of a

. country, prison or building by violating national or
international laws and regulations
21. ………………………………………………… The act of offering money or other valuable object to

. someone to get something in return that will better a
personal position or situation.
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EXERCISE 3
Match the words with the corresponding definitions. The first one has been provided for
you. Two words are used twice.
accused, acquitted, barristers, Crown Court, defence, dock, evidence, fine, guilty
(x2), imprisonment, judge (x2), Jury, Justice of the Peace, Magistrates’ Court, oath,
prosecution, put on probation, sentence, testimony, trial, verdict, witness box,
witnesses
There are two main courts of law in Britain – the (1) ____________________ for minor
offences, such as speeding, shoplifting, etc. and the (2) ___________________ for more
serious offences such as fraud and murder. The magistrate or (3) ____________________
who tries cases in the lower court does not have special education or training in law and does
not get a salary. Therefore, the job is voluntary and part-time.
At a (4) ___________________ at a Crown Court, the (5) _________________ or
defendant stands in the (6) ______________________ while lawyers question (7)
___________________ who have to say what they have seen or know and who stand in the
(8) _______________. They have to swear an (9) ______________ to ‘tell the truth, the
whole truth and nothing but the truth.’ What they say is known as their (10)
______________.
There are usually two lawyers or (11) __________________ in the courtroom. One is known
as Counsel for the (12) _________________, who speaks for the defendant, and the other
as Counsel for the (13) _______________. This person has to try to prove that the person
accused of the crime really committed it.
The (14) ___________________ sits in a large seat facing the defendant and wears a
special gown and wig. He or she does not decide whether an accused person is guilty or not.
This is left to the (15) ________________________ , made up of twelve members of the
public, to decide. During the trial they sit in silence, listening carefully to all the (16)
____________________. Then, they are locked away until they can decide whether the
person is (17) _____________________ or not (18) ________________.
This decision is called the (19) ______________.
The (20) _____________________ now decides the punishment or (21) ___________ as it
is called. If the person is innocent, he or she is (22) ___________________, which means
that he or she is released immediately and is free to go home. If the person is guilty and the
crime is serious, he or she could be given several years’ (23) _____________________.
However, if it a first offence, the person might be given a (24) ____________________
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instead, for example £1,000, or (25) ________________.
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EXERCISE 4
LEGALESE. Give the plain English equivalent/French translation, if any, for each of the following Latin
expressions.
- actus reus ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- ex parte (ex p.) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- per se ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- ad hoc ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- habeas corpus ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- prima facie ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- affidavit ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- id est (i.e.) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- pro rata ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- bona fide ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- in camera ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- quasi ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- caveat ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- in curia ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- sub judice ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- de facto ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- in situ ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- ultra vires ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- de jure ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- inter alia ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- Videlicet ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- et cetera (etc ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- ipso facto ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- exempli gratia (e.g.) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- per pro ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Now match the sentences containing Latin words with the sentences having similar meaning.
1) There is a prima facie case to answer. a. They acted in a way which was beyond
2) Since he thought he was, wrongly held their legitimate powers.
by the police, he issued a writ of b. An application for an injunction was

habeas corpus. made to the court by one party and no
3) They have entered a caveat. notice was given to the other party.
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4) His action was ultra vires. c. The case was heard in private.
5) The press cannot report details of the d. They have warned us they have no
case because it is sub judice. interest in the case, so they will need
6) An ex parte application was lodged at notice before we take any further steps.
the court. e. A committee was set up for this
7) The court sat in camera. 8) An ad hoc particular purpose.
committee was formed f. The action should proceed because one

side has shown there seems to be
sufficient evidence.
g. The case cannot be mentioned in the

media, since it is likely to prejudice
court proceedings. h. He exercised his
legal right to recourse against unlawful
detention
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S2. iii – GRAMMAR REVISION – Purpose, Reason, Result …
EXERCISE 1
Combine the sentences using the words in brackets:
1. Jane gave up smoking because she wanted to save money. (in order to)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. I came here so that I could see you. (in order to)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. We put a fence. We want to prevent the rabbit escape.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. She went shopping so she could buy herself a television. (to)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. I put the food in the fridge because I wanted it to get cold. (in order to)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Jane saved money. She wanted to buy a present for Harry. (in order to)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Harry left early because he didn’t want to miss the bus. (in order not to)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. They will let the students use calculators in the exam. They don’t want them to spend
a lot of time. (so that)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. The teacher tested the students. She wanted to see if they remembered the things they
had learnt. (in order to)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. She didn’t leave her son home alone. She thought he might have an accident. (in
case)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. He tried to hide the broken vase. He didn’t want to be punished. (so that)
………………………………………………………………………………..
12. She wants to sign a contact. She doesn’t want them to change their minds. (in case)
………………………………………………………………………………..
13. I turned up the radio. I wanted to listen to the news. (so that)
………………………………………………………………………………..
14. Sue lowered the volume on the TV set. She didn’t want to disturb her roommate. (so
that)
………………………………………………………………………………..
15. I’ll be in my office until late this evening. You may need to get in touch with me. (in
case)
…………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 2
Join each pair of sentences using SO / SUCH ….. (THAT):
1. It was a very warm evening. We had dinner outside in the garden.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. He was very nervous. He couldn’t eat anything.
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Our neighbours’ party was very noisy. We couldn’t sleep.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The restaurant was very crowded. They couldn’t find anywhere to sit down.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. We were all having a good time. We didn’t want to stop.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. He’s got a very good memory. He never needs to write anything down.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 3
Join the sentences:
1. He tried to find a car park. He wanted to park his car. (in order to)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Mrs. Brown hid the ball. She didn’t Bill to play football. (so that)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. They got up early. They didn’t want to miss the bus. (in case)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Mary is wearing glasses. She wants to see better. (so that)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. My father often takes his car to the mechanic. He doesn’t want it to break down. (in
case)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Molly is eating less bread. She doesn’t want to put on weight. (in case)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Sally usually wears a thick coat. She doesn’t want to catch a cold. (in order not to)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Mr. Short used a long ladder. He wanted to reach the high ceiling. (so that)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. My father gave me extra money. He didn’t want me to borrow any from my friends. (in
case)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Andrew’s friends visited him. They wanted to congratulate him on his graduation. (in
order to)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. I’m learning English. I want to get a better job. (to)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. The driver stopped. Then the children could cross the road. (so that)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
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NOTES
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………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
STRANGE REASON FOR DIVORCE
An Egyptian woman has filed for divorce from her husband on the grounds that he has not
showered since they married, AlArabiya.net reported Sunday.
The wedding took place two months ago.
It was a quick courtship for Yara Saad Al-Din, 23, and Aysar Ali, 31, who got engaged two weeks
after meeting on an airplane, AlArabiya reported.
Ali claimed he could not bathe because of a skin disease which made him allergic to water. While
a doctor confirmed Ali had a skin disease, he also said it had nothing to do with water, AlArabiya
reported.
22
SESSION 3
S3.i – PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1
Put the words into the correct columns
( = stress on the second syllable,  = stress on the first syllable,  =
stress on the last syllable)
Adventure already atmosphere cigarettes customer dangerous detective
exactly decided illegal immigrant interview introduce manager
overweight polluted refugees satisfied serious seventeen disagree
understand unemployed unhappy
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

  
adventure atmosphere
EXERCISE 2
Practise saying these phrases.
1. interview refugees 8. exactly seventeen

2. polluted atmosphere 9. impolite manager
3. illegal cigarettes 10. unhappy immigrant
4. unemployed detective 11. satisfied customer
5. overweight manager 12. serious atmosphere
6. decided already 13. seventeen already
7. dangerous adventure 14. already dangerous
23
LAW: WHAT IS IT?
Development of Law
Law develops as society evolves. Historically, the simplest societies were tribal. The
members of the tribe were bonded together initially by kinship and worship of the same
gods. Even in the absence of courts and legislature there was law — a blend of custom,
morality, religion, and magic. The visible authority was the ruler, or chief; the highest
authorities were the gods whose will was revealed in the forces of nature and in the
revelations of the tribal head or the priests.
Wrongs against the tribe, such as sacrilege or breach of tribal custom, were met with
group sanctions, and, the tribe members thought, with the wrath of the gods. People
appeased the gods in ritualistic ceremonies ending perhaps in sacrifice or expulsion of the
wrongdoer.
Wrongs against individuals, such as murder, theft, adultery, or failure to repay a debt,
were avenged by the family of the victim, often in actions against the family of the
wrongdoer. Revenge of this kind was based on tribal custom, a major component of early
law.
Tribal society gradually evolved into territorial confederations.
Governmental structures emerged, and modern law began to take shape. The most
significant historical example is Roman law, which influenced most of the legal systems of
the world.
The common-law systems of England, and later of the U.S., developed in a different
manner. Before the Norman Conquest (1066), England was a loose confederation of
societies, the laws of which were largely tribal and local. The Anglo-Norman rulers created
a system of centralized courts that operated under a single set of laws.
This legal system, known as the common law of England, began with common customs, but
over time it involved the courts in law-making (in response to changes in society).
Substantive and Procedural Law
Substantive law defines the rights and duties of persons; procedural law defines
procedures for enforcing those rights and duties.
24
Substantive law determines a wide variety of matters — for example, what is required to
form a contract, what the difference is between larceny and robbery, when a person can
have compensation for an injury, and so on.
The rules of procedure and jurisdiction determine the court that may deal with a claim or
dispute; the form of the trial, hearing, or appeal; the time limits involved; and so on.
Related rules also cover the kinds of evidence that may be presented.
Public Law
Public law concerns the relationships within government and between governments and
individuals.
The development of administrative law is a comparatively recent event. Numerous
administrative agencies now make rules that deal with all kinds of activities, including
licensing, protection of health, etc. Their powers emanate from legislation, and the courts
can review their rules.
Laws concerning taxation and the regulation of business are in the public area, as is
criminal law, which involves the use of governmental power by way of enforcement and
punishment. Other constitutional protections such as the right of the accused to remain
silent and the right to effective counsel further emphasize the public-law nature of the
area.
Criminal law not only promotes security and order but also reinforces moral norms. There
have been continuous debates regarding the legitimacy of government intervention in areas
where moral attitudes are in significant conflict (such as in matters of birth control and
euthanasia).
Private Law
Private law involves the various relationships that people have with one another and the
rules that determine their legal rights and duties among themselves. The area is
concerned with rules and principles concerning private ownership and use of property,
contracts between individuals, family relationships. Historically, government involvement
was usually minimal.
The relative significance of purely private law has decreased in modern times. Public law
dominates in government-controlled societies; democratic societies have a mix of public
and private law. The private sphere includes individuals and a great number of groups,
associations, organizations, and special legal entities such as corporations. They compete
25
with one another and with government for control of resources, wealth, and power. Special
fields of law, such as labour law, facilitate and control this competition.
Much of such law is in the commercial and corporate areas. Manufacturers have
experienced an expansion of liability for physical injuries caused by defects in their
products. The formerly purely private law of property and contracts, for example, is now
overlaid with legislation, regulations, and judicial decisions reflecting the competition. The
public law of taxation has significant impact on the whole private sphere.
EXERCISE 1
Go over the text once more and according to the information in it find the parts of the
text that give the correct information. Mark the statements T (true) or F (false).
1. Law didn’t develop gradually throughout history. T … F …
2. Codification of every interrelation between members of a tribe was a major component
of early law. T…F…
3. Customs are informal rules of social and moral behaviour of people. T…F…
4. Before William of Normandy invaded England in 1066, law was based on local and ancient
customs. T … F …
5. Common law systems are an important part of the legal systems of many countries, such
as the USA, which have been influenced by English law. T … F …
6. Laws concerning taxation are closely linked to private law T … F …
EXERCISE 2
Match the following English words with their definitions.
A. Murder 1. homicide that is neither accidental nor lawful
B. Robbery 2. It is more limited than theft and required carrying away of the
property
C. Euthanasia 3. The offence of using force against any person, or putting them in
fear of being subjected to force, in order to commit a theft
either before the theft or during the course of it.
D. Theft 4. The dishonest appropriation of property belonging to someone
else with the intention of keeping it permanently (stealing
without violence usually)
E. Larceny 5. A compulsory contribution to the state’s funds.
26
F. Taxation 6. A penalty imposed on a defendant convicted of a crime by an
authorised court. It is declared in the sentence of a court.
G. Injury 7. Damage or loss sustained, especially of a bodily part.
H. Punishment 8. mercy killing
27
EXERCISE 3
Choose the right preposition in brackets according to the contents of the text (of, to,
from, in, at, during).
1. It is important to consider to what extent the precise laws made by nations can be
distinguished …………. customs and social rules.
2. ………… course, sometimes law is simply an attempt to implement common sense.
3. Public opinion can contribute ………… government decisions.
4. ………… various times the aim of laws has been the implementation of justice.
5. We should realize what law is …………the view that the laws by government of one
country are often very different ………… the laws … another country.
6. Land property law is a guide …………the activity of all property agents.
7. Muslim societies embrace a kind ………… law, which is closely linked …
EXERCISE 4
Put each of the following words into its correct place in the passage below.
nature such as authority rules to accept member
customs to enforce courts penalties instances law crimes
The rules of social institutions tend to be more formal than __________________,
carrying precise __________________,for those who break them.
They are not enforceable by any political__________________,. Sports clubs, for
instance, often have detailed __________________,for their members. And if the
__________________,breaks a rule, the club may ask him to
__________________,the appropriate punishment or to leave the club.
However, when governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of
__________________,backed the power of the police to these laws. Of course, there
may be __________________,where the law is not enforced against someone —
__________________,when young children commit __________________,or in
countries where there is so much political corruption that certain people are able to
escape justice by using their money or influence. But the general __________________,
of the law is that it is enforced equally against all members of the nation.
28
S3. iii – GRAMMAR REVISION – The Past
EXERCSE 1
Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses using the SIMPLE PAST or the PAST
PROGRESSIVE:
1. While they ……………………… (travel) to China, Marco ……………………. (keep) a diary.
2. Mrs. White …………………………………. (drive) past a house in Main Street when she
……………………… (see) the ground floor on fire.
3. While he ………………………………. (fly) off the Miami Coast, the pilot …………….. (see)
sharks approaching the swimmers.
4. The fireman ……………………………… (fight) the fire on a balcony below when he

………………………… (hear) someone’s shouts.
5. She …………………… (die) while she ………………………….. (run) after a bus.
6. We …………………………….. (have) dinner when the electricity …………………… (go) off.
7. She ………………………… (think) of something else while you ……………….. (talk) to

her.
8. I ……………………….. (see) her while I ……………………………. (look) out of the window.
9. While the teacher ………………………………….. (talk), the students …………………..

(look) at an insect on the ceiling.
EXERCSE 2
Use THE SIMPLE PAST or THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE to fill in the blanks:
1. The young man ……………………………… (never / be) to Paris, but he ……………..
(read) a book about this city last year.
2. …………………… you …………………… (decide) where to go yet?
3. A: Have some tea, please.
B: No, thank you. I …………………………………. (just / have) two cups of tea.
4. Susan …………………………. (do) her homework before 10 o’clock but Jane ………….
……………….. (not /write) a word until now.
5. Her mother ………………………………… (buy) her a pair of new shoes yesterday.
6. The Prime Minister …………………………. (leave) for the USA an hour ago.
7. A: …………….. the plane ……………………. (land)?
B: Yes, it ………………………… (land) ten minutes ago.
8. It ………………………………. (not / rain) for a long time.
9. ……………… you …………… (see) my dog? It …………………… (run away) this morning.
EXERCSE 3
Use THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE or THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS to fill in the blanks:
29
1. I’m tired. We ………………………………………………. (walk) for over an hour. Let’s stop
and rest for a while.
2. The zoo isn’t far from here. I ………………………………………………… (walk) there many
times.
3. I …………………………………………………. (write) my friends at least a dozen letters

since I left home and come home.
4. Sally is writing a letter to her boyfriend. She ………………………………………. (write) it

since she got home from class. It’s going to be a long letter.
5. The telephone …………………………………………….. (ring) four times in the last hour,

and each time it has been for my roommate.
6. The telephone ……………………………………………… (ring) for almost a minute. Why

doesn’t someone answer it?
7. She is 80 and she ………………………………………… (never / read) a book in her life.
8. The secretary is very tired. She ………………………………………………… (type) all

morning.
EXERCSE 4
Fill in the following sentences by using PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:
1. We ………………………………………………… (play) football for half an hour when it
started to rain.
2. I …………………………………………………. (study) English for a short time when the

electricity went off.
3. She ……………………………………………… (do) her homework before you came in.
4. His knees and hands were very dirty. He ………………………………………….. (crawl) in

the garden.
5. I ……………………………………………… (drive) the car for five years when I sold it.
6. We were very tired. We ………………………………………………. (travel) for about sixteen

hours.
7. They were out of breath. They ……………………………………………… (run) for a long

time.
8. He ……………………………………………. (live) in London for ten years when he had an

accident.
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………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
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NOTES
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MAN SUES WIFE FOR BEING UGLY
A man is apparently suing his wife for the deep distress she caused when he saw her without
makeup for the first time. According to Yahoo! News, the husband made the shocking discovery
the morning after their wedding.
He was allegedly so stunned by his wife’s natural appearance, he didn’t believe he was in bed with
the same person he married. The man reportedly said she looked so different, he was under the
impression a stranger had come to “steal his apartment.”
The lawsuit accuses the woman of fraudulence and claims she owes the equivalent of a little over
$20,000 for the “psychological suffering” induced by her incomparable deceit.
31
SESSION 4
EXERCISE 1 - Pronunciation Exercise
Short and long “u” Short and long “e”

1. hut – hoot 1. fell – feel
2. shut – shoot 2. pet – Pete
3. look – Luke 3. met – meet
4. fuss – fuse 4. Jen – jean
5. pull – pool 5. sell – seal
6. full – fool 6. set – seat
7. Rudd – rude 7. wet – wheat
8. mud – mood 8. sweat – sweet
9. dud – dude 9. red – read
10. Mon. – moon 10. Ben – bean
EXERCISE 2
Phonetic Exercise
1. Fill in the gap with the vowel sound that is in the word HORSE.
/h _____ s/
2. Fill in the gap with the vowel sound that is in the word BIRD.
/b _______ d /
3. 3. Fill in the gap with the vowel sound that is in the word BOOK.
/b ________k/
4. Fill in the gap with the vowel sound that is in the word TWO.
/t ________/
5. Fill in the gap with the vowel sound that is in the word FOX.
/f ______ ks/
6. Fill in the gap with the vowel sound that is at the end of the word LITTER.
/lit_____r /
32
ELEMENTS OF CRIMINAL LAW
Criminal Law is the body of law that defines criminal offences, regulates the
apprehension, charging, and trial of suspected persons, and fixes punishment
for convicted offenders.
The offences that involve criminal law, a part of public law, are those against
the state. Criminal law presupposes a rule of law in defining acts as criminal.
In other words, however immoral or unjust an act may be thought to be, it is
not a crime unless the law says it is one.
Under the common law, custom and precedent define criminal action; in
countries or states where a legal code exists, statute defines it. Criminal law
usually prohibits the trial of a person a second time for the same offence
(double jeopardy) and contains statutes of limitations — that is, limits for
the period during which charges may be made.
A crime is usually defined as a voluntary act or omission, in conjunction with
a given state of mind. Acts committed during fits of epilepsy or while
sleepwalking are involuntary and thus do not qualify as crimes. Mental
disorders are also widely recognized as limiting responsibility for acts
otherwise regarded as criminal. Other factors entering into the
determination of criminal intent are self-defence, defence of other persons,
protection of property, and enforcement of the law. The law of most
countries recognizes that the use of force, while not justifiable, may be
excused if the defendant believed that the use of force was necessitated
by special circumstances.
Criminal acts include arson, rape, treason, aggravated assault, theft,
burglary, robbery, and murder. Other concerns of criminal law are
conspiracy, a rather broad term that denotes agreement between two or
more individuals to commit a crime, and attempt. The definition of attempt
varies from one legal system to another, but essentially it is preparation for
criminal action that has gone beyond a legally defined point.
Important differences exist between the criminal law of most English-
speaking countries and that of other countries. The criminal law of England
33
and the United States derives from the traditional English common law of
crimes and has its origins in the judicial decisions embodied in reports of
decided cases. England has consistently rejected all efforts toward
comprehensive legislative codification of its criminal law; even now there is
no statutory definition of murder in English law. Some Commonwealth
countries, however, notably India, have enacted criminal codes that are
based on the English common law of crimes. The criminal law of the United
States, derived from the English common law, has been adapted in some
respects to American conditions. In the majority of the U.S. states the
common law of crimes has been repealed by legislation. The effect of such
statutes is that no person may be tried for any offence that is not specified
in the statutory law of the state. But even in these states the common-law
principles still exist, for the criminal statutes are often simply codifications
of the common law, and their provisions are interpreted by reference to the
common law.
In Europe the criminal law of modern times has emerged from various
codifications. By far the most important were the two Napoleonic codes of
1808 and 1810. The German codes of 1871 (penal code) and 1877 (procedure)
provided the models for other European countries.
In the last few decades the movement for codification and law reform has
made considerable progress everywhere. Modern criminal law has been
affected considerably by the social sciences, especially with respect to
sentencing, legal research, legislation, and rehabilitation.
EXERCISE 1
Using your own words, answer the questions. Use complete sentences
1. What are the two important elements of a crime which the prosecution
must prove?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. What is «double jeopardy»?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
34
3. What differences exist between the criminal law of most English-speaking
countries and that of other countries?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. What criminal codes provided the model for many European countries?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. What has modern criminal law been affected by?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 2
Match each word on the left with the correct definition on the right.
A.
(a) an arsonist 1. sets fire to property illegally

(b) a shoplifter 2. is anyone who breaks the law
(c) an offender 3. breaks into houses or other buildings to steal

(d) a vandal 4. steals from shops while acting as an ordinary customer
(e) a burglar 5. kills someone

(f) a murderer 6. causes damage to property
(g) a kidnapper 7. steals things from people’s pockets in crowded places

(h) a pickpocket 8. gets secret information from another country
(i) an accomplice 9. buys and sells drugs illegally

(j) a drug dealer 10 takes away people by force and demands money for their return
(k) a spy 11. helps a criminal in a criminal act

(l) a terrorist 12. uses violence for political reasons
B.
(a) an assassin 1. causes damage or disturbance in public places
(b) a hooligan 2. hides on a ship or plane to get a free journey

(c) a stowaway 3. takes control of a plane by force and makes
(d) a thief 4. the pilot change course

(e) a hijacker 5. murders for political reasons or a reward
35
(f) a forger 6. is someone who steals
(g) a robber 7. makes false money or signatures
(h) a smuggler 8. is a member of a criminal group

(i) a traitor 9. steals money etc by force from people or places
(j) a gangster 10. marries illegally, being married already

(k) a deserter 11. is a soldier who runs away from the army
(1) a bigamist 12. brings goods into a country illegally without paying tax
13. betrays his or her country to another state
C.
1. Arson a) is taking a person away by force and keeping them

2. Assault prisoner, usually in order to demand money for their safe
return.
3. Blackmail
b) is the serious crime of stealing large amounts of money
4. Burglary from a bank, a shop or a vehicle, often using force or
5. Embezzlement threats of violence
6. Forgery c) is the crime of copying things such as banknotes, letters,
official documents, etc. in order to deceive people.
7. Fraud
8. Hijacking. d) is killing a person by accident or negligence.
9. Kidnapping e) is forcing someone to have sex with you.
10. Libel f) is the crime of deliberately setting fire to a building.
11. Manslaughter g) is taking control of an aeroplane, train, etc. by force,

usually in order to make political demands.
12. Murder
h) is killing a person deliberately
13. Rape
i) is demanding money or favours from someone by
14. Robbery
threatening to reveal a secret about them which, if made
15. Shoplifting public, could cause the person embarrassment and harm.
16. Theft j) is deliberately taking goods from a shop without paying
for them.
k) is stealing money that is placed in your care, often over a

period of time.
l) is the crime of getting money from someone by tricking or

deceiving them.
m) is the crime of physically attacking someone.

n) is printing or publishing something which is untrue and
damages another person's reputation in some way.
o) is the crime of breaking into a house, a flat, etc. in order
to steal things.
p) is the crime of stealing.
36
37
EXERCISE 3
Choose the right preposition in brackets according to the contents of the
sentences (by, from, in, on, to, for).
1) The Crown Prosecutor, who works for the Director of Public
Prosecutions, is responsible ………..… prosecuting criminals based on
evidence presented by the police.
2) The definition of some legal terms varies ………..… one legal system to
another. 3) The judge sentenced my neighbour to punishment ………..…
the crime which he hadn’t committed.
4) The State of Louisiana has a Roman civil form of law which derives… its
days as a French colony.
5) This decision was repealed ………..…the Constitutional Court.
6) One of the two accused men was tried………..…an offense at yesterday’s
trial.
7) In Ukraine ………..… the last eight years the movement of law reform has
made considerable progress.
8) The judicial decision was based ………..…the Criminal Code of the country.
9) The judge sentenced the other accused man ………..…two years in prison.
EXERCISE 4
Put each of the following words and phrases into its correct place in the
passage below.
bigamy civil classes community countries crimes

criminal law felony fine forgery laws life
imprisonment
misdemeanour offences punishment person prison state
term treason
Crime
Crime violates the laws of a community, …………….……….……..…... or nation. It is
punishable in accordance with these ……………….…….……..….. . “The definition of
crime varies according to time and place, but the laws of most . …………….….
…………..…..consider as crimes such . …….……………….……..…..as arson, . …………….
……….……..….., burglary, …………….…….………..….. murder, and . ………….………….……..….”.
38
Not all offences against the law are ………….………….……..…... The laws that set
down the punishments for crimes form the ……….…………….……..….. . This law
defines as crimes those offences considered most harmful to the . ……………….
…….……..…... . On the other hand, a .. …………….…….………..….. may wrong someone
else in some other way that offends the ……….…………….……..…..law.
The common law recognizes three . ………….………….……..…..of crime: treason, .
…………….……..…….…….. and misdemeanour. Death or …………….……….……..….. is the
usual .... …………….……….……..…... for treason. Laws in the United States, for
example, define a felony as a crime that is punishable by a …………….……….……..
…..of one year or more in a state or federal …………….……….……..….. .A person
who commits a ………….………….……..…..may be punished by a . …………….….…………..…..
or a jail term of less than one year.
39
S4. iii – GRAMMAR REVISION – Expressing the Future …
EXERCISE 1
Make sentences with WILL BE –ING (The Future Continuous):
1. I’m going to watch television from 9 until 10 o’clock this evening.
So at 9.30 I ……………………………………………………………………..
2. Tomorrow afternoon I’m going to play tennis from 3 o’clock until 4.30.
So at 4 o’clock tomorrow I ……………………………………………………..
3. Jim is going to study from 7 o’clock until 10 o’clock this evening.
So at 8.30 this evening he ………………………………………………………
4. We are going to clean the flat tomorrow. It will take from 9 until 11 o’clock.
So at 10 o’clock tomorrow morning ……………………………………………
5. Tom is a football fan and there is a football match on television this evening. The match begins at 7.30
and ends at 9.15. So at 8.30 this evening …………………………………………………………
7. Don’t phone me between 7 and 8. ………………………………………….. (we / finish)
EXERCISE 2
Use FUTURE PERFECT TENSE (WILL HAVE +PAST PARTICIPLE):
1. By next February I ……………………………………………… (write) my third book.
2. I hope you ……………………………………………. (not / forget) my name by tomorrow.
3. By next week we …………………………………………….. (redecorate) the house.
4. Next July she …………………………………………… (be) dead for ten years.
5. I hope I ……………………………………………… (not / make) a lot of mistakes in this exam when I finish it.
6. By the end of this year I ………………………………………… (drive) more than one hundred thousand
kilometers with this car.
7. I hope it ……………………………………………. (stop) raining before the match starts.
8. I ……………………………………………. (have) an operation when you turn back.
9. By this time next week I …………………………………………………. (marry).
10. If nothing is done one million species that are alive today ………………………………… (become) extinct in
twenty years.
11. Tom and Ann are going to the cinema. The film begins at 7.30 and it is already 7.20. And it will take
them 20 minutes to get there.
When they get there, …………………………………………… (the film / already / start)
12. Jim always goes to bed at 11 o’clock. Tom is going to visit him at 11.30 this evening.
When Tom arrives, …………………………………………………….. (Jim / go / to bed)
40
13. Tom is on holiday. He has very little money and he is spending too much too quickly.
Before the end of his holiday, ……………………………….. (he / spend / all his money)
14. Chuck came to Britain from the US nearly three years ago. Next Monday it will be exactly three years
since he arrived.
Next Monday ………………………………………… (he / be / here / exactly three years)
15. Next year is Ted and Amy’s 25th wedding anniversary. They …………………………….. (be married) for 25
years.
EXERCISE 3
D) Fill in the blanks using FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (WILL HAVE BEEN +Ving):
1. By the end of June I ……………………………………………….. (live) in this flat for thirteen years.
2. I ……………………………………………… (fly) to London for an hour at this time tomorrow.
3. At this time next week I …………………………………………………. (work) for this company for 20 years.
4. When the bell rings I ……………………………………………… (teach) for eight hours today.
5. I …………………………………………………… (wear) these glasses for five years next week.
6. I ………………………………………………… (drive) this car for six years tomorrow.
7. At this time tomorrow I ……………………………………………….. (take) a test for an hour.
8. At this time next year I …………………………………………….. (have) a holiday in Antalya for a week.
9. At this time next year I …………………………………………….(live) in Istanbul for ten years.
10. By the time we get home they ……………………………………………….. (play) football for half an hour.
41
………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
NOTES
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
STRANGE SEPARATION
A couple separated after 40 years of marriage and husband cut the house in
two.
They had been living in a village Cambodia, roughly 50 miles (80 km) from
the capital. The couple would not talk to the newspaper, but the village
chief told May Titthara that the husband was angry because his wife
wouldn't tend to him when he was ill.
Last week, the husband and his friends moved his belongings to one side of
the house -- and sawed and chiselled it off.
The man moved his part of the house to his parents' property, May Titthara
said. He lives with his parents, while the wife continues to reside in her half.
42
SESSION 5
S5. i – PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES
Write the third person singular present tense form in the appropriate space according to the final -s
or -es pronunciation.
Base Form /s/ /z/ /ɪz/
1. appoint ________ ________ ________
2. arrange ________ ________ ________
3. box ________ ________ ________
4. bury ________ ________ ________
5. carry ________ ________ ________
6. catch ________ ________ ________
7. come ________ ________ ________
8. cook ________ ________ ________
9. count ________ ________ ________
10. drive ________ ________ ________
11. go ________ ________ ________
12. hate ________ ________ ________
13. hurry ________ ________ ________
14. judge ________ ________ ________
15. mess ________ ________ ________
16. name ________ ________ ________
17. need ________ ________ ________
18. pass ________ ________ ________
19. pick ________ ________ ________
20. plant ________ ________ ________
21. put ________ ________ ________
22. raise ________ ________ ________
23. reach ________ ________ ________
24. rob ________ ________ ________
25. speak ________ ________ ________
26. talk ________ ________ ________
27. try ________ ________ ________
28. wait ________ ________ ________
29. watch ________ ________ ________
30. wave ________ ________ ________
43
FORENSIC SCIENCE AND SCIENTIFIC EXPERTISE

Forensic science and scientific expertise serve the administration of justice by providing
scientific support in the investigation of crime and providing evidence to the courts.
Scientific expertise is available on a case-by-case basis to different law enforcement
agencies. It is very important during investigation of many crimes, particularly fires where
arson is suspected, cases involving DNA profiling and offences involving the use of firearms.
The scientists have a wide range of experience in fire-scene examination, including fatal
fires in domestic premises, large industrial fires and vehicle fires.
DNA profiling is a revolutionary scientific testing process, which can positively identify an
individual from a specimen of blood, hair roots, tissue, etc. its application to crime
specimens represents the greatest advance in forensic science in decades. The vast
potential of DNA profiling is recognized by the police and the legal profession, and its use in
criminal investigation has increased.
Forensic science experts provide advice on firearms and related matters and assistance in
the investigation of shooting incidents. When presented with a suspect weapon, the expert
is able to establish whether or not it was the weapon used in a crime. Experts are
particularly adept in the microscopic examination of spent bullets and cartridge cases.
The experts also use fingerprinting, method of identification using the impression made by
the ridge patterns found on the fingertips. No two persons have exactly the same
arrangement of ridge patterns, and the patterns of any one individual remain unchanged
through life.
Fingerprints may be classified and filed on the basis of the ridge patterns, setting up an
identification system that is almost infallible.
The first recorded use of fingerprints was by the ancient Assyrians and Chinese for the
signing of legal documents. The use of fingerprints for identification purposes was proposed
late in the 19th century by the British scientist Sir Francis Galton, who wrote a detailed
study of fingerprints in which he presented a new classification system using prints of all
ten fingers, which is the basis of identification systems still in use. Subsequently, the use of
fingerprinting as a means for identifying criminals spread rapidly throughout Europe and the
United States, superseding the old system of identification by means of body
measurements.
44
As crime-detection methods improved, law enforcement officers found that any smooth,
hard surface touched by a human hand would yield fingerprints made by the oily secretion
present on the skin. When these so-called latent prints were dusted with powder or
chemically treated, the identifying fingerprint pattern could be seen and photographed or
otherwise preserved. Today, law enforcement agencies can also use computers to digitally
record fingerprints and to transmit them electronically to other agencies for comparison.
By comparing fingerprints at the scene of a crime with the fingerprint record of suspected
persons, officials can establish absolute proof of the presence or identity of a person.
EXERCISE 1
Give the definitions for the following terms and expressions. Then translate them into
French.
1. DNA profiling
DEFINITION: ……………………………………………………………………………………
TRANSLATION: …………………………………………………………………………………
2. Fire-scene examination
DEFINITION: ……………………………………………………………………………………
TRANSLATION: …………………………………………………………………………………
3. fingerprinting
DEFINITION: ……………………………………………………………………………………
TRANSLATION: …………………………………………………………………………………
4. body measurements
DEFINITION: ……………………………………………………………………………………
TRANSLATION: …………………………………………………………………………………
5. microscopic examination
DEFINITION: ……………………………………………………………………………………
TRANSLATION: …………………………………………………………………………………
6. latent prints
DEFINITION: ……………………………………………………………………………………
TRANSLATION: …………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 2
Answer the following questions using the information from the text. Use complete sentences.
1. What is the principle objective of forensic science and scientific expertise?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
45
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. What was the revolutionary testing process?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. How can an individual be identified?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. On which cases do forensic science experts provide advice?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. What are other methods that are used by experts, besides DNA profiling?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6 How can absolute proof of a person’s identity be established?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 3
Choose the right preposition in brackets according to the contents of the sentences (for,
throughout, in, on, with, to, by…of, for).
1. Experts advise………………………weapon and related matters.
2. The identification system, which basis was worked out by Sir Francis Galton, is still
……………………… use.
3. The use of fingerprinting spread rapidly ………………………Europe.
4. After a human hand yields its fingerprint on any surface, it is usually dusted
………………………powder.
5. The old identification system was based on the identifying of an

individual………………………means………………………body measurements.
46
6. Nowadays digitally recorded fingerprints are usually transmitted electronically to
other investigation agencies………………………comparison.
7. Specimen of blood can be applied ……………………… crime specimens; this method

helps to positively identify an individual.
8. The method of fingerprinting is a means ………………………identifying criminals.
EXERCISE 4
Insert one of the following words into the text in an appropriate form.
Fingerprints
scientific, fingerprints, to set up, forensic, subsequently,

to record, identification, skin, ridge, examination, patterns, scene,
to transmit, evidence, to arrest, specimen
Very many books and ……………………………… papers have been published on the
subject of ………………………………, and the reference to «the prints from man’s
hand» can even be found in the Bible.
The study of the application of fingerprints for useful ………………………………

purposes
was ……………………………… in the latter part of the 17th century when, in 1684,
the anatomist,Doctor N. Grew published a paper on the subject which he
illustrated with drawings of various fingerprints ……………………………… . About the
same period, in Italy, Prof. Malpigni was investigating the functions of the
……………………………….
A method of classifying and research in this field was initiated by Sir Francis
Galton and Henry Faulds independently at the end of the 19th century.
Each day, the fingerprints of people who have been sentenced to a term of
imprisonment, and those who have been ……………………………… and charged with
other than the most minor offences, are ……………………………… to New Scotland
Yard for processing.
One of the main tasks of the National Fingerprints Office is to establish whether
the person has a previous record. Scenes of serious crime are examined for
fingerprints by Senior Identification Officers. The function of these officers to
detect and to ……………………………… any finger or palm mark (or the arrangement
of ……………………………… patterns) which an offender may have left at the scene.
They also retrieve … clues, e.g. a ……………………………… of blood, shoe or tissue

marks, which are then forwarded to the Forensic laboratory for
microscopic……………………………….
One of the cases involving the use of fingerprints ……………………………… was in

1905, when a thumb print left on a cash box at the ……………………………… of a
murder in Deptford of shopkeepers Mr. and Mrs. Farrow, was identified as
47
belonging to Alfred Stratton, one of two brothers. As a result they were jointly
charged with the crime and ……………………………… hanged.
48
EXERCISE 5
Put each of the following words in its correct place in the passage below.
theft fingerprints cell

arrest investigate charge detained
court magistrate handcuff
An Arrest
A policeman was sent to (a) ……………………………… the disappearance of some

property from a hotel. When he arrived, he found that the hotel staff had caught a
boy in one of the rooms with a camera and some cash. When the policeman tried
to (b) ……………………………… the boy, he became violent and the policeman had to
(c) ……………………………… him. At the police station the boy could not give a
satisfactory explanation for his actions and the police decided to (d)
……………………………… him with the (e) ……………………………… of the camera and
cash. They took his (f) ………………………………, locked him in a (g)
………………………………, and (h) ……………………………… him overnight. The next
morning, he appeared in (i) ……………………………… before the (j)
………………………………. theft fingerprints cell
arrest investigate charge detained court magistrate handcuff
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S5. iii – GRAMMAR REVISION –The Passive
EXERCISE 1
Rewrite the following passage in the PASSIVE:
Someone broke into a local jewellery shop yesterday. The owner had just locked up the shop
when a robber with a gun threatened him. The robber told him to unlock the shop and give him
all the diamonds in the safe. Then the robber tied him up. The police have organized a search
for the robber. They hope they will find him in a few days. Doctors are treating the owner of the
shop for shock.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 1
Read each sentence. Then make two new sentences in the PASSIVE:
1. People say Tom Cruise is the richest movie star.
a) It is said that Tom Cruise is the richest movie star.
b) Tom Cruise is said to be the richest movie star.
2. Everybody thinks that Hakan is a good football player.

a) It ………………………………………………………………………. .
b) Hakan …………………………………………………………………. .
3. They say that his books are still popular.
a) It ………………………………………………………………………… .
b) His books ……………………………………………………………….. .
4. They report that at least 10.000 dolphins are caught in the nets of tuna fishers every year.
a) It …………………………………………………………………………. .
b) At least 10.000 dolphins …………………………………………………. .
5. They estimate that 1500 square kilometers of rainforests is cut every year.
a) It …………………………………………………………………………… .
b) 1500 square kilometers of rainforests ……………………………………… .
6. We knew that pencil lead is made from graphite, clay, water and wax.
a) It …………………………………………………………………………….. .
b) Pencil lead …………………………………………………………………... .
7. They reported that the railway line was buried under tons of rock and earth.
a) It ……………………………………………………………………………… .
b) The railway line ……………………………………………………………… .
8. People don’t think that inflation will go down.
a) It ……………………………………………………………………………….. .
b) Inflation ……………………………………………………………………….. .
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………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
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NOTES
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
STUPID CRIMINALS
A man suspected of arson and vandalism sent a selfie to police in Ohio

in the US because he found the photo on his arrest warrant to be
unflattering. He was jailed for four years.
Donald "Chip" Pugh texted police a photo of himself and wrote: "Here
is a better photo …that one is terrible".
He told a local radio station: "Man, they just did me wrong. They put a
picture out that made me look like I was a Thundercat... or James
Brown on the run. I can't do that."
Lima Police Department responded by saying: "We thank him for
being helpful, but now we would appreciate it if he would come to
speak to us."
He was later arrested in Florida.
SESSION 6
51
Pronunciation Worksheet
final –ed: [t] [d] [\d]
A. Say the past tense form of these regular verbs. Pay attention to your pronunciation.
1. watch 21. burn 41. pray 61. concentrate

2. dress 22. zip 42. melt 62. rent
3. ask 23. sigh 43. increase 63. stay
4. wash 24. enjoy 44. follow 64. treat
5. seat 25. try 45. touch 65. realize
6. answer 26. check 46. tax 66. retire
7. test 27. push 47. brush 67. cough
8. cross 28. complain 48. cash 68. reach
9. dance 29. decide 49. want 69. study
10. fix 30. allow 50. judge 70. permit
11. lie 31. damage 51. kneel 71. pretend
12. correct 32. please 52. hum 72. kidnap
13. mix 33. greet 53. open 73. listen
14. invent 34. pass 54. reply 74. produce
15. consider 35. drill 55. discover 75. love
16. talk 36. explore 56. invite 76. remind
17. bathe 37. flood 57. care 77. share
18. crash 38. mow 58. save 78. supply
19. miss 39. exercise 59. report 79. snore
20. pull 40. hope 60. stop 80. work
52
TEXT 1
“Policing in the United Kingdom”
During the twentieth century the English police forces have become well-known throughout the
world from the great mass of fiction about crime and detection poured out by so many English
authors and often translated into many other languages. Any regular reader of English detective
stories is familiar with the name of Scotland Yard and its detectives, and also with the figure of
the ordinary English policeman sometimes called with his odd helmet the "bobby" after Sir
Robert Peel, the founder of the police force.
The modern policeman needs a great variety of new professional skills to enable him to deal
with new-style crime and with the other problems which affect life in Britain no less than other
countries. Policemen are to be seen in towns and cities keeping law and order, either walking in
the streets ("pounding the beat") or driving in cars (known as "panda cars" because of their
distinctive markings).
Most countries have a national police force which is controlled by central Government. Britain
has no national police force, instead there is a separate police force headed by a Chief Constable
for each of 52 areas into which the country is divided. Each has a police authority – a committee
of local county councillors and magistrates.
All members of the police must have gained a certain level of academic qualifications at school
and undergone a period of intensive training. Like the army, there are a number of ranks: after
the Chief Constable comes Assistant Chief Constable, Chief Superintendent, Chief Inspector,
Inspector, Sergeant and Constable. Women make up about 10 per cent of the police force.
The police are helped by a number of Special Constables – members of the public who work for
the police voluntarily for a few hours a week.
Each police force has its own Criminal Investigation Department1 (CID).
Members of CID are detectives and they do not wear uniforms. (The other uniformed people
you see in British towns are traffic wardens. Their job is to make sure that drivers obey the
parking regulations. They have no other powers – it is the police who are responsible for
controlling offences like speeding, careless driving and drunken driving).
There are Regional Crime Squads in England and Wales with experienced detective officers. The
object of the Squads is to provide trained flexible mobile groups of crime investigation.
In most countries, the police carry guns. The British police generally do not carry firearms,
except in Northern Ireland. Only a few police are regularly armed – those who guard politicians
53
and diplomats or who patrol airports. In certain circumstances specially trained police officers
can be armed, but only with the signed permission of a magistrate.
The duties of the police are varied, ranging from assisting at accidents to safeguarding public
order and dealing with lost property.
The Royal Commission on the Police listed eight main functions of the contemporary police
force: to maintain law and order and to protect persons and their property, to prevent crime, to
detect criminals, to decide whether to prosecute, to perform road traffic duties, to be friend the
public.
About a quarter of the police strength of the country is in the Metropolitan Police of London
which is responsible for the area of 788 square miles (excluding the city of London).
The Home Secretary in England and Wales and the Secretary of State for Scotland and Northern
Ireland are concerned with the organization of the police service. The decision to commence
criminal proceedings in England and Wales is, in most cases, made entirely by the police. In
practice the police bring about 97% of all criminal cases to court.
Opinion polls show that the majority of the public sympathize with the police
EXERCISE 1
Pronounce correctly the following proper names:
Sir Robert Peel Criminal Investigation Department

Scotland Yard Regional Crime Squads
Chief Constable The Royal Commission
The Metropolitan Police of London The Home Secretary in England and Wales;
The Secretary of State for Scotland and Northern Ireland.
EXERCISE 2
How are the following ideas expressed in the text.
1) an official body of men whose duty is to protect people and property, to catch criminals;
…………………………………………………………
2) a policeman whose special job is to find out information that will lead to criminals being
caught;
…………………………………………………………
3) the condition in which laws and rules are obeyed by most of the people and the
government or the person(s) in charge can keep control;
…………………………………………………………
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4) a certain type of clothing which all members of a group wear, esp. in the army or the
police;
…………………………………………………………
5) an official who helps to see that certain laws are obeyed;

…………………………………………………………
6) to do what one is asked or ordered to do by someone;

…………………………………………………………
7) the offence of driving faster than the lawful limit;

…………………………………………………………
8) to examine the reason for something, the character of someone;

…………………………………………………………
9) to go at regular times round an area or building to see that there is no trouble, that no one
is trying to get in or out unlawfully;
…………………………………………………………
10) to keep safe, esp. by watching for danger;

…………………………………………………………
11) something unpleasant, undesirable that happens unexpectedly or by chance;

…………………………………………………………
12) ownership, with its rights and duties according to the law;
…………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 3
Choose the best way to complete the sentences.
1. Any regular reader of English detective stories is familiar with the detectives from
a) Scotland Yard
b) Criminal Investigation Department
c) Regional Crime Squads
2. Each separate police force is headed by
a) Chief Superintendent
b) Chief Constable
c) Chief Inspector
3. The object of the Squads is
a) to patrol airports
b) to perform road traffic duties
c) to provide trained flexible mobile groups of crime investigation.
4. The duties of the police are controlled by
a) central government
55
b) a committee of local county councillors and magistrates
c) the Crown Court
5. Only a few policemen are regularly armed
a) those who guard politicians and diplomats
b) traffic wardens
c) detectives
6. The main duties of police are listed by
a) the Metropolitan Police of London
b) the Royal Commission on the Police
c) the Home Secretary
TEXT 2
“Police in the USA”
Contemporary policemen have the same general objectives as did their counterparts of old: to
protect life and property and safeguard the individual liberties guaranteed by the Constitution
and to prevent crime and disorder and preserve the peace.
Policemen are given certain limited powers to pursue those objectives. Those powers are either
derived from or restricted by six sources: the United States Constitution, legislation of the
Congress, legislative enactments of the states, local and country ordinances, court decisions and
court precedents.
The police mission involves: the prevention of criminality, repression of crime, apprehension of
offenders, recovery of property, regulation of noncriminal conduct, performance of
miscellaneous services.
The police is seeking to reduce causes of crime, to trace criminal tendencies and individuals
motivated to indulge in antisocial behaviour. The certainty of arrest and prosecution has a
deterrent effect, it enables society to punish offenders, to lessen the prospect of repetition by
causing suspects to be incarcerated, and provides an opportunity for rehabilitation of those
convicted.
Police is also involved with the enforcement of traffic and sanitary-code provisions that are only
incidentally concerned with criminal behaviour. There are services peripheral to basic police
duties and include, for example, the operation of detention facilities, search and rescue
operations, licensing, supervising elections, staffing courts with administrative and security
personnel, chauffeuring officials.
The FBI, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, is considered by many to be the finest investigative
body in the world. American policemen hold it in high esteem. The FBI is responsible for the
investigation of all Federal laws and for violations committed on Government property. In
56
addition the FBI's jurisdiction includes matters of internal security (espionage, sabotage,
treason); bank robbery; kidnapping; extortion; interstate transportation of stolen autos, aircraft,
cattle, or property; interstate transportation or transmission of wagering information, gambling
devices, fraud against the government; violations of election law; civil rights violation; and
assaulting or killing a Federal officer or the President of the United States.
The FBI also operates a national crime laboratory for its use and for use by police departments
at all levels of government, and publishes the monthly Law Enforcement Bulletin. The FBI
collects crime statistics and publishes them in the Uniform Crime Report, and maintains a
central fingerprint Repository.
The Bureau engage in the training of local police officers through the National Academy and
through school conducted by traveling teams of agents. FBI agents often possess Law degrees or
degrees in accounting; however, applicants with baccalaureate degrees and various amounts of
police and military experience are occasionally considered for appointment.
EXERCISE 4
Say if these statements are true or false.
1. Contemporary policemen have modern general objectives as did their counterparts . T …. F .…
2. The police is seeking to reduce causes of crime. T …. F .…
3. There are services peripheral to basic police duties. T …. F .…
4. The FBI is considered to be the finest investigative body in the USA. T …. F .…
5. The FBI is only responsible for the investigation for violations committed on government
property. T …. F .…
6. The FBI collects crime statistics and publishes them in the Uniform Crime Report. T …. F .…
7. The agents of FBI are ordinary policemen. T …. F .…
EXERCISE 5
DISCUSSION
1. What is the first image that comes to mind when I say “police brutality?”
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. What is the first name that comes to mind when I say “police brutality”? Why?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
57
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. What is the first idea that comes to mind when I say “stopping police brutality?”
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. How did you react to the massive Black Lives Matter movement?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Do you believe this was a matter of police brutality or of racism? Why?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 6
Fill in the missing words in the sentences below. Choose from the following:
abolished coroner inquest loot alibi custody internment

martial law amnesty damages judicial on parole bail
euthanasia justice statement clues illicit law-abiding
warder conviction injunction legislation warrant
1) The ____________________ of political prisoners is quite common in some countries. Britain

tried it unsuccessfully in Northern Ireland to combat the IRA.
2) The government is thinking of introducing __________________ making it compulsory for

every citizen to carry an identity card.
3) A person who looks after prisoners is called a prison officer or a ___________________.
4) Since there was something very suspicious about the man’s sudden death,
then_________________ was held at the Town Hall.
58
5) In Britain, capital punishment in the form of death by hanging was ___________________ in
1969.
6) The court issued an ___________________ forbidding the newspaper from publishing any
more photographs of the Princess of Wales at a private Health Club.
7) The police have issued a ___________________ for her arrest.
8) Trial by jury is an important part of the British system of ____________________.
9) The new governor issued a general ___________________ to all the rebels.
10) After the unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the government, the whole country was put
under __________________ for a month.
11) His ___________________ for the night of murder was that he had been at his girlfriend’s,
watching TV.
12) He successfully sued the newspaper for libel and was awarded nearly? 50,000 in
_________________.
13) The judge refused to grant him __________________, as it was feared that he would try to
leave the country before his trial came up.
14) Before the police took him away, the thief told his wife where he had hidden the
__________________.
15) They were prosecuted for dealing in ____________________ substances.
16) The doctor was found guilty of ___________________ when he turned off the life-support
system of a patient who was terminally ill with cancer.
17) The police took down the man’s __________________, read it back to him, then asked him
to sign it.
18) Detectives still haven’t found any ___________________ as to the whereabouts of the two
missing 13-year-old schoolchildren.
19) The robbers were taken to the police station and held in ___________________ until their
trial.
20) She couldn’t possibly have done it. She’s the most honest, ___________________ citizen
I’ve ever met.
21) This was his seventh ___________________ for stealing cars.
22) Not all countries have the same political or ___________________ systems.
23) He was released ___________________ to go to his mother’s funeral.
59
S6. Iii – GRAMMAR REVISION –Modals
EXERCISE 1
Rewrite the following sentences using MUST / CAN’T / MAY / MIGHT with the suitable infinitive
forms (+infinitive or +perfect infinitive) according to their tenses:
1. It is possible that they will not reach agreement.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Perhaps you found you made a mistake.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. It is certain that our boss will give a rise in our salary.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. It is impossible that she won the beauty contest last year.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Perhaps parents will find that they cannot understand the new teaching methods being
introduced in primary schools.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. It is not impossible that the Government’s policy will prove to be little short of disastrous.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
7. I’m sure Jane got 5 in her last exam.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
8. I’m sure you will catch the 5 o’clock train.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 1
Complete the sentences using (MUST (HAVE), CAN’T (HAVE), MAY-MIGHT-COULD (HAVE)):
1. We didn’t go out last night. We ……………………………………….. (go) to the cinema but we

decided to stay at home.
2. Jerry passed the examination. He didn’t study very much for it. The exam ……………….
…………………………….. (be) very difficult.
3. A: I wonder where Tom was going when you saw him.
B: He …………………………………………… (go) to work.
4. Thank you for doing the washing-up but you ………………………………………. (do) it
really. I was going to do it later.
5. The driver in front stopped suddenly without warning and I drove in to the back of his car. It
wasn’t my fault. He …………………………….. (give) warning that he was going to stop.
6. A: How do you think the fire started?
B: Well, I suppose someone ………………………………………. (drop) a cigarette.

60
………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
NOTES
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
STUPID CRIMINALS
Officials were left baffled by an Afghan Taliban commander who

gave himself up - and then tried to claim the $100 reward for his
capture.
Mohammad Ashan, a "mid-to-low-level Taliban commander", was
suspected of organising attacks on US and Afghan troops in the east
of the country.
According to reports, he walked up to a police checkpoint in 2012,
pointed to a wanted poster featuring his face, and asked for the $100
finder's fee.
The authorities were at a loss to explain his actions, although one US
official reportedly told journalists:
"Clearly, this man is an imbecile."
SESSION 7
61
EXERCISE 1 - Pronunciation Exercise
Short and long “i”

1. bit – bite
2. mitt – might
3. Tim – time
4. lick – like
5. fill – file
6. writ – right
7. pill – pile
8. will – while
9. sit – sight
10. sick – psych
EXERCISE 2
Fill in the gaps with a word represented by the phonetic sound symbol. Practice the AI sound
as in FLY.
1. Fill in the gap with the vowel sound that is in the word BEE /b____ /
2. Fill in the gap with the vowel sound that is in the word CAT /k _____t /
3. Fill in the gap with the vowel sound that is in the word CUT /k ____ t/
4. Fill in the gap with the vowel sound that is in the word CAR /k ___ r/
5. Fill in the gap with the vowel sound that is in the word HEAD /h ___ d/
62
PUNISHMENT - EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1
Civil and Criminal Penalties
Put each of the following words or phrases in its correct place below and in appropriate form.
to be imposed innocent community service to reduce to vary
imprisonment corporal punishment to be released fine suspended
to abolish to deter death penalty harsh
There are several kinds of punishment available to court.
In civil cases the most common punishment is ……………………………………………………………….… .
For criminal offences fines are also often used when the offense is not a serious one and
when the offender has not been in trouble before.
Another kind of punishment is available in some countries is
……………………………………………………………….
This requires the offender to certain amount of unpaid work, usually for a social institution
such as hospital. For more serious crimes the usual punishment is
…………………………………………………….
Some prison sentences are ……………………………………………………………….…: the offender is not sent to
prison if keeps out of trouble for a fixed period of time, but if he does offend again both
suspended sentence and any new one will ……………………………………………………………….…. The length of
sentences ………………………………………………………… from a few days to a lifetime. However, a life
sentence may allow the prisoner ……………………………………………………………….… after a suitably long
period if a review (parole) board agrees his detention no longer serves a purpose.
In some countries, such as the Netherlands, living conditions in prison are fairly good because
it is felt that deprivation of liberty is punishment in itself and should so …………………………………….
… that it ……………………………………………………………….… the possibility of the re-educating and
reforming himself. In other countries, conditions are rather bad. Britain and the USA are
trying to solve the shortage of space by allowing private companies to open prisons.
In some countries there is also ……………………………………………………………….… (physical). In Saudi
Arabia theft and possession of alcohol may be punished by cutting off the offender’s hand or
foot. They believe that it deters others from committing such crimes.
63
The ultimate penalty is death. But many countries have ……………………………………………………………….…
it or ceased to use the ……………………………………………………………….… because the innocent people can
be executed by mistake
EXERCISE 2
This is a list of punishments for crimes available in the United Kingdom criminal justice
system.
Translate them, giving the French equivalents. Use them in your own sentences
i. capital punishment TRANSLATION: ………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………
ii. probation TRANSLATION: ………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………
iii. life imprisonment TRANSLATION: ………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………
iv. community service order TRANSLATION: ………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………
v. fine TRANSLATION: ………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………
vi. suspended sentence TRANSLATION: ………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………
vii. corporal punishment TRANSLATION: ………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………
viii. imprisonment TRANSLATION: ………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………
EXERCISE 3
Match each punishment with its description:
1. capital punishment a) a period of time in jail
2. corporal punishment b) being made to do special hard work while in prison

3. eviction c) death
4. a heavy fine d) punishment imposed only if you commit a further crime

5. internment e) a large sum of money to pay
6. penal servitude f) whipping or beating

7. a prison sentence g) regular meetings with social worker
8. probation h) removing (a person) from a house or land by law

9. solitary confinement i) limiting the freedom of movement especially for political reason
64
10. a suspended sentence j) being imprisoned completely along
EXERCISE 4
The Purpose of State Punishment

Wrongdoer law-abiding death penalty barbaric rehabilitate
corporal punishment humane fit behaviour reform prevents revenge
What is the purpose of punishment? One purpose is obviously to _______________ the

offender, to correct the offender’s moral attitudes and anti-social (b)
___________________ and to (c) ___________________him or her, which means to
assist the offender to return to normal life as a useful member of the community.
Punishment can also be seen as a deterrent, because it warns other people of what will
happen if they break the law and so (d) ___________________them from doing so.
However, a third purpose of punishment lies, perhaps, in society’s desire for retribution
which basically means (e) ___________________. In other words, don’t we feel that a
(f) ___________________should suffer for his misdeed?
The form of punishment should also be considered, on the one hand, some believe that we
should «make the punishment (g) ___________________ the crime». For those who
attack others, (h) ___________________ should be used. Murderers should be subject
to the principle «an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth» and automatically receive the
(i) ___________________. On the other hand, it is said that such views are
unreasonable, cruel and (j) ___________________ and that we should show a moral (k)
___________________attitude to punishment and try to understand why a person
commits a crime and how society has failed to enable him to live a respectable, (l)
___________________ life.
EXERCISE 5
Fill in the missing verbs in the sentences below. Choose from the following and make any
changes where necessary.
Acquit deport mug shoplift assault double-cross pilfer smuggle

Blackmail embezzle prosecute sue burgle imprison prove swindle
Convict interrogate reprieve threaten defraud kidnap rob trespass
1. An armed gang ____________ the Kingsway Road branch of Barclays bank yesterday
afternoon and got away with nearly Ј90,000.
65
2. The salesman was very persuasive and managed to ______________ the elderly couple out
of their life savings.
3. Tourists have been advised to avoid going off into the mountains as six people have been
_____________ in the past month. As yet, no-one has been freed
4. The man was _____________ from Britain to Germany where he will face charges of
terrorism and murder.
5. The youths were fined Ј300 for ______________ on Government property and
deliberately causing damage to expensive machinery
6. She had pleaded not guilty throughout the trial, so it was a relief when the jury finally
______________ her.
7. The judge______________ him for ten years for fraud.
8. The prisoner was_____________ just hours before he was due to be executed.
9. The robbers _____________to shoot anyone who tried to sound the alarm.
10. The politician was being _____________ by a man who claimed he had photographs of
him accepting bribes.
11. Blake______________ the others in the gang and escaped to South America with most
of the money from the robbery.
12. The cleaner was caught______________ towels and glasses from the hotel.
13. He threatened to ______________ her for every penny she had if she tried to break
her contract.
14. It would be easy to______________ my father's house as he always leaves his bedroom
window open during the day.
15. As the man left the shop, the store detective stopped him and accused him of
______________. He had been caught on camera stuffing three ties into his briefcase.
16. He was so disappointed that his team were losing that he ran onto the pitch and
____________ the opposing team's goalkeeper, hitting him several times in the face.
17. He made large sums of money ______________ refugees into Britain, Holland and
Germany.
18. The post office clerk ______________nearly Ј5,000 over a period of two years.
19. She was walking through the park in broad daylight when a man ____________ her,
stealing her handbag containing nearly Ј200.
66
20. Although the police knew he was guilty, they were unable to______________ it – they
just didn't have sufficient evidence.
21. She was______________ of manslaughter and sent to prison for five years.
22. The detectives______________ the suspect for nearly ten hours before finally letting
him go.
23. The two directors______________ the company of nearly Ј2 million.
24. There was a large sign on the outside of the building which said: "Trespassers will be
______________”.
67
S7. iii – GRAMMAR REVISION -Gerunds and Infinitives
VIDEO : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohR163PgEK4
Verb patterns - 6 Minute Grammar (Gerunds and Infinitives)
EXERCISE
Put the verb into the gerund or the infinitive with ‘to’:
1. She delayed ______________ (get) out of bed.
2. He demanded ______________ (speak) to the manager.
3. I offered ______________ (help).
4. I miss ______________ (go) to the beach.
5. We postponed ______________ (do) our homework.
6. I’d hate ______________ (arrive) too late.
7. She admitted ______________ (steal) the money.
8. I chose ______________ (work) here.
9. She waited ______________ (buy) a drink.
10. I really appreciate ______________ (be) on holiday.
11. I couldn’t help ______________ (laugh).
12. It seems ______________ (be) raining.
13. I considered ______________ (move) to Spain.
14. They practised ______________ (speak).
15. Finally I managed ______________ (finish) the work.
16. I really can’t stand ______________ (wait) for the bus.
17. Unfortunately, we can’t afford ______________ (buy) a new car this year.
18. She risked ______________ (be) late.
19. I’d love ______________ (come) with you.
20. I prepared ______________ (go) on holiday.
68
………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
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NOTES
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
STUPID CRIMINALS
A man who tried to rob a Glasgow bookmaker while "armed" with a cucumber came unstuck when he
was tackled to the ground by an off-duty police officer.
Gary Rough brandished the vegetable - covered in a black sock - at a female worker at Ladbrokes in
Shettleston and demanded cash, which she refused.
Rough was then pinned down by the officer and arrested. He initially told police it was all a "joke"
before enquiring: "Am I getting the jail for this?"
He was indeed jailed at the High Court in Glasgow in 2014 after admitting assault with intent to rob."
SESSION 8
69
EXERCISE 1
Look carefully at the consonant phoneme for each question. Which of the four following words contains that
phoneme?
1. 4. 7.

a. chip a. teeth a. candles
b. gate b. father b. cushion
c. chic c. think c. mishap
d. Gemini d. thought d. just
2. 5. 8.

a. honest a. mother a. jest
b. hour b. this b. jar
c. happen c. path c. yeast
d. honor d. the d. play
3. 6.
a. dip b. genius a. shop b. ceiling
c. gap d. China c. vision d. passion
EXERCISE 2
Find the word in column 2 which has the same sound as the word in column 1.
The three phonemes practiced here are:
 'ooo' as in moon 'oo' as in book 'ow' as in house
Took Moon
House Look
Put House
Lunar Now
Ouch! Book
Too Crouch
Wooden Power
Lose Would
Soon Tower
Couldn't Do
Louse Soot
Looking Use
Wound Womb
Tomb Loose
70
Translate the text.
Swiss give Kenya legal assistance

Source: http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/foreign_affairs/Swiss_give_Kenya_legal_assistance.html?cid=33556974
By Julia Slater, swissinfo.ch
Switzerland has handed over a final batch of documents to the Swiss lawyer representing the
Kenyan anti-corruption authorities in the long-running Anglo-Leasing affair. But the Swiss
investigations into individuals suspected of money laundering in the same case continue.
The handover on Thursday, which included banking records, was in response to requests by the
Kenyan authorities for legal assistance in the case – in which a number of individuals are
suspected of procuring lucrative government contracts by bribing civil servants.
The scandal, which predates the 2002 election of Kenya’s current president, Mwai Kibaki,
involves state contracts in which hundreds of millions of dollars were awarded to non-existent
firms for goods and services that never materialised, including forgery-proof passports,
satellite dishes and forensic laboratories.
Details of the companies affected by the request are confidential. However, a report in the
Germanlanguage Neue Zürcher Zeitung in August 2010 said 18 state contracts were involved,
and that in 11 of these cases the trail led to Switzerland in the form of front companies or
their branch offices.
The newspaper alleged that SFr 170 million ($181 million) – corruptly taken out of the Kenyan
state treasury in connection with six of these cases – was placed in Swiss bank accounts.
Legal proceedings
The Kenyan Anti-Corruption Commission (KACC) first asked the Swiss authorities for help in
2007, but this action was blocked when the Kenyan Supreme Court ruled that the KACC did not
have the authority to make the request. It was only when this ruling was overturned on appeal
in 2010 that the commission director was able to re-submit it.
By the end of 2011, the Swiss prosecutor’s office had issued 12 rulings in favour of handing
over the evidence requested by Kenya. However, the companies concerned in five of these
cases contested the decision and appealed unsuccessfully to the Federal Criminal Court.
They then had ten days in which to consider whether to appeal to the Federal Court,
Switzerland’s highest legal body.
This period has now lapsed, clearing the way for the handover of the documents.
71
This ends Switzerland’s involvement in the mutual legal assistance proceedings requested by
Kenya.
Swiss investigations
However, Switzerland has been conducting proceedings against three persons on suspicion of
money laundering since April 2009 in connection with the same affair, as Jeannette Balmer, the
spokeswoman for the Federal Prosecutor’s Office, told swissinfo.ch.
She said that during the course of the criminal investigations, a number of bank accounts in
Switzerland had been identified and frozen. The office had also analysed financial transfers.
“The findings made so far from these analyses let the office send its own requests for mutual
legal assistance to various states,” she said.
The affair first came to light in 2004. Despite the fact that Kibaki fought the election with
pledges to root out corruption, it was not until September 2012 that the first person – a
former senior government official – was convicted of abuse of office.
No former ministers are facing trial. At the beginning of September, the Kenyan parliament
rejected a report accusing a cabinet minister and the governor of the central bank of entering
a contract on the printing of banknotes that wasted millions of dollars, and calling on them to
stand down.
Julia Slater, swissinfo.ch
EXERCISE 1
Fill in the gaps without looking at the text:
against, by (x3), for (x4), from, in, of (x2), on (x3), with.
1) There have been several requests _________ the Kenyan authorities _______ legal
assistance in the case.
2) (…) a number of individuals are suspected ______ procuring lucrative government
contracts ________ bribing civil servants.
3) The newspaper alleged that SFr 170 million ($181 million) – corruptly taken out of the
Kenyan state treasury in connection ________ six of these cases – was placed in Swiss
bank accounts.
4) It was only when this ruling was overturned __________ appeal in 2010 that the
commission director was able to re-submit it.
72
5) However, Switzerland has been conducting proceedings _______ three persons
_______ suspicion of money laundering since April 2009 ______ connection with the
same affair.
6) Jeannette Balmer, the spokeswoman ___________ the Federal Prosecutor’s Office,
told swissinfo.ch.
7) The findings made so far ____________ these analyses let the office send its own
requests _________ mutual legal assistance to various states.
8) At the beginning of September the Kenyan parliament rejected a report accusing a
cabinet minister and the governor of the central bank __________ entering a contract
______________ the printing of banknotes.
EXERCISE 2
Match the words below with their definitions
administering state, confiscation, data subject’s consent, Eurojust,

European Arrest Warrant, financial intelligence unit, instrumentalities, issuing state,
personal data, predicate offence, proceeds, sentencing state
1) Any economic advantage, derived from or obtained, directly or indirectly, from criminal
offences. …………………………………………….………………….
2) Any property used or intended to be used, in any manner, wholly or in part, to commit a
criminal offence or criminal offences. …………………………………………….………………….
3) A penalty or a measure, ordered by a court following proceedings in relation to a criminal
offence or criminal offences resulting in the final deprivation of property.

…………………………………………….………………….
4) Any criminal offence as a result of which proceeds were generated that may become the
subject of an offence. …………………………………………….………………….
5) A central, national agency responsible for receiving (and, as permitted, requesting),
analysing and disseminating to the competent authorities, disclosures of financial
information in order to combat money laundering and financing of terrorism

…………………………………………….………………….
6) Body entrusted with reinforcing the fight against serious crime through closer judicial
cooperation within the European Union. …………………………………………….………………….
7) The State in which the sentence was imposed on the person who may be, or has been,
transferred. …………………………………………….………………….
73
8) The State to which the sentenced person may be, or has been, transferred in order to
serve his sentence. …………………………………………….………………….
9) The Member State in which a judicial authority, as defined in the national law of the
issuing State, has made, validated or in any way confirmed a freezing order in the
framework of criminal proceedings. …………………………………………….………………….
10) A judicial decision issued by a Member State with a view to the arrest and surrender by
another Member State of a requested person, for the purposes of conducting a criminal
prosecution or executing a custodial sentence or detention order.

…………………………………………….………………….
11) any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (“data subject”);
an identifiable person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular
by reference to an identification number or to one or more factors specific to his
physical, physiological, mental, economic, cultural or social identity.

…………………………………………….………………….
12) any freely given specific and informed indication of his wishes by which the data subject
signifies his agreement to personal data relating to him being processed.

…………………………………………….………………….
EXECISE 3
Read the following extract from the Council Decision 2008/976/JHA of 16 December 2008
on the European Judicial Network. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the word in
brackets.
Article 1
Creation
The network of ________________ [judiciary] contact points set up between the Member
States under Joint Action 98/428/JHA, hereinafter referred to as the “European
Judicial Network”, shall continue to __________________ [operation] in accordance with
the provisions of this Decision.
Article 2
Composition
1. The European Judicial Network shall be made up, taking into account the
_______________ [constitution] rules, legal traditions and internal structure of each
Member State, of the central authorities _________________ [responsibility] for
international judicial cooperation and the judicial or other _________________
[competence] authorities with specific responsibilities within the context of
international ________________ [cooperate].
2. One or more contact points of each Member State shall be established in accordance
with its internal rules and internal _______________ [divide] of responsibilities, care
being taken to ensure effective _____________[cover] of the whole of its territory.
74
S8. iii – GRAMMAR REVISION -The Conditional
Conditional Formation/ Use Example

The Zero Conditional: If + present simple, .... present simple. If you heat water to 100
This conditional is used when the result will degrees, it boils.
always happen.
The First Conditional: (if + present simple, ... will + infinitive) If it rains tomorrow, we'll go to
It's used to talk about things which might the cinema.
happen in the future.
The Second Conditional: (if + past simple, ... would + infinitive) If I had a lot of money, I would
Talks about things that I don't think will travel around the world.
really happen.
The Third Conditional: (if + past perfect, ... would + have + past If I had gone to bed early, I
participle) would have caught the train.
It talks about the past. It's used to describe
a situation that didn't happen, and to imagine
the result of this situation.
EXERCISE 1
Use the correct tense:

1. The teacher will be very angry if you …………………………… (not do) your homework.
2. If he ……………………………….. (tell) me, I could help him.
3. If you don’t water the flowers, they ………………………………………… (die).
4. If you didn’t water the flowers, they …………………………………………(die).
5. I ……………………………………….. (come) if I had time.
6. If you don’t hurry, you ……………………………………….. (miss) the bus.
7. If I …………………………… (be) you, I wouldn’t buy that car.
8. He will play tennis if the weather …………………………………. (be) good.
9. I would be very happy if she …………………………………. (be) my sister.
10. She could win the race if she …………………………………. (try).
11. He ……………………………… (not / live) in İstanbul if he ………………… (hate) it.
12. If you …………………………… (write) the letters, I ……………………… (post) them.
13. If you …………………………… (not / leave) immediately, I ………………………. (call) the police.
14. If he …………………………….. (not / arrive) soon, we ………………………. (have to) have dinner without him.
15. I …………………………………… (not / have to) borrow any money from you if I …………………………… (get) my
salary tomorrow.
16. If you …………………………… (invite) her to the dance, she ………………………(be) very pleased.
17. If you ………………………… (retire) soon, you …………………………….. (make yourself ill.
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………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
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NOTES
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
STUPID CRIMINALS
Christopher Badman, from Bridgend in south Wales, used a carrier bag on his head as a disguise
when he burgled a hotel in nearby Porthcawl during its annual Elvis Presley convention.
Unfortunately for him, he was captured on CCTV taking the bag off his head, and looking towards
the camera.
He had gone "to some trouble" to disguise his identity, but once of the bag was off "of course, his
cover was blown", said police, who then traced him.
Badman admitted burglary and was ordered to pay £900 costs and a £100 surcharge.
76
SESSION 9
Highlight, underline, or circle the syllable that will receive the primary stress for each word of this list?
1. accessible 26. competitive 51. historical 76. potential

2. accomplish 27. conclusion 52. homogeneous 77. precious
3. accuracy 28. courageous 53. horrible 78. pregnancy
4. activity 29. courteous 54. impression 79. primitive
5. actual 30. criticize 55. likely 80. punish
6. actually 31. currency 56. likelyhood 81. quality
7. advantageous 32. democracy 57. majority 82. radical
8. ambitious 33. discussion 58. material 83. realize
9. analogy 34. efficiency 59. maximize 84. recognize
10. apologize 35. emergency 60. meaning 85. regard
11. apology 36. emphasize 61. meaningless 86. regardless
12. authority 37. essential 62. methodology 87. responsibility
13. authorize 38. event 63. militia 88. security
14. aware 39. eventually 64. minimize 89. sensible
15. awareness 40. expression 65. musical 90. sensitive
16. bacteria 41. finance 66. nostalgia 91. session
17. bibliography 42. financial 67. occasion 92. shampoo
18. biography 43. flexible 68. official 93. social

19. biology 44. frequency 69. opportunity 94. sociology
20. brother 45. furnish 70. organize 95. special
21. brotherhood 46. geography 71. person 96. specialize
22. characterize 47. happiness 72. personal 97. summarize
23. cigarette 48. happy 73. philosophy 98. suspicious
24. classical 49. heterogeneous 74. photography 99. television
25. community 50. hideous 75. positive
77
EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1
Fill the gaps in sentences below with the words provided, which are near synonyms of the
words or expressions in each case. The first one has been done for you.
Fragment 1
authority (x2), available, details, concerned (x2), location, offence, procedure,

relevant, seat, sought, statement
1. Any request for cooperation under this chapter shall specify [indicate]:
a. the __________________ [legal body] making the request and the

___________________ [legal body] carrying out the investigations or proceedings;
b. the object of and the reason for the request;
c .the matters, including the ___________________ [appropriate] facts (such as date,

place and circumstances of the _________ [crime]) to which the investigations or
proceedings relate, except in the case of a request for notification;
d. in so far as the cooperation involves coercive action:
i. the text of the statutory provisions or, where this is not possible, a
____________________ [declaration] of the relevant law applicable; and
ii. an indication that the measure ________________ [pursued] or any other

measures having similar effects could be taken in the territory of the
requesting Party under its own law;
e. where necessary and in so far as possible:
i. ______________ [particulars] of the person or persons __________________

[in question], including name, date and place of birth, nationality and
____________________ [place, setting], and, in the case of a legal person,
its _______________ [headquarters, official address]; and
ii the property in relation to which cooperation is sought, its location, its

connection with the person or persons ________________ [involved], any
connection with the offence, as well as any ________________ [accessible]
information about other persons, interests in the property; and
f. any particular ____________ [scheme, step] the requesting Party wishes to be

followed.
Fragment 2
a sum, competent, contain, enable, extent, grounds, in addition to, indicate,

ordinary, provisional, relied upon, seek, statement, sufficient, true
2 A request for ____________ [temporary] measures under Section 3 in relation to seizure

of property on which a confiscation order consisting in the requirement to pay
______________________ [an amount] of money may be realised shall also
_____________ [specify] a maximum amount for which recovery is sought in that
property.
78
3 ____________ [On top of] the indications mentioned in paragraph 1, any request under
Section 4 shall _________ [include]:
a. in the case of Article 23, paragraph 1.a:
i. a certified ___________ [real, legal] copy of the confiscation order made by

the court in the requesting Party and a ____________________ [declaration]
of the _______________ [reasons] on the basis of which the order was
made, if they are not indicated in the order itself;
ii. an attestation by the __________________ [appropriate, qualified] authority of

the requesting Party that the confiscation order is enforceable and not
subject to _______________ [standard] means of appeal;
iii. information as to the ____________ [degree/limit] to which the enforcement

of the order is requested; and
iv information as to the necessity of taking any provisional measures;
b. in the case of Article 23, paragraph 1.b, a statement of the facts

________________ [counted on/depended on] by the requesting Party
____________ [enough] to ___________ [allow] the requested Party to
____________ [ask for] the order under its domestic law …
EXERCISE 2
Replace the underlined expressions with an appropriate/alternative legal equivalent. The

first has been done for you.
Fragments 1-3
conducted, deemed, denominate, dual, in absentia, regardless, refused,
rendered, satisfy, satisfied, sought, sought
1) Where double/dual criminality is required for co-operation under this chapter, that
requirement shall be considered ………………………………………………………………to be met
………………………………………………………………independently ………………………………………………………………of whether
both Parties place the offence within the same category of offences or call the offence
by the same terminology, provided that both Parties criminalise the conduct
underlying the offence.
2) Cooperation under Section 2, in so far as the assistance asked

……………………………………………………………… for involves coercive action, and under Section 3 of
this chapter, may also be declined ……………………………………………………………… if the measures
asked for ………………………………………………………………could not be taken under the domestic law of
the requested Party for the purposes of investigations or proceedings, had it been a
similar domestic case.
3) (…) the request relates to a confiscation order resulting from a decision given
………………………………………………………………in the absence ………………………………………………………………of the
person against whom the order was issued and, in the opinion of the requested
Party, the proceedings carried out ………………………………………………………………by the requesting
Party leading to such decision did not meet the minimum rights of defence
recognised as due to everyone against whom a criminal charge is made.
Fragments 4-6
afford, adjournment, invoked, obstacle, serving,
under investigation, served with
79
4) The same will apply when the person concerned, having been duly handed
……………………………………………………………… in the summons to appear, elected not to do so nor to
ask for postponement. ………………………………………………………………
5) (…) the fact that the person investigated ………………………………………………………………or subjected to

a confiscation order by the authorities of the requesting Party is a legal person shall
not be alleged ………………………………………………………………by the requested Party as an impediment
………………………………………………………………to affording any cooperation under this chapter.
6) The Parties shall give each other the widest measure of mutual assistance in the
handing in ………………………………………………………………of judicial documents to persons affected by
provisional measures and confiscation.
Fragments 7-8
draft, ensure, made in writing, prior to, produce, provided that,

transmitted, upon receipt, upon request
7) Requests in rough or communications under this chapter may be sent directly by the
judicial authorities of the requesting Party to such authorities of the requested
Party before ………………………………………………………………a formal request to make sure
………………………………………………………………that it can be dealt with efficiently when received
………………………………………………………………and contains sufficient information and supporting
documentation for it to meet the requirements of the legislation of the requested
Party.
8) All requests under this chapter shall be written………………………………………………………………. They

may be sent electronically, or by any other means of telecommunication, as long as
………………………………………………………………the requesting Party is prepared, if requested,
……………………………………………………………… to show ………………………………………………………………at any time a
written record of such communication and the original.
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S9.iii – GRAMMAR REVISION – Causatives
FORM USED FOR Examples

LET Let + Object + Verb - to allow, give permission for an The open window let the air escape
action
GET Get + person + to + verb - to convince, persuade or coerce a The manager got the team to stay late
result (in mild form)
MAKE Make + object + Verb - to force an action, result I made the waiter return my soup because
t was cold
HAVE Have + Object + verb - to give responsibility to produce a The policeman had me escort her home
result
EXERCISE 1
Choose the correct answer
1. She has to get her hair ……………………………… .
a) to do b) do c) done d) did
2. Our teacher is going to make us …………………………… a tape.
a) listen to b) listened to c) to listen to d) listen
3. They had to have him …………………….. their summer house.
a) painted b) paint c) to paint d) painting
4. Do you know where I can get my car …………………………….. ?
a) washed b) to wash c) wash d) washes
5. The comedian was not able to make us ……………………………. .
a) laughing b) to laugh c) laugh d) laughed
6. You can’t get that man ……………………. your radio.
a) fix b) to fix c) fixed d) fixing
7. I can never make her ………………………her mind.
a) change b) to change c) changed d) changing
8. We had two pictures ………………………… .
a) take b) taken c) to take d) took
EXERCISE 1
Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses:
1. The doctor made the patient …….. stay …….. in bed. (stay)
2. Mrs. Crane had her house ……… painted ……….. . (paint)
3. The teacher had the class …………………………. a 2000-word research paper. (write)
4. I made my son …………………………. the windows before he could go outside to play. (wash)
5. Don got some kids in the neighborhood …………………………… out his garage. (clean)
6. I went to the bank to have a check ……………………………….. . (cash)
7. Tom had a bad headache yesterday, so he got his twin brother Tim ……………………….
to class for him. The teacher didn’t know the difference. (go)
8. When Scott went shopping, he found a jacket he really liked. After he had the sleeves
…………………………, it fit him perfectly. (shorten)
9. My boss made me ………………………. my report because he wasn’t satisfied with it.
(redo)
10. Alice stopped at the service station to have the tank …………………………. . (fill)
81
………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
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NOTES
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STUPID CRIMINAL
The victim’s jewelry was missing, the electronics were gone, and a window was smashed. The victim
was hysterical when officer Charanjit Meharu of the Calgary police arrived. Then her French-speaking
father called. Speaking in French, she explained that it was all a scam in order to get the insurance
money. What she didn’t suspect was that Officer Meharu speaks six languages, including French.
82
SESSION 10
For each question, write all the possible words that match the phonetic symbols. There will be at least
two for each question.
1.
a) ………………………………….. b) ……………………………….
2.
a) ………………………………….. b) ……………………………….
3.
a) ………………………………….. b) ……………………………….
4.
a) ………………………………….. b) ……………………………….
5.
a) ………………………………….. b) ……………………………….
6.
a) ………………………………….. b) ……………………………….
7.
a) ………………………………….. b) ……………………………….
8.
a) ………………………………….. b) ……………………………….
9.
a) ………………………………….. b) ……………………………….
10.
a) ………………………………….. b) ……………………………….
83
Thousands of foreign convicts will be sent home: Cameron vows to stop overseas
inmates clogging jails
By James Chapman
Last updated at 7:11 AM on 8th November 2010
Thousands of foreign prisoners are to be sent back to serve their sentences in their own
countries.
David Cameron, who will spearhead the cost-cutting drive, plans to tear up agreements that
mean convicts cannot be returned home without their consent.
As the number of foreign inmates in Britain’s jails approaches one in seven, the Prime
Minister wants them sent back to serve prison terms in their countries of origin even if they
insist they do not want to go, the Daily Mail has learned.
Prime Minister David Cameron is planning on sending back home thousands of foreign
prisoners, who will complete their sentences in their own countries.
But the initiative could run into problems because convicts – supported by lawyers – may try
to use human rights laws to stay in this country.
And in the future, foreigners found guilty of offences involving official documents – including
possessing a fake passport or destroying a passport – may be given ‘conditional cautions’
rather than jail sentences, barring them from returning to the UK.
They would be thrown out of the country so they do not end up in prison here in the first
place.
There are currently 11,135 foreign inmates out of a total prison population of more than
85,000, serving time for offences including murder, manslaughter, robbery, assault and drugs.
Jamaica tops a league table of countries with prisoners in British jails followed by Nigeria and
the Irish Republic.
It costs the taxpayer £38,000 to keep someone in jail for a year, more than the fees to send
a pupil to Eton.
As he implements 23 per cent budget cuts, Justice Secretary Kenneth Clarke is having to
reduce the prison population by 3,000 by 2014, rather than adding the 8,000 extra places
that the previous government forecast would be needed.
Downing Street hopes much of that reduction can be achieved by sending more foreign
prisoners home. Mr Cameron is expected to raise the issue with the Chinese regime when he
makes his first official visit to the country this week. There are 364 Chinese nationals in
British jails.
But his decision to put himself at the head of the effort is high risk since several countries
accounting for large numbers of inmates in Britain’s jails are extremely reluctant to take
them back and because of potential problems with human rights laws.
A Coalition source said: ‘The Prime Minister is determined to do everything in his power to
get as many sent back to their countries of origin as possible.
‘Clearly, human rights need to be taken into account so that we are not sending prisoners back
if they are going to be tortured or killed. ‘The Prime Minister knows this is not going to be
easy, but he will be speaking to his opposite numbers in various countries and believes this will
have an important effect.’
84
There is no evidence that foreign nationals are more likely overall to commit crime than
Britons.
Rather, the huge number of overseas nationals held in British jails reflects the number of
immigrants here.
Currently, foreign prisoners are removed from the country under prisoner transfer
agreements between the UK and other countries; under an early removal scheme, which allows
them to be released up to 270 days early if they agree to be deported immediately; or after
their sentences have ended.
It costs the taxpayer £38,000 to keep someone in jail for a year and there are currently
11,135 foreign inmates out of a total prison population of more than 85,000
But there are a huge number of barriers to effective removal, including the rights of appeal,
which can delay or abort the process.
Some prisoners who are not considered suitable for release have to be kept in even after
their sentences have ended – in August, there were 540 such prisoners in British jails.
Only 41 foreign prisoners returned home last year under prisoner transfer agreements.
In 2006, the Police and Justice Act amended the law to enable a prisoner to be transferred
without his or her consent. The legal requirement now is that prisoner consent is required
where the relevant international agreement requires the approval of the inmate.
But a major problem is that most prisoner swap deals do still require the prisoner to consent
to transfer.
An EU prisoner transfer agreement, which takes effect from December next year and does
not require the consent of the prisoner, should enable the return of many more people to EU
countries.
Separately, the Ministry of Justice is working with the UK Border Authority on plans that
would see the cases of foreign prisoners flagged up earlier so they can be more quickly
removed to countries where robust prisoner transfer deals already exist.
‘The MoJ is also developing proposals to support the diversion of foreign offenders from
prosecution for document offences by legislating to allow conditional cautions to be used as
an alternative to prosecution in some cases – so that they do not end up in our jails in the
first place,’ the source added.
EXERCISE 1
Answer the following questions about the text, using your own words
1) Which is the main motivation for the proposed measures?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2) Will the transfer be conditioned by the prisoners’ giving their consent?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3) Is prisoners’ consent a sine qua non requirement now?
85
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4) How may a convict avoid deportation?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5) Is there any other reason why the scheme might fail?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6) Is the government thinking of any other measure aimed at reducing the number of
foreign convicts?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7) At present, what options are there for removal of foreign prisoners from the UK?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9) Is any future development expected regarding transfer to EU countries?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
EXERCISE 2
Find words in the text corresponding to the following definitions:
1) __________________ : “: a person serving a sentence in a jail or prison”
2) __________________ : “homicide without malice aforethought”
3) __________________ : “an act punishable by law”
4) __________________ : “abroad: in a foreign country”
5) __________________ : “prison term: the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned”
86
EXERCISE 3
Fill in the gaps using the clues provided:
(source: European convention on the international validity of criminal judgments, at
http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/ en/Treaties/Html/070.htm)
deprivation (x2), enforce, enforcement, punishment, rehabilitation, resident, willing
1) The sentencing State may request another Contracting State to _______________

[apply] the sanction only if one or more of the following conditions are fulfilled:
2) if the person sentenced is ordinarily _______________ [living in]: in the other State;
3) if the enforcement of the sanction in the other State is likely to improve the prospects
for the social ____________________ [restoration to a useful place in society] of
the person sentenced;
4) if, in the case of a sanction involving __________________ [loss] of liberty, the
________________ [punishment could be enforced following the enforcement of
another sanction involving __________________ [loss] of liberty which the person
sentenced is undergoing or is to undergo in the other State;
5) if the other State is the State of origin of the person sentenced and has declared
itself _________________ [ready, prepared] to accept responsibility for the
_______________ [application] of that sanction;
6) if it considers that it cannot itself enforce the _______________ [sanction], even by
having recourse to extradition, and that the other State can.
EXERCISE 3
Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition: at, by, for, in, of, on, upon, under, with
1983 Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons

Article 3 – Conditions __________ transfer.
1) A sentenced person may be transferred __________ this Convention only ________
the following conditions:
a) if that person is a national ______ the administering State;
b) if the judgment is final;
c) if, _______ the time of receipt of the request ______ transfer, the sentenced
person still has at least six months of the sentence to serve or if the sentence
is indeterminate;
d) if the transfer is consented ________ by the sentenced person or, where
_______ view of his age or his physical or mental condition one of the two
States considers it necessary, by the sentenced person’s legal representative;
e) if the acts or omissions _______ account of which the sentence has been
imposed constitute a criminal offence according _____ the law of the
administering State or would constitute a criminal offence if committed
_______ its territory; and
f) if the sentencing and administering States agree _____ the transfer.
87
2) _______ exceptional cases, Parties may agree ________ a transfer even if the time to
be served by the sentenced person is less than that specified in paragraph 1.c.
3) Any State may, _______ the time of signature or when depositing its instrument of
ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, ________ a declaration addressed to
the Secretary General of the Council of Europe, indicate that it intends to exclude
the application _______ one of the procedures provided ______ Article 9.1.a and b
in its relations ________ other Parties.
4). Any State may, at any time, by a declaration addressed ______ the Secretary General
of the Council of Europe, define, as far as it is concerned, the term “national” ______
the purposes of this Convention.
Article 4 – Obligation _______ furnish information.

1) Any sentenced person ______ whom this Convention may apply shall be informed by the
sentencing State ______ the substance of this Convention.
2) If the sentenced person has expressed an interest to the sentencing State ________
being transferred _______ this Convention, that State shall so inform the
administering State as soon as practicable after the judgment becomes final.
3) The information shall include:
a) the name, date and place _______ birth of the sentenced person;
b) his address, if any, in the administering State;
c) a statement of the facts _________ which the sentence was based;
d) the nature, duration and date of commencement of the sentence.
4) If the sentenced person has expressed his interest to the administering State, the
sentencing State shall, ________ request, communicate to the State the
information referred ______ in paragraph 3 above.
5) The sentenced person shall be informed, _______ writing, of any action taken by the
sentencing State or by the administering State _______ the preceding paragraphs,
as well as of any decision taken _______ either State _______ a request
________ transfer.
88
S10.iii – GRAMMAR REVISION – Wishes
a) wish + past - is used to express that we want a I wish I spoke Italian. (I don’t
simple situation in the present (or future) to speak Italian)
be different
b) wish + past - used to express that we want to be I wish it weren’t raining. (It is
continuous doing a different action in the present raining)
(or future).
c) wish + past perfect - is used to express a regret, or that we I wish I had studied harder at
want a situation in the past to be school. (I was lazy at school
different.
d) wish + would + - - is used to express impatience, I wish you would stop smoking
bare infinitive . annoyance or dissatisfaction with a
present action
A) Ann doesn’t like her new house. Write what she WISHES:
“The house is so old and dirty. She has to paint it. The house doesn’t have central
heating. The kitchen is small. “
1. ………….I wish the house wasn’t so old and dirty……………………
2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
4. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..
B) Kate wants things to be different in the future. Write what she WISHES:
“ I want my father to give me more pocket money. I want my brothers to stop fighting.
I don’t want my mother to make me eat vegetables. I don’t want my sister to wear my clothes. “
1. …………I .wish my father would give me more pocket money. …………….
2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
4. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..
C) Ted regrets what he DID or DIDN’T DO. Write what he WISHES:
“ He left his job. He didn’t listen to his wife. He robbed a bank. He was sent to prison.”
1. ………….. I wish I hadn’t left my job. ………………………………………..
2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
4. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..
D) Read what Hilda says and write what she WISHES:
“ I didn’t go to university. I didn’t get any qualifications. I can’t find a better job. The
telephone never stops ringing. My boss doesn’t like me. I’d like to be rich. I always
feel tired. It was wrong of me to shout at Ann. “
1. …………… I wish I had gone to university . …………………………………..
2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
4. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..
5. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
7. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..
8. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..
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NOTES
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STUPID CRIMINALS
A Target store in Augusta, Georgia, agreed to take back a printer from a dissatisfied customer.
Then the clerk noticed some work the customer forgot to remove from the machine: Counterfeit
bills.
90
91

ECUR M2 Sciences Criminelles ANGLAIS

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UNIVERSITE DES ANTILLES

Faculté de Droit et d’Economie

SESSION 1 – Language Revision Exercises 10

S.2.i. – Pronunciation Exercises 12

S.3.i. – Pronunciation Exercises 21

S.4.i. – Pronunciation Exercises 29

S.5.i. – Pronunciation Exercises 39

S.7.i. – Pronunciation Exercises 57

S.8.i. – Pronunciation Exercises 65

S.9.i. – Pronunciation Exercises 72

S.10.i. – Pronunciation Exercises 78

DICTIONARIES - Bilingual, monolingual, illustrated, electronic or online.

Access to MAGAZINES and NEWSPAPERS

e) British Council website for adult learners –

g) News in Easy English – interesting and fun news articles –

I. LISTENING TESTS WITH ANSWERS

2. TOEFL LISTENING TEST

II. LEARNING ENGLISH THROUGH STORIES

2. STORY - Open Doors

3. STORY - Jack the Ripper

4. STORY - Bourne Ultimatum By Robert Ludlum

III. LAW AND ORDER

2. English vocabulary - Words to talk about CRIME

3. Advanced Vocabulary Course: lesson 1

4. Advanced Vocabulary Course: lesson 3

5. Forensic Science and Criminal Law

Consonants Sounds: Plosives

Consonants Sounds: Affricates

Consonants Sounds: Nasals

Consonants Sounds: Approximants

A. attributed B. discovered C. disconnected D. contributed

comprehension was critical to the case.

A. deliberate B. feeble C. callous D. monotonous

A. improbable B. indefinite C. inevitable D. far-fetched

A. incapacitated B. bemused C. enabled D. coerced

5) The ……… sentenced the accused to 15 years in prison.

a) barrister b) counsel c) judge d) solicitor

a) compel b) enforce c) force d) press

a) accuse b) ensure c) prove d) point

8) I ……… to say anything unless I am allowed to speak to my solicitor.

a) deny b) neglect c) refuse d) resist

9) The new laws come into ……… on May 15.

a) condition b) date c) force d) power

10) At the end of the trial he was ……… of murder.

a) condemned b) convicted c) convinced d) penalized

a) enquiring b) investigating c) researching d) seeking

12) The lawyer gave me ……………………………………

a) an advice b) some good advice c) some good advices

a) haven’t been any b) have been no c) were no

14) This lawyer is …………………………….. experienced in the city.

a) more b) most c) the most

15) The defendant claimed that he ………………………………. by the police.

a) is victimized b) was being victimized c) has been victimized

16) Do the authorities know where ……….?

18) He was found guilty ……… murder and sentenced to death.

a) evidences b) evidence c) proof

20) The police ……… this robbery for months now.

a) has been investigating b) have been investigating c) was investigating.

(1) I qualified to a lawyer five months ago.

(3) The judge awarded the claimant £250,000 in damage.

(AA) Hi Sarah. How’s life in the HR department?

the lawyer to have?

after I read their CVs, I shortlisted these five people.

insolvencies and we need another lawyer.

At a (4) ___ at a Crown Court, the (5) _ or

person is (17) _____ or not (18) .

The (20) ___________ now decides the punishment or (21) _ as it