CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

EXPERIMENT

COMPILATION

SCHEDULE

5 SATURDAY 7:00 AM – 10:00 AM

NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS (LAB)

GROUP SUBJECT Grade

ATTENDANCE NAM CONTRIBUTION SIGNATURE

E
Present LAPARAN, JAN ANDREI
Present PALLADO, GWYNETH
Present SAN MIGUEL, ELLYZA MAY

D.O.P. October 23, 2021 D.O.S. October 30, 2021

MR. RICH EDRIAN D. TABERNA

Instructor
 Table of Contents

Introduction...........................................................................................................................1

Hub.........................................................................................................................................2
Switch....................................................................................................................................3
Routers...................................................................................................................................4
Bridge.....................................................................................................................................5
Repeater.................................................................................................................................7
Gateway ................................................................................................................................9
Modem .................................................................................................................................10
Cable .....................................................................................................................................11
Documentation ...........................................................................................................14

References ..................................................................................................................15

EXPERIMENT NO: 1

NETWORKING MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

OBJECTIVES:

1. To study about different physical equipment used for networking.

2. To list down the materials and equipment in detailed.

3. To know the function of each equipment.

4. To determine the types of cable used in network.

5. To familiarize the physical appearance of each equipment and materials.

Computer networks components comprise both physical parts as well as the

software required for installing computer networks. Physical network devices, said

Kumar (2018), are those devices that are used as a bridge between hardware and

computer to communicate with each other. To put it simply, physical equipment refers

to the tangible parts that make up a network. Different networking devices have

different roles to play in a computer network. These network devices also work at

different segments of a computer network performing different works.

The most common and the essential Computer networking devices are Cable,

Hub, Switch, Router, Bridge, Repeater, Gateway, and Modem.

1
Hub

Figure 1: Network Hub

Network hubs provide a central location for attaching wires to workstations.

When a hub receives the data signals from a connected device on any of its ports,

except that port, it forwards those signals to all other connected devices from the
remaining ports. Hub allows data to be transferred between themselves by functioning

as a multiport repeater. For this purpose, it uses either fiber optic cable or a twisted pair

cable. 

Compared to switches, hubs are really inexpensive. Basically, thanks to its sort

of simplicity, it is less sophisticated than a switch, the latter of which can isolate data

transmissions to specific devices. Network hubs are best suited for small, simple local

area network (LAN) environments. 

There are two types of network hubs: active and passive. A third designation,

intelligent hubs, is synonymous with a switch. Active hubs repeat and strengthen

incoming transmissions. They are also sometimes referred to as repeaters. On the other

hand, passive hubs simply serve as a point of connectivity, without any additional

capabilities.

2
Switch

Figure 2: D-Link DES 1005P Switch

Switch is a network device that connects other devices to Ethernet networks

through twisted pair cables. It uses packet switching techniques to receive, store and

forward data packets on the network. Like a hub, a switch also works at the layer of
LAN but a switch is more intelligent than a hub. While a hub just does the work of data

forwarding, a switch does 'filter and forwarding' which is a more intelligent way of

dealing with the data packets.

There are two main categories of switches: modular and fixed configuration.

Modular switches let you add expansion modules as needed, giving you flexibility as

network requirements change. This type of switch provides you with the most

flexibility, but at a higher cost. On the other hand, fixed-configuration switches provide

a fixed number of ports and are typically not expandable, which makes them less

expensive overall. 

3
Routers

Figure 3: Linksys-li-EA7500-1 Router

Routers are the device and the gateways of networks responsible for keeping

data flowing between networks and for keeping networks connected to the Internet. It

switches the data packets between those networks. Routers work on Both LAN &

WAN. They offer the path selection and can filter the broadcasts while leading them
between two interfaces. When a router receives a data packet on any of its interfaces, it

checks the destination address of that packet and based on that destination address, it

forwards that data packet from the interface which is connected with the destination

address.

There are five different types of routers, these routers are mostly used in homes

and small offices. Wired routers share data over cables and create wired local area

networks (LANs), while wireless routers use antennas to share data and create wireless

local area networks (WLANs). Core router, on the other hand, is a

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wired or wireless router that distributes internet data packets within a network, unlike

wired or wireless router that distributes data packets between multiple networks. In

contrast, an edge router is a wired or wireless router which distributes Internet data

packets between one or more networks but does not distribute data packets within a

network. Unlike physical routers, virtual routers are pieces of software that allow

computers and servers to operate like routers. They’ll share data packets just as physical

routers do.

Bridge

Figure 4: Network Bridge

 Bridge in a computer network is used to separate a network into sections. Every

section in the network represents a collision domain that has separate bandwidth. So

that network performance can be improved using a bridge. A bridge works at layer-2

namely the data link layer in the OSI model. The main function of this is to examine the

incoming traffic and examine whether to filter it or forward it. 

In a computer network, a bridge separates a LAN into different segments and

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the MAC address of all the PCs can be stored into the table. The working principle of a

bridge is, it blocks or forwards the data depending on the destination MAC address and

this address is written into every data frame. In this way, the bridge reduces traffic in a

computer network. The advantage of a Bridge in a computer network is that it acts as a

repeater to extend a network. Network traffic on a segment can be reduced by

subdividing it into network communications and collisions can be reduced.

Bridges can be classified into three types. Transparent Bridge is an invisible

bridge in the computer network. The main function of this bridge is to block or forward

the data depending on the MAC address. These bridges are implemented mainly in

Ethernet networks. Translational Bridge is used to connect two different networks like

token ring & Ethernet. This bridge can add or remove the data based on the traveling

direction, and forward the frames of the data link layer in between LANs which use

various types of network protocols. Lastly, Source-route Bridge, is one type of

technique used for Token Ring networks and it is designed by IBM. It allows the bridge

to make precise decisions of how the frame is forwarding using the network because the

total frame route is embedded in one frame. 

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Repeater

Figure 5: Wireless Wi-Fi Repeater

A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it. It

receives the signal before it becomes too weak or corrupted. It regenerates the bit and

forwards the refreshed signal. A repeater operates at the physical layer. This two-port

device has limited use in specific situations. They do not read the data frames at all. It

makes sure that data is repeated out on each port. These are analog devices that work

with signals to which they are connected. 

In networking, a repeater is used to connect two LAN signals. It is not possible

to connect all the devices through wires. Repeater makes it easy to expand the coverage

and access network to a greater scale with the same signal strength.

Repeaters are used to extend transmissions so that the signal can cover long

distances. It creates an extended range of the signal and makes it accessible till the

destination which was not possible only with the router. 

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 There are multiple types of repeater across the communication industry. Radio

repeater, telephone repeater, and optical communication repeater are three major

considerations at a higher level. A radio repeater is a combination of a receiver and a

transmitter. This is used to transmit radio signals for two-way communication.

A telephone repeater is where the communication industry began the initial

boost. This was used to increase the range of telephone lines. These routers are used in

landline and submarine connection systems.

An optical communication repeater is a carrier of all the new digital signal

forms. It converts the electronic signal to light and sends it out to the other fiber. Based

on the data handled by the repeater, it can be categorized only in two: analog repeater,

and digital repeater.

Analog Repeater transmits data in analog signals. It amplifies the analog signals

and sends it to the next receiver. Digital Repeater, also called a digipeater, transmits

data in binary digital signals. This amplifies the digital signal and also, if required,

repairs the losses over the medium it is received from.

You need a repeater when the total length of a single span of network cable

exceeds 100 meters (328 feet). The 100-meter length limit applies to the cable that

connects a computer to the switch or the cable that connects switches to each other

when switches are daisy chained together. In other words, you can connect each

computer to the switch with no more than 100 meters of cable, and you can connect

switches to each other with no more than 100 meters of cable.

8
Gateway
 Figure 6:RolPNetwork Gateway

Gateway is a network device used to connect two or more dissimilar networks.

In networking parlance, networks that use different protocols are dissimilar networks. It

acts as the entry – exit point for a network since all traffic that flows across the

networks should pass through the gateway. A gateway device knows the path of the

remote destination address. Only the internal traffic between the nodes of a LAN does

not pass through the gateway.  Furthermore, a gateway grants more flexibility for your

network because it can translate information from computers with different systems.

On the basis of direction of data flow, gateways are broadly divided into two

categories, unidirectional gateways and bidirectional gateways. Unidirectional gateways

allow data to flow in only one direction. Changes made in the source node are

replicated in the destination node, but not vice versa. They can be used as archiving

tools. In contrast, bidirectional gateways allow data to

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flow in both directions. They can be used as synchronization tools. On the basis of

functionalities, there can be a variety of gateways, the prominent among them are

Network, Cloud Storage, Internet-To-Orbit (I2O), IoT (Internet of Things), and VoiP

Trunk Gateway.

Modems

 
 Figure 7: Netcom Wireless 300 Nb604n Modem

A modulator- demodulator simply known as the modem, serves as the bridge,

and translator that connects and enables our computer devices to communicate over the

internet; the reason that it is called as the translator of information is due to the fact that

computer devices could only understand digital signals; which consists of 1’s and 0’s,

whilst information over the internet could only understand analog signals is a

continuous time signal that travels in a wave-like pattern.

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Cables

Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one

network device to another. There are several types of cable which are commonly used

with LANs. In some cases, a network will utilize only one type of cable, other networks

will use a variety of cable types.

Network is a connection between two or more computers that is mediated by

different modules depending on the geographical scope of the said network. It is a

prerequisite that the devices in the network are connected via different modes like

wireless connection, and wired connection. In which case, in this paper we will be
discussing mainly the different types of cable that can be used to connect different

devices in a network.

The first type of network cable is the twisted pair cable which was first utilized

way back since 1985 to connect a computer device on a landline, or a telephone.

In modern times, a twisted pair cable, also called ethernet cable is connected

from a computer device onto a modem or a router, which enables the device to be

connected to a Local Area Network (LAN) and to the internet as well. 

In addition, a twisted pair cable is separated into two types, the unshielded

twisted pair, and the shielded twisted pair. The difference between the two types is that

the shielded prevents further external electromagnetic interference that may affect the

capabilities of the network to send out data from one device to another in comparison

with an unshielded twisted pair.

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Figure 8: Unshielded Twisted Pair

Figure 9: Shielded Twisted Pair

 Furthermore, a twisted pair cables are differentiated categorically in terms of

their speed of transmission of data between devices, as the table below shows:

Figure 10: Twisted pair categories

The second type of network cable

12is the coaxial cable, this type of cable is used

to transmit high frequency with minimal data loss. A coaxial cable consists of two

layers of insulation material in order to regulate the electromagnetic interference that

may affect the transmission of data. 

  This type of cable is applicable to different types of devices such as telephones,

cable televisions, and broadband connections which is possible due to the different

connectors that are

available in the

circulation.

 
Figure 11: Inside of a coaxial cable

Lastly the third type

of cable is called the

fiber optic cable which

enables for faster

transmission of data since

this type of cable makes use of light as its medium to transmit data throughout the

network, in comparison to the abilities that copper cable could put out.

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Figure 12: Fiber optics cable

Furthermore, fiber optic cable is divided into two types; the single-mode and the

multimode in which the usage of the two differs in terms of the geographical effectivity

of the network. 
 Single-mode enables the transmission of data in the same manner it is

transmitted between two devices that are communicating at high-speed, this is possible

due to the diameter of the core that the light needed to travel to. This type of fiber optics

cable is usually effective with a larger network such as WAN’s as its minimum range;

whilst multimode is better suited for smaller area network Multimode’s core size is five

to six times larger in diameter than singlemode, which allows for much greater light-

gathering capacity and facilitates the use of cheaper electro-optic devices.

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