MATRICES – PART 2 OF 2

UNIT: VECTORS AND MATRICES

OBJECTIVES
 Solve problems that involve equal matrix.
 Evaluate the determinant of a 2 x 2
 Solve problems involving Singular Matrices
 Determine the adjoint of a 2 x 2 matrix
 Obtain the inverse of a non-singular 2 x 2 matrix
 Define the multiplicative inverse of a non-singular square
matrix – Prove 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼
 Use matrices to solve linear simultaneous equations with two
unknowns.
EQUAL MATRICES
EQUAL MATRIX: EXAMPLE#1

6 −1 6 −1
=
4 5 4 5

∴ 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 are 3, -1 and 4 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦

 EQUAL MATRICES: EXAMPLE #2
Example: Solution:
1
 Given that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶
2
−1 𝑥 −1 𝑥 2 −1 1 2𝑝 20
𝐴= , =
𝑦 2 1 3 2 12 2𝑞 Substitute values
𝑦 2 −1 × 2 + 𝑥 × 1 −1 × (−1) + 𝑥 × 3 𝑝 10
2 −1 =
6 𝑞
Multiply matrices
𝑦×2+2×1 𝑦 × −1 + 2 × 3
𝐵= , −2 + 𝑥 1 + 3𝑥 𝑝 10
1 3 =
2𝑝 20 2𝑦 + 2 −𝑦 + 6 6 𝑞
C= and
12 2𝑞
1 −2 + 𝑥 = 𝑝
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶, 1 + 3𝑥 = 10 Equate each matrix to its
2
2𝑦 + 2 = 6 corresponding position. Solve
Calculate the values of −𝑦 + 6 = 𝑞 each equation
𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞.
1 + 3𝑥 = 10 2𝑦 + 2 = 6 −2 + 𝑥 = 𝑝 −𝑦 + 6 = 𝑞
3𝑥 = 10 − 1 2𝑦 = 6 − 2 −2 + (3) = 𝑝 − 2 +6=𝑞
3𝑥 = 9 2𝑦 = 4 −2 + 3 = 𝑝 −2 + 6 = 𝑞
𝑥=3 𝑦=2 1=𝑝 4=𝑞
∴ 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 𝑎𝑟𝑒 3, 2, 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦
 Activity#1: Find the value of each
letter in these matrices
1 2 2 𝑏
a) =
3 4 𝑎 10

𝑐 −1 1 4
b) =
2 𝑑 2 6

3 −4 𝑓 −8
c) =
−2 𝑒 2 2

𝑔 2 1 2 9 𝑖
d) =
1 𝑕 3 4 𝑗 6

𝑘 5 3 𝑚 1 3 3 19
e) 2 + =
2 𝑙 𝑛 −2 2 4 0 9

4 0 𝑞 𝑟 20 20
f) =
1 𝑝 −2 0 −1 5
𝑦 2 1 0
 If C = and 𝐶 2 = 5 , find 𝑦.
2 𝑦 0 1
 DETERMINANT of a 2 x 2 Matrix

 The determinant of a 2 × 2 matrix

𝑎 𝑏 That is, the difference
𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
𝑐 𝑑 between the product of
the leading diagonal and
non-leading diagonal.

 If the determinant is zero, the matrix has no inverse.

Such a matrix is called a singular matrix.

 The determinant of matrix 𝐴 is written det 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 |𝐴|

 EXAMPLE:
DETERMINANT of a 2 x 2 Matrix

B is a non-
The determinant of B is not singular matrix.
equal to zero. B has an inverse.

1 × 𝑥 − 4 × −2 =5
𝑥+8=5
𝑥 = −3
EXAMPLE:
DETERMINANT of a 2 x 2 Matrices
The determinant of P is P is a singular
Example:
zero. matrix.
2 6
If 𝑃 = , find 𝑃
1 3 P has no inverse.

Solution:
𝑃 = 2×3 − 6×1
=0
Example:
𝑘 6
If Q = 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥. Find the
1 3
value of 𝑘.

Solution:
𝑄 =0
𝑘×3 − 6×1 =0
3𝑘 − 6 = 0
3𝑘 = 6
𝑘=2
Activity#2
 Evaluate the determinant of the following and state whether
the matrix is singular or non-singular
3 4
a) 𝐴 =
6 7
15 −30
b) 𝐵 =
1 2
−8 −5
c) 𝑇 =
−3 −2
3 −2
d) 𝑄 =
4 5
ADJOINT OF A 2X2 MATRIX
𝑎 𝑏
Given the 2x2 matrix A =
𝑐 𝑑
then
𝑑 −𝑏
𝐴 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
−𝑐 𝑎

Principle of the adjoint of a 2x2 mstrix:

 Interchange the leading diagonal elements ( 𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅)
 Multiply the non-leading by -1.
EXAMPLE: ADJOINT OF A 2X2 MATRIX
State the adjoint of the following matrix: Note:
3 2 𝑑 −𝑏
a. H = 𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
5 4 −𝑐 𝑎
−1 3
b. L =  Interchange the leading
4 −5
−3 −2 diagonal elements ( 𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅)
c. M =
−6 4  Multiply the non-leading by -1.
Solution:
3 2
a. H =
5 4
4 −2 Remember, Multiplying
H adjoint =
−5 3 by -1 will cause the signs
−1 3
b. L = to change
4 −5
−5 −3 −1 −𝑘 = +𝑘
L adjoint =
−4 −1 −1 𝑘 = −𝑘
−3 −2
c. M =
−6 4

4 2
M adjoint =
6 −3
Activity#3
 State the adjoint of the following and state whether the
matrix is singular or non-singular
3 4
a) 𝐴 =
6 7
15 −30
b) 𝐵 =
1 2
−8 −5
c) 𝑀 =
−3 −2
3 −2
d) 𝑃 =
4 5
 INVERSE OF A 2X2 MATRIX
𝑎 𝑏
Given the non-singular 2x2 matrix A =
𝑐 𝑑
then the inverse of the matrix A
−1
𝑎 𝑏
𝐴−1 =
𝑐 𝑑

1
= × 𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
|𝐴|
1 𝑑 −𝑏
𝐴−1 =
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎

Principle of inverse of a non-singular 2x2 matrix:

 You will need to know the scalar multiplication, determinant and adjoint of the
matrix
 Multiply the adjoint by 1 “over” the determinant
EXAMPLE:INVERSE OF A 2X2 MATRIX
Principle of inverse of a
non-singular 2x2 mstrix:
 You will need to know the
determinant and adjoint of
the matrix
 Multiply the adjoint by 1
over the determinant

1
𝐴−1 = × 𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
|𝐴|
1 𝑑 −𝑏
=
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎
 EXAMPLE:INVERSE OF A 2X2 MATRIX
Determine the inverse of the following matrix:
−1 3
a. L =
4 −5
Principle of inverse of a
−3 −2 non-singular 2x2 mstrix:
b. M =
−6 4  You will need to know the
determinant and adjoint of
Solution: the matrix
−1 3  Multiply the adjoint by 1
a. L =
4 −5
1 −5 −3 over the determinant
𝐿−1 = −1
−4 −1
−5 −(3)(4)
1 −5 −3
= 1
5 − 12 −4 −1
1 −5 −3 𝐴−1 = × 𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
=− |𝐴|
7 −4 −1 1 𝑑 −𝑏
=
5 3 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎
= 7 7
4 1
7 7
 EXAMPLE:INVERSE OF A 2X2 MATRIX
Determine the inverse of State the adjoint of the following
matrix:
−1 3
a. L = Principle of inverse of a
4 −5
b. M =
−3 −2 non-singular 2x2 mstrix:
−6 4
Solution:
 You will need to know the
b. M=
−3 −2 determinant and adjoint of
−6 4 the matrix
𝑀−1 =
1
4 −3 −(−2)(−6)
4 2
6 −3
 Multiply the adjoint by 1
=
1 4 2 over the determinant
−12 − 12 6 −3
1 4 2
=−
𝟐𝟒 6 −3 1
4 2 𝐴−1 = × 𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
−
24
−
24
|𝐴|
=
−
6 3 1 𝑑 −𝑏
24 24 =
−
1
−
1 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎
= 6 12
1 1
−
4 8
Activity#4
 Determine the inverse of the following non-singular matrix
3 4
a) 𝐴 =
6 7
5 −3
b) 𝐵 =
4 2
−8 −5
c) 𝐶 =
−3 −2
−3 −2
d) 𝐷 =
−1 4
 PROVE MATRIX INVERSE
MULTIPLICATION

STUDENT TASK:
2 −5 1 0
Given 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼 = , show that
1 3 0 1
a) 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐼
b) 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼
c) Is 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼?

Allow the students to work this problem.

Activity#5
7 −2 1 0
 Given 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼 = , show that
3 5 0 1
a) 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐼
b) 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼
c) Is 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼?
 Solution of Simultaneous Linear
Equation: Matrix Method
The method involves
1. Writing the equation in matrix form
2. Multiplying both sides by the inverse to obtain the identity matrix

Example: Using matrix method solve the

simultaneous equation We don’t divide in
4𝑥 − 5𝑦 = −6 matrix, we multiply by
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 7 the inverse.
Write in matrix form: 4 ÷ 4 = 1 is the same
4 −5 𝑥 −6 as
𝑦 = 1
3 2 7
𝐴 𝑋 𝐵 4× =1
4
Multiply Both sides by the inverse, Recall
𝐴𝐴−1 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
𝐼𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
We can solve the pair of equations using the
inverse
Solution of Simultaneous Linear Equation: Matrix
Method
Solution:
The method involves 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
1. Writing the equation in matrix form 𝑥 4 −5 −1 −6
2. Multiplying both sides by the inverse to 𝑦 = 3 2 7
obtain the identity matrix
Example: Using a matrix method solve 𝑥 1 2 5 −6
𝑦 =
the simultaneous equation (4 2 − 3 −5 ) −3 4 7
4𝑥 − 5𝑦 = −6 1 2 5 −6
=
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 7 (8 − −15) −3 4 7
Write in matrix form:
4 −5 𝑥 −6 1 2 5 −6
𝑦 = =
3 2 7 23 −3 4 7
𝐴 𝑋 𝐵 1 2 −6 + 5(7)
Multiply Both sides by the inverse, =
23 −3 −6 + 4(7)
Recall 1 −12 + 35
=
𝐴𝐴−1 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 23 18 + 28
𝐼𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 1 23
=
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 23 46
We can solve the pair of equations using 1
=
the inverse 2
𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2
Solution of Simultaneous Linear Equation: Matrix
Method
Solution:
The method involves 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
1. Writing the equation in matrix form 𝑥 3 −1 −1 1
2. Multiplying both sides by the inverse to 𝑦 = 2 3 8
obtain the identity matrix
Example#2: Using matrix method 𝑥 1 3 1 1
𝑦 =
solve the simultaneous equation (3 3 − 2 −1 ) −2 3 8
3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1 1 3 1 1
=
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 8 (9 − −2) −2 3 8
Write in matrix form:
3 −1 𝑥 1 1 3 1 1
𝑦 = =
2 3 8 11 −2 3 8
𝐴 𝑋 𝐵 1 3 1 + 1(8)
=
Multiply Both sides by the inverse, 11 −2 1 + 3(8)
Recall 1 3+8
=
𝐴𝐴−1 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 23 −2 + 24
𝐼𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 1 11
=
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 11 22
We can solve the pair of equations using 1
=
the inverse 2
𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2
Solution of Simultaneous Linear Equation: Matrix
Method
Solution:
The method involves 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
1. Writing the equation in matrix form 𝑥 3 4 −1 27
2. Multiplying both sides by the inverse to 𝑦 = 5 −2 19
obtain the identity matrix
Example#3: Using matrix method 𝑥 1 −2 −4 27
𝑦 =
solve the simultaneous equation (3 −2 − 4 5 ) −5 3 19
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 27 1 −2 −4 27
=
5𝑥 − 19 = 2𝑦 (rewrite ) (−6 − 20) −5 3 19
Write in matrix form:
3 4 𝑥 27 1 −2 −4 27
= =−
5 −2 𝑦 19 26 −5 3 19
𝐴 𝑋 𝐵 1 −2 27 − 4(19)
Multiply Both sides by the inverse, =−
26 −5 27 + 3(19)
Recall 1 −54 − 76
=−
𝐴𝐴−1 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 26 −135 + 57
𝐼𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 1 −130
=−
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 26 −78
We can solve the pair of equations using 5
=
the inverse 3
𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑥 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 3
SUMMARY
Activity#6
A. Using matrix method solve the simultaneous equation
1. 5𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 3
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8
2. 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5
4𝑥 = 3𝑦 + 18
B. At a grocery store, 3 packs of milo and 5 apple juice cost $21
while 2 packs of milo and 3 apple juice cost $13 .
i. Write a pair of simultaneous equation to represent the information.
ii. state the matrix equation to represent the information
iii. Hence determine :
• the cost of a pack of milo
• The cost of a apple juice