PRINCIPLES OF AQUACULTURE

SQ12103
 Classification
Combination methods of Scientific and
conventional taxonomy used to group
and categorize organisms

✓ Fish Taxonomy
✓ Types of water
✓ Types of aquatic organisms
✓ Gender
✓ Life cycles
✓ Culture methods
 Classification
• Taxonomy (from Ancient Greek τάξις (taxis) 'arrangement', and -νομία (-
nomia) 'method') is the scientific study of naming, defining
(circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on
shared characteristics.

• Organisms are grouped into taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are
given a taxonomic rank; groups of a given rank can be aggregated to
form a super-group of higher rank, thus creating a taxonomic hierarchy.

• The principal ranks in modern use

are domain, kingdom, phylum (division is sometimes used in botany in
place of phylum), class, order, family, genus, and species.

• The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus is regarded as the founder of the

current system of taxonomy, as he developed a system known
as Linnaean taxonomy for categorizing organisms and binomial
nomenclature for naming organisms.
classification
hierarchical grouping of
organisms (used by
Linnaeus,1758)

taxonomy
science of biological
nomenclature (formal rules
for use)

systematics
the study of relationships
Fish Classification
Fish Taxonomy

Actinopterygii (Ray-finned fishes)

Perciformes (Perch-like fish)

Eleotridae

Oxyeleotris sp.

Oxyeleotris marmoratus
Fish Taxonomy

Actinopterygii (Ray-finned fishes)

Siluriformes (Eel-like fish)

Claridae

Clarias

Clarias gariepinus
 ✓ African catfish ✓ Grass carp
Clarias gariepinus Ctenopharyngodon idella
✓ Bagrid catfish ✓ Red Mahseer
Mystus nemurus Tor tambroides
✓ River catfish ✓ River Barb
Pangasius hypophthalmus Leptobarbus Hoevenii
✓ Marble goby ✓ Common snakehead
Oxyeleotris marmoratus channa striata
✓ Tilapia ✓ Giant snakehead
Oreochromis niloticus Channa micropeltes
✓ Common carp ✓ Freshwater eel
Cyprinus carpio Anguilla sp.
✓ Bighead carp ✓ Silver carp
Hypophthalmichthys nobilis Hypophthalmic molitrix
✓ Grass carp ✓ Jave barb
Ctenopharyngodon idella Puntius gonionotus
steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)

 Classification
Combination methods of Scientific and
conventional taxonomy used to group
and categorize organisms

✓ Fish Taxonomy
✓ Types of water
✓ Types of aquatic organisms
✓ Types of gender
✓ Life cycles
✓ Culture methods
 Types of Water
Freshwater
Brackish water

Seawater
 Freshwater
✓ Water that having low
concentration of salt
✓ Origin: Precipitation from
atmosphere
✓ Forms: Mist, rain and snow
✓ Resources: River, lakes and ponds,
wetlands
✓ In Aquaculture: Reservoir, tap
water
✓ Expensive water source
✓ Chlorine –Kills fish and bacteria
✓ Salinity: 0 ppt
Brackish water

✓ Water that having higher salt concentration than freshwater

✓ Result from mixing of freshwater and seawater
✓ Important habitat for zooplankton
✓ Habitat for euryhaline species
✓ Salinity: > 0 ppt, < 30 ppt
Brackish water
• Because brackish water is hostile to the growth of most terrestrial plant
species, without appropriate management it is damaging to the environment
• Abundance of natural food production
• Favourable range for growth and reproduction for fish
 Seawater

✓ Origin from sea and ocean

✓ Largest water body on earth
✓ Water that high salt concentration
✓ Contains more dissolved ions
✓ Denser than freshwater
✓ Habitat for seawater and euryhaline species
✓ Salinity: 30 or more ppt (3.5% salt
 Seawater-Marine Aquaculture

• Among the most diverse

species in aquaculture
• High value and relatively
economical
• Land based marine
hatchery or sea cage
• Important to coastal
community around the
world
 Types of Water

Types of Aquatic Organism

 Classification
Method of Scientific taxonomy used to
group and categorize organisms into
group such as genus or species

✓ Fish Taxonomy
✓ Types of water
✓ Types of aquatic organisms
✓ Types of fish gender
✓ Life cycles
✓ Culture methods
 Types of Aquatic Organisms
Fish Plankton Plant
✓Freshwater ✓Zooplankton ✓Freshwater
✓Brackish water ✓Phytoplankton ✓Brackish water
✓Seawater ✓Seawater
✓Freshwater
✓Brackish water
✓Seawater
 Freshwater fish

✓ Spend all their life in freshwater

✓ River and lakes
✓ Unable to survive even in slightly saline water
✓ Gills –chloride cells
✓ Collapse of osmoregulation system
 Freshwater fish

✓ Their gills must be able to diffuse dissolved gasses

✓ While keeping the salts in the body fluids inside
✓ Their scales reduce water diffusion through the skin:
✓ Freshwater fish that have lost too many scales will die.
✓ Well developed kidneys to reclaim salts from body fluids
before excretion.
 Seawater fish

✓ Spend all their life in seawater

✓ Schooling behavior
✓ Active ion exchange
 Seawater fish
• Coastal fish (also offshore fish or neritic fish) inhabit the sea
between the shoreline and the edge of the continental
shelf
• Deep sea fish live below the photic zone of the ocean, i.e.
where not enough light penetrates for photosynthesis to
occur
• Pelagic fish live near the surface of the sea or a lake
• Demersal fish live on or near the bottom of the sea or a
lake
• Coral reef fish are associated with a coral reef.
 Brackish fish

✓ Migrating fish
✓ Able to survive in both water
✓ Higher survival skills
 Types of Aquatic Organisms
Fish Plankton Plant
✓Freshwater ✓Zooplankton ✓Freshwater
✓Brackish water ✓Phytoplankton ✓Brackish water
✓Seawater ✓Seawater
✓Freshwater
✓Brackish water
✓Seawater
Plankton-zooplankton
Minute size of aquatic animal

Drifting in water

Feed for fish larvae

Zooplankton can
also act as
a disease reservoir

They are floating

or weakly
swimming animals
that rely on water
currents to move
any great
distance.
 Plankton-Phytoplankton

Minute size of aquatic plant

Feed for fish larvae and zooplankton
Photosynthesis process
Phytoplankton account for about half of all photosynthetic
activty on Earth.

Therefore live in the well-lit surface layer at ocean, sea ,

lake or other body of water.
Aquatic Plants
 Classification
Method of Scientific taxonomy used to
group and categorize organisms into
group such as genus or species

✓ Fish Taxonomy
✓ Types of water
✓ Types of aquatic organisms
✓ Life cycles
✓ Types of fish gender
✓ Culture methods
Life cycle
Life cycle
Egg: The earliest form of fish

Rich in nutrient reserves

Freshwater: Sink to bottom

Seawater: Floating on water

Hatching: Species dependent

Life cycle
Larvae: Uncompleted
development

Developed as aged

Yolk sac to provide food before

digestion is functional

Highly susceptible to mortality

Life cycle
Juvenile: Resemble adult fish

Higher survival and growth

skills
Life cycle
Adult: Spawner and non
spawner
 Classification
Method of Scientific taxonomy used to
group and categorize organisms into
group such as genus or species

✓ Fish Taxonomy
✓ Types of water
✓ Types of aquatic organisms
✓ Life cycles
✓ Types of fish gender
✓ Culture methods
Protogynous
hermaphrodite
Female to male

Protandrous
hermaphrodites
Female to male

Sterile
 Classification
Method of Scientific taxonomy used to
group and categorize organisms into
group such as genus or species

✓ Fish Taxonomy
✓ Types of water
✓ Types of aquatic organisms
✓ Life cycles
✓ Types of fish sex
✓ Culture methods
 Culture Methods
1. Gender
2. Species
3. Density
Culture Methods-Gender
Monosex
✓Single gender
✓Avoid inbreeding
✓Better quality

Polysex
✓Breeding with stimulation
✓Non aggressive behavior
Culture Methods-Species
Monoculture Polyculture

Single
species

Integrated
species
Culture Methods-Density
Intensive Extensive Semi-intensive
✓ Practiced in
artificial system
✓ Rearing of fish at
greater density
✓ Utilized high
water flow
exchange rates
✓ Require feeding
of formulated
feed
Culture Methods-Density
Intensive Extensive Semi-intensive
✓ Practiced in
✓
artificial
Basic thansystem
✓ intensive
Rearing ofsystem
fish at
✓greater
Rely ondensity
both
✓ Utilized
natural high
productivity
water flow and
formulated
exchange rates feed
✓ Require
Low densityfeeding
of
of formulated
fish
feed
Culture Methods-Density
Intensive Extensive Semi-intensive

✓ Combination of intensive and extensive systems

✓ Early stage: rearing is controlled
✓ Late stage: release for on growing