CVL8309: Wind Engineering

Lecture 1a: Introduction

Haitham Aboshosha, PhD PEng

Outline
Introduction

Steps Involved in a Typical Wind Engineering study

Bridge Wind Engineering Studies

Coupled Wind Tunnel and Full Scale Measurements

Research on Thunderstorms and Transmission Lines

Various Wind Engineering Experiences

Introduction 3/44

Wind is formed as a result of various wind systems such as

(cyclones, hurricanes,…..)
Wind at high elevation (i.e. gradient height) is uniform and has no
turbulence but near the ground surface is not.

http://rockets2sprockets.com/issue-cross-winds-wind-tunnels/
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46662
Boundary Layer
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction 4/44

In the boundary layer, wind is turbulent, increases with the

elevation (all of our structures lie inside the boundary layer)

http://rockets2sprockets.com/issue-cross-winds-wind-tunnels/

Boundary Layer
Introduction
Introduction 5/44

Wind speed in the boundary layer

20
Velocity (m/s)

10

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
time (sec)
20
Velocity (m/s)

10

Velocities measured at
0 Champlain bridge,
0 50 100 150 200 Montreal, QC, Canada
Time (day)

Introduction
Introduction 6/44

Wind speed in the boundary layer

20 20
Velocity (m/s)

Velocity (m/s)
10 10

0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Time (day) time (sec)

Eddies with size and

frequencies close to
those of the structures

Simulated by the wind

Handled Statistically
tunnel or CFD

Distribution of the wind variance for different frequencies (durations)

Introduction
 7/44
Alan G. Davenport

Used wind tunnel to

evaluate peak loads and
response of structures

Alan G. Davenport (left) and Jack Cermak (right)

testing first world trade centre

Introduction
 8/44
Alan Davenport Wind Loading Chain

Terrain Aerodynamic Dynamic Criteria

Climate Effect Effect Effect

Combination of meteorology (climate and terrain

effect) with statistics, aerodynamics, structural
analysis

Introduction
 61.4m

9/44
Example: Tall building

Dominant
MODE Freq (hz)
Direction

1 0.20 North-South
2 0.25 East-West
3 0.30 Torque

140 m
136.0 Data
140.3m

140 m building
Toronto
Fundamental Freq. 0.2 hz
Required:
Equivalent Static Loads
Building Responses
WEST SOUTH

Steps Involved in a Typical Wind Engineering study

 10/44
Example: tall building
Terrain Aerodynamic Dynamic Criteria
Climate Effect Effect Effect

Analyze historic data for

nearby wind station (WS)

Site
Toronto Island Airport WS is
chosen

Toronto Island Airport WS

Steps Involved in a Typical Wind Engineering study

Example: tall building 11/44

Terrain Aerodynamic Dynamic Criteria

Climate Effect Effect Effect

North
North 60

40

V (m/s)
20

0 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10
Return Period (years)
Wind speed for a 50-year Return period
storm
West
West East
East

30%

20%

10%
South
South
North East South West North
Histogram
HistogramofofHistorical
HistoricalData
Data Relative importance

Steps Involved in a Typical Wind Engineering study

 Example: tall building 12/44

Original Map
Terrain Aerodynamic Dynamic Criteria
Climate Effect Effect Effect

Water zones
Water Surfaces Urban Surfaces Vegetation Su

Water Surfaces Urban zones

Urban Surfaces Vegetation Surfaces

Site Map
Original Map

Exposure 2
Water Surfaces Urban Surfaces Vegetation zones
Vegetation Surfaces

Exposure 1

n Surfaces Vegetation SurfacesSteps Involved in a Typical Wind Engineering study

 Example: tall building 13/44

Terrain Aerodynamic Dynamic Criteria

Climate Effect Effect Effect

EXPOSURE 4
Exposure 1
High roughness elements
High turbulence
Site Map
Original Map

Exposure 1

Exposure 2

n Surfaces Vegetation SurfacesSteps Involved

Resiliency
in a Typical
Application:
Wind Engineering
WT Tall Building
study
 Example: tall building 14/44

Terrain Aerodynamic Dynamic Criteria

Climate Effect Effect Effect

EXPOSURE 3
Exposure 2
Low roughness elements
Low turbulence
Site Map
Original Map

Exposure 1

Exposure 2

n Surfaces Vegetation SurfacesSteps Involved

Resiliency
in a Typical
Application:
Wind Engineering
WT Tall Building
study
 Example: tall building 15/44

Terrain Aerodynamic Dynamic Criteria

Climate Effect Effect Effect

Aerodynamic effect

Outer geometry of the building Mounted on

and surroundings within ~500 force balance
m radius is modeled:

• Pressure Models

• Force Balance Models

Pressure taps

Pressure model Force balance

(~3-4 weeks) (~ 2 weeks)

Steps Involved
Resiliency
in a Typical
Application:
Wind Engineering
WT Tall Building
study
 Example: tall building 16/44

Terrain Aerodynamic Dynamic Criteria

Climate Effect Effect Effect

Dynamic Effect Random Vibration theory

 M *u + C*u + [K*]u = F*

M*, C*, K* : Mass, Damping and Stiffness matrix in the generalized form
F* is the modal force

Pressure model Force balance

1 / h 0 0  Mx 
 
F* =  ( Pi .A xi.xij + Pi .A yi.yij + Pi .Ai.ij .ri ) F* =  0 1 / h 0   My 
j
 0  Mt 
0.7  
0 
Pi is the pressure at I, Axi, Ayi: are the area component Mx, My and Mt the measured
in x and y directions, ri distance to the building centre base moments

Steps Involved
Resiliency
in a Typical
Application:
Wind Engineering
WT Tall Building
study
Example: tall building 17/44

Terrain Aerodynamic Dynamic Criteria

Climate Effect Effect Effect

• Cladding Pressure Loads Typical reduction of ~30-40 % of cladding

• Equivalent Static Loads for Design cost and lateral system resisting the wind
• Peak Building Responses (i.e. accelerations, base moment and shear, storey drift)

Cladding Pressure Loads Equivalent Static Loads

Steps Involved
Resiliency
in a Typical
Application:
Wind Engineering
WT Tall Building
study
 18/44
Typical Causes Wind Induced Building
Vibrations
Buffeting (Incoming Turbulence)

Wind
Force
F α U2

Important fbu< ~1.0 hz

Uav
Uav

Boundary Layer
Speed variation with the Time Energy Spectrum

Steps Involved in a Typical Wind Engineering study

 Typical Causes Wind Induced Building 19/44

Vibrations
Vortex shedding Force with a frequency fsh

Wind U

fsh=S.U Depth D

S: Strouhal number
0.1 (H, Rect. Sections)
0.2 (curved, trapezoidal)
Energy Spectrum

Steps Involved in a Typical Wind Engineering study

Wind Induced Structural Vibrations 20/44
When To Perform Wind Study
Phenomena When Reason
Buffeting Fbr <~ 1 hz Wind has high energy
associated with frequencies <
1hz
Vortex shedding Fbr < fshmax Potential high lift force with
(self and other) Fshmax=Umax.S/D, frequency matching the
Umax is max speed at frequency of the structure.
deck level, S=0.1-0.2, D
is the depth
Flutter B/D < 12 Total damping (aerodynamic +
B 4 A2max structural) is negative
 a = −
Io 4
 a +  s  0  s =~ 0.8 : 1.0%

Non-typical situation Unique shape, Wind pressures can vary

surrounding conditions significantly (eg. funneling)

When
Steps Involved in to perform
a Typical wind study study
Wind Engineering
Resiliency Applications
 Dubai Creek Tower, Dubai, UAE (Tallest tower worldwide by 2020; final height is
confidential)

Towards More Resilient &

Sustainable Structures
21
 Employing CFD for load evaluation1,2

Buffeting Effect (upstream turbulence) Aerodynamic Effect

Consistent Inflow Turbulence Generator
Dynamic
Shear layer Response

www.youtube.com/watch?v=oVKrZz0f3Hc

CFD

WT

Horse shoe
vortex

Mean V Turbulent Intensity

Towards More Resilient &

Sustainable Structures
1 Aboshosha, H., El Shaer, A., Bitsuamlak, G. El Damatty, A. 2015. Consistent inflow turbulent generator for LES evaluation of
wind-induced responses for tall buildings. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 99, 272-284.
2 Elshaer, A., Aboshosha, H., Dagnew, A., Bitsuamlak, G., El Damatty, A. 2016. LES evaluation for wind-induced
May-01-2017 | 22
responses of a tall building with isolated and complex surrounding. Engineering Structures 115:179-195
Tacoma Narrows Bridge

23
Bridge Wind Engineering Studies
 Ultimate Bridge on I4, Orlando, Florida

Terrain Aerodynamic Dynamic Criteri

Climate Effect Effect Effect a

Modeled Zone of the bridge

Bridge tendency for torsional and flutter instabilities & Equivalent static loads

Can be tested easily in Aerospace wind tunnel (no turbulence)

such as WT at Ryerson

Towards More Resilient &

Sustainable Structures
Bridge Wind Engineering Studies 24
 River Valley, Edmonton

Multiple Bridges in Canada using CFD and Analytical Methods

Movable Bridge Mesh

Incoming
wind

Modeled Zone in CFD Close-up view

HPC 24 Core x 36 hrs of simulation per core

River Valley, Edmonton

Overall CFD Model

Towards More Resilient &

Sustainable Structures
Bridge Wind Engineering Studies 25
 a) Extracting Motion-independent Forces

Towards More Resilient &

Sustainable Structures
Bridge Wind Engineering Studies 26
 b) Extracting Self-induced Forces (Motion Dependent)

Towards More Resilient &

Sustainable Structures
Bridge Wind Engineering Studies 27
c) Extracting Self-Excitation Parameters 28/44

Sample Section Model Test

L=
1
2
(
U 2 B KH1* h / U + KH 2* B / U + K 2 H 3* + K 2 H 4* h / B + KH 5* p / U + K 2 H 6* p / B )
D=
1
2
(
U 2 B KP1* p / U + KP2* B / U + K 2 P3* + K 2 P4* p / B + KP5* h / U + K 2 P6* h / B )
1
(
M = U 2 B 2 KA1* h / U + KA2* B / U + K 2 A3* + K 2 A4* h / B + KA5* p / U + K 2 A6* p / B
2
)

Measure L,M, D and employ system identification methods to extract

self-excitation parameters A1-6, H1-6, P1-6

Bridge Wind Engineering Studies

c) Extracting Self-Excitation Parameters 29/44

Terrain Aerodynamic Dynamic Criteria

Climate Effect Effect Effect

Sample Section Model Test Sectional model (~3-4 weeks)

Measure L,M, D and employ system identification methods to extract

self-excitation parameters A1-6, H1-6, P1-6

Bridge Wind Engineering Studies

d) Obtaining Bridge Dynamic Response, and Equivalent static load

Bridge Wind Engineering Studies

d) Obtaining Bridge Dynamic Response, and Equivalent static load

Bridge Wind Engineering Studies

Bridge Resiliency Application 32/44

Terrain Aerodynamic Dynamic Criteria

Climate Effect Effect Effect

Sample aeroelastic test The Most Accurate (~ 8-10 weeks)

New Champlain Bridge, Montreal, Canada Aeroelastic Model

Geometry, mass and stiffness are modeled
The model experiences the wind similar to the original structure!
Bridge Wind Engineering Studies
Example: New Bridge over Saint Lawrence 33/44

Mass and stiffness

Spine for the Deck

Spine for stiffness

Cladding for shape
Spine for the Pylon Ballasting for mass

Bridge Wind Engineering Studies

Flexible Shading Features 34/44

CMA Tower Saudi Shading Glass Fins

Coupled Wind Tunnel and Full Scale Measurements

 Flexible Shading Features 35/44

Terrain Aerodynamic Dynamic Criteria

Climate Effect Effect Effect

Aeroelastic Model Test at BLWTL

Coupled Wind Tunnel and Full Scale Measurements

Flexible Shading Features 36/44

Terrain Aerodynamic Dynamic Criteria

Climate Effect Effect Effect

Coupled Wind Tunnel and Full Scale Measurements

Flexible Shading Features 37/44

Terrain Aerodynamic Dynamic Criteria

Climate Effect Effect Effect

Coupled Wind Tunnel and Full Scale Measurements

Flexible Shading Features 38/44

Terrain Aerodynamic Dynamic Criteria

Climate Effect Effect Effect

Coupled Wind Tunnel and Full Scale Measurements

 Research on Thunderstorms and TLs

Transmission Line Response under (Downburst Outflow, Gust Front)

Downburst Outflow ABL Wind

www.interestingengineering.com/rain-bomb-phenomenon-caught-camera-storm/

More than 80 % of weather-related

failures

HO 2013 MH 1996
Towards More Resilient &
Sustainable Structures
May-01-2017 | 39
 Research on Thunderstorms and TLs
Spatial Variation of the load
20
Motivation in Y-direction
15 in Z-direction

Load (N/m')
Cable loads can be up to 60% 10

5
Cables are highly non-linear
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
X/L x

Analysis needs to be conducted for a Tower of interest

large number of cases (local effects)

ϴ=30°

Analysis tools for Transmission

Line Conductors are needed
Dj=500 m

Temporal Variation
Speeds (m/s)
30 4

3
25
3

Speed (m/s) 20 2

Angle (deg)
2
15
1

10 1

Towards More Resilient & 0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
-

Sustainable Structures Time (sec)

Mean Db Records Mean Db Model Peak Db Record

May-01-2017 | 40
 Research on Thunderstorms and TLs
1- Effective Technique to Analyze TL Conductor (Iterative)

• Developing a mathematical solution

for entire span under arbitrary load

• Combine multiple spans and solve

for DOFs at connecting points

• Iterative numerical technique

Current Technique Using FEA Undeformed

30
Y-Coordiante (m)

20

10

0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Towards More Resilient & X/Lx
Sustainable Structures 10
1 Aboshosha, H., El Damatty, A. 2014. Effective Technique to Analyze Transmission Line Conductors under High
te (m)

Intensity Winds. Wind and Structures an International Journal 18(3), 235-252. May-01-2017 | 41
0
 Research on Thunderstorms and TLs
2- Engineering Method for Maximum TL Conductor Reaction due to Downbursts

Suitable For Practitioner

Engineers
Sag/Lx=2.0 %
low tension ϴ=30° High tension 10 1
10
1

Tower of interest R=1.6 Dj

fx3max
fx3max
0
0 10
10

RX max = f3max .g py max .Lx

-1
Sag/Lx=2.0 % Dj=2.Lx 10
-1 Sag/Lx=3.0 % 10 -
1 -1 1 0 10
10 10 10 W/gpymax 10

Sag/Lx=4.0 %

Shehata and El Damatty (2008)

Load distribution for n =0.5, n =1.6, =30 o

fx3max
L R 0 0
fx3max

10 0 10
1 0 10
10

fx3max
fx3max
0.8
g /g py

0.6
py
g/g

-1
CFD 10
yi

-1
0.4 10 -1 0 Fitted -1 10
-1
W/gpymax 10
0
-1
10 W/gpymax 10 10 10 -
-1 0
10 W/gpymax 10 10
0.2
x/LxSag/Lx=4.0 % Lx/v=60
Sag/LLx=5.0
x
%
/v=125 Lx/v=250 Lx/
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-3 -2 -1 0 0
x/Lx 1 2 3 0
Towards More Resilient & 10 10
Sustainable Structures
fx3max
fx3max

2 Aboshosha, H., El Damatty, A., 2015. Engineering Method for Estimating the Reactions of Transmission
Line Conductors under Downburst Winds. Journal of Engineering Structures. 142, 198-216. May-01-2017 | 42
 Research on Thunderstorms and TLs
3- Aeroelastic Wind Tunnel Testing of TL under Downburst wind

Parameter Scaling ratio

Length λL = Lm Lp =1:50

λv = λL = Vm Vp = 1 : 7.07
0.5
Velocity
Time λ T = Tm Tp = λ L λ V = 1 : 7.07
Density λρ = ρ m ρ p = 1 : 1
Mass per Unit Length λ m = λ ρ λ 2L = 1 : 2500
Mass λ M = λ ρ λ 3L = 1 : 125,000
Mass Moment of Inertia per Unit Length λ i = λ m λ 2L = 1 : 6,250,000
Mass Moment of Inertia λ I = λ M λ 2L = 1 : 312,500,000
Acceleration λ a = a m /a p = λ v /λ T = 1 : 1
Damping λζ = ζ m ζ p = 1:1
Failure Investigation Report, Hydro One Company, 2006 λ EI = λ GC = λ 2V λ 4L = 312,500,000
Elastic Stiffness
λ EA = λ 2V λ 2L = 1 : 125,000
Force per Unit Length  f = V2 L = 3L / T2 = 1 : 2500
Force F = Fm / Fp = V2 2L = 1 : 125,000
Bending and Torsional Moment BM = V2 3L = 1 : 625,000
*Subscript m, p represent the model and the prototype scale, respectively.

Towards More Resilient &

Sustainable Structures
May-01-2017 | 43
 Research on Thunderstorms and TLs
3- Aeroelastic Wind Tunnel Testing of TL under Downburst wind

Cladding for Geometry

Spine for the Stiffness

Towards More Resilient &

Sustainable Structures Elawady, A., Aboshosha, H., Bitsuamlak, G., El Damatty, A., Hangan, H., Elattar, A. 2017. Aero-Elastic Testing of
Multi-Spanned Transmission Line Subjected to Downbursts. Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics.
May-01-2017 | 44
 Research on Thunderstorms and TLs
3- Aeroelastic Wind Tunnel Testing of TL under Downburst wind

Towards More Resilient &

Sustainable Structures Elawady, A., Aboshosha, H., Bitsuamlak, G., El Damatty, A., Hangan, H., Elattar, A. 2017. Aero-Elastic Testing of
Multi-Spanned Transmission Line Subjected to Downbursts. Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics.
May-01-2017 | 45
 Research on Thunderstorms and TLs
3- Aeroelastic Wind Tunnel Testing of TL under Downburst wind

Base Shear (N)

Towards More Resilient &

Sustainable Structures Elawady, A., Aboshosha, H., Bitsuamlak, G., El Damatty, A., Hangan, H., Elattar, A. 2017. Aero-Elastic Testing of
Multi-Spanned Transmission Line Subjected to Downbursts. Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics.

May-01-2017 | 46
 Research on Thunderstorms and TLs
3- Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Simulations for Downbursts

Towards More Resilient & 1 Aboshosha, H., Bitsuamlak, G., El Damatty A. 2015. Turbulence characterization of downbursts
using LES. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 136, 44–61.
Sustainable Structures
May-01-2017 | 47
 Research on Thunderstorms and TLs
Combined in an Analysis Package called (HIW) Provided to Hydro One1

Conductor Information Read tower geometry Choose Load Type

Full / Partial Parametric Study

Introduction of
Dynamic Effects2

Towards More Resilient & 1 Development of Software HIW to analyze Transmission Line Structures under the Action of High Intensity
Wind Loads (Downbursts and Tornadoes). Software submitted to Hydro One Ontario. Feb 2015.
Sustainable Structures
2 Aboshosha, H., Ibrahim, A. El Damatty, A., Hamada, A. 2016. Dynamic Behavior of Transmission Lines May-01-2017 | 48
Structures under Synoptic Wind Loads. CIGRE-IEC Colloquium May 2016.
 Research on Thunderstorms and TLs
Thunderstorm Design Wind Speeds in North America

1) Develop and Validate a Numerical Model

2) Extract Potential Thunderstorm Events from the Records

3) Fit the model and obtain model parameter for each event

4) Probability Distribution for the parameters

5) Generate thunderstorms using Monte Carlo Simulation

1) Develop and Validate a Numerical Model

Speeds (m/s) Wind Direction

30 400

350
25
300

20 250

Speed (m/s)

Angle (deg)
200
15
150

10 100

50
5
0

0 -50
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Time (sec) Time (sec)

Towards More Resilient & Aboshosha, H., Mara, T. 2017. Estimating Design Wind Speeds for Thunderstorms Gust Front
using Historical Records and Monte Carlo Simulations. Sustainable Cities and Society.
Sustainable Structures May-01-2017 | 49
 Research on Thunderstorms and TLs
Thunderstorm Design Wind Speeds in North America
2) Extract Potential Thunderstorm Events from the Records
3) Fit the model and obtain model parameter for each event

Towards More Resilient & Aboshosha, H., Mara, T. 2017. Estimating Design Wind Speeds for Thunderstorms Gust
Sustainable Structures Front using Historical Records and Monte Carlo Simulations. Sustainable Cities and Society.
May-01-2017 | 50
 Research on Thunderstorms and TLs
2 Thunderstorm Design Wind Speeds in North America

4) Probability Distribution for the parameters

Towards More Resilient & Aboshosha, H., Mara, T. 2017. Estimating Design Wind Speeds for Thunderstorms Gust
Sustainable Structures Front using Historical Records and Monte Carlo Simulations. Sustainable Cities and Society.
May-01-2017 | 51
 Research on Thunderstorms and TLs
Thunderstorm Design Wind Speeds in North America

5) Generate thunderstorms using Monte Carlo Simulation

Towards More Resilient & Aboshosha, H., Mara, T. 2017. Estimating Design Wind Speeds for Thunderstorms Gust Front
using Historical Records and Monte Carlo Simulations. Sustainable Cities and Society.
Sustainable Structures
May-01-2017 | 52
 Research on Thunderstorms and TLs
Thunderstorm Design Wind Speeds in North America
Southwestern Ontario

• 30 Wind stations between 1965-2015

• More than 15,000 Event were characterized
• HPC (SharcNet)

Towards More Resilient & Aboshosha, H., Mara, T. 2017. Thunderstorm Design Wind Speeds for Southwestern
Ontario. American Conference in Wind Engineering ACWE 2017.
Sustainable Structures
May-01-2017 | 53
 Research on Thunderstorms and TLs
Thunderstorm Design Wind Speeds in North America
Southwestern Ontario

Occurance Rate
30

25
Storms Per Year

Steady between 1985 - 2005

20

15

10

0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Time (years)
Climate Change Does Exist !!!!!!!

Towards More Resilient & Aboshosha, H., Mara, T. 2017. Thunderstorm Design Wind Speeds for
Southwestern Ontario. American Conference in Wind Engineering ACWE 2017.
Sustainable Structures
May-01-2017 | 54
 When to conduct a wind Engineering Study?
• Structural Loads
• For tall buildings & long span bridges – with fundamental frequency
(fb < 1 Hz) or potential vortex shedding problem fb<fshmax
NBCC Sets a limit to the Dynamic Method to f>0.25hz, H/Wmin=4
• For shorter buildings, bridges – unique geometry
• Components and Cladding
• For tall buildings – local effects from adjacent buildings
• For shorter buildings – unique geometry
• In each case, a wind study better predict
• Across-wind response (loads)
• Local effects of adjacent buildings (loads, pressures)
• Advice on pedestrian level winds in accessible areas (safety/comfort)
Design wind loads tailored for the structure – Accurate and more
economic

Summary
Sample studies at Ryerson Wind Tunnel

Pitot
Tubes

Pressure Taps
High-rise
Low-rise Storm Building
shelters
Summary