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Fundamentals
of
Fluid Mechanics
Fourth Edition
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Fourth Edition

Fundamentals
of
Fluid Mechanics
BRUCE R. MUNSON
DONALD F. YOUNG
Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics

THEODORE H. OKIISHI
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa, USA

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

New York Chichester Weinheim Brisbane Singapore Toronto
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To Erik and all others who possess the curiosity,

patience, and desire to learn
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About the Authors

Bruce R. Munson, Professor of Engineering Mechanics at Iowa State University since 1974,
received his B.S. and M.S. degrees from Purdue University and his Ph.D. degree from the
Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics Department of the University of Minnesota in 1970.
From 1970 to 1974, Dr. Munson was on the mechanical engineering faculty of Duke
University. From 1964 to 1966, he worked as an engineer in the jet engine fuel control de-
partment of Bendix Aerospace Corporation, South Bend, Indiana.
Dr. Munson’s main professional activity has been in the area of fluid mechanics edu-
cation and research. He has been responsible for the development of many fluid mechanics
courses for studies in civil engineering, mechanical engineering, engineering science, and
agricultural engineering and is the recipient of an Iowa State University Superior Engineer-
ing Teacher Award and the Iowa State University Alumni Association Faculty Citation.
He has authored and coauthored many theoretical and experimental technical papers
on hydrodynamic stability, low Reynolds number flow, secondary flow, and the applications
of viscous incompressible flow. He is a member of The American Society of Mechanical En-
gineers and The American Physical Society.

Donald F. Young, Anson Marston Distinguished Professor Emeritus in Engineering, is a fac-

ulty member in the Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics at
Iowa State University. Dr. Young received his B.S. degree in mechanical engineering, his
M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in theoretical and applied mechanics from Iowa State, and has taught
both undergraduate and graduate courses in fluid mechanics for many years. In addition to
being named a Distinguished Professor in the College of Engineering, Dr. Young has also re-
ceived the Standard Oil Foundation Outstanding Teacher Award and the Iowa State Univer-
sity Alumni Association Faculty Citation. He has been engaged in fluid mechanics research
for more than 35 years, with special interests in similitude and modeling and the interdisci-
plinary field of biomedical fluid mechanics. Dr. Young has contributed to many technical
publications and is the author or coauthor of two textbooks on applied mechanics. He is a
Fellow of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

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viii ■ About the Authors

Theodore H. Okiishi, Associate Dean of Engineering and past Chair of Mechanical Engi-
neering at Iowa State University, has taught fluid mechanics courses there since 1967. He
received his undergraduate and graduate degrees at Iowa State.
From 1965 to 1967, Dr. Okiishi served as a U.S. Army officer with duty assignments
at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lewis Research Center, Cleveland,
Ohio, where he participated in rocket nozzle heat transfer research, and at the Combined
Intelligence Center, Saigon, Republic of South Vietnam, where he studied seasonal river
flooding problems.
Professor Okiishi is active in research on turbomachinery fluid dynamics. He and his
graduate students and other colleagues have written a number of journal articles based on
their studies. Some of these projects have involved significant collaboration with government
and industrial laboratory researchers with two technical papers winning the ASME Melville
Medal.
Dr. Okiishi has received several awards for teaching. He has developed undergraduate
and graduate courses in classical fluid dynamics as well as the fluid dynamics of turboma-
chines.
He is a licensed professional engineer. His technical society activities include having
been chair of the board of directors of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME) International Gas Turbine Institute. He is a Fellow of The American Society of
Mechanical Engineers and the editor of the Journal of Turbomachinery.
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Preface

This book is intended for junior and senior engineering students who are interested in learn-
ing some fundamental aspects of fluid mechanics. This area of mechanics is mature, and a
complete coverage of all aspects of it obviously cannot be accomplished in a single volume.
We developed this text to be used as a first course. The principles considered are classical
and have been well-established for many years. However, fluid mechanics education has im-
proved with experience in the classroom, and we have brought to bear in this book our own
ideas about the teaching of this interesting and important subject. This fourth edition has
been prepared after several years of experience by the authors using the previous editions for
an introductory course in fluid mechanics. Based on this experience, along with suggestions
from reviewers, colleagues, and students, we have made a number of changes in this new
edition. Many of these changes are minor and have been made to simply clarify, update and
expand certain ideas and concepts.
The major changes in the fourth edition involve the CD-ROM that accompanies the
book. This E-book CD-ROM contains the entire print component of the book, plus additional
material not in the print version. This approach allows the inclusion of various materials that
would either cause the print version to be too big or materials that are ideally (and only)
suited for the electronic media. Approximately 25 percent of the homework problems in both
the E-book and the print version are new problems.
The E-book contains the following material. (1) There are 80 video segments
illustrating many interesting and practical applications of “real-world” fluid phenomena.
Each video segment is identified at the appropriate location in the text material by an icon
of the type shown in the left margin. In addition, there are approximately 160 homework
problems that are tied-in directly with the topics in the videos. The appropriate videos can
be viewed directly from the problems. (2) There are 30 extended, laboratory-type problems
that involve actual experimental data for simple experiments of the type that are often found
in the laboratory portion of many introductory fluid mechanics courses. The data for these
problems are provided in an EXCEL format. (3) There is a set of 186 review problems cov-
ering most of the main topics in the book. Complete, detailed solutions to these problems
are provided. (4) Chapter 12, “Turbomachines,” is contained in the E-book only.

ix
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x ■ Preface

The E-book material on the CD-ROM with all its links is navigated using Adobe
AcrobatTM. The links within the E-book include the following types:
1. Links from the Table of Contents to major segments of the E-book (i.e., chapters, ap-
pendices, index, videos, lab problems, review problem).
2. Links from the Index to topics within the E-book.
3. Links from reference to a figure, table, equation, or section to the actual figure, table,
equation, or section. All figures can be enlarged and printed.
4. Links from end-of-chapter Key Words and Topics to the appropriate location within
the chapter.
5. Links from a video icon in the margin to that video segment.
6. Links from a video homework problem to the appropriate video segment.
7. Links from the beginning of the homework problems at the end of a chapter to the re-
view problems for that chapter.
8. Links from a review problem to the complete solution for that problem.
9. Links from a brief problem statement for a lab-type homework problem to the com-
plete detailed problem statement.
10. Links from a lab-type problem statement to the EXCEL data page for that problem.
11. Links from an even-numbered problem to its answer.
One of our aims is to represent fluid mechanics as it really is—an exciting and useful
discipline. To this end, we include analyses of numerous everyday examples of fluid-flow
phenomena to which students and faculty can easily relate. In the fourth edition 165 examples
are presented that provide detailed solutions to a variety of problems. Also, a generous set
of homework problems in each chapter stresses the practical application of principles. Those
problems that can be worked best with a programmable calculator or a computer, about 10%
of the problems, are so identified. Also included in most chapters are several open-ended
problems. These problems require critical thinking in that in order to work them one must
make various assumptions and provide the necessary data. Students are thus required to make
reasonable estimates or to obtain additional information outside the classroom. These
openended problems are clearly identified. Other features are the inclusion of extended,
laboratory-type problems in most chapters and problems directly related to the video segments
provided.
Since this is an introductory text, we have designed the presentation of material to al-
A summary or
(highlight) sen- low for the gradual development of student confidence in fluid mechanics problem solving.
tence is inserted on Each important concept or notion is considered in terms of simple and easy-to-understand
each page of text. circumstances before more complicated features are introduced. A brief summary (or high-
light) sentence has been added to each page of text. These sentences serve to prepare or
remind the reader about an important concept discussed on that page. The entire page must
still be read to understand the material—the summary sentences merely reinforce the
comprehension.
Two systems of units continue to be used throughout the text: the British Gravitational
System (pounds, slugs, feet, and seconds), and the International System of Units (newtons,
kilograms, meters, and seconds). Both systems are widely used, and we believe that students
need to be knowledgeable and comfortable with both systems. Approximately one-half of
the examples and homework problems use the British System; the other half is based on the
International System.
In the first four chapters, the student is made aware of some fundamental aspects of
fluid motion, including important fluid properties, regimes of flow, pressure variations in flu-
ids at rest and in motion, fluid kinematics, and methods of flow description and analysis.
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Preface ■ xi

The Bernoulli equation is introduced in Chapter 3 to draw attention, early on, to some of the
interesting effects of fluid motion on the distribution of pressure in a flow field. We believe
that this timely consideration of elementary fluid dynamics will increase student enthusiasm
for the more complicated material that follows. In Chapter 4, we convey the essential ele-
ments of kinematics, including Eulerian and Lagrangian mathematical descriptions of flow
phenomena, and indicate the vital relationship between the two views. For teachers who wish
to consider kinematics in detail before the material on elementary fluid dynamics, Chapters
3 and 4 can be interchanged without loss of continuity.
Chapters 5, 6, and 7 expand on the basic analysis methods generally used to solve or
to begin solving fluid mechanics problems. Emphasis is placed on understanding how flow
phenomena are described mathematically and on when and how to use infinitesimal and fi-
nite control volumes. Owing to the importance of numerical techniques in fluid mechanics,
we have included introductory material on this subject in Chapter 6. The effects of fluid fric-
tion on pressure and velocity distributions are also considered in some detail. A formal course
in thermodynamics is not required to understand the various portions of the text that consider
some elementary aspects of the thermodynamics of fluid flow. Chapter 7 features the
advantages of using dimensional analysis and similitude for organizing test data and for
planning experiments and the basic techniques involved.
Chapters 8 to 12 offer students opportunities for the further application of the princi-
ples learned early in the text. Also, where appropriate, additional important notions such as
boundary layers, transition from laminar to turbulent flow, turbulence modeling, chaos, and
flow separation are introduced. Practical concerns such as pipe flow, open-channel flow, flow
measurement, drag and lift, the effects of compressibility, and the fluid mechanics funda-
mentals associated with turbomachines are included.
The compressible flow tables found in the previous editions (and in other texts) have
been replaced by corresponding graphs. It is felt that in the current era of visual learning,
these graphs allow a fuller understanding of the characteristics of the compressible flow
functions.
An Instructor’s Manual is available to professors who adopt this book for classroom
use. This manual contains complete, detailed solutions to all the problems in the text and is
in CD format. It may be obtained by contacting your local Wiley representative who can be
found at www.wiley.com/college.
Students who study this text and who solve a representative set of the exercises pro-
vided should acquire a useful knowledge of the fundamentals of fluid mechanics. Faculty who
use this text are provided with numerous topics to select from in order to meet the objectives
of their own courses. More material is included than can be reasonably covered in one term.
All are reminded of the fine collection of supplementary material. Where appropriate, we
have cited throughout the text the articles and books that are available for enrichment.
We express our thanks to the many colleagues who have helped in the development of
this text, including Professor Bruce Reichert of Kansas State University for help with Chap-
ter 11 and Professor Patrick Kavanagh of Iowa State University for help with Chapter 12.
We wish to express our gratitude to the many persons who supplied the photographs used
throughout the text and to Milton Van Dyke for his help in this effort. Finally, we thank our
families for their continued encouragement during the writing of this fourth edition.
Working with students over the years has taught us much about fluid mechanics
education. We have tried in earnest to draw from this experience for the benefit of users of
this book. Obviously we are still learning, and we welcome any suggestions and comments
from you.
BRUCE R. MUNSON
DONALD F. YOUNG
THEODORE H. OKIISHI
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Contents

1 2.3 Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest

2.3.1 Incompressible Fluid
45
45
INTRODUCTION 3 2.3.2 Compressible Fluid 48
2.4 Standard Atmosphere 50
1.1 Some Characteristics of Fluids 4
2.5 Measurement of Pressure 51
1.2 Dimensions, Dimensional
2.6 Manometry 53
Homogeneity, and Units 5
2.6.1 Piezometer Tube 54
1.2.1 Systems of Units 7
2.6.2 U-Tube Manometer 54
1.3 Analysis of Fluid Behavior 12
2.6.3 Inclined-Tube Manometer 58
1.4 Measures of Fluid Mass and
2.7 Mechanical and Electronic Pressure
Weight 12
Measuring Devices 59
1.4.1 Density 12
2.8 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface 61
1.4.2 Specific Weight 13
2.9 Pressure Prism 68
1.4.3 Specific Gravity 13
2.10 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved
1.5 Ideal Gas Law 14
Surface 72
1.6 Viscosity 15
2.11 Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability 74
1.7 Compressibility of Fluids 22
2.11.1 Archimedes’ Principle 74
1.7.1 Bulk Modulus 22
2.11.2 Stability 76
1.7.2 Compression and Expansion
2.12 Pressure Variation in a Fluid with
of Gases 23
Rigid-Body Motion 78
1.7.3 Speed of Sound 24
2.12.1 Linear Motion 78
1.8 Vapor Pressure 25
2.12.2 Rigid-Body Rotation 81
1.9 Surface Tension 26
Key Words and Topics 84
1.10 A Brief Look Back in History 28
References 84
Key Words and Topics 31
Review Problems 84
References 31
Problems 84
Review Problems 31
Problems 32
3
ELEMENTARY FLUID
2 DYNAMICS—THE BERNOULLI
FLUID STATICS 41 EQUATION 101
2.1 Pressure at a Point 41 3.1 Newton’s Second Law 101
2.2 Basic Equation for Pressure Field 43 3.2 F  ma Along a Streamline 104

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xiv ■ Contents

3.3 F  ma Normal to a Streamline 109

3.4 Physical Interpretation 111 5
3.5 Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, FINITE CONTROL VOLUME
and Total Pressure 115 ANALYSIS 205
3.6 Examples of Use of the Bernoulli Equation 119
3.6.1 Free Jets 119 5.1 Conservation of Mass—The
3.6.2 Confined Flows 121 Continuity Equation 206
3.6.3 Flowrate Measurement 128 5.1.1 Derivation of the Continuity
3.7 The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Equation 206
Grade Line 134 5.1.2 Fixed, Nondeforming Control
3.8 Restrictions on Use of the Volume 208
Bernoulli Equation 137 5.1.3 Moving, Nondeforming
3.8.1 Compressibility Effects 137 Control Volume 215
3.8.2 Unsteady Effects 140 5.1.4 Deforming Control Volume 218
3.8.3 Rotational Effects 142 5.2 Newton’s Second Law—The Linear
3.8.4 Other Restrictions 144 Momentum and Moment-of-
Key Words and Topics 144 Momentum Equations 221
References 144 5.2.1 Derivation of the Linear
Review Problems 145 Momentum Equation 221
Problems 145 5.2.2 Application of the Linear
Momentum Equation 223
4 5.2.3 Derivation of the Moment-of-
Momentum Equation 241
FLUID KINEMATICS 161
5.2.4 Application of the Moment-of-
4.1 The Velocity Field 161 Momentum Equation 243
4.1.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow 5.3 First Law of Thermodynamics—The
Descriptions 163 Energy Equation 251
4.1.2 One-, Two-, and Three- 5.3.1 Derivation of the Energy
Dimensional Flows 165 Equation 251
4.1.3 Steady and Unsteady Flows 166 5.3.2 Application of the Energy
4.1.4 Streamlines, Streaklines, Equation 254
and Pathlines 166 5.3.3 Comparison of the Energy
4.2 The Acceleration Field 171 Equation with the Bernoulli
4.2.1 The Material Derivative 171 Equation 259
4.2.2 Unsteady Effects 174 5.3.4 Application of the Energy
4.2.3 Convective Effects 175 Equation to Nonuniform
4.2.4 Streamline Coordinates 178 Flows 266
4.3 Control Volume and System Representations 180 5.3.5 Combination of the Energy
4.4 The Reynolds Transport Theorem 181 Equation and the Moment-of-
4.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds Momentum Equation 270
Transport Theorem 184 5.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics—
4.4.2 Physical Interpretation 189 Irreversible Flow 272
4.4.3 Relationship to Material Derivative 190 5.4.1 Semi-infinitesimal Control
4.4.4 Steady Effects 191 Volume Statement of the
4.4.5 Unsteady Effects 191 Energy Equation 272
4.4.6 Moving Control Volumes 193 5.4.2 Semi-infinitesimal Control
4.4.7 Selection of a Control Volume 194 Volume Statement of the
Key Words and Topics 195 Second Law of Thermodynamics 273
References 195 5.4.3 Combination of the Equations
Review Problems 196 of the First and Second
Problems 196 Laws of Thermodynamics 274
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Contents ■ xv

5.4.4 Application of the Loss Form 6.9.1 Steady, Laminar Flow Between
of the Energy Equation 275 Fixed Parallel Plates 352
Key Words and Topics 277 6.9.2 Couette Flow 355
References 277 6.9.3 Steady, Laminar Flow in
Review Problems 277 Circular Tubes 357
Problems 277 6.9.4 Steady, Axial, Laminar Flow
in an Annulus 360
6 6.10 Other Aspects of Differential Analysis
6.10.1 Numerical Methods
362
363
DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF
Key Words and Topics 371
FLUID FLOW 299
References 371
6.1 Fluid Element Kinematics 300 Review Problems 371
6.1.1 Velocity and Acceleration Problems 371
Fields Revisited 300
6.1.2 Linear Motion and Deformation 301
6.1.3 Angular Motion and
Deformation 303
7
SIMILITUDE, DIMENSIONAL
6.2 Conservation of Mass 306
ANALYSIS, AND MODELING 385
6.2.1 Differential Form of
Continuity Equation 306 7.1 Dimensional Analysis 385
6.2.2 Cylindrical Polar Coordinates 309 7.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem 388
6.2.3 The Stream Function 310 7.3 Determination of Pi Terms 388
6.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum 313 7.4 Some Additional Comments
6.3.1 Description of Forces Acting About Dimensional Analysis 395
on the Differential Element 314 7.4.1 Selection of Variables 395
6.3.2 Equations of Motion 316 7.4.2 Determination of Reference
6.4 Inviscid Flow 317 Dimensions 397
6.4.1 Euler’s Equations of Motion 317 7.4.3 Uniqueness of Pi Terms 399
6.4.2 The Bernoulli Equation 318 7.5 Determination of Pi Terms by
6.4.3 Irrotational Flow 320 Inspection 400
6.4.4 The Bernoulli Equation for 7.6 Common Dimensionless Groups
Irrotational Flow 322 in Fluid Mechanics 402
6.4.5 The Velocity Potential 322 7.7 Correlation of Experimental Data 406
6.5 Some Basic, Plane Potential Flows 326 7.7.1 Problems with One Pi Term 406
6.5.1 Uniform Flow 328 7.7.2 Problems with Two or More
6.5.2 Source and Sink 329 Pi Terms 408
6.5.3 Vortex 331 7.8 Modeling and Similitude 411
6.5.4 Doublet 334 7.8.1 Theory of Models 411
6.6 Superposition of Basic, Plane Potential 7.8.2 Model Scales 416
Flows 336 7.8.3 Practical Aspects of
6.6.1 Source in a Uniform Using Models 416
Stream—Half-Body 337 7.9 Some Typical Model Studies 418
6.6.2 Rankine Ovals 340 7.9.1 Flow Through Closed Conduits 418
6.6.3 Flow Around a Circular Cylinder 342 7.9.2 Flow Around Immersed Bodies 421
6.7 Other Aspects of Potential Flow 7.9.3 Flow with a Free Surface 425
Analysis 348 7.10 Similitude Based on Governing
6.8 Viscous Flow 349 Differential Equations 429
6.8.1 Stress-Deformation Relationships 349 Key Words and Topics 432
6.8.2 The Naiver–Stokes Equations 350 References 432
6.9 Some Simple Solutions for Viscous, Review Problems 432
Incompressible Fluids 352 Problems 432
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xvi ■ Contents

8 9.2.3 Momentum Integral Boundary

Layer Equation for a Flat Plate 552
VISCOUS FLOW IN PIPES 443 9.2.4 Transition from Laminar to
Turbulent Flow 559
8.1 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow 444
9.2.5 Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow 561
8.1.1 Laminar or Turbulent Flow 445
9.2.6 Effects of Pressure Gradient 567
8.1.2 Entrance Region and Fully
9.2.7 Momentum-Integral Boundary
Developed Flow 447
Layer Equation with Nonzero
8.1.3 Pressure and Shear Stress 448
Pressure Gradient 572
8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow 449
9.3 Drag 573
8.2.1 From F  ma Applied to a
9.3.1 Friction Drag 573
Fluid Element 450
9.3.2 Pressure Drag 575
8.2.2 From the Navier–Stokes
9.3.3 Drag Coefficient Data and Examples 578
Equations 455
9.4 Lift 592
8.2.3 From Dimensional Analysis 456
9.4.1 Surface Pressure Distribution 592
8.2.4 Energy Considerations 458
9.4.2 Circulation 603
8.3 Fully Developed Turbulent Flow 460
Key Words and Topics 607
8.3.1 Transition from Laminar to
References 607
Turbulent Flow 461
Review Problems 608
8.3.2 Turbulent Shear Stress 463
Problems 608
8.3.3 Turbulent Velocity Profile 467
8.3.4 Turbulence Modeling 472

8.4
8.3.5 Chaos and Turbulence
Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow
472
473 10
8.4.1 The Moody Chart 473 OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW 621
8.4.2 Minor Losses 480
10.1 General Characteristics of
8.4.3 Noncircular Conduits 492
Open-Channel Flow 622
8.5 Pipe Flow Examples 494
10.2 Surface Waves 623
8.5.1 Single Pipes 495
10.2.1 Wave Speed 623
8.5.2 Multiple Pipe Systems 507
10.2.2 Froude Number Effects 626
8.6 Pipe Flowrate Measurement 513
10.3 Energy Considerations 627
8.6.1 Pipe Flowrate Meters 513
10.3.1 Specific Energy 628
8.6.2 Volume Flow Meters 518
10.3.2 Channel Depth Variations 633
Key Words and Topics 520
10.4 Uniform Depth Channel Flow 634
References 520
10.4.1 Uniform Flow Approximations 634
Review Problems 520
10.4.2 The Chezy and Manning
Problems 521
Equations 635
10.4.3 Uniform Depth Examples 638
10.5 Gradually Varied Flow 647
9 10.5.1 Classification of Surface Shapes
10.5.2 Examples of Gradually
648
FLOW OVER IMMERSED BODIES 533 Varied Flows 649
9.1 General External Flow Characteristics 534 10.6 Rapidly Varied Flow 651
9.1.1 Lift and Drag Concepts 535 10.6.1 The Hydraulic Jump 653
9.1.2 Characteristics of Flow Past 10.6.2 Sharp-Crested Weirs 659
an Object 539 10.6.3 Broad-Crested Weirs 662
9.2 Boundary Layer Characteristics 544 10.6.4 Underflow Gates 665
9.2.1 Boundary Layer Structure and Key Words and Topics 668
Thickness on a Flat Plate 544 References 668
9.2.2 Prandtl/Blasius Boundary Review Problems 668
Layer Solution 548 Problems 668
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Contents ■ xvii

11 12.7 Fans
12.8 Turbines
790
791
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 679 12.8.1 Impulse Turbines 793
12.8.2 Reaction Turbines 803
11.1 Ideal Gas Relationships 680
12.9 Compressible Flow Turbomachines 807
11.2 Mach Number and Speed of Sound 686
12.9.1 Compressors 807
11.3 Categories of Compressible Flow 689
12.9.2 Compressible Flow Turbines 812
11.4 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas 693
Key Words and Topics 814
11.4.1 Effect of Variations in Flow
References 815
Cross-Sectional Area 694
Review Problems 815
11.4.2 Converging-Diverging
Problems 815
Duct Flow 696
11.4.3 Constant-Area Duct Flow 714
11.5 Nonisentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas
11.5.1 Adiabatic Constant-Area
715 A
UNIT CONVERSION TABLES 824
Duct Flow with Friction
(Fanno Flow) 715
11.5.2 Frictionless Constant-Area
Duct Flow with Heat Transfer
B
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
(Rayleigh Flow) 730
FLUIDS 828
11.5.3 Normal Shock Waves 737
11.6 Analogy Between Compressible
and Open-Channel Flows
11.7 Two-Dimensional Compressible Flow
747
748
C
PROPERTIES OF THE U.S.
Key Words and Topics 751
STANDARD ATMOSPHERE 834
References 751
Review Problems 752
Problems 752 D
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW DATA
12 FOR AN IDEAL GAS 836
TURBOMACHINES
(E-book only) 759 E
12.1 Introduction 760 VIDEO LIBRARY (E-book only)
12.2 Basic Energy Considerations 762
12.3 Basic Angular Momentum
Considerations 766 F
12.4 The Centrifugal Pump 768 REVIEW PROBLEMS
12.4.1 Theoretical Considerations 770 (E-book only) R-1
12.4.2 Pump Performance
Characteristics
12.4.3 Net Positive Suction
774
G
Head (NPSH) 776 LABORATORY PROBLEMS
12.4.4 System Characteristics and (E-book only) L-1
Pump Selection 778
12.5 Dimensionless Parameters and
Similarity Laws 782
12.5.1 Special Pump Scaling Laws 785
ANSWERS ANS-1
12.5.2 Specific Speed 787
12.5.3 Suction Specific Speed 787
12.6 Axial-Flow and Mixed-Flow Pumps 788 INDEX I-1