264 CHAPTER 5 MAGNETOSTATICS

Chapter 5 Summary
Concepts
• The magnetic force acting on a charged particle q
moving with a velocity u in a region containing a
magnetic flux density B is Fm = qu× × B.
• The total electromagnetic force, known as the Lorentz
force, acting on a moving charge in the presence of both
electric and magnetic fields is F = q(E + u×× B).
• Magnetic forces acting on current loops can generate
magnetic torques.
• The magnetic field intensity induced by a current ele-
ment is defined by the Biot–Savart law.
• Gauss’s law for magnetism states that the net magnetic
flux flowing out of any closed surface is zero.
• Ampère’s law states that the line integral of H over a
closed contour is equal to the net current crossing the
surface bounded by the contour.
• The vector magnetic potential A is related to B by
B = ∇× × A.
• Materials are classified as diamagnetic, paramagnetic,
or ferromagnetic, depending on their crystalline
structure and the behavior under the influence of an
external magnetic field.
• Diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials exhibit a
linear behavior between B and H with µ ≈ µ0 for both.
• Ferromagnetic materials exhibit a nonlinear hysteretic
behavior between B and H, and for some, µ may be as
large as 105 µ0 .
• At the boundary between two different media, the nor-
mal component of B is continuous, and the tangential
components of H are related by H2t − H1t = Js , where
Js is the surface current density flowing in a direction
orthogonal to H1t and H2t .
• The inductance of a circuit is defined as the ratio of
magnetic flux linking the circuit to the current flowing
through it.
• Magnetic energy density is given by wm = 12 µ H 2 .

Mathematical and Physical Models

Maxwell’s Magnetostatics Equations Magnetic Field
Gauss’s Law for Magnetism µ0 I
Z Infinitely Long Wire B = φ̂φ (Wb/m2 )
2π r
∇·B = 0 B · ds = 0
S Ia2
Ampère’s Law Circular Loop H = ẑ (A/m)
Z 2(a2 + z2 )3/2
×H = J
∇× H · dℓℓ = I
C ẑ µ NI
Solenoid B ≈ ẑ µ nI = (Wb/m2 )
l
Lorentz Force on Charge q
× B) Vector Magnetic Potential
F = q(E + u×
Magnetic Force on Wire ×A
B = ∇× (Wb/m2 )
Z Vector Poisson’s Equation
Fm = I ×B
dl× (N)
C ∇2 A = −µ J
Magnetic Torque on Loop Inductance
Z
×B
T = m× (N·m) Λ Φ 1
L= = = B · ds (H)
I I I S
m = n̂ NIA (A·m2 )
Biot–Savart Law Magnetic Energy Density
Z 1
I × R̂
dl×
H= (A/m) wm = µH2 (J/m3 )
4 π l R2 2