5 6192748262739411649

w'fmd'i ^Wiia fm<&
ikaksfõokh
yd
udOH wOHhkh
.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh
12 fY%aKsh
^2018 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul fõ&
isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j

NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
Y%S ,xldj
fjí wvúh : www.nie.lk
úoHq;a ;emE,: info@nie.lk
ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh
12 fY%aKsh
.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh
m%:u uqøKh 2018
© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
ISBN
isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u
fjí wvúh ( www.nie.lk

úoHq;a ;emE, ( nifo@nie.lk
uqøKh ( uqøKd,h
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u
Y%S ,xldj
wOHlaI ckrd,af.a mKsúvh
cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska ks¾ÈIag cd;sl wOHdmk wruqKq idCId;a lr .ekSfï
iy fmdÿ ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lsÍfï uQ,sl wruqK iys; j tjl mej;s wka;¾.;h mokï jQ
úIhud,dj kùlrKhg Ndckh fldg j¾I wglska hq;= pl%hlska iukaú; kj ksmqK;d mdol
úIhud,dfjys m<uq wÈhr" j¾I 2007 § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl yd
oaú;Shl wOHdmk lafIa;%hg y÷kajd fok ,È¡
m¾fhaIKj,ska wkdjrKh jQ lreKq o" wOHdmkh ms<sn| j úúO md¾YAjhka bÈßm;a l<
fhdackd o mokï fldg f.k isÿ lrk ,o úIhud,d ;d¾lSlrKh lsÍfï l%shdj,shl m%;sM,hla
f,i úIhud,d pl%fha fojeks wÈhr wOHdmk fCIa;%hg y÷kajd §u 2015 jif¾ isg wdrïN lr
we;¡
fuu ;d¾lSlrK l%shdj,sfha § ish¨ u úIhhkaf.a ksmqK;d mokï uÜgfï isg Wiia uÜgu
olajd l%udkql+, j f.dvke`.Su i|yd my< isg by<g .uka lrk isria ixl,kh Ndú; lr we;s
w;r úúO úIhhkays § tl u úIh lreKq kej; kej; bÈßm;a ùu yels ;dla wju lsÍu" úIh
wka;¾.;h iSud lsÍu iy l%shd;aul l< yels YsIH ñ;=re úIhud,djla ieliSu i|yd ;sria
ixl,kh o Ndú; lr we;¡
.=re Nj;=kag mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu" bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfhys id¾:l j ksr; ùu" mka;s
ldur ñkqï yd we.hSï m%fhdackj;a mßÈ fhdod .ekSu i|yd wjYH jk ud¾f.damfoaY ,nd §fï
wruqKska kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY y÷kajd § we;¡ mka;s ldurfha § jvd;a M,odhS .=rejrfhl= f,i
lghq;= lsÍug fuu ud¾f.damfoaY WmldÍ jkq we;¡ isikq af.a ksmK
q ;d j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd .=Kd;aul
fhojqï yd l%shdldrlï f;dard .ekSug .=rejrekag wjYH ksoyi fuu`.ska ,nd § ;sfí¡ tfuka u
ks¾foaYs; mdG .%k:
a j, we;=<;a jk úIh lreKq ms<n
s | j jeä nr ;eîula fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYj,
wka;¾.; fkd fõ¡ tu ksid fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh jvd;a M,odhS ùug kï wOHdmk m%ldYk
fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska ilid we;s wod< mdG .%ka: iu`. iu.dó j Ndú; lsÍu w;HjYH fõ¡
;d¾lSlrKh lrk ,o úIh ks¾foaY" kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY yd kj mdG .%ka:j, uQ,sl

wruqKq jkafka .=re flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdfjka ñ§ YsIH flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdjla yd jvd;a
l%shdldrlï u; mokï jQ wOHdmk rgdjlg t<öu u`.ska jev f,dalhg wjYH jkakd jQ ksmqK;d
yd l=i,;djkaf.ka hqla; udkj iïm;la njg YsIH m%cdj ixj¾Okh lsÍu hs¡
kj úIh ks¾foaY iy .=re ud¾f.damfoaY iïmdokh lsÍfï § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha

Ydia;%Sh lghq;= uKav,fha o" wdh;k iNdfõ o" rpkfha § odhl;ajh ,nd ÿka ish¨ u
iïm;aodhlhkaf.a yd fjk;a md¾YAjhkaf.a o buy;a lemùu we.hSug o fuh wjia:djla lr .kq
leue;af;ñ¡
wdpd¾h à' ta' wd¾' fÊ' .=Kfialr

wOHlaI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u
i
ksfhdacH wOHCI ckrd,af.a mKsúvh
bf.kqu mq¿,a fCIa;%hl úyso hkakls' th Ôú; w;suy;a njg o" b;d u ir, njg o m;a
lrhs' ukqIHhd bf.kqï l=i,;dfjka W;alDIag h' udkj iudc ixj¾Okh flakaø fldg .;a rgla"
iudchla nqoê
a h úiska y÷kd.;a wiïu;hka neyer lsÍug o iqNdú;hka u`.ska kj f,djla ks¾udKh
lr .ekSug o fuj,u lr .kafka bf.kqu hs'
bf.kqu i|yd jákd hula o" bf.kqï l%ufõohka yd myiqlï o wOHdmkh jgd ks¾udKh
úh hq;= h' úIh ud,dj" úIh ks¾foaYh" ud¾f.damfoaY" iqidOHldrlhka bf.kqï fCIa;%hg tla
jkqfha fï wdldrfhks'
kQ;k YS% ,xldj f.da,Sh m%jK;djka fuka u mqrd;k Wreuhka o iïñY%Kh lr .ksñka
iaùh wOHdmk rgdjla ysñ lr f.k we;' ld,Sk wjYH;d u; m%;sixialrK fya;=fjka jir wglg
jrla hdj;ald,Sk jk úIhud,dfõ bf.kqï iïm;la f,i fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ks¾udKh fõ'
úIhfhys wruq K q j , ix.;;dj cd;s l uÜgñka mj;a j d .; hq ; = h' tfy;a .= r e

ud¾f.damfoaYhkays bf.kqï l%ufõo hkq wl=rla j;a fjkia fkd fldg ms<smeÈh hq;a;la kï fkd
fõ' úIh ks¾foaYfhys ksmqK;d" ksmqK;d uÜgï" idOkh ùu i|yd wka;¾.;fhka bf.kqï m,
iïm%dma;sh msKsi bf.kqï l%ufõo ks¾udKYS,S j fjkia lr .ekSug iqidOHlrejkag meyeÈ,s j
u bvla we;s nj i|yka lrñ' YsIH idOk m%;sY;h by< uÜgulg .ekSu i|yd Wojq jk" myiqlï
i,ik .=re N+ñldjg lsishï m%fõYhla i|yd ks¾udKh jk .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh YslaIlhdg o
fo.=rekg o Ndú; l< yels h' wod< fm< fmd;g iylrejl= jk .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh ;j;a fm<
fmd;la fkdjk nj ±k .=reNj;=ka .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh yd wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ
iïmdÈ; wod< fm< fmd; hk iïm;a øjH fol u Ndú; l< hq;= h'
ta ta úIhhkays idOkh ms<sn| we.hSï isÿ lrk cd;sl uÜgfï mÍlaIljrfhl= jqj o
wfmalaId lrk idOkhka" úIh b.ekaùug u`. fmkajk iqidOHldrlhka mdvu wjidkfhys mka;s
ldurfha § orejka iuÕ m%;HlaIlrKhg m;a úh hq;= h' tu tald;añl ùu i|yd jQ m%fndaOd;aul
ixialD;shla f.dvk`.d .ekSug .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh myqrla" hd;%djla lr .kq we;ehs wdhdpkd
mQ¾jl j wfmaCId lrñ'
wdpd¾h mQcH udUq,af.dv iqukr;k ysñ

mSGdêm;s" ksfhdacH wOHCI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
ii
úIhud,d lñgqj
WmfoaYl;ajh yd wkque;sh ( Ydia;%Sh lghq;= uKav,h" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
iïnkaëlrKh (
mS' à' tï' r;akdhl fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h" isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" uyr.u
úIh úfYaI{ iydh (

uydpd¾h iqkkao ufyakaø iïudks; uydpd¾h" le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h
uydpd¾h wdßhr;ak we;=., fcHaIaG uydpd¾h" le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h
uydpd¾h lu,a jf,afndv uydpd¾h" fld<U úYajúoHd,h
uydpd¾h ;sfhdfvda¾ m%kdkaÿ uydpd¾h" YS% ,xld újD; úYajúoHd,h
wdpd¾h uySï fukaäia fcHaIaG lÒldpd¾h" Y%S ,xld újD; úYajúoHd,h
wdpd¾h áhqv¾ ùrisxy fcHaIaG lÒldpd¾h" Y%S md,s uKavmh"
fld<U úYajúoHd,h
wdpd¾h tia' r.=rdï fcHaIaG lÒldpd¾h" hdmkh úYajúoHd,h
tï' ta' tia' yßYapkaø fcHaIaG lÒldpd¾h" YS% chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
f,aLl uKav,h ^ndysr&

úchdkkao rEmisxy fcHaIaG lÒldpd¾h" le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h
wreK f,dl=,shk fcHaIaG lÒldpd¾h" le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h
Oïñl nKavdr fcHaIaG lÒldpd¾h" le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h
Ô' à' uOqNdIsKs fcHaIaG lÒldpd¾h" Y%S ,xld újD; úYajúoHd,h
;sjxls wfíj¾Ok úl%uisxy fcHaIaG lÒldpd¾h" Y%S ,xld újD; úYajúoHd,h
ñysß l=udrf.a .=re fiajh" fodka fmaøsla uyd úoHd,h" fydrK
m%ikak úu,iQßh .=re fiajh" fodvïf.d,a, uyd úoHd,h" ìì,
bkaoSjÍ chfialr .=re fiajh" wdkkao nd,sld úoHd,h" fldaÜfÜ
jHdmD;s lñgqj
tï' wd¾' ví' uoaÿu wOHlaI" isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j
mS' à' tï' r;akdhl fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h" isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j
wdpd¾h jdúkafka m[a[dkkao ysñ iyldr lÓldpd¾h" isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j
NdId ixialrKh
l' l' .kqIal rkaÿ, ndysr lÓldpd¾h" fld<U úYajúµd,h
iii
mgqk
wOHCI ckrd,af.a mKsúvh i

ksfhdacH wOHCI ckrd,af.a mKsúvh ii
úIhud,d lñgqj iii
1'0 ikaksfõok wOHhkfhys wdrïNh yd úldYh 01-12
2'0 ikaksfõok moku 13-26
3'0 uQ,sl ikaksfõok j¾." iajrEm iy wdlD;s 27-51
4'0 idïm%Þhsl udOH yd ckudOH" kj udOH yd iudc udOH 52-76
5'0 ixialD;sldjfndaOh" udOHfha iajNdjh iy tys n,mEu 77-90
6'0 udOH idlaIr;dj yd udOH úpdrh 91- 122
iv
12 fY%aKsh ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh
1' ikaksfõok wOHhkfhys wdrïNh yd úldYh
ksmqK;dj ( 1'0 ikaksfõok wOHhkfhys wdrïNh" úldYh" tys Ydia;%Sh

miqìu yd bf.kSfuys jeo.;alu ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka hq;= j
lghq;= lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 1'1 Ydia;%Sh úIhhla f,i ikaksfõok wOHhkfhys wdrïNh"

úldYh yd bf.kSfuys jeo.;alu y÷kd f.k bosßm;a
lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 05 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • Ydia;%Sh úIhhla f,i ikaksfõok wOHhkfhys wdrïNh

ms<sn| meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• ikaksfõok wOHhkfhys úldYh ms<sn| lreKq bÈßm;a lrhs'
• ikakfs õok wOHhkh Ydia;h

S% úIhhla f,i yeoEÍfï jeo.;alu
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ye¢kaùu
ikaksfõokh w;HjYH udkùh l%shdj,shls' mqoa., wka;¾ iïnkaO;d f.dvk`.d .ekSu i|yd iEu
mqoa.,fhl=g u ikaksfõokh w;HjYH fõ' ikaksfõokh hkafkys ir, w¾:h jkafka ye`.Sï
±kSï" woyia iy ±kqu hkdÈh yqjudre lr .ekSu hs' m%d:ñl iudcj, úiQ ñksiqka úúO Yío" ix{d"
ixfla; Ndú;fhka l< ir, woyia yqjudrefõ isg j¾;udkh jk úg ckudOH yd wxls;
ikaksfõok ;dlaIK fuj,ï Tiafia isÿ lrkq ,nk f;dr;=re yqjudrej olajd ikaksfõok
lafIa;%h mq¿,a ù we;' kQ;kfha úYajh u tl mjq,la jk ;rug udkj wka;¾ iïnkaO;d ióm
lrùug ikaksfõokh fya;= ù ;sfí'
ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha j¾Okh;a iu`. ckudOH we;=¿ úúO ÈhqKq ikaksfõok fuj,ï Tiafia
isÿ jk wiSudka;sl f;dr;=re ckkh" yqjudrej yd jHdma;sh ;ks ;ks mqoa.,hdf.a uki yd p¾hdj
flfrys;a mqoa.,hdf.a iudÔh wka;¾ iïnkaO;d flfrys;a wjidkfha iuia; iudch flfrys;a
m%n, n,mEula we;s lrhs' th bIag fuka u wksIag n,mEula úh yels h' udOH Tiafia wiSudka;sl
j" úÑ;%j;a wdlD;s Tiafia" YS>%fhka .,d tk f;dr;=re mßyrKh lsÍfuka f;dr j yqfol,d mqoa.,
tall f,i iudcfha ;ks j lghq;= lsÍug il%sh mqrjeisfhl=g fkdyels h'
tfia u mqoa.,hd iudc Ôúfhl= f,i f;dr;=re mßyrKfhka je<lS isàu fydaa Tyq j<ld ;eîu l<
fkdyels h' mqoa.,hdf.a yd iudcfha m%.ukhg wjYH f;dr;=re ,nd .; hq;= h' fï i|yd wjYH
jkafka udOH Tiafia ,nd fok f;dr;=re f;dard fírd f.k mßyrKh lsÍfï {dkh hs' udOHh
úiska ujkq ,nk udhdj yd h:d¾:h fjka fjka jYfhka y÷kd .ekSug Yla;sh we;s lrk
mqoa.,hdg w;HjYH jk udOH idlaIr;d {dkfhka iy úpdrYS,S .%dylhka f,i lghq;= lsÍug
wjYH {dkfhka Tyq ikakoaO úh hq;= h'
1
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
hqfkiaflda ixúOdkh 1982 jif¾ § .DDkaj,aÜ m%ldYkh úiska tys iuq¿ jdr lsym
s hl § u udOHfha
wys;lr n,mEfuka <ud yd ;reK mrmqr uqojd .; hq;= nj olajk ,os' tys oS udOH idCIr;dfjka
yd úpdrYS,S f,i udOH mßyrKh lsÍfï {dkfhka fuka u ks¾udKYS,S Ñka;kfhka orejka
n,iïmkak l< hq;= nj wjOdrKh lrk ,È' mdif,a m%d:ñl fY%aKsfha isg udOH wOHdmkh ,nd
osh hq;= njg hqfkiaflda ixúOdkh ks¾foaY lr isáfha o ta wkqj hs'
ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh úIhh yodrk YsIH YsIHdjka udOH idlaIr;d {dkfhka yd
úpdrYS,S j udOH mßyrKh lsÍu ms<ns | wjfndaOfhka hql;
a il%h
s ikaksfõolhka fuka u mqrjeishka
ùu w;HjYH h' ta i|yd fuu úIhfhys úIh wka;¾.;h fm< .iajd we;' úIh ks¾foaYfhys
ixlaIsma; j olajd ;snQ úIh lreKq fuys § úia;rd;aul j we;=<;a lr ;sfí'
ikaksfõok wOHhkh Ydia;%Sh úIhhla f,i yeoEÍu wdrïN jQ wdldrh" tys j¾Okh" ikaksfõok
úIhh Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk moaO;shg y÷kajd §u iy úIhh yeoEÍfï jeo.;alu yd wjYH;dj
ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nd §u fuu tallh u`.ska isÿ fõ' tu`.ska ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh
úIhh yeoEÍug wjYH moku YsIH YsIHdjka fj; ,nd §u wfmalaId flf¾'
mdvu ie,iqu i|yd Wmfoia (
my; i|yka úIh lreKq weiqfrka mdvu ie,iqï lrkak'
ikaksfõok wOHhkfhys wdrïNh" úldYh yd bf.kSfuys jeo.;alu
• ikaksfõokh;a udkj wka;¾ iïnkaO;djkq;a w;r we;af;a wúfhdackSh iïnkaO;djls'

ñksid ñys u; Ôj;a ùu wdrïN l< Èkfha isg udkj ikaksfõokh l%shd;aul fõ'
• m%d:ñl iudchkays úiQ ckhd ish ir, Ôjk wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSu i|yd úúO ix{d"
Yío" ixfla; Ndú; lrñka wdrïN l< woyia m%ldYkh wo jk úg ÈhqKq ikaksfõok
;dCIKsl fuj,ï Tiafia isÿ jk b;d ixlS¾K l%shdoduhla njg m;a j ;sfí'
• ikaksfõok ;dCIKfha ÈhqKqj" ckudOHhkaf.a j¾Okh iy udOH úiska iudch fj;

lrk ,o n,mEfï iajNdjh ikaksfõok wOHhk lafIa;%h iajdëk úIhhla f,i
jeãug;a" .eUqßka wOHhkh lsÍug;a m%Odk jYfhka fya;= úh'
• ikaksfõok wOHhkfhys m%Odk wruqK jkafka udkj w;a±lSïj, flakaøSh idOlh

f,i ikaksfõokh l%shd;aul jk wdldrh ms<sn| yeoEÍu hs'
• fuys oS udkj w;a±lSï hkakg ikafoaY ks¾udKh" yqjudre lr .ekSu" tajd w¾:l:kh
lsÍfï § ck;dj yeisfrk" l%shd lrk wdldrh flfia o@ hkak wjfndaO lr .ekSu
we;=<;a fõ'
• ikaksfõokh hkak ñksidf.a wdrïNh f;la Èfjk l%shdj,shla jqj;a th Ydia;%Sh úIh
lafIa;%hla f,i wOHhkh lsÍu flfrys f,dalfha wjOdkh fhduq jkafka 20 jk
ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha § h'
• ld¾ñl úma,jh" m<uqjk yd fojk f,dal hqoaO fya;=fjka ikaksfõok ;dCIKfha isÿ
jQ YS>% ÈhqKqj ckudOH ìys ùu" j¾Okh yd jHdma;sh flfrys n,mEfõ h' fuu ;;a;ajh
ikaksfõok úIhh ms<sn| wOHhkh lsÍfï Wkkaÿj yd wjYH;dj by< kexù h'
2
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• f,dal hqoaO wjika ùfuka miq hqoaO f;dr;=re jd¾;d lsÍu yd yqjudre lsÍu i|yd Ndú;
l< udOH ck;dj fjkqfjka úfkdaodiajdoh yd f;dr;=re iïmdokh lsÍug fhdod
.kakd ,È'
• hqoaOfhka mSvdjg m;a j isá ck;djf.a ì| jegqKq udkisl;ajh b,lal lr .ksñka

udOH Tiafia ir, úfkdaoh f.k fok ;%dih" NS;sh" ùr;ajh yd ,sx.sl;ajh u;= lrk
wdldrfha fg,s kdgH" Ñ;%mg" mqj;am;a" .S; wdÈh nyq, f,i úldYkh lrkq ,eìK'
• ful, jdKsc mrud¾:fhka fuka u n,h ,nd .ekSfï yd ;yjqre lr .ekSfï

wfmalaIdfjka o udOH ysñlrejka úiska yd foaYmd,k kdhlhka úiska w;a;fkdau;sl
f,i ckudOH Ndú;hg .kq ,eìK'
• fï iEu wdldrfhka u udOH u`.ska iudch fj; t,a, l< ;shqKq n,mEu úiska
ikaksfõok lafIa;%h ms<sn| Ydia;%Sh jYfhka wOHhkh lsÍug úoaj;ayq fmd,Ujkq
,enQy'
• ta wkqj tla oyia kjish úis .Kkaj, § úúO úIh lafIa;%hkays YsCIKh ,nd ;snQ
úfYaI{ ±kqfuka hq;= úoaj;ayq Tjqkaf.a m¾fhaIKj, wkdjrK u`.ska tjl l%shd;aul jQ
ckudOH mqoa.,hd flfrys yd mqoa., iudc iïnkaO;d flfrys n,mEula we;s lrk nj
;yjqre l<y'
• ikaksfõok úIhh —ikaksfõok wOHhkh˜ ^Communication Studies) kñka iajdëk úIh

lafIa;%hla f,i ye¢kaùug fmr th m%Odk úIhhka ;=kla jk ufkdaúoHdj" iudc
úoHdj yd foaYmd,k úoHdj hk YsCIKfõohkays wka;¾.; úh'
• iudc úoHd úIh lafIa;%fha pd,aia fyda¾gka l+,S" foaYmd,k úoHd lafIa;%fha fjda,ag¾
,smaudka iy wOHdmk úoHd lafIa;%fha fcdaka vqù hk úoaj;=kaf.a woyia yd m¾fhaIK
wOHhk úiska ikaksfõok wOHhkh Ydia;%Sh úIhhla f,i j¾;udk ;;a;ajhg m;a
lsÍug wjYH moku ilia lrkq ,eìK'
pd,aia l+,s ^1864-1929& fjda,ag¾ ,smaudka ^1889-1974& fcdaka vqù ^1859-1952&

Charles Horton Cooley Walter Lippmann John Dewey
• pd,aia l+,S ziudc ixúOdkhZ ^1909& lD;sh o fjda,ag¾ ,smaudka zcku;hZ lD;sh ^1922& o
fcdaka vqù zck;dj yd Tjqkaf.a .eg¨ Z^1927& lD;sh o iïmdokh lrñka ±lajQ woyia
ikaksfõok wOHhk lafIa;%h ixj¾Okh lf<a h'
• udkj iïnkaO;d mj;ajd .ekSfï yd j¾Okh lsÍfï hka;%Kh ikaksfõokh nj

pd,aia l+,S ú.%y lrk w;r fuu úoaj;ayq ;sfokd u mqoa.,hdf.a iudc Ôú;fha jeo.;a
u yd flakaøSh idOlh ikaksfõokh f,i y÷kajd fo;s'
3
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• fjkia jk yd ÈhqKq jk udOH ;dCIKh ixialD;sh flfrys we;s lrk n,mEu iy

ikaksfõokh" m%cd;ka;%jdoh yd m%cdj hk lreKq w;r we;s iïnkaO;dfjka u;= jk
iudc .eg¨ ms<sn| fuu úoaj;ayq ;j ÿrg;a lreKq bÈßm;a l<y' fuu woyia
ikaksfõokh Ydia;%Sh úIhhla f,i wOHhkh lsÍug wjYH moku ilia lf<ah'
• fuhska miq ikaksfõok wOHhkh Ydia;%Sh úIhhla f,i ia:dmkh ùu hqfrdamSh iy

wfußldkq úoaj;=ka /ilf.a mqfrda.dñ;ajfhka wfußldj flakaø lr .ksñka isÿ j we;'
tys § ikaksfõok wOHhkh ;j ÿrg;a fjk;a úIhhkays wka;¾.; jQ úIhhla f,i
fkd j iajdëk úIhh lafIa;%hla f,i j¾Okh ùu isÿ úh'
• 1933 jif¾ isg 1945 muK olajd c¾uksfha l%shd;aul jQ wefvd,a*a ysÜ,¾f.a taldêm;s
md,kh hgf;a trg úYajúoHd,j,ska msgux lrkq ,enQ úoaj;ayq úYd, m%udKhla
wfußld tlai;a ckmohg ixl%uKh jQy' Tjqyq wfußldkq úYajúoHd, flakaø lr
.ksñka ikaksfõok lafIa;%h ms<sn| úúO Ydia;%Sh wOHhkhkays ksr; jQy'
• yer,aâ ã' ,eiafj,a" l¾Ü f,úka" fmda,a ,eidiaf*,aâ" ld,a yõ,kaâ" ú,an¾ Y%dï"
fcda¾Ê .dík¾ jeks úoaj;=ka úiska o laf,daâ Yekka iy fjdrka ùj¾ hk bxðfkare
úIh lafIa;%fha úoaj;=ka o úiska ikaksfõok wOHhkfhys Ydia;%Sh ixj¾Okhg wjYH
moku ilia lrk ,È'
yer,aâ ã' ,eiafj,a l¾Ü f,úka fmda,a t*a' ,eidiaf*,aâ ld¾,a whsj¾ yõ,kaâ
^1902-1978& ^1890-1947& ^1901-1976&a ^1912-1961&
Harold D. Lasswell Kurt Lewin Paul F. Lazarsfeld Carl Iver Hoyland
fjdrka ùj¾ laf,daâ Yekka

ú,an¾ Y%dï fcda¾Ê .dík¾
^1894-1978& ^1916-2001&
^1907-1987& ^1919-2005&
Warren Weaver Claude Shannon
Wilber Schranm George Gerbner
• 1940 oYlfha § uydpd¾h ú,an¾ Y%dï úiska ikaksfõok wOHhkh Ydia;%Sh úIh
lafIa;%hla f,i wdh;k .; lsÍug mshjr .kakd ,È' ta w;r ckudOH mdi,a"
ikaksfõok m¾fhaIK wdh;k ia:dms; lsÍu yd úYajúoHd,h i|yd kj wOHhk wxY
wdrïN lsÍu fmkajd Èh yels h'
4
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• ikaksfõok wOHhkh" Ydia;%Sh úIhhla f,i b.ekaùu wdrïN l< m<uq úYajúoHd,h
jkafka b,sfkdhsia úYajúoHd,h hs'
• 1960 oYlfha uq,a Nd.fha § iudc úoHdj" foaYmd,k úoHdj" ufkda úoHdj iy bx.%Sis
NdIdj wdÈ úIh lafIa;% ;=< wka;¾.; j ;snQ ikaksfõok wOHhkh iajdëk úIh
lafIa;%hla f,i fjk u wOHhkh lsÍu wdrïN úh'
• ckudOH u`.ska bÈßm;a jQ ikafoaY iy udOHhkaf.a l%shdldÍ;ajh ck Ôú;fha ish¨ foa

flfrys n,mEï we;s lsÍug fya;= jk nj 60" 70 oYlj, ikaksfõok lafIa;%fha
úoaj;=ka úiska isÿ lrk ,o m¾fhaIK" wOHhk u`.ska wkdjrK lr .kakd ,È'
• úfYAIfhka rEmjdysks udOH orejka flfrys we;s lrk n,mEu ms<sn| uydpd¾h ú,an¾
Y%dï jeks úoaj;=ka iy úYajúoHd, m¾fhaIK lKavdhï úiska isÿ lrk ,o m¾fhaIK
wOHhkhkays wkdjrK .eUqßka idlÉPdjg ,la úh'
• uydpd¾h ú,an¾ Y%dï úiska remjdysks udOH ms<sn| isÿ lrk ,o m%:u m¾fhaIK jd¾;dj
bÈßm;a lrñka Tyq m%ldY lr isáfha <uhskaf.a iudc iïnkaO;d ÿria ùu yd rEmjdysks
Ndú;h w;r iïnkaO;djla mj;sk njhs' fouõmshka iu`. w~onr lr.kakd orejka
;u fkdßiaiqï iy.; ye`.Sïj,ska m,d hdug" is;a fõokdjka wu;l lr .ekSug
rEmjdysksh keröug fhduq jk nj ;j ÿrg;a jd¾;dfjka lreKq bÈßm;a lf<ah'
• fmkais,afõkshdkq úYajúoHd,h m¾fhaIK lKavdhu úiska m%pKav l%shd iys; yd rys;

rEmjdysks ldgqka jevigyka <uhska lKavdhï follg keröug wjia:dj ,nd § isÿ l<
m¾fhaIKh" uydpd¾h ú,an¾ Y%dï ish m¾fhaIK wOHhkh u`.ska bÈßm;a l< lreKq
;yjqre lsÍug iu;a úh'
• fuys § fmkafi,afõkshdkq úYajúoHd, m¾fhaIK lKavdhu úiska rEmjdysksfha m%pKav

l%shd iys; jevigyka keröu ksid <uhska ;=< m%Odk jYfhkaa fjkialï ;=kla isÿ jk
nj fmkajd fok ,È'
1' fõokd;aul foa ms<sn| orejkaf.a ixfõÈ;dj wvq ùu
2' orejka Tjqka Ôj;a jk mßirh yd wjg f,dalh ms<sn| ìhla we;s lr .ekSu
3' wka wh iu`. lghq;= lsÍfï § wdl%uKYS,S jkakg;a blaukska wdrjq,a we;s
lr.kakg;a orejka ;=< keUqrej jeä ùu
• udOH u`.ska iudch fj; isÿ lrkq ,nk n,mEu wOHhkh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka isÿ l<
m¾fhaIK wOHhk fya;=fjka ikaksfõok wOHhk lafIa;%h ;j ÿrg;a ixj¾Okh úh'
• 1960 iy 70 oYl jk úg ckudOH úiska iudc fj; t,a, l< n,mEu 80 iy 90

oYlj, wxls; ;dlaIKsl udOH fuj,ï Ndú;hg meñKSu iy j¾;udkh jk úg kj
udOH" iudc udOHj, l%shdldß;ajh ikaksfõok wOHhk lafIa;%fha úIh m:h ;j ÿrg;a
mq¿,a lsrSug fya;= ù we;'
5
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• ikaksfõokh úIhh icSj fuka u il%sh úIh lafIa;%hls' ikaksfõok ;dCIKfha

ke`.Su;a iu`. w;S;fha isg ikaksfõok wOHhk lafIa;%h j¾Okh ù we;'
• tfia u j¾;udkfha iy wkd.;fha o fuu úIhh ikaksfõok ;dCIKfha ÈhqKqj"

kùk ikaksfõok fuj,ï yd tajd Ndú; lsÍfï iajNdjh iy tu`.ska iudch fj;
lrkq ,nk n,mEu wkqj fjkia fõ'
• ikaksfõok wOHhk lafIa;%fha fuu iajNdjh flfrys isiq wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=
jk w;r tu fya;=fjka ikaksfõok lafIa;%fhys bÈßhg hdug cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r
;,fha úúO wjia:d f.dvke`.S we;s nj ms<sn| Tjqka ±kqj;a l< hq;= fõ'
• ikaksfõok wOHhk lafIa;%h ms<sn| Ydia;%Sh jYfhka wOHhkh lsÍfuka"
i. cd;sl iy cd;Hka;r jYfhka ikaksfõok l%shdoduh yd udOH l%shdldß;ajh

ms<sn| wjfndaOh
ii. úpdrYS,S j udOH mßyrKh lsÍfï l=i,;d j¾Okh
iii. wjYH" wod< f;dr;=re f;dard .ekSfï yelshdj
iv. .fõIKYSS,S Ndjh" úpdrYS,s Ñka;kh ÈhqKq ùu
v. udOH idlaIr;dj
vi. hym;a" wdpdrYS,S yd M,odhS udkj wka;¾ iïnkaO;d
vii. iudc m%.uKh i|yd il%sh odhl;ajh
viii. ks¾udKd;aul Ñka;kh yd udOH ikafoaY ks¾udKh
ix. ixj¾Okd;aul yd m%cd;ka;%jdÈ Ñka;kfhka fmdaIKh jQ mqrjeisfhl=
ùug wjYH ±kqu" wdl,am" l=i,;d yd mqreÿ
x. ck udOH wdh;khkays l%shdldß;ajh ms<sn| wjfndaOh mqoa.,fhl= ;=<
f.dvkexfõ'
we.hSu
1' ikaksfõok wOHhkfhys wdrïNh yd Ydia;%Sh úIhhla f,i tys wdrïNh úia;r
lrkak'
2' ikaksfõokh Ydia;%Sh úIhhla f,i wOHhkh lsÍfï jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrkak'
6
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
3' ikaksfõokh Ydia;%Sh úIhla f,i j¾Okh ùu flfrys udOHfha l%shdldß;ajh

n,mE wdldrh ms<sn| lreKq /ia lrkak' ta i|yd my; ±lafjk lreKq Tiafia
f;dr;=re /ia lrkak' tu f;dr;=re iqÿiq l%ufõo Ndú; lrñka bÈßm;a lrkak'
) ld¾ñllrKh yd ikaksfõok udOHfha j¾Okh
) m<uqjk yd fojk f,dal ix.%du yd udOHfha l%shdldß;ajh
) ckudOH ìys ùu iy tys n,mEu
) wka;¾cd,h we;=¿ wxls; ikaksfõok ;dlaIK udOH fuj,ïys ÈhqKqj
4' ikaksfõokh Ydia;%Sh wOHhk lafIa;%hla f,i j¾Okh lsÍug odhl jQ fmr wmrÈ.
úoaj;=ka yd Tjqkaf.a ld¾hNdrh ms<sn| wOHhkh lr jd¾;djla ilia lrkak'
7
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 1'2 Y%S ,xldjg ikaksfõokh úIhh y÷kajd §u yd thg miqìï jQ
idOl ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 03 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • Y%S ,xldjg ikaksfõok wOHhkh y÷kajd §u ms<sn| úia;r lrhs'
mdvu ie,iqu i|yd Wmfoia(
• ikaksfõok úIhh Y%S ,xldjg m%:u jrg y÷kajd §u isÿ jkafka foysj, lksIaG
úYajúoHd,h ^Junior Campus& uQ,sl ùfuks' j¾I 1968 - 1969 ld,fha § zzmqj;am;a
l,dfõoh ^Journalism&ZZ kñka tys mdGud,djla y÷kajd fok ,È'
• zzmqj;am;a l,dfõohZZ kï jQ tu mdGud,dj i|yd úIh ks¾foaYh ilia lrkq ,enqfõ

wdpd¾h tâúka wdßhÞi úisks' tu mdGud,dj jir follska miq wj,x.= ù we;'
• fï i|yd tjl wOHdmk weu;s Oqrh ±rE whs' tï' wd¾' ta' Bßhf.d,a, uy;d
uQ,sl;ajh f.k lghq;= lf<a h'
• 1971 le/,af,ka miq úYajúoHd, i|yd jD;a;Sh wNsuqL mdGud,d y÷kajd §fï §
ikaksfõokh úIhh úYajúoHd, moaO;shg y÷kajd § we;'
• ta wkqj 1973 jif¾ § le,‚h úYajúoHd,fha zzckikaksfõok wOHhk wxYhZZ

hkqfjka kj wOHhk wxYhla m%:u jrg wdrïN lrk ,È'
• fï i|yd úYajúoHd, m%;smdok fldñIka iNdj úiska m;a lrk ,o uydpd¾h úu,a
Èidkdhl" uydpd¾h iqkkao ufyakaø" uydpd¾h tï'î' wdßhmd," uydpd¾h tÈßùr
irÉpkaø" wdpd¾h tâúka wdßhÞi iy ã' iS' rK;=x. we;=<;a úoaj;a lñgqj úiska
m%uqL;ajh .kakd ,os'
• uydpd¾h úu,a Èidkdhl iy uydpd¾h iqkkao ufyakaø úIhh b.ekajQ m%:u

lÓldpd¾hjre jQy' ndysr lÓldpd¾hjre f,i wdpd¾h tâúka wdßhÞi" wdpd¾h
mshfidau fïÈia" ã' î' ksyd,aisxy" fla' ch;s,l" uy.u fialr" ví,sõ' ã' wurfoaj"
ã' iS' rK;=x. iy mshisß .=Kr;ak hk úoaj;ayq lghq;= l<y'
• fuhg iu.dñ j 1972 jif¾ § Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,fha o zzmqj;am;a l,djZZ

hkqfjka ämaf,daud mdGud,djla wdrïN lr we;' jirlska muK miq tu mdGud,dj
kj;d oud we;'
8
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• tfuka u 60 oYlfha ,xldfõ mej;s ,xld .=jkaúÿ,s fiajh u`.ska yd f,alayjqia

wdh;kh u`.ska jD;a;Sh udOHfõoSka i|yd mqyqKq mdGud,d mj;ajd we;'
• j¾;udkh jk úg ikaksfõok úIhh ms<sn| mdGud,d le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h" Y%S

chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h" fld<U úYaj úoHd,h" fld<U úYajúoHd,fha Y%Smd,s
uKavmh" rcrg úYajúoHd,h" újD; úYajúoHd," kef.kysr úYajúoHd,fha ;%sl=Kdu,
uKavmh iy hdmkh úYajúoHd,h jeks úYajúoHd, u`.ska l%shd;aul lrkq ,nhs'
• Y%S ,xldfõ ms<s.;a úYajúoHd, /il jHdma; j ;sfnk fuu úIhh iy;sl m;%"
ämaf,daud" idudkH Wmdê" úfYaI Wmdê" mYapd;a Wmdê" iy wdpd¾h Wmdê mdGud,d
olajd wOHhkh l< yels mdGud,d f,i b;d ixj¾ê; uÜgulg meñK ;sfí'
• cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska 2006 j¾Ifha § m%:u jrg 10 jk fY%a‚hg;a 2007
j¾Ifha § 11 jk fY%a‚hg;a w;sf¾l úIhhla f,i zzikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkhZZ
úIhh y÷kajd § we;s w;r 2008 j¾Ifha isg Wiia fm< l,d úIh Odrdjg o
ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh úIhh we;=<;a lr ;sfí'
• j¾;udkfha ikaksfõok wOHhkh yd ta iïnkaO lafIa;% .Kkdjla wdjrKh jk mßÈ

isxy," bx.%Sis iy fou< udOHhkaf.ka m%dfhda.sl yd kHdhd;aul wka;¾.;hka iys;
mdGud,d /ila fm!oa.,sl wdh;k uÜgfuka o l%shd;aul fjñka mj;S' fï wkqj
ikaksfõok wOHhk lafIa;%hkays jD;a;Sh wjia:d mq¿,a ùula o ±l .; yels h'
• ikaksfõokh iEu jD;a;shl u id¾:l;ajh i|yd w;HjYH úIhhla ù we;s neúka ta

ms<sn| yeoEÍu yd m%.=K lsÍu j¾;udkfha § b;d jeo.;a yd m%fhdackj;a fõ'
we.hSu
1' Y%S ,xldjg ikaksfõok wOHhkh y÷kajd §u ms<sn| úia;rhla lrkak'
2' Y%S ,xldfõ ikaksfõok úIh lafIa;%fhys we;s j ;sfnk ixj¾Okh yd th

bf.kSfuys jeo.;alu idlÉPd lrkak'
3' Y%S ,xldfõ ikaksfõokh úIhh W.kajkq ,nk úYajúoHd," ckudOH wdh;k
ksÍlaIKh lrkak' tys § Tn ,nd.;a f;dr;=re wkqj Tng bÈßhg m%fõY úh yels
foaYSh iy úfoaYSh wOHhk lafIa;%" úIhh ±kqu fmdaIKh lsÍug Wmldr ,nd .;
yels ndysr iïm;a mqoa.,hka" wdh;k wd§ lreKq ms<sn| úu¾Ykh lrkak'
4' Y%S ,xldfõ ikaksfõok wOHhk lafIa;%h j¾Okh lsÍug mqfrda.dñ jQ isxy," fou<
pß;dmodk wOHhkh lrkak'
9
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 1'3 ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh úIhh Ydia;%Sh úIhhla f,i
bf.kSfuys wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 07 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh úIhh y÷kajd fohs'

• ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh úIhh yeoEÍfï wjYH;dj
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• m%d:ñl mdif,a isg úYajúoHd, uÜgu olajd;a jeäysá wOHdmkfhys ikaksfõokh

yd udOH wOHdmkh ms<sn| jevigyka wdrïN lrñka m%p,s; lrk f,i 1982 jif¾
hqfkiaflda ixúOdkh .DDkaj,aÜ m%ldYfhka l< ks¾foaYhka mokï fldg f.k 2006
jif¾ isg ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh úIh m<uq j 10 iy 11 fY%aKs i|yd w;sf¾l
úIhhla f,i;a 2008 isg w'fmd'i' ^Wiia' fm<& l,d úIh Odrdjg;a y÷kajd § we;'
• zzudOH wOHdmkhZZ hkak lafIa;% .Kkdjla ms<sn| wjOdkhg .kq ,nk mq¿,a úIh
lafIa;h
% ls'
• udOH wOHdmkh hkq mqoa.,hd udOH idlaIr;dfjka hqla; wfhl= njg m;a lr ,Sfï
l%shdj,sh hs' udOH wOHdmkh iuia;hla f,i ish¨ u udOH flfrys wjOdkh fhduq
lrhs'
• zzish¨ u udOHZZ hkakg p,k rEm we;=<;a Ñ;%mg" remjdysksh" ùäfhda mg wdÈ ish,a,;a
y~ udOHhg we;=<;a .=jka úÿ,sh" má.; lrk ,o ix.S;h we;=<;a ish,a,;a" uqøs;
udOHhkag iïnkaO mqj;am;a" i`.rd" fmdaiagr wdÈh;a" kj wxls; ;dlaIKh Ndú;hg
.kakd ish¨ udOH;a we;=<;a fõ'
• hqfkiaflda ixúOdkh mdif,a m%d:ñl fY%aKsfha isg ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHdmkh

,nd Èh hq;= njg ks¾foaY lrk ,oafoa fï wdldrfhks'
zzthska iudchg uqøs; udOH yd úoHq;a udOH úpdrYS,S j mßyrKh lsÍug wjYH
oekqu" l=i,;d" wdl,am fmdaIKh l< yels nj;a th Ôj;a ùu i|yd w;HjYH
ksmKq ;djla jk nj;a udOH wOHdmkh ,nd §u i|yd ilia lrkq ,nk jevigykaj,
udOH ksIamdokhka iïnkaO újrKhka" ks¾udKYS,S wdfõokhka m< lsÍfï udOHhla
f,i ckudOH Ndú; l< yels wdldrhka" M,odhs f,i udOH mßyrKh lsÍu yd
il%sh whqßka udOH jevigykaj,g iyNd.s ùu hk lreKq ms<sn| j wka;¾.; l<
hq;= nj;a h' ZZ
10
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• hqfkiaflda ixúOdkh úiska mdi,a úIh Odrdjg udOH wOHdmkh úIhh we;=<;a l<
hq;= nj i|yka lrk ,oafoa fuu ld, jljdkqj jk úg ^1980 oYlh& ckudOHhkaf.a
l%shdldß;ajh <ud yd ;reK mrmqr flfrys we;s lrk ,o wys;lr n,mEu m%n, ù ;sîu
fya;=fjks'
• j¾;udkfha wmßñ; udOH ;dlaIKsl fuj,ï Tiafia isÿ jk fõ.j;a f;dr;=re .,kh
wiSudka;sl yd úÑ;%j;a udOH wdlD;s" wm%udK udOH mßfNdackh yuqfõ udOH Ndú;fhka
mqoa.,hd j<lajd ;nkq fjkqjg" ;¾ckh lr iSud lrkq fjkqjg udOH mßyrKh lsÍug
wjYH ksis ±kqfuka Tyq ikakoaO lr iQodkï l< hq;= njg f,dal u;hla f.dvkef`.kqfha
fuu hqfkiaflda m%ldYkh;a iu`.sks'
• udOH wOHdmkh hk mq¿,a úIh lafIa;%h u`.ska úpdrYS,S j udOH mßyrKh lsÍug
wjYH YslaIKh;a thska udOH idlaIr;dj j¾Okh lr .ekSug;a u`. fmkajkq ,nhs'
• ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh úIhh W.kajk .=re Nj;=ka fuka u úIhh

yodrk YsIH YsIHhdjka o mdi,a uÜgug ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHdmkh úIhh
y÷kajd §fï miqìu ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka hqla; ùu b;d jeo.;a fõ'
• w'fmd'i' Wiia fm<g kshñ; fuu ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh úIhh fldgia
follska iukaú; h'
1' ikaksfõokh
2' udOH wOHhkh
• tys § zzikaksfõokhZZ hk úIh fldgfia § ikaksfõokh ms<sn| ks¾jpk" ikaksfõokfha

moku" ld¾hNdrh" úúO ikaksfõok j¾." wdlD;s wdÈ ikaksfõokh ms<sn| kHdhd;aul
lreKq yd tajd m%dfhda.sl j Ndú; lsÍfï l=i,;d ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'
• udOH wOHhkh hk úIh fldgfia § udOH ms<sn| j bf.kSu" yeoEÍu" udOHfha iajNdjh"
wka;¾.;h" ft;sydisl mßKduh" l%shdldß;ajh y÷kd .ekSu fuka u udOH mqoa.,hdg
iudchg ixialD;shg n,mdk wdldrh ms<sn| j yeoEÍu isÿ fõ'
• zzikaksfõokhZZ udkj wka;¾ iïnkaO;d meje;aùfï w;HjYH u iy m%uL

q ;u fuj,ula
f,i y÷kd.; yels h' tneúka ikaksfõok l=i,;dj iEu wfhl= u i;= úh hq;= iy
m%.=K l< hq;= yelshdjla jk nj wjOdkhg .; hq;= fõ'
• udOH wOHhkh u`.ska úpdrYS,SNdjfhka hq;= j udOH mßyrKh lsÍug wjYH wjfndaOh
iy YslaIKh ,nd foa' thska udOH idlaIr;dj j¾Okh fõ'
• m%d:ñl iudcj, Ôj;a jQ udkjhka Ndú;hg .;a Yío" ix{d" ixfla;hkaf.a isg
ckudOHka j¾Okh ùu;a j¾;udkh jk úg wxls; ;dlaIKsl udOH fuj,ï olajd
j¾Okh jQ ikaksfõok l%shdoduh;a iudch flfrys n,mEï we;s lrhs'
11
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• hym;a ikaksfõolfhl= fuka u mqrjeisfhl= ùug wjYH ikaksfõok {dkh;a úpdrYS,S
j udOH mßyrKh lsÍfï YslaIKh;a orejka ;=< j¾Okh lsÍu wjYH fõ'
• ta wkqj ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh úIhh yeoEÍfï wjYH;dj
) ikaksfõok l=i,;d j¾Okh

) udOH idlaIr;dj
) úpdrYS,S udOH mßyrKh
) wjiaf:daÑ; NdId Ndú;h
) udOH yd ixialD;sh ms<sn| wjfndaOh
) udOHfha mqoa., yd iudc n,mEu
) f;dr;=re mßyrKh lsÍfï wjfndaOh
) udOH wdpdr O¾u yd kshdukh ms<sn| wjfndaOh
) hym;a mqrjeisfhl= f,i ixj¾Okhg odhl ùu
) ks¾udKYS,S ikaksfõok l=i,;d wdÈ lreKq Tiafia ú.%y lsÍu wjYH fõ'
we.hSu
1' ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh úIhfhys wjOdkhg .kakd úIh lafIa;%

meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2' ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh úIhh yeoEÍfï wjYH;dj úpdrd;aul j ú.%y

lrkak'
mdßNdIsl mo
1' .DDkaj,aÜ m%ldYkh - Grunwald Declaration

2' udOH wOHhkh - Media Studies
3' udOH wOHdmkh - Media Education
4' ikaksfõokh - Communication
wdY%s; .%ka: yd m%ldYk
1' Èidkdhl" úu,a" udkj ikaksfõokh" fld<U" iSudiys; f,ala yjqia bkafjiaÜukaÜia
iud.u" 1977
2' De Fleur and Dennis, Understanding Mass Communication, Boston, USA, Houghton Mifflin
Company, 1991.
3. James Waston and Anne Hill, A Dictionary of Communication and Media Studies, India,
Universal book stall, 1991
4. Roger s, Everett M., A History of Communication Study, New York: The free press. 1994
5. UNESCO Declaration on Media Education, International Symposium on Media Education,

Grunwald, Federal Republic of Germany, 22 January, 1982
12
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
2' ikaksfõokfha moku
ksmqK;dj ( 2'0 ikaksfõokh" tys iajNdjh" uQ,sldx. yd ld¾hNdrh ms<sn|

úu¾YkYS,S wjfndaOfhka hq;= j tÈfkÞ Ôú;fha ikaksfõok
ld¾h id¾:l lr .ekSfï § Ndú; lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 2'1 ikaksfõokh hkak y÷kajd fohs'
ld,Éfþo ( 04 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • ikaksfõokh hkak y÷kd f.k w¾:h meyeÈ,s lrhs'
mdvu ie,iq u i|yd Wmfoia (

ikaksfõokh y÷kd .ekSu
• f;dr;=re yqjudrej ikaksfõokh hs'
• udkj ikaksfõokh udkj iudc iïNjh ;rï u merKs h'
• ikaksfõokh ffoksl Ôú;h yd iïnkaO jQjls'
• udkjfhl= jYfhka wm isÿ lrk is;Su" iam¾Yh" wd>%dKh" ±lSu" l;d lsÍu" ú`§u"
lshùu" ,sùu" úfkdao ùu wdÈ jQ iEu ld¾hhla u ikaksfõokh yd Rcq j fyda
jl% j fyda iïnkaO;djla olajhs'
• mqoa., yd iudc iïnkaO;djkaf.a moku ikaksfõokh hs'
• ikaksfõokh ì| jegqKq úg tA yd ne÷Kq iuia; moaO;sh u jHdl=, fõ'
• hym;a ikaksfõokhla mj;S kï th fndfyda mqoa.,-iudc .eg¨ wju lr .ekSug

fya;= fõ'
• tfyhska ikaksfõokh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu" wOHhkh lsÍu yd m%.=K lsÍu
jeo.;a h'
13
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• ikaksfõokh hk mofha mD:q, w¾:h z±k .;a foa ±k .ekSug ie,eiaùuZ hkak hs'
• bx.%Sis 'communication' hk moh ,;ska NdIdfõ zfmdÿ njg m;a lsÍuZ hk wre; iys;
'communis' hk jdxuQ,fhka ì£ wdjls'
• isxy,fha ikaksfõokh hk jpkhfhys w¾:h zuekúka ±kqï §uZ hkak hs'
• fou< NdIdfjka ikaksfõokh hkak zf;dv¾mdv,a Z hkqfjka y÷kajhs' tys woyi

zzin|;d meje;aùfï l%shdj,shZZ hkak hs'
• idudkH ikaksfõok wjia:djkays § f;dr;=re .ekSu iy §u ^yqjudrej& i|yd Ndú;

lrkq ,nkafka mxfÉkaøshka h'
• ñksid ks¾udKh lr .;a NdIdj fya;=fjka jvd;a ixlS¾K woyia yd ixl,am ms<sn|
f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .ekSfï yelshdj WÞ úKs'
• NdId iïNjh iu`. woyia yd ixl,am ms<sn| ±kqu mq¿,a úh'
• f,aLkh wdrïNh;a iuÕ f;dr;=re .nvd lr l,a ;nd .ekSug moku ilia úh'
• ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh jeä ÈhqKq ùfï m%;sM,hla f,i f;dr;=re yqjudrej läkï
úKs'
• ckudOHj, wd.ukh;a iuÕ f;dr;=re rdYshla úYd, msßila fj; tl jr" läkñka
fnÞ yeÍfï yelshdj ,eì‚'
we.hSu (
1' ikaksfõokh hkafkys w¾:h meyeÈ,s lrñka th y÷kajd fokak'
14
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 2'2 ikaksfõokfhys iajNdjh wjfndaOfhka hq;= j meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 16 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • ikaksfõokfhys iajNdjh ms<sn| úia;r lrhs'

ikaksfõokfhys iajNdjh
ikaksfõokfha iajNdjh f;areï .ekSug kï Bg wdfõ‚l .=Kdx. ke;fyd;a fmdÿ .;s

,laIK ljf¾ o hkak úuid ne,sh hq;= fjhs' ikaksfõokfha iajNdjh ms<sn| y÷kd.;
yels tjeks fmdÿ .;s ,laIK lsysmhla we;s w;r tA tla tla ,laIKh ms<sn| j ;rula
úia;r iys; j idlÉPd lsÍu m%fhdackj;a h'
• ikaksfõokh wruqKq iy.; h'
wm ´kE u wjia:djl § ikaksfõokfha fhfokafka lsishï wruqKla we;s j hs'

f;dr;=rla ,nd §u fyda ,nd .ekSu" l=;+y,h iukh lr .ekSu" úkaokhla ,nd
.ekSu jeks ljr fyda wruqKla tlS ikaksfõokh msgqmi we;s nj meyeÈ,s h'
f;dr;=re ,nd fok md¾Yajh yd ,nd .kakd md¾Yajh w;r fuu wruqK ms<sn|
meyeÈ,s wjfndaOhla we;akï ikaksfõokh id¾:l ùug bv ;sfí' tfy;a fï
iïnkaOfhka mriamr;d mj;S kï .eg¨ldÍ ;;a;ajhka Woa.; úh yels h'
• ikaksfõokh ixfla;d;aul h'
ikaksfõokh hkq ixfla;uh l%shdldß;ajhlss' f;dr;=rla ke;fyd;a ikafoaYhlaa

hkq ixfla;j,ska iukaú; jQjls' fï wkqj jpk" ix{d" ,l=Kq" uqød" bÕs" is;shï"
is;=jï" wl=re muKla fkd j Yío mjd ie,lsh hq;= jkafka ixfla; f,i h' úúO
jQ jia;=" mqoa.,hka" ia:dk fuka u w;sYh ixlS¾K yeÕSï" woyia" ixl,am wdÈh
ms<sn| f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .ekSug wmg yelshdj ,eî we;af;a ixfla; mokï lr
f.k isÿ lrk fuu ikaksfõok .kqfokqj ksid h' ixfla; f;dard .ekSu b;d
mfriaiñka isÿ l< hq;= ld¾hhls' ukao ixfla; f;dard .ekSu jerÿK fyd;a fjk;a
w¾:hla we;s ù ikafoaYh jHdl=, jk fyhsks'
15
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• ikaksfõokh ikao¾Ndkq.; h'
ljr fyda ikaksfõokhla isÿ jkafka lsishï ikao¾Nhla ;=< hs' fuuÕska woyia
flfrkafka wÞ< ikaksfõok isÿ jk zjgmsgdjZ ke;fyd;a zmßirhZ hs'
ikakfs õok ld¾hh yd ikao¾Nh w;r Rcq iïnkaO;djla mj;S' ikao¾Nhg .e<fmk
f,i ikaksfõok ld¾hh ilia úh hq;= fõ' ksoiqkla f,i wjux.f,da;aijhla
wÞ< ikao¾Nh f,i i,lkak' Bg wÞ< j ikaksfõokhka isÿ jk wdldrh úuid
ne,Sfuka fuu ;;a;ajh meyeÈ,s lr .; yels fõ'
fulS zikao¾NhZ hkak yqÿ fN!;sl jgmsgdjg muKla ,>q l< hq;= fkd fõ' uka o
úfgl mqoa.,hka" ia:dk" jD;a;sh" ixialD;sh jeks foa mjd ikao¾Nh hkakg wvx.=
úh yels fyhsks'
• ikaksfõokh l%shdmámdáhls'
ikaksfõokh lsis úgl;a yqfol,d j mj;sk fjkia fkdjk fohla fkd fõ' th
ksrka;rfhka ld,h;a iuÕ fjkia fjhs' tksid u ikaksfõokh ms<sn| wOHhkh
lsÍu yqÿ NdKavhla ms<sn| j wOHhkh lsÍug jvd fjkia jQjls' ikaksfõokh
ms<sn| wOHhkh lsÍfï § ta yd iïnkaO ;j;a idOl fndfyduhla ms<sn| j wjOdkh
fhduq lsÍug isÿ fõ'
´kE u ikaksfõok wjia:djl lsishï l%shdj,shla isÿ fõ' ksoiqkla f,i ,sÅ;
ikaksfõok wjia:djla .ksuq' tys § mshjr .Kkdjla miq lsÍug isÿ fjhs' tu
l%shdj,sh yd iïnkaO is;Su" ie,iqï lsÍu" ,sùu" ixialrKh lsÍu" kej; ,sùu wdÈ
úúO wjia:d .Kklska miq j hs" wjika m%;sM,h fj; t<efUkafka' fufia wka
´kE u ikaksfõok wjia:djl § Bg wkqrEm jQ l%shdj,shla isÿ jk whqre ksÍlaIKh
l< yels h'
• ikaksfõokh úúOdldr fõ'
ikaksfõok j¾. yd iajrEm ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfuka u tys úúOdldr nj

ms<sn| uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yels fõ' fï tla tla ikaksfõok j¾. yd iajrEm
úúO jQ ikao¾Nhkays § ;jÿrg;a úúO fjkialï yd mßj¾;khkag Ndckh jk nj
olakg mq¿jk' mqoa.,dka;r ikaksfõokhg jvd lKavdhï ikaksfõokh fjkia
fjhs' l:k ikaksfõokhg jvd ,sÅ; ikaksfõok iajrEmh fjkia fjhs' l:k
ikakf s õok iajrEmh wd.ñl ikao¾Nhl § tl wdldrhlg;a foaYmd,k ikao¾Nhl
§ Bg jvd fjkia wdldrhlg;a isÿ fjhs'
;dlaIKfha wd.ukh;a iu`. ikaksfõokh fjkialï /ilg n÷ka jQ nj meyeÈ,s

h' wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõokh yereKq fldg wka ish¨ ikaksfõok j¾.
16
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
;dlaIKh ksid l,ska l,g úúO mßj¾;khkag ,la ùu je<elaúh fkdyels
ixisoaêhla njg m;a j ;sfí' wm Ndú;hg .kakd úúO ikaksfõok úê l%u yd
fuj,ïys fjkiaùï yd w¨;a ùï ms<sn| j mÍlaIdldÍ j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfuka
fï nj jgyd .; yels h' ixialD;sh o ikaksfõokfha úúO;ajhg fya;= jk jeo.;a
idOlhla f,i ie,lsh yels fjhs' rg rgj, úúO iudchkays mj;sk úúOdldr
ixialD;s yd WmixialD;Skays olakg ,efnk ikaksfõokh wdY%s; l%shdldrlïj,
úúO;d ms<sn| fidhd ne,Sfuka fuu ;;a;ajh f;areï .ekSug mq¿jk' wfkla w;g"
ixia lD;s h o ld,h;a iu`. fjkia jka k ls ' tlS fjkia lïj,g wkqr Em j
ikaksfõokfha o fjkialï we;s úh yels h'
• ikaksfõokh tal ud¾.sl fuka u oaú-ud¾.sl jQjls'

ikaksfõokh .kqfokqjla nj lSfjuq' tkï f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSula yd ,nd §ula
hk ld¾hhka fol u tys § isÿ fõ' fuu .kqfokqjg iïnkaO jk md¾Yaj fol u
Bg il%sh j Þhl ùfuka by< m%;sM, wfmalaId l< yels h' ikaksfõok wjia:d
nyq;rhla oaú-ud¾.sl ;;a;ajhla fmkakqï lrk nj fmfka' tfy;a b| ysg óg
fjkia jQ tAl ud¾.sl ikaksfõokhka isÿ jk wjia:d o ke;af;a fkd fõ'
• ikaksfõokh n,h fõ'

±kqu n,h fõ hkak m%isoaO lshukls' ±kqu hkak fndfyda ÿrg f;dr;=re mokï
fldg .;a;ls' ±kqu W;amdokhg f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh uQ,sl fjhs' tA wkqj
ikaksfõokh ±kqu u; f.dvkef`.k n,fha moku ikaksfõokh hs' wfkla w;g
n,h iy kdhl;ajh w;r we;af;a wúfhdackSh in|;djls' kdhlhdg ish lKavdhfï
iyfhda.h wysñ jQ Þg kdhl;ajh wysñ fjhs' tksid kdhl;ajh ,eîug" ±Íug yd
/l .ekSug fiiq whf.a mlaImd;s;ajh w;HjYH fõ' Bg wka whf.a tl`.;dj"
wkque;sh yd leue;a; Èkd .; hq;= h' tA i|yd kdhlhd fyd| ikaksfõolfhl= úh
hq;= h' ikaksfõokh n,h jk nj fuys § o ;yjqre fjhs' wd.ñl" wOHdmksl"
foaYmd,ksl" jd‚c wdÈ ljr lafIa;%hl jqj o fuu ;;a;ajh úoHudk fõ'
ish¨ wdldrfha ikaksfõok j¾. zn,hZ W;amdokhg wjYH miqìu ieliSug Wojq
fjhs' wka;¾j¾;S mqo.
a , ikakf
s õokh ;¾ldkql,+ Ñka;kfha j¾Okhg;a" mqo.
a ,dka;r
iy lKavdhï ikaksfõokh mqoa.,-uyck in|;d ÈhqKq lsÍug;a ckikaksfõokh
m%isoaêh" ckm%sh;ajh Ndjh yd m%;srEm f.dvkeÕSug;a Rcq j yd jl% j Þhl fjhs'
fï ish,a, wvq-jeä jYfhka n,h ks¾udKh ùug wjYH moku Yla;su;a j f.dv
k`.hs'
we.hSu(
1' ikaksfõokfhys iajNdjh WodyrK iys; j meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2' Tn leu;s udOH ikafoaYhla f;dard f.k ikaksfõokfhys iajNdjh yd ne÷Kq

,laIK tys .eí ù we;s wdldrh mÍlaId lrkak'
17
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 2'3 ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha uQ,sldx. ú.%y lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 16 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha uQ,sldx. y÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs'
• ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha uQ,sldx. ms<sn| fjka fjka jYfhka

meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh f;areï .ekSug uQ,sldx. ms<sn| wjfndaOh

wjYH nj f;areï f.k woyia olajhs'
ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha uQ,sldx.
ikaksfõokh f;areï .ekSug;a th id¾:l j l%shd;aul lsÍug;a tlS l%shdj,sfha wka;¾.;

uQ,sl wx. fudkjd o hkak meyeÈ,s j wjfndaO lr .ekSu w;sYh jeo.;a jQjls' tfia u tlS
wx. by< .=K;ajhlska hq;= ikaksfõokhla i|yd flfia Þhl jkafka o hkak ms<sn| j
wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu o fuys ,d m%fhdackj;a h' jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka fulS wx. iïnkaOfhka
bf.k .kakd oE m%dfhda.sl j tÈfkÞ ikaksfõok wjia:djkays § Ndú; lsÍu hs'
ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha uQ,sl wx. w;ßka jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka fudkjd o hkak ms<sn|
úúO u; ;sfí' flfia kuq;a fuys § m%Odk wx. 09la ms<sn| j idlÉPd lsÍug wfmalaId
flf¾'
1. ikaksfõolhd
;j;a md¾Yajhla iuÕ f;dr;=re" woyia" u;" wdl,am wdÈh yqjudre lr .kakd
;eke;a;d ikaksfõolhd hs' mqoa.,fhl= muKla fkd j wjia:dkql+, j lKavdhula"
ixúOdkhla" wdh;khla jqj o ikaksfõol ia:dkh ksfhdackh l< yels h'
ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh ms<sn| ie,lsh hq;= uÜgul md,khla lsÍfï yelshdj
ikaksfõolhd i;= fõ'
2' wdfla;lrKh
iEu ikaksfõok l%shdj,shl § u isÿ fõ' fuh udkj ikaksfõokh weiqßka f;areï
.ekSu myiq fõ' wmf.a isf;a we;s jk woyia" ye`.sï ;j wfhl= yd ikaksfõokh
lsÍu i|yd ixfla; Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka ikafoaY njg mßj¾;kh l< hq;= h' fuu
l%shdj,sh wdfla;lrKh hs'
18
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
3. ikafoaYh
ikaksfõolhd wfkla md¾Yajh iuÕ yqjudre lr .kakd f;dr;=r ikafoaYh hs' th
woyila" u;hla" wdl,amhla jeks úúO iajrEmhka .ekSug bv ;sfí' m‚úvhla
yeuúg u ixfla; weiqßka f.dv kef`.a' ixfla; hkak jpk" Yío" j¾K" yev rej
wdÈ jYfhka úúOdldr úh yels h' tAjd f;dard .ekSu mßiaifuka isÿ l< hq;= fjhs'
uka o" ixfla; jerÿKfyd;a m‚úvh o jer§ug bv we;s fyhsks'
4. kd,sldj$udOHh
ikaksfõol ia:dkfha isg wfmalaIs; md¾Yajh fj; ikafoaYh f.k hkq ,nkafka
kd,sldj u`.sks' idudkHfhka tÈfkÞ ikaksfõokfha § Ndú; lrk kd,sld jkafka
mxfÉkaøh
s hs' tA w;ßka wei ^±lSu& iy lk ^weiSu& nyq, f,i fhdÞ .efka' ;dlaIKfha
wd.ukh;a iu`. fulS kd,sld$udOHj, isÿ j we;s mßj¾;khka y÷kd .ekSu
w;sYh jeo.;a fõ'
5. .%dylhd
ikaksfõolhd úiska ish ikafoaYh yqjudre lr .ekSfï wfmalaIdj we;s j th
bÈßm;a lrkq ,nkafka ljrl= fj; o fya .%dylhd hs' .%dylhka úYd, m%udKhla
we;s úg tA yeu fokd z.%dyl lafIa;h
% Z f,i y÷kajkq ,efí' ikaksfõok l%h
s dj,sfhys
oS .%dylhd o ikaksfõolhd yd iudk jeo.;a njla Wiq,hs'
6' úfla;lrKh
ish¨ ikaksfõok l%shdj,shkays ±lsh yels fõ' fuh udkj ikaksfõokh l%shdj,sfha
§ isÿ jk wdldrh úuid ne,Sfuka meyeÈ,s lr .; yels h' wm fj; ,efnk
ikafoaYhla iukaú; j we;af;a ixfla;j,sk's tu ixfla;j,ska lshfjk foa wjfndaO
lr .ekSu i|yd ixfla; w¾:l:kh lr .; hq;= h' tfia bÈßm;a jk ikafoaYfhys
wka;¾.; ikafoaY w¾:l:kh lr tu`.ska bÈßm;a flfrk w¾:h wjfndaO lr
.ekSfï l%shdj,sh úfla;lrKh f,i ye|skafõ'
7. m%;sfmdaIKh
ikaksfõolhd ikafoaYhla ,nd ÿka miq .%dylhd tA iïnkaOfhka ikaksfõolhd
fj; ,nd fok ksÍlaIKh l< yels wdldrfha m%;spdrh y÷kajkafka m%;sfmdaIKh
hkqfjks' ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh iïnkaOfhka m%;sfmdaIKh w;sYh
m%fhdackj;a h' ,efnk m%;sfmdaIKhg wkqj ikaksfõofha .=Kd;aul nj ;jÿrg;a
by< kxjd,Sug wjYH jk mshjr .; yels fõ'
;j o m%;sfmdaIKh Okd;aul fyda RKd;aul úh yels w;r m%;sfmdaIKh ,eîug

.; jk ld,h wkqj th laI‚l fyda m%udo m%;sfmdaIKhla f,i y÷kd .ekSug
mq¿jk'
19
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
8. f>daId$ndOd
ikaksfõol ia:dkfha isg .%dyl ia:dkh olajd ikafoaYh iïfm%aIKh ùfï § Bg
wjysr jk f,i ueosy;a jk ´kE u ;;a;ajhla f>daIdjla fyj;a ndOdjla f,i
ye¢kafõ' m%Odk ndOl j¾. folls'
• udOH ndOl$kd,sldj yd iïnkaO ndOl - kd,sldfõ fyj;a udOHfha
we;s jk fodaI iy.; ;;a;ajhka ksid we;s fõ'
• w¾: ndOl - ikafoaYfha w¾:h yß yeá .%yKh lr .ekSug fkdyels
jk úg Woa.; fõ'
by; i|yka m%Odk ndOl$f>daId j¾. folg w;sf¾l j ;j;a lsysmhla iuyr fm<
fmd;aj, we;=<;a j ;sfí' tAjd kï mdßißl ndOl" ;dlaI‚l ndOl" YdÍßl ndOl"
udkisl ndOl wdÈh hs' fïjd o fndfyda úg by; i|yka m%Odk ndOl j¾.j,ska
tllg wh;a fõ' WodyrK - ;dlaIKsl ndOdj;a kd,sldj$udOH yd iïnkaO ndOd;a
fõ'
9. w;a±lSï miq;,h
mqoa.,hd i;= mQ¾j w;a±lSï iuQyh fuuÕska woyia flf¾' ikaksfõol - .%dyl
md¾Yaj w;r iudk wdldrfha mQ¾j w;a±lSï jeä m%udKhla we;s úg ikaksfõok
ld¾h myiq fõ'
10. ikao¾Nh
fuuÕska woyia flfrkafka wÞ< ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh isÿ jkakd jQ jgmsgdj hs'
ikao¾Nh meyeÈ,s f,i u ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh u; n,mEï we;s lrhs' fyd|
ikaksfõolfhla yeu úg u ish ikaksfõokh Bg mdol jk ikao¾Nhg WÑ; f,i
ilia lr .kshs' fufia Bg wkq.; fkdùu úúO ikaksfõok .eg¨j,g fya;= úh
yels h'
11. n,mEu
iEu ikaksfõokhla u lsishï n,mEula we;s lsÍfï wfmalaIdfjka isÿ flf¾' tlS
n,mEfï iajNdjh úúOdldr jkakg mq¿jk' jfrl th wdl,amuh fyda p¾hduh
fyda fjkila we;s lsÍu b,lal lr isÿ lrk ikaksfõokhla úh yels w;r ;j;a
úfgl ,dNh jeks uq,H m%;s,dNhla wruqKq lr .; yels h' flfia kuq;a ikaksfõok
l%shdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh ;SrKh jkafka wfmaCIs; n,mEu idCId;a lr .;af;a o
hkak u; hs'
we.hSu (
1' ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha uQ,sldx. kï lrkak'
2' tu uQ,sldx. fjka fjka jYfhka úia;r lrkak'
3' ikakf
s õok l%shdj,sh f;areï .ekSu i|yd uQ,sldx. Wmldß jk wdldrh m%dfhda.sl
WodyrK iys; j úia;r lrkak'
20
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 2'4 ikaksfõokh hkq l=ula o hkak ks¾jpkh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 06 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • ikaksfõokh hkq l=ula o hkak ks¾jpk weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ikaksfõokh ms<sn| ks¾jpk
ikaksfõokh ms<sn| j uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ,eîug tA iïnkaOfhka bÈßm;a ù we;s ks¾jpk

b;d m%fhdackj;a h' úúO úoaj;=ka yd wdh;ksl ixúOdk uÕska bÈßm;a lr we;s ikakf
s õokh
ms<sn| ks¾jpk w;r iduHhla olakg fkd,enqK o tAjd uÕska bÈßm;a flfrk uQ,sl idOl
ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfuka ikaksfõokh iïnkaOfhka jvd;a w¾:j;a újrKhla
imhd .; yels fõ'
• ikaksfõokh ms<sn| yer,aâ ã' ,eiafj,af.a (Harold D. Lasswell) ks¾jpkh - 1948
zzhï lsisfjl=" hï lsisjla" lsishï kd,sldjlska hï lsisfjl=g lsishï n,mEula

lsÍu i|yd m%ldY lrkq ,nk foh ikaksfõokh hs'ZZ
Source: Harold D. Lasswell, 'The Structure and Function of Communication
in Society', Lyman Bryson, ed., The Communication of Ideas
New York,Harper & Row, 1948
• ikaksfõokh ms<sn| Yefkdka iy ùj¾f.a (Shannon and Weaver) ks¾jpkh -1949
zzikaksfõokh hkq hï ;ekl § ks¾udKh lr .;a fyda f;dard.;a mKsúvhla tA

wdldrfhka u fyda Bg iudk f,i fjk;a ;ekl § m%;sks¾udKh lsÍuhsZZ
Source: Shannon & Weaver, W. The Mathematical Theory of
Communication. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press,1949
•ikaksfõokh ms<sn| ú,an¾ Y%dïf.a (Wilbur Schramm) ks¾jpkh - 1954
zzf;dr;=re .eí jQ ix×jla lrK fldg f.k fomd¾Yajhla w;r tl yd iudk

Ñ;a; iajNdjhla we;s ùu ikaksfõokh hsZZ
Source: Bittner,John R., Mass Communication: An Introduction, U.S.A.,1986
21
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• ikaksfõokh ms<sn| pd,aia tÉ' l+,sf.a ^Charles Horton Cooley) ks¾jpkh

zzudkj iïnkaO;d r|jd isákakd jQ;a" j¾Okh lrkakd jQ;a" ish¨ ixfla; fuka u"
tajd foaYfhka foaYhg m%jdykh lsÍug;a" ld,fha ne÷ïj,ska Tíng f.dia iqrlaIs;
lr .ekSug;a WmldÍ jk Wml%u ikaksfõokh hs'ZZ
uQ,dY%h : osidkdhl" úu,a" udkj ikaksfõokh" fld<U" iSudiys; f,ala

yjqia bkafjiaÜukaÜia iud.u" 1977
• Tlaia*¾â YíofldaIfha ks¾jpkh

zzwoyi" ±kqu hkdÈh NdIKh fyda f,aLkh fyda ix{d u`.ska m%odkh lsÍu" m%ldY
lsÍu fyda yqjudre lr .ekSu ikaksfõokh hs'ZZ
Source: The Oxford Dictionary, Eighth Edition, Oxford University, 1990
we.hSu(
1' ikaksfõok hkak ks¾jpk weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2' ikaksfõokh ms<sn| úúO úIh lafIa;%j, úoaj;=ka úiska bÈßm;a lr we;s kj
ks¾jpk 05la tla/ia lrkak' tajd u`.ska ikaksfõokh hkak ms<sn| úúO me;slv
Tiafia lr we;s újrK meyeÈ,s lrkak'
22
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 2'5 ikaksfõokfha uQ,sl ld¾hhka ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka hq;= j

meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 18 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • ikaksfõokfha ld¾hNdrh ms<sn| ksoiqka olajñka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ikaksfõokfha ld¾h
• ikaksfõokh uÕska uQ,sl ld¾h 04la bgq flfrk nj th Ydia;%Sh úIhhla f,i
j¾Okh ùu wdrïN jQ uq,a hq.fha isg u ms<s.kq ,eìK' tu ld¾h 04 kï"
i. f;dr;=re iïmdokh
ii. Wmfoia iïmdokh$wOHdmkh
iii. fm,Uùu
iv. úfkdaÞiajdo iïmdokh
• fuu ld¾hhka fjk fjk u f.k idlÉPdjg n÷ka l< yels kuqÿ we;eï úg tlsfkl
w;r ióm iïnkaO;djla fmkakqï lrhs' ksoiqkla f,i Wmfoia iïmdokfha oS f;dr;=re
iïmdokh yd úfkdaodiajdo iïmdokh ld¾hka o isÿ úh yels h' flfia kuq;a fulS
ld¾hhka flaj, f,i i,ld ne,Sfuka jvd;a .eUqßka tajd wjfndaO lr .ekSug wjia:dj
ie,fihs' fuys oS jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrkafka idudkH ikaksfõok ;;a;ajhka
iïnkaOfhka jk w;r ck ikaksfõokh ms<sn| j miq j idlÉPd l< yels h'
i. f;dr;= r e iïmdokh$wOHdmkh
iEu ikafoaYhla u f;dr;=rla f,i ie,lsh yels w;r iEu ikaksfõok wjia:djl § u wvq
jeä jYfhka hï wdldrhl f;dr;=re iïmdokhla isÿ fõ' f;dr;=re iïmdok ld¾hh
.=Kd;aul núka jvd;a by< w.hla .kafka tlS f;dr;=rej, ksrjoH;dj jvd;a by<
uÜgul mej;Su u; hs'
,smskhla ,nd §u" NdKavhl ñ, .Kka mejiSu" /lshdjla i|yd b,a¨ï lsÍfï § Ôj o;a;
m;%sldjla ,nd §u" ud¾. wdf,dal ix{d u`.ska kej;Sug fyda msg;a ùug okajd isàu wdÈ jQ
úúO wjia:d /ila f;dr;=re iïmdok ld¾hh yd iïnkaO wjia:d f,i oelaùug yels h'
wfkla w;g ¥rl:k kdudj,s" mka;s kï ,ehsia;=" N+f.da,Sh is;shï" ldgQka jeks oE u`.ska
o isÿ flfrkafka by;ska i|yka l< f;dr;=re iïmdok ld¾hhg wod< tajd h'
23
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
f;dr;=re iïmdokh úúO wdldrfhka isÿ úh yels nj fï wkqj fmkS hhs' tfia u j;auka
ld, jljdkqfjys f;dr;=re iïmdok ld¾hh fndfyda ÿrg jdKsc uqyqKqjrla .;a ,dN
Wmhk ls%hdj,shla njg m;a j ;sfí'
ii. Wmfoia iïmdokh$wOHdmkh
fuys § o f;dr;=re iïmdokhla uQ,sl jYfhka isÿ jk kuq;a bka Tíng .sh ls%hdldß
iajNdjhla Wiq,kakd jQ hula o isÿ fjkq oelsh yels h' th yqÿ lreKq oelaùulg iSud fkd
ù tajdfha lsishï ixúOdkd;aul fyda w¾:l:kd;aul bÈßm;a lsÍula fmkakqï lrhs'
mß.Klhla Ndú; lr ,smshla ilia lr .kafka flfia oe hs Tn ;j;a wfhl= oekqj;a lsÍu
ksoiqkla f,i .ksuq' th Wmfoia iïmdokhls' Tn tys § mß.Klh iïnkaO uQ,sl
f;dr;=rej,g wu;r j tu ld¾h isÿ lrk whqre" Bg iïnkaO úúO fuj,ïj," l%shdldÍ;ajh
wdÈh meyeos,s lrñka ixúOdkd;aul bÈßm;a lsÍul kshef,kafkys h' th f;dr;=re
iïmdokfhka Tíng .sh Wmfoia iïmdokhla ke;fyd;a wOHdmk ld¾hhla jkafka tfyhsk's
foaYk" jevuq¿" iïuka;%K" fm< fmd;a wdÈh u`.ska uQ,sl jYfhka isÿ lrkqfha wOHdmk
ld¾hhla nj fï wkqj meyeÈ,s úh hq;= h'
iii. fm,Uùu
iuyr ikafoaY u`.ska hful= is;k m;k wdldrfha fyda lghq;= lrk wdldrfha fjkila
isÿ lsÍu wruqKq lrhss' tkï wdl,amuh fyda p¾hduh fjkila we;s lsÍu hs' fuh fm,Uùï
ld¾h hs' tÈfkod úúO lghq;= i|yd ;j;a md¾Yajhl iyNd.s;ajh wjYH jk wjia:dj, §
wmg ta wh ta i|yd fmd,Ujd .ekSug isÿ fõ' fm,Uùfï ld¾hh wruqKq lr.;a ikafoaY
fndfyda úg is;du;d ie,iqï iy.; j ilia lrkq ,nhs' l:kh" f,aLkh" rEmuh bÈßm;a
lsÍï wdÈ úúO jQ Wmdh-Wml%u fï i|yd fhdod .; yels fõ' tfuka u wjYH;dj" wjia:dj"
wod< nj jeks wdkqIx.sl wfkl=;a jeo.;a idOl ms<sn| j o wjOdkh fhduq lrñka jvd;a
ixúOdkd;aul j bosßm;a lsÍu u; fuu ikafoaYj, id¾:l;ajh r|d mj;S' ksoiqka f,i
fjf<| oekaùï oelaúh yels h'
iv. úfkdaodiajdo iïmdokh
ikaksfõok ld¾hhka w;r úfkdaodiajdo iïmdokh o jeo.;a jQjls' ikaksfõokh iu`.

úfkdaoh tl;= jQ úg th jvd;a is;a.kakd jQ w;aoelSula njg m;a fõ' by;ska olajk ,o
ljr ikaksfõok ld¾hhla jqj o wdl¾IKSh f,i yd wdhdihlska f;dr j isÿ lsÍug
úfkdaodiajdoh fhdod .; yels h' ikaksfõok wjia:djg WÑ; f,i ydiH uqiq lr .ekSfï
wmQre l=i,;dj fyd| ikaksfõolfhl= i;= j ks;e;ska u mj;S' fofofkl= w;r ixjdohl
§" msßila wu;d lrk foaYkhl § fuka u ,sÅ; ikaksfõok wjia:djl § mjd fuu
l=i,;dj w;sYh m%fhdackj;a h' w;sYh ld¾h nyq," wd;;sfhka msß Ôú;hla .; lrk
j;auka iudcfha idudðlhkag fuh tla;rd whqrlska bys,a ùula yd ieye,a¨jlaa f.k
fokakls' flfia kuq;a ikaksfõokfha § fuys iSudjka ms<sn| j wjfndaOfhkaa lghq;= lsÍu
o jeo.;a h'
24
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• ckudOH ìys ùu;a iu`. ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh ;j ;j;a mq¿,a úh' úYd, msßilg tl
jr f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh lsÍug fï ksid yels úh' my; ±lafjkafka by; ±la jQ
ld¾hhkag wu;r j ck ikaksfõokhg u úfYaIs; jQ ld¾hhka h' y;r jk mdvfï
ckudOH ms<sn| ú.%y jk wjia:dfõ fuu lreKq ms<sn| jeä ÿr úia;r we;=<;a fõ'
i. iqmÍCIKh
ii. w¾:l:kh
iii. iyiïnkaOh
iv. iudcdkqfhdackh
we.hSu (
1' ikaksfõokh i;= ld¾hNdrh WodyrK iys; j meyeÈ,s lrkak'
25
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
mdßNdIsl mo
w;a±lSï miq;,h - Frame of Experience

wOHdmkh - Education
w¾:l:kh - Interpretation
wdfla;lrKh - Encoding
ld¾hh - Funtion
.%dylhd - Receiver
f>daId$ndOd - Noise
f;dr;=re - Information
kd,sldj - Channel
ks¾jpkh - Definition
fm,Uùu - Persuasion
m%;sfmdaIKh - Feedback
n,mEu - Effect
úfla;lrKh - Decoding
úfkdaodiajdoh - Entertainment
iajNdjh - Nature
ikao¾Nh - Context
ikafoaYh - Message
ikaksfõolhd - Communicator
iudcdkqfhdackh - Socialization
iyiïnkaOh - Correlation
iqmÍlaIKh - Surveillance
wdY%s; .%ka:
1' Èidkdhl" úu,a" udkj ikaksfõokh" fld<U iSudiys; f,ala yjqia

bkafjiaÜukaÜia iud.u" 1977
2' Bittuer, John R. Mass Communication: An Introduction, U.S.A, 1986
3. Charles, Wright R., Mass Communication, New York, 1971
4. Dominic, Joseph, R., Dhynamic of Mass communication, USA, Maee Grow: Hill (Publisher)
2010
5. James Waston and Anne Hill, A Dictionary of Communication and Media Studies,
India, Universal book stall, 1991
6. Narula, Uma, Mass Communication Theory and Practice,New Delhi, 1994
26
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
3' uQ,sl ikaksfõok j¾." iajrEm yd wdlD;s
ksmqK;dj ( 3'0 ikaksfõok j¾." iajrEm yd wdlD;s ms<sn| kHdhd;aul

lreKq wjfndaO lr .ksñka tAjd wjiaf:daÑ; j Ndú; lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 3'1 ikaksfõok j¾. ms<sn| wjfndaO lr .ksñka wjia:dkql+, j Ndú;
lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 30 hs'
bf.kqï m, (
ikaksfõok j¾. kï lrhs'
•
ikaksfõok j¾. fjka fjka jYfhka kï lrhs'
•
ikaksfõok j¾. ms<sn| kHdhd;aul lreKq m%dfhda.sl j Ndú; lsÍfuka
•
ikaksfõokh id¾:l lr .ekSug yels jk nj ms<sf.k lghq;= lrhs'
• wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõokfha iajNdjh yd l%shdj,sh ú.%y lrhs'
• wka;¾mqoa., ikaksfõokh hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• wdpdrYS,S j wka;¾mqoa., ikaksfõokfha fhfohs'
• j.lSu yd j.ùfuka hq;= j iuQy ikaksfõokfha fh§fï wjYH;dj
y÷kd .ksñka tA wkqj lghq;= lrhs'
• iuQy ikaksfõokfha iajNdjh yd tys úfYaI;d y÷kd f.k bÈßm;a
lrhs'
• iuQy ikaksfõokh hkak y÷kd .ksñka tA wkqj lghq;= lrhs'
• uyck ikaksfõokh hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• ck ikaksfõokh hkq l=ula ± hs ú.%y lrhs'
• w;:H ikaksfõokfha iajNdjh yd l%shdj,sh y÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs'
• ikaksfõok j¾.hkays m%dfhda.sl wjYH;dj yd M,Þhs;ajh ú.%y lrhs'
ikaksfõok j¾. 1' wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõokh (Intrapersonal Communication)
2' wka;¾mqoa., ikaksfõokh Înterpersonal Communication)
3' iuQy ikaksfõokh (Group Communication)
4' uyck ikaksfõokh (Public Communication)
5' ck ikaksfõokh (Mass Communication)
6' w;:H ikaksfõokh (Virtual Communication)
• ikaksfõok j¾. hkakg bx.%Sis NdIdfõ 'Types of Communication' f,i Ndú; fõ'
27
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
1' wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõokh (Intrapersonal Communication)
• ;ud ;ud iu`. u isÿ lrkq ,nk ikaksfõokh wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõokh hs' iEu
mqoa.,hl= u ;u uki yd iïnkaO fjñka ikaksfõokfha fhfohs'
• wmf.a mxp bkaøshhka jk wei" lk" kdih" Èj" iu hk bkaøshhkg ±fkk rEm" Yío"
.kaO" ri" iam¾Y hk W;af;ackhkag m%;sl%shd ±laùu fuys § m%Odk fõ'
• mqoa., ufkdaNdjhka" fm!oa.,sl w;a±lSï" fm!oa.,sl wjYH;d yd ixl,am ;uka úiska

u ;uka ;=< úu¾Ykhg ,la lsÍu fuys § isÿ fõ'
• úúOdldr uQ,dY%hhka yryd wm fj; ,efnkakd jQ f;dr;=re mokï lrf.k wm ;=< u

ixjdohla f.dv kef`.a' fuh isÿ jkafka wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõokh u`.sks' th
;SrK .ekSug mqoa.,hdg bjy,a fõ'
• iaj ixl,amh f.dv ke.Sug wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõokh Wmldr fõ'
• ;u uki wNHka;rfha isÿ jk ikaksfõokhla neúka nyq mqoa., in|;djla olakg

fkd,efí'
• wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõokfha § mqoa., iauD;sl Yla;sh jeo.;a fõ'
• ixcdkkh wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõokfha uQ,sldx.hls'
• w;eï wjia:dj, oS wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõokh" mqoa., p¾hd yd bßhjqj,ska ±k.;

yels fõ'
• wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõokfha m%fhdack lsysmhla my;ska ±lafõ'

1' fm!reI j¾Okhg
2' iaj ixl,am fmdaIKhg
3' Ñka;kh f.dv kxjd .ekSug
4' u;l ;nd .ekSu i|yd
5' ;SrK .ekSug
6' úpdrYS,S;ajh j¾Okh lr .ekSug
7' ks¾udKYS,S;ajh Tma kxjd .ekSug
28
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
2' wka;¾mqo.
a , ikakf
s õokh Înterpersonal Communication&
• wka;¾mqoa., ikaksfõokh hkq mqoa.,hka fofofkl= fyda lsysm fofkl= w;r

ikafoaY yqjudre lr .ekSuhs' (Defleur and Dennis, 2002)
• mqoa.,hka fofofkl= fyda jeä fofkl= w;r isÿjk f;dr;=re yqjudrej wka;¾mqoa.,
ikaksfõokh hs' (Berger,Charles. R., 2008)
• wka;¾mqoa., ikaksfõokh lsysm fofkl= w;r isÿ ùfï § ta w;r isák fofofkl= w;r
jqj o ikaksfõokhla isÿ úh yels h' th hq., (dyadic) ikaksfõokh hs'
• úúO wruqKq fmr±ß j ffoksl ikaksfõokfha § iEu mqoa.,fhl=g u fndfyda wjia:dj,

§ wka;¾mqoa., ikaksfõokfha fh§ug isÿ fõ' fuh lsysm wdldrhlg isÿ fõ'
1' uqyqKg uqyqK,d flfrk mqoa.,dka;r ikaksfõokh
2' hka;% iydhl mqoa.,dka;r ikaksfõokh
• fuu ikaksfõokfha § ikaksfõolhd ;rug u .%dylhd o jeo.;a jkafka h'
• wka;¾mqoa., ikaksfõokh uQ,sl j iudc iïnkaO;d f.dvkef`.a'
• wka;¾mqoa., ikaksfõokh uqyqKg uqyqK,d wdikak j isÿ ùfï § jdÑl yd wjdÑl

ikaksfõok úê l%u Ndú; l< yels fõ' fuys § ndOl wju lr.; yels h'
• wfkHdakH wjfndaOfhka fuka u wdpdrYS,S j ikaksfõokfha fh§fuka fomd¾Yajhg

u M,Þhs m%;sM, ,nd .; yels h'
• wka;¾mqoa., ikaksfõokfha m%fhdack lsysmhla my;ska ±lafõ'
1' jvd;a myiqfjka wka;¾ l%h

s dldß (Interactive) ikakf
s õokhl fh§ug we;s yelshdj
2' wfkl=;a ikaksfõok j¾.hkag idfmalaI j fm<Uùfï yelshdj jeä ùu
3' wka;¾ iïnkaO;d j¾Okh lr .ekSug yels ùu
4' myiqfjka wfkHdakH wjfndaOh yd úYajdih ;yjqre lr .; yels ùu
5' jvd ;Sj% iyfõokhlg (empathy) wjldY ie,iSu
29
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
3' iuQy ikaksfõokh ^Group Communication&
• lsishï msßila fyj;a iuQyhla fmdÿ wruqKla we;s j tlg tla j isÿ lrk
ikaksfõokh iuQy ikaksfõokh hs'
• fuys § iuQy hkafkka woyia jkafka l=vd msßils' tkï iSud iys; m%udKhlska hq;=
iuQyhls' iuQyfha tlsfkld iu`. myiqfjka ikaksfõokfha fh§fï yelshdj mj;S'
• fï ksid mqoa.,dka;r ikaksfõokfha ;rï ióm njla o ck ikaksfõokh ;rï

¥ria: njla o iuQy ikaksfõokfha ke;'
• iuQyhg tla jk msßi tlsfkld y÷kkakka fyda fkdy÷kkakka úh yels h'
• wÞ< wjia:dj úêu;a j ie,iqï lr .ekSfuka iuQy ikaksfõokh id¾:l lr .;

yels h' tys § ikaksfõolhdg bjy,a lr .; yels úê l%u lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
• fmr iQodku
• wruqKq iy.; nj
• wjdÑl ikaksfõok úêl%u Ndú;h
• úúO ;dlaI‚l WmlrK fuj,ï Ndú;h
• m%§md.dr Wml%uh
• wdl¾IŒh l:k ú,dih
• .%dyl flakaøSh ikaksfõokh
• .%dyl m%;spdr ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a ùu
• ld, l<ukdlrKh
• wdpdrYS,SNdjh
• j.lSu yd j.ùu wdÈh fï w;r fõ'
• iuQy ikaksfõokfha m%fhdack lsysmhla my;ska ±lafõ'
1' iudÔh fmdÿ ld¾hhkaj, § bjy,a ùu
2' úúO u;s u;dka;r" woyia yd fhdackd ±k .ekSug yels ùu
3' mqoa., ikaksfõok l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ekSug wjia:dj ie,iSu
4' iyNd.s jk msßif.ka m%;spdr iy m%;sfmdaIK ,nd .ekSug yels ùu
5' ±kqu" iïm;a wdÈh fnod yod .ekSfï yelshdj
30
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
4' uyck ikaksfõokh ^Public Communication&

• ck iuQyhla fj; isÿ lrk ikaksfõokh uyck ikaksfõokh kï fõ' m%isoaO
/iaùï" foaYk" úúO ieureï W;aij wdÈh óg wh;a h'
• uyck ikaksfõokfha § ikaksfõolhd iy .%dylhd oDYHudk jqj;a y`v Y%jKh

lsÍug yels jqj;a ióm ikaksfõok ld¾hhla isÿ fkd fõ'
• uyck ikaksfõokh i|yd fndfyda wjia:dj, § ;dlaIKsl fuj,ï Ndú; lrkq

,nhs'
• uyck ikaksfõokh id¾:l j isÿ ùug kï ikaksfõolhd bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk
ikafoaYh .%yKh lr .ekSug yels iSudjl .%dylhd /£ isáh hq;=h'
• uyck ikaksfõokfha § ,efnk m%;sfmdaIKh ksis wdldrfhka w¾: l:kh lr

.ekSu wmyiq úh yels w;r m%;sfmdaIKh o iSud iys; fõ'
• uyck ikaksfõokh l%shd;aul jkafka fndfyda ÿrg ksjdi" ld¾hd, jeks fm!oa.,sl
j lsysm fofkl= /ia jk ia:dkhl fkd fõ' Y%jKd.dr" fmdÿ ck;djg talrdYs úh
yels fmdÿ l%svdx.K iy iïuka;%K Yd,d wdos ia:dkj, hs'
• hï lreKla msßilg ±kqï §ug fyda fmd<Ujd .ekSug fyda úfkdaodiajdoh" i;=g"
m%fndaOh ,nd §u i|yd uyck ikaksfõokh fhdod .; yels h' Wod ( ue;sjrK /,s"
ix.S; ixo¾Yk wdÈ
• /iaj isák msßig wod< jk mßÈ wka;¾.;h ilia lr .; yels kï jvd;a fhda.H
fõ' th iSud iys; msßilg muKla wod< jk úg wka whf.a wjOdkh .s,sfya'
• we;eï wjia:dj, § úYd, msßila talrdYS ùu ksid we;s jk jHdl+, Ndjh fya;=fjka
o wjOdkh fhduq lr .ekSu wmyiq úh yels h'
• uyck ikaksfõokfha § .%dyl msßi úúO ck fldÜGdihkaf.ka iukaú; úh yels

h'
• uyck ikaksfõokfha m%fhdack lsysmhla my;ska ±lafõ'

1' lsishï wruqKla i|yd ck iuQyhla fmd<Ujd .ekSug yels ùu
2' m%ia;+; lreKq ms<sn| jeäÿr ±kqj;a lsÍula isÿ lsÍu i|yd fhdod .; yels ùu
3' m%;srEm f.dv kxjd .ekSug Wmldr ùu
4' lsishï u;hla ks¾udKh lsÍug fya;= ùu
5' úúO md¾Yjj, wjOdkh Èkd .ekSug yels ùu

31
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
5' ck ikaksfõokh ^Mass Communication&
• tlsfkld fkdy÷kk úYd, ck msßilg ckudOH yryd tljr ikafoaYhla ,nd

§fï l%shdj,sh ck ikaksfõokh hs' (Hiebert,Ungurait,Bohn, 1988)
• zjD;a;Sh ikaksfõolhka hdka;%sl udOH jy,a fldg f.k mq¿,a f,i;a laI‚lj;a
wLKavj;a úYd, jQ;a úúO jQ;a .%dyl lafIa;%hka fj; ikafoaYh m;=rjñka hï
n,mEula we;s lsÍfï l%shdj,sh hs' (Defleur and Dennis, 2002)
• ck ikaksfõokh i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk ckudOH uQ,sl jYfhka fufia fnod
±laúh yels h'
ck udOH
uqøs; udOH úoHq;a udOH
fmd;a .=jkaúÿ,sh
mqj;am;a rEmjdysksh
iÕrd
• w;súYd, ck msßila tljr b,lal lr .ksñka f;dr;=re fnod fohs'
• ikafoaYh fmdÿ h' wka;¾.;h ieug újD; fõ'
• .%dyl msßi úIu cd;Sh msßila fõ' tfuka u ck ikaksfõokfha .%dyl msßi
iudchl iduQysl j úfYaIs; jQ msßils'
• iudkHhfhka ixlS¾K úêu;a wdh;ksl rgdjla olakg ,efí'
• ck ikaksfõokh ixlS¾K l%shdj,shls' úúO ck ikaksfõok wdlD;s u`.ska fuu

l%shdj,sh ir, j meyeÈ,s lr .; yels fõ'
• ck ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh ms<sn| bÈßm;a ù we;s úúO wdlD;s w;ßkaa f¾' t,avka
yhsn¾Ü ^Ray Eldon Hiebert), fvdk,aâ wd¾' wka.=f¾Ü (Donald R. Ungurait), f;dauia
ví,sõ' fndaka (Thomas W. Bohn) hk úoaj;=ka ;sfokd bÈßm;a l< HUB wdlD;sh
ms<sn| fuys § lreKq bÈßm;a flf¾'
• ck ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh tla ;eklska wdrïN ù f.dia m%;sfmdaIKh f,i wdmiq

yeÍ tk wdldrh fuu`.ska ú.%y flf¾'
32
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• ck ikaksfõok l%shdj,shg iïnkaO jk úúO m%Odk wx. ms<sn| fuu wdlD;sh

u`.ska ú.%y lr we;'
01' ikakfs õolfhda (Communicators)

02' fla; (Codes)
03' fodrgqmd,lfhda (Gatekeepers)
04' ckudOH (Mass Media)
05' kshdulfhda (Regulators)
06' fmrykq (Filters)
07' .%dyl lafIa;% (Audience)
08' n,mEï (Effects)
• ck ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha § ckudOH wdh;k ysñldß;ajh" foaYmd,k n,h" iudc

iïnkaO;d u`.ska úúO iSud yd md,khka ckudOH ;=< isÿ fõ'
• m%;sfmdaIKh" udOH úia;drKh iy ck ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha § we;s jk udOH

úlD;sh iy f>daIdj jeks lreKq ms<sn| j o fuu wdlD;sfhys olajd we;'
n,mEu
.%dyl lafIa;%
fmrykq
kshdulfhda
ckudOH
fodrgqmd,lfhda
fla;
m%;sfmdaIKh
úia;drKh
ikaksfõolfhda
udOH
udOH úlD;sh iy f>daIdj
33
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
01' ikakf
s õolfhda (Communicators)
• fuys ikaksfõolfhda hkafkka woyia jkafka ck ikaksfõok l%shdjl ksr; jk

mqoa.,hka h' fuys § iudcfha úúO ;rd;srïj, mqoa.,hka fuka u wdh;k o
ikaksfõolhdf.aa N+ñldj l%shd;aul l< yels h'
02' fla; (Codes)
• fla; hkqfjka fuys oS woyia lrkq ,nkafka ikaksfõokh i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk
ixfla; moaO;shls'
03' fodrgqmd,lfhda (Gate Keepers)
• fodrgqmd,lfhda hkq l=ula ikaksfõokh lrkafka o hkak;a th ikaksfõokh

lrkafka flfia o hkak;a ms<sn| ;SrK .kakd mqoa.,fhda h' fodrgqmd, l%shdj ksid
udOH ikafoaY jdrKhg ,la fõ'
04' ckudOH (Mass Media)
• ckudOHhkaf.ka f;dr j ck ikaksfõokhla isÿ fkd fõ' ckudOH hkq ikafoaYhla

hjkq ,nk yqÿ hdka;%sl l%shdj,shla fkdfõ' ckudOH hkq ck;dj thska
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk ld¾hhka bgq lsÍfuys ,d ks¾udKh jQ iudc wdh;khka h'
05' kshdulfhda (Regulators)
• Rcq j u udOH wdh;k yd iïnkaO fkd jqK o udOH lghq;= yd iïnkaO jQ tajd
md,kh lrk wdh;k yd mqoa.,fhda isá;s' Tjqka mkjk fr.=,dis ksid ikafoaYj,
lsishï md,khla isÿ fõ' ksoiqkla f,i rdcH fldñIka iNd" Widú" jD;a;Sh
ixúOdk" mdßfNda.slhka iy n,mEï lKavdhï hk wdÈ wh úúOdldrfhka fuu
kshduk ld¾hh yd iïnkaO fõ'
• f,dalfha iuyr rgj, ckudOH kd,sldjka fuka u udOH wdh;k i|yd n,mEï
lrk oekaùï wdh;k o nyqcd;sl iud.ï o kshdulhka f,i ie,lsh yels h'
06' fmrykq (Filters)
• ckudOH ikafoaY wjfndaO lr .ekSug" ms<s.ekSug" m%;slafIam lsÍug fyda u;l

;nd .ekSug .%dyl lafIa;%fha idudðlhka fhdod .kq ,nk Tjqka i;= w;a±lSï
miq;,h fmryka hkqfjka woyia fõ'
34
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
07' .%dylfhda (Receivers)
• ck ikaksfõok .%dylhka msßi úIu cd;Sh" idfmalaI j úYd, jQ" tlsfkld

fkdy÷kk" Ydßßl j yd Ndjd;aul j ck ikaksfõolhdf.ka iy .%dyl lafIa;%fha
idudðlhkaf.ka fjka jQ msßilf.a tl;=jls'
• ckudOHj,g yiq jk .%dyl lKavdhu b;d úYd, jQjls' c, ;gdlhl Èh

/<s wdrïNfha § iq¿ m%udKhlska wdrïN jqj o" wjidkfha § úYd, m%foaYhlg úisr
hkakd fia ckudOHj,g yiqjk .%dyl lKavdhu o mq¿,a fõ' kQ;k iudch
wêl f,i udOH .%yKhg yiq jQjls' tneúka tlsfklska ,efnk f;dr;=re m%udKh
o úYd, h'
08' n,mEï (Effects)
• fuys § n,mEu hkak fohdldr fõ' 1' iudch flfrys n,mEu
2' mqoa.,hd flfrys n,mEu
• n,mEu ck ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha b;d jeo.;a wx.hla jk w;r th w;sYh

ixlS¾K jQjls'
09' m%;sfmdaIKh (Feedback)
• tiekska ,efnkakd jQ m%;spdrh" ;rula miq ù ,efnk m%;spdr fyda .%dyl

lKavdhïj,ska ,efnk m%;spdr fyda ixLHd jYfhka fyda uQ,Huh jYfhka
m%ldYhg m;aùuhs'
10' udOH úlD;sh iy f>daIdj (Media distrotion and noise)
• ck ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha § udOH úlD;sh yd ndOl ;;a;ajhka we;s ùug jeä

bvlvla we;' ndOl ;;a;ajhka ckudOHhkaf.a úúO;ajh wkqj úúOldr úh
yels h'
11' udOH úia;drKh (Media Amplification)
• udOH úia;drKh hkak jgyd.; hq;af;a lsishï lreKla iïnkaOfhka jeä

wjOdß; n,hla udOH.; lsÍu jYfhks' th mqoa.,fhl= flfrys fyda fmdÿ
l%shdoduhla fyda oDIaá fldaKhla ms<sn| j fyda jeä wjOdß; n,mEula we;s lrhs'
th udOH úia;drKh hs'
• ck ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh ir, j meyeÈ,s lr .ekSu i|yd úúO wdlD;s bÈßm;a ù we;'
tu wdlD;s wOHhkh lsÍfuka ;jÿrg;a ck ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh meyeÈ,s lr .; yels h'
35
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• ck ikaksfõokfha m%fhdack lsysmhla my;ska ±lafõ' fuu lreKq mq¿,a w¾:fhka

.; hq;= h'
1' m%cdkkh (Cognition) / ±kqu ,nd .ekSu

2' wmirKh (Divertion)/ úl,am fj; fhduq lsÍu
3' iudc Wmfhda.; S dj (Social Utility)
4' wdmiq .ekSï lsÍu (Withdrawal) (Dominic, Joseph, R., 2010)
6' w;:H ikakf

s õokh ^Virtual Commiunication&
• 20 jk ishjfika miq ;dlaIKsl ÈhqKqj fya;=fjka ckudOH wdlD;s yd wka;¾.;

fjkialï /ilg n÷ka úh'
• j¾;udk f.da,Sh m%jK;d yd ;dCIKsl j¾Ok l%shdj,sfha úldYfha tla wjia:djla

f,i w:;H ikaksfõokh ye¢kaúh yels h'
• Virtual hk bx.%Sis jpkfha isxy, w¾:h u,,fialr Yío fldaIhg wkqj zkdñl j
fkdjQj o m%dfhda.sl j" w;d;aúl" ujk ,o ^lhska ke;s& w:;H" w:;H;djZ hk w¾:
imhd we;' û,,fialr YíofldaIh" 6 jk ixialrKh" 2014&
• w:;H ikaksfõokh hkq zkj f;dr;=re ;dCIKhkaf.a ueÈy;a ùu fya;=fjka fÉ;dkaú;

j fyda wfÉ;ksl j fyda wka;¾.;hka" wNsm%dhhka" l%shdldÍka úoHudk ùug" úmÍ;
ùug" wdfoaYkh ùug fyda ks¾udKh ùug wjldYh i,ik f;dr;=re" ikaksfõokhka
iy l%shdldrlï fõ'Z nj Wfuhd úYajúoHd,h úiska ks¾jpkh lr we;'
• w:;H ikaksfõokfha m%Odk ixrplh jkafka wka;¾cd,hhs' úoHq;a ;emE, (email) "
ùäfhda iïuka;%K (Video conferences) " iudc cd, fjí wvú (Social networking) iy
ud¾..; l;dny (Online chatting) i|yd udOH jkafka wka;¾cd,h hs' cx.u ÿrl:kh
Tiafia ,nd fok ikafoaYhka o w:;H ikaksfõokhg wh;a fõ'
• w:;H ikaksfõokh úfYaI;d /ilska iukaú; h' tu úfYaI;d w;rska lsysmhla fufia
±laúh yels h'
• ld¾hlaIu j ikaksfõokfha fh§fï yelshdj
• wvq msßjeh
• wdrlaIs; nj
• Y%jH oDYH wx. iys; j ikaksfõokfha fh§fï yelshdj
• tl jr mqoa.,hka /ila iu`. ikaksfjokfha fh§fï yelshdj
• fN!;sl jYfhka bvlv wjYH fkdùu
36
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• w;:H ikaksfõokfha m%fhdack lsysmhla my;ska ±lafõ'
1' wOHdmk ld¾hh i|yd
2' iïnkaO;d f.dvk`.d .ekSug

3' jHdmdßl lghq;= id¾:l j ld¾hlaIu j isÿ lr .ekSug
4' m%pdrK lghq;= i|yd
5' ks¾udKd;aul ld¾hh i|yd Ñka;kh mqnqÿjd,Sug
we.hSu
1' wNsu; Ndjkdj" hd{dj jeks Ñ;a; tald.%;d wNHdihl ksr; ú ;udf.a is; yeisfrk
wdldrh úYaf,aIKh lrkak' îoaO¾u r;akdj,sfha Nd.ffkh l:d jia;=j weiqßka
uki úia;r lrkak'&
2' tla Èkla ;=< Tn uqyqK ÿka wka;¾mqoa., ikaksfõok wjia:d ú.%y lrkak'
3' mdif,a l,d Wf,<la" udOH Èk ixialD;sl jevigykla ixúOdk lsÍfï § mej;s iuQy
ikaksfõok ld¾hhl ikaksfõok wjia:d ú.%y lrkak'
4' foaYmd,k" wd.ñl" idys;H" úfkdao" l,d" fmdÿ fiajd wruqK bgq lr .ekSu i|yd
ixúOdk lrk ,o uyck ikaksfõok wjia:djlg iyNd.s ù tys .%dylhd wdl¾IKh
lr .ekSug fhdod.;a ikaksfõok Wml%u ú.%y lrkak'
5' ck ikaksfõok udOH i;= ,laIK weiqßka f;dard.;a ,laIK wNsu; úoHq;a fyda uqøs;
udOH Ndú; weiqßka úu¾Ykh lrkak'
6' fm!oa.,sl j Tn w;aú|s w;:H ikaksfõok wjia:djl ,laIK ú.%y lrkak'
37
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 3'2 ikaksfõok iajrEm ms<sn| meyeÈ,s lrñka Ndú;fha § fhdÞ .kshs'
ld,Éfþo ( 10 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • úúO ikaksfõok iajrEm y÷kajd fohs'
• ikaksfõok iajrEm Ndú; jk wdldrh ksoiqka olajñka meyeÈ,s

lrhs'
• úúO ikaksfõok iajrEm ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka bÈßm;a lsÍï

lrhs'
• ikaksfõok iajrEm hkak bx.%Sis NdIdfjka Forms of Communication f,i w¾: ±lafõ'
fuys § m<uq j iajrEm hkafkys jdpHd¾:h ms<sn| j úuid ne,Su jeo.;a fõ'
• uyd isxy, YíofldaIhg wkqj iajrEm - ^1& ;udf.a u rEmh" wdldrh" yevh" fmkqu"
^2& iajNdjh" ;;a;ajh" .;sh" f;dr;=re" we;s ieáh" wdrxÑh" m%jD;a;h
s " mKsjqvh" úia;rh
1962 ms'
• ikaksfõokfha úúO iajrEm .Kkdjla we;' ta w;r jdÑl" ks¾jdÑl" l:k" Y%jH" oDYH
,sÅ;" rEmKh iy úêu;a wúêu;a wdÈ iajrEm fõ'
• fuu ikaksfõok iajrEm" l=i,;d f,i j¾Okh lr .; yels h' tu`.ska id¾:l
ikaksfõokhlg u`. fmkajhs'
1' jdÑl ikaksfõokh ^Verbal Communication)
• lsishï NdIdjl mj;sk Yío rgd iy jpk rgd Ndú; lrñka isÿ lrk
ikaksfõokh jdÑl ikaksfõokh hs'
• jdÑl ikaksfõokfha ld¾hh
• b.ekaùu" Wmfoia §u yd u`. fmkaùu

• mqoa.,hka w;r f;dr;=re yqjudrej
• udkj in|;d mj;ajd .ekSu
• isf;ys we;sjk Ndjhka m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu
• mqoa., fm!reIh we;s lsÍu yd úúO ld¾hhka bgq lr .ekSu
38
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
jdÑl ikaksfõok l=i,;d
• hula m%n, f,i bÈßm;a lsÍug ikaksfõolfhla i;= úh hq;= jdÑl ikaksfõok
l=i,;d jeo.;a fõ' tA i|yd
• jd.a fldaIh mq¿,a lr .ekSu

• ;ud i;= woyia yd f;dr;=re we;=<;a ±kqu j¾Okh lr .ekSu
• fmr iQÞku
• bÈßm;a lsÍfï l=i,;d jeä ÈhqKq lr .ekSu
• fhda.H NdIdjla Ndú;h
• fm!oa.,sl wkkH;djla yd iaùh;ajhla f.dv k`.d .ekSu
• j.lSfuka hq;= j jpk Ndú;h
2' ks¾jdÑl ikaksfõokh (Non verbal Communication)
• ,sÅ; fyda l:k jpk Ndú;fhka f;drj tla mqoa.,fhla úiska ;j;a mqoa.,fhla
fj; f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍu ks¾jdÑl ikaksfõokh hs'
• ks¾jdÑl ikaksfõokh m%Odk jYfhka ix{d NdIdj (Sign Language) yd fyj;a isrere
ni (Body Language) f,i m%Odk fldgia follg fnod olajhs'
• ix{d NdIdj i|yd Y%jH ix{d yd oDYH ix{d we;=<;a fõ'
• ix{d NdIdj (Sign language) hkakg ish¨ wdldrfha ixfla;" ixLHd" mska;+r"
rEmigyka" fmdaiag¾ PdhdrEm" Yío ix{d" fmdaiag¾ Ñ;%" ldgqka" is;shï we;=<;a fõ'
• myiqfjka .%yKh lr .; yels iy u;l ;nd .; yels" f,dalh mqrd fmdÿfõ Ndú;
jk oDYH ix{d yd Y%jH ix{d /ila we;' ÿï îu ;ykï ,l=K" .eyeKq iy msßñ rEm"
ud¾. ix{d" wdf,dal ix{d" fnr y~" ihsrka k,d y~" Ñ;%" ldgqka is;shï wdÈh
we;=<;a fõ'
• isrere ni hkakg uqyqfKka bÈßm;a jk m%ldYkhka" bßhõ" b`.s" uqød" k¾;k ú,di
wNskhka wdÈh wka;¾.; fõ'
• isrere niska ikaksfõokh jk w¾: rglska rglg" ck j¾.hlska ck j¾.hlg

fjkia úh yels h' WodyrKhla f,i fofofkl= yuq ù iqn m%d¾:kd lrk whqre
úuikak'
• id¾:l ikaksfõokhl fh§ug ix{d NdIdj iy isrere ni we;=<;a ks¾jdÑl

ikaksfõokh M,odhs f,i Ndú; l< yels h'
39
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
3' l:k ikaksfõokh Ôral Communication)
• uqúka msgjk jpk yd Yío wkqidrfhka úúO w¾: ckkh lsÍu l:k ikaksfõokh
hs' NdIdjla Ndú;fhka wfkHdakH jYfhka woyia yqjudre lr .ekSula isÿ jk
neúka ffoksl ikaksfõokfha fndfyda wjia:dj, § l:k iajrEmh Ndú; fõ'
• jdÑl ikaksfõokfhka l:k ikaksfõokh fjkia fõ' jdÑl ikaksfõokfha §

jpk Yío k`.ñka fyda ,sÅ; j Ndú; l<;a l:k ikaksfõokfha § th uqúka msg
jk jokaj,g muKla iSud fõ' l:k ikaksfõokh wdpdrYS,S j" wdl¾IKSh j"
w¾:mQ¾K j Ndú; l< hq;= h'
• l:kh mqoa.,fhl= i;= j¾Okh l< yels l=i,;djls' ukd ijka fokafkl= ùu
l:k ikaksfõok l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ekSug fya;= fõ'
• l:k ikaksfõokh"
) th ksrdhdifhka isÿ fõ'

) iajdNdúl h'
) wka whg myiqfjka wjfndaO lr.; yels h'
) .%dylhd wkqj jpk f;dard .; yels h'
) ks¾jdÑl ikaksfõokfha Woõ ,nd .; yels h'
) ikaksfõolhd" bÈßm;a lrkakd ieu úg u YdÍßl j fmkS isáhs'
• .%dyl uKav,hg wkqj l:k ikaksfõokh fjkia fõ' WodyrK f,i mQch mCIh
iu. l:kfha fh§u" orefjl= iu. l:kfha fh§u
• l:k ikaksfõokh l=i,;d idCIr;dj i|yd" Ñka;kh j¾Okh lr .ekSu i|yd yd

bf.kSu jeks lrKq i|yd w;HjYH fõ'
• l:k ikaksfõokh l=i,;d j¾Okhg fya;= jk lreKq lsysmhla my; i|yka fõ'
• ijka §u
• lshùu
• oCI lÒlhkaf.a l;d wkqlrKh lsÍu
• l:k mqyqKqj
• ;ks mqoa.,fhl=g weu;Su
• iuQyhla weu;Su
• y`v k`.d WÉpdrKh lsÍu
• úúO foa l:kfhka bÈßm;a lsÍu ^WodyrK f,i kdgH fonia" jd¾;d l:k
wdÈ&
40
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
4' rEmKh ^Performing)
• l%shdldrlula jYfhka fyda jD;a;shla jYfhka hï rx.khl fh§u fuhska woyia

fõ'
• rEmK hkafkys jdpHd¾:h - ±laúu" úia;r lsÍu" pß;dÈh ksrEmKh lsÍu" ujd
fmkaùu f,i uyd isxy, YíofldaIfhys i|yka lrhs' ^úfÊ;=x. yßiapkaø" 2017&
• rx.kfha fh§fuka hï hï w¾: ikaksfõokh l< yels h'
• m%d:ñl udkjhdf.a isg j¾;udkh olajd u rx.kh u`.ska ikaksfõok ld¾hhka isÿ
j we;'
• wod< mßÈ fhdod .ekSfuka ikaksfõokh jvd;a M,odhS lr .ekSu i|yd rEmKh b;d
jeo.;a fõ'
• wdpdrYS,S j l;d nfya fhÈfï isg mqoa., Ôú;fha ish¨ ikaksfõok ld¾hhka i|yd
rEmKh Wmldr fõ'
• WmlrK Ndú;h" yev .ekaùï" we÷ï me<÷ï jeks foa Ndú;fhka rEmKh m%n, lr
.; yels h'
• rEmK l=i,;d j¾Okhg fya;= jk lreKq lsysmhla my; i|yka fõ'
• rEmK wjia:d ksÍlaIKh
• wkqlrKh
• úúO wjia:d wkqj rEmKh fjkia jk wdldrh wjfndaO lr .ekSu
Wod (- lÓlhl=f.a l;djla" .=re N+ñldj" ksfõol N+ñldj" rx.k Ys,amsfhl=f.a

N+ñldj" újdo lKavdhul iudðlhkaf.a iajNdjh
• úúO ikaksfõok wjia:d rEmKfhka bÈßm;a lsÍu
5' ,sÅ; ikaksfõokh ^Written Communication)
• NdIdj yd ixfla; u`.ska f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍu ,sÅ; ikaksfõokh hs'
• ,sÅ; ikaksfõokh hkakg ,sms" ±kaùï" pl%f,aL" jd¾;d" mqj;am;a" i`.rd wdÈh
WodyrK jYfhka ±laúh yels h'
• ,sÅ; ikaksfõokh ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrluls'
41
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• ,sÅ; ikaksfõokh i|yd idlaIr;dj w;HjYH fõ'
• ,sÅ; ikaksfõokfhka lshùug yels ck;dj i|yd f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍu isÿ lrhs'
• l:k ikaksfõokhg idfmaCI j jvd;a ixúOdkd;aul j f.dvke`.sh yels h'
• wkd.; Ndú;h i|yd f;dr;=re .nvd lr ;eìh yelshdj we;'
• wOHdmkh" ks¾udKd;aul f,aLk ld¾hh" wdh;ksl lghq;= iy kS;suh ld¾hh wdÈ

ld¾hh i|yd ,sÅ; ikaksfõokh b;d wjYH fõ'
• ksjerÈ f,i f,aLkh isÿ fkdjqKfyd;a jerÈ wjfndaO we;s ùfï wjOdku mj;S'
• ,sÅ; ikaksfõokh l=i,;d j¾Okhg fya;= jk lreKq lsysmhla my; i|yka fõ'
• ,sùfï l=i,;d y÷kd .ekSu
• idCIr;d yelshdj
• fmd; m; lshúu
• ksrjq,a j meyeÈ,s j ixúOdkd;aul j ,sms f,aLk ,sùu
• ks¾udKYS,S Ndjh j¾Okh lr .ekSu
6' Y%jH ikaksfõokh Âudio Communication)
• ijka oSu mokï lr .;a Yío udOHhfha ´kEu j¾.hl iïfm%aIK iajrEmhla Y%jH
ikaksfõokh f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'
• Yíoh fyj;a y`v hkak Ôù fyda wÔù jia;+kaf.ka fyda udOHhka u`.ska bÈßm;a fõ'
• fuys § isÿ jkafka hula Y%jKh lsÍfuka hï woyila f;areï .ekSu hs' iajdNdúl
Yío" lD;%su Yío" ix.S;h" ksy~ nj" idlÉPd" lú .dhkd" foaYk" l:d wdosh fuhg
wh;a h'
• Y%jH ikaksfõokh woH;kfha ;dCIKh yd noaO j we;s ksid úúO iajrEmfha y`v
fuj,ï Ndú;hg meñK we;s w;r y`v ixrlaIKh lr .ekSfï l%u o ÈhqKq
;;a;;ajhg m;a j we;' ixhqla; ;eá" Y%jKh l< yels fmd;a" ix.S; ;eá wdÈh
tjeks fuj,ï lsysmhls'
• mqoa.,fhl=f.a y~ u`.ska Tyqf.a YlH;dj" fm!reIh" ±lau" Ñka;kh" iajr úfYaI;d
wdÈh muKla fkd j wOHd;añl .;s ,laIK ^újD; nj" wjxl nj jeks .=Kdx.& mjd
wjfndaO lr .; yels h'
• Y%jH ikaksfõokh w;S;fha wdÈ udkjhdf.a isg m%n, ikaksfõok iajrEmhla f,i
Ndú; lr we;'
42
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• Y%jH ikaksfõokh l=i,;d j¾Okhg fya;= jk lreKq lsysmhla my; i|yka fõ'
• uekúka ijka §u
• úúO y`vj,a fjka lr y÷kd .ekSu
• Y%jH ikaksfõokh wjia:d wOHhkh lsÍu
• úúO Yío Ndú; lrñka ks¾udK lsÍu
7' oDYH ikaksfõokh ^Visual Communication&
• wei Wmfhda.S fldg f.k ±lSfuka yd ne,Sfuka woyia yd f;dr;=re tla /ia lr
.kafka kï tu ikaksfõokh oDYH ikaksfõokh hs'
• m%d:ñl udkjhdf.a mgka woH;kh olajd ikaksfõok ld¾hh i|yd oDYH

ikaksfõokh Ndú; lr we;'
• oDYH ikaksfõokh hkakg ix{d" uqøKdlaIr" .%d*sl ks¾udK" Ñ;% igyka" j¾K"
iÔùlrKh" Ñ;%mg wdÈ jQ wx. /ila wh;a fõ'
• ixfla; yd oDYH ikaksfõokh ms<sn| wOHhkh lsÍu ix{d¾:fõoh ^Semiotics&
f,i y÷kajhs'
• j¾;udkfha ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha ÈhqKqj;a iu`. oDYH ikaksfõokh m%n, ù we;'
• wka;¾cd,h" iudc udOH" rEmjdysks udOH wdÈfhys b;d ks¾udKYS,S j yd wdl¾IKSh

f,i oDYH ikaksfõokh Ndú; fõ'
• oDYH ikaksfõokh l=i,;d j¾Okhg fya;= jk lreKq lsysmhla my; i|yka fõ'
• rEm uekúka ±lSu
• rEm y÷kd .ekSu
• wOHdmksl ld¾hh i|yd rEm Ndú;hg .ekSu
• oDYH ikaksfõok wx. fhdod .ksñka ks¾udK lsÍu
8' úêu;a ikaksfõokh (Formal Communication)
• ikaksfõolhd meyeÈ,s j y÷kd.; yels ikaksfõok wjia:djls'
• iEu úg u ks, jYfhka bÈßm;a jk lsishï j.lSula iys; f,aLkhla fyda m%ldYhls'
• ks, jd¾;d" isys le|ùï ^memo&" ,sms YS¾Ih ^Letter Head& iys; ,sms" .eiÜ ksfõok" ks,
úoHq;a ;eme,a wdÈ ,sÅ; m%ldYk úêu;a ikaksfõokhg WodyrK lsysmhls'
43
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• ,sÅ; m%ldYk fuka u ks, jYfhka isÿ lrkq ,nk m%ldYkhka úêu;a ikaksfõokh
hg;g .efka' Wod( jd¾Isl whjeh m%ldYk" rdcH kdhlhka isÿ lrkq ,nk ks,
m%ldY" rdcH wdh;kj, ks, udOH m%ldYlf.a m%ldYk" leìkÜ m%ldYl ksYaÑ; OQrdj,shla
iys; l%shdj,shls'
• úêu;a ikaksfõokh ksYaÑ; OQrdj,shla iys; l%shdj,shls'
• úêu;a ikaksfõokh jvd;a m%;sM,odhS ikaksfõok iajrEmhls'
• úêu;a ikaksfõokh lsishï wdldrhl l%shdmámdáhlg wkq.; j mshjr .Kkdjlska

hqla; j l%shd;aul fõ'
• úêu;a ikaksfõokfha § Ndú; jk ks, f,aLk yd m%ldYk wjYH wjia:djkays § Wmqgd

±laùu i|yd fhdod.; yels h'
9' wúêu;a ikakf

s õokh (Informal Communication)
• uQ,dY%h meyeÈ,s j y÷kd.; fkdyels ikaksfõok wjia:djls'

• lsisÿ ks, iajNdjhla fkdue;' ^Wod( lg l;d" Tm ¥m" le,E m;a;r wd§&
• ks, m%ldYhla fyda úêu;a ikaksfõokhla fkdue;s wjia:dj, § wúêu;a ikaksfõokh

l%shd;aul fõ'
• wúêu;a ikaksfõok m%ldYk fõ.fhka me;sf¾'
• wúêu;a ikaksfõokh ck;djf.a ye`.Sï" wdl,am" úfrdaO;d wdÈh m%ldY lsÍug bvlv
i,id fohs'
• kQ;k ikaksfõok ;dlaIK l%u Ndú;fhka wúêu;a ikaksfõokh jvd;a m%n, j yd

wdl¾IKSh j isÿ lrkq ,nhs'
we.hSu
1' úúO ikaksfõok iajrEm ksoiqka iys; j meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2' Tn leu;s ikaksfõok iajrEm tlla fyda lsysmhla Ndú; lrñka ikafoaYhla bÈßm;a
lrkak'
44
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 3'3 ikaksfõok wdlD;s ms<sn| kHdhd;aul lreKq

wjfndaOfhka hq;= j ú.%y lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 25 hs
bf.kqï m, ( • ikaksfõok wdlD;s y÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs'

• ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh isÿ jk wdldrh ms<sn| wdlD;s
weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• ikaksfõokh úúO wx. ,CIKj,ska iukaú; ixlS¾K l%shdj,shls' ikaksfõokfha

fuu iajNdjh wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd ikaksfõok wdlD;s Wmldr fõ'
• iudc l%shdj,shla fyda ikaksfõok l%shdj,shl iajNdjh meyeÈ,s lrkq ,nk

úia;rhla wdlD;s u`.ska bÈßm;a flf¾' fndfyda wjia:dj, § fï i|yd rEm igyka o
Ndú; lrkq ,nhs'
• tfuka u ikaksfõok wdlD;s u`.ska"
- ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha úoHudk jk foa idrdxY lr ±laùu
- f;dr;=re .,d hdu fmkaùu
- ikaksfõolhdf.a yd .%dylhdf.a iajrEmh" olaI;d yd m%n,;ajh fmkaùu
- udOH l%shdj,sh isÿ jk wdldrh
- ikaksfõokfha iajNdjh wjYH;dj" wjia:dj wdÈh y÷kd .ekSu hk lreKq
lsysmhla isÿ fõ'
• zikaksfõokh yd iïnkaO uQ,sl wx. ,laIK lsysmhla ikaksfõok wdlD;shla u`.ska
bÈßm;a lrkq ,efí' ikaksfõokfhys ienE iajrEmh jgyd .eksug WmldÍ jk uqLH
,laIK lsysmhla f;dard" tajd w;r mj;akd wfkHdakH iïnkaOh u;= fldg ±laùu
ikaksfõok wdlD;shlska bgq jk m%Odk l¾;Hjls'' hkqfjka uydpd¾h úu,a
Èidkdhl uy;d udkj ikaksfõokh lD;sfha ikaksfõok wdlD;s hkak ú.%y lr
we;'
• ixlS¾K ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh ir, j meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd úúO úIh lafIa;%j,
úoaj;=ka úiska úúO oDIaá fldaKhkaf.ka ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh ú.%y lrñka wdlD;s
.Kkdjla bÈßm;a lr we;'
• ikaksfõolhd" .%dylhd" n,mEu" ikaksfõokfha ;dlaIKsl l%shdj,sh wdÈh flakaø
lr .ksñka úúO wdlD;s j¾. bÈßm;a lr we;'
• fuys § ikaksfõokh ms<sn| f¾Çh yd f¾Çh fkdjk wdlD;s muKla idlÉPd flf¾'
1' f¾Çh wdlD;s (Linear Models)
tla md¾Yajhl isg wfkla md¾Yajhg muKla f;dr;=re .,d hdu fmkajhs'
45
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
2' f¾Çh fkdjk wdlD;s (Non Linear Models)
fuys § ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh oaúmd¾Yaúl j" jl%dldr fuka u úúOdldr iajremhkag

úys§ .,d hhs' .%dyl m%;spdr" ikaksfõolhd fuka u .%dylhdf.a l%shdldß;ajh u;
ikafoaYfha iajNdjh fjkia úh yels h'
• m%Odk ikaksfõok wdlD;s 4la ms<sn| fuys § wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'
1' weßiafgdag,a wdlD;sh

2' yer,aâ ã' ,eiafj,a wdlD;sh
3' laf,daâ Yefkdka yd fjdrka ùj¾ wdlD;sh
4' Y%dï - Tia.=â wdlD;sh
1' weßiafgdag,a wdlD;sh
• .%Sisfha m%lg Þ¾Ykslfhl= jQ weßiafgdag,a mçjrhd ^l%s'mQ' 384 - 322& úiska l:k
ikaksfõok ;;a;ajhka ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lrñka rpkd lrk ,o jd.a
w,xlrK Ydia;%hg wod< ßfgdßla (Rhetoric) kï .%ka:fha ikaksfõokh iïnkaO
lreKq i|yka fõ'
• fuu wdlD;sh u`.ska m%Odk jYfhka ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh i|yd w;HjYH uQ,sldx.
myla ms<sn| j meyeÈ,s lrhs'
l:s
lhd
l:lhd l:dj
l:dj .%.%ddylfhda
ylfhda n,mEu
n,mEu
wjia:dj
lÓlhd ( ikafoaYh bÈßm;a lrkakd fuu`.ska w¾: ±lafõ' l:lhd úiska b,lal .;
lKavdhug yd wjia:djg .e<fmk f,i ish l:dj ie,iqï lr.; hq;= h'
tu`.ska Y%djl msßi ;=< hï n,mEula fyda ke;fyd;a fm,Uùula we;s lsÍug
yels úh hq;=h'
l:dj ( lÓlhd bÈßm;a lrk f;dr;=r hs' l:dj Y%djlhd fmd,Ujk iq¿ tlla úh
hq;=h' ÈhqKq ikaksfõok ;dlaIKhla lsisfia;a fkd ;snQ tl, lKavdhï
jYfhka ikaksfõokh lsÍfï § Ndú; jQ l:dj fyj;a foaYkh fuys §
bjy,a lr f.k we;'
46
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
Y%djlhd ( l:dj fyda foaYkh wid isákakka ms<sn| j ñka lshefõ' fuys Y%jlhd
wl%Sh ijka fokafkla muKs'
wjia:dj ( ikafoaYh ,nd §ug fya;= jk ;;a;ajh fuhska woyia fõ'
n,mEu ( ikaksfõokh isÿ lrkafka ksYaÑ; wruqKla fmr±ß j h' Y%djlhd hï

woyila fj; fmd,Ujd .ekSu i|yd hs'
• fuu wdlD;sfha úfYaI;d(
1' uQ,sl wx. myla ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu
2' tAl ud¾.sl wdlD;shla ùu
3' m%;spdr m%;sfmdaIKhka ms<sn| j i|yka fkdùu
4' iuld,Sk ikaksfõok ld¾hNdrh ms<sn| j muKla wjOdkh fhduq fldg

lreKq ú.%y lsÍu
5' kQ;k ixlS¾K ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh újrKh lsÍug m%udKj;a fkdùu
2' yer,aâ ã' ,eiafj,a wdlD;sh
• wfußldkq cd;sl foaYmd,k úµd uydpd¾hjrhl= jQ yer,aâ ã' ,eiafõ,a ^1902 - 1978&
úiska 1948 § bÈßm;a lrk ,o woyia weiqfrka f.dvk`.k ,o wdlD;shls' m<uqjk
f,dal hqoaOfha § Ndú; l< m%pdrK úê l%u ms<sn| ,eiafj,a úiska wOHhkh lr we;'
• Tyq bÈßm;a lr we;s wdlD;sh m%Odk jYfhka fldgia 5lska iukaú; h'
1' ljqo @ (Who says ?) - ikaksfõolhd
2' l=ula lshhs o@ (What ?) - ikafoaYh
3' l=uk kd,shlska o@ (In which channel ?)
4' ldg o @ (To whom ?) - .%dylhd
5' l=uk n,mEula i|yd o@ (With what effect ?)
47
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
l=uk
ljqo @ l=ula lshhs l=uk ld yg o @ n,mEula
o@ kd,shla o @ i|yd o @
• fuu wdlD;sfha úfYaI;d(
1' fuh f¾Çh ikaksfõok wdlD;shls'
2' m%;sfmdaIKh iy ndOl fuu wdlD;sfha i|yka fkdfõ'
3' fuu`.ska ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha § isÿjk n,mEu ms<sn| jeä wjOdkhla fhduq
lr we;'
3' Yefkdka yd ùj¾ wdlD;sh
• wfußldkq cd;sl .Ks;{hka fofofkl= jQ laf,daâ Yefkdka (1916 - 2001) iy fjdrka

ùj¾ (1894 - 1978) hk fofokd úiska 1949 § ikaksfõokh ms<sn| fuu .Ks;uh wdlD;sh
bÈßm;a lr we;'
• ikaksfõokfha ;dlaIKsl l%shdj,sh flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lr we;s fuys

ñksid yd hka;% iQ;% u`.ska ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh fj; isÿ lrkq ,nk n,mEu o ú.%y
lr we;'
aYh x×
afo Qn i oaYh
ik × ,e af
ix ik
iïfm%I
a Kd.drh .%dylhd ikafoaY
f;dr;=re
wka;h
uQ,dY%
,enQ ix{d
ndOl
48 .=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• fuu wdlD;sfhys m%Odk lreKq lsysmhla we;=<;a fõ'
1' f;dr;=re uQ,dY%h Înfomation Sources&

2' ikafoaYh ^Message&
3' iïfm%aIKd.drh ^Transmitter&
4' ix{dj ^Signal&
5' ndOl ^Noise&
6' .%dylhd ^Receiver&
7' ikafoaY wka;h ^Destination&
• f;dr;=re uQ,dY%h fyj;a ikaksfõolhd ,nd .kakd ikafoaYh ;dlaI‚l l%shdÞuhlg

hg;a ù lgy~ úoHq;a ix{d njg mßj¾;kh lrhs'
• fuys § ikafoaYh úldYh l< yels ix× njg m;a lr .%dylhd fj; bosrsm;a fõ'
ix×" ixfla;j,ska fyì ikafoaYh udOHhla yryd .uka lsÍfï § úúO ndOl
;;a;ajhkag ,la fõ' tAjd w¾: ndOd (Semantic Noise) fuka u kd,Sh ndOd (Channel
Noise) úh yels h'
• fuu wdlD;sfha úfYaI;d
1' f¾Çh wdlD;shla ùu
2' ikaksfõokhg n,mdk ndOl ;;a;ajhka ms<sn| j uq,a jrg woyia bÈßm;a lsÍu
3' m%;sfmdaIKh ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq fkdlsÍu
4' iïfm%aIK yd m%;s.%yK l%shdj,sh ú.%y lsÍu
5' ;dCIKsl oDIaáfldaKhlska ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh úuid ne,Su
4' Tia.=â - Y%dï wdlD;sh
• ú,an¾ Y%dï (1907- 1987) yd pd¾,aia Tia.=â (1933 Wm; ,nd we;') úiska fuu ikaksfõok
wdlD;sh 1954 § y÷kajd § we;' fuu úoaj;=ka fofokd iudc úoHd úIh lafIa;%hg
iïnkaO wh jk ksid ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh ms<sn| iudc úoHd;aul oDIaáfldaKfhka
ú.%y lr ;sfí'
49
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• fuu wdlD;sfha ikaksfõolhd wdfla;lrh f,i;a .%dylhd úfla;lrh f,i;a olajd

we;' ikaksfõolhdg yd .%dylhdg ,efnk ikafoaYh Tjqka úiska w¾: l:kh lr
.kshs'
• ikafoaYh u`.ska ikaksfõolhd iy .%dylhd w;r iïnkaO;dj f.dvk`.k w;r tu

N+ñld yqjudre fjñka ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh wLKav j isÿ fõ'
• ta wkqj ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh tla ;eklska wdrïN ù ;j;a ;eklska wjika fkd ù pl%Sh
j .uka lrk nj Y%dï Tia.=â fuu wjia:dfjka fmkajd fohs'
• fuu wdlD;sfha úfYaI;d
1' fuh f¾Çh fkdjk pl%Sh ikaksfõok wdlD;shls'

2' ikaksfõolhd fia u .%dylhd o ikaksfõokhg jeo.;a fõ'
3' wdfla;lrKh" úfla;lrKh" w¾:l:kh hk wjia:d meyeÈ,s lr ;sîu
4' ikaksfõokh wLKav l%shdj,shla nj
5' m%;sfmdaIKh hkak o fuhg wka;¾.; lr ;sfí'
we.hSu
1' ikaksfõok wdlD;s ms<sn| WodyrK iys; j meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2' mqoa.,dka;r ikaksfõok wjia:djla f;dard .kak' Tn f;dard.;a tu wjia:dj leu;s

wdlD;s folla fhdod f.k ú.%y lrkak'
50
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
mdßNdIsl mo
w;:H ikaksfõokh - Vertual communication

wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokh - Intger personal communication
wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõokh - Intrapersonal communication
l:k ikaksfõokh - Oral communication
ck ikaksfõokh - Mass communication
oDYH ikaksfõokh - Visual communication
ks¾jdÑl ikaksfõokh - Nonverbal communication
uyck ikaksfõokh - Public communication
,sÅ; ikaksfõokh - Written communication
jdÑl ikaksfõokh - Verbal communication
ikaksfõok wdlD;s - Models of communication
ikaksfõok j¾. - Types of communication
ikaksfõok iajrEm - Forms of communication
iuQy ikaksfõokh - Group communication
Y%jH ikaksfõokh - Audio communication
wdY%s; .%ka: kdudj,sh
1' Èidkdhl" úu,a" udkj ikaksfõokh" f,ala yjqia iud.u" fld<U" 1977
2. Berger,Charles R., Interpesonal Communication: The International Encyclopedia of
Communication, New York, Wiley Blackwell, 2008
3. Bittner, John R. Mass Communication: An Introduction, U.S.A, 1986
4. Charles, Wright R., Mass Communication, New York, 1971
5. DeFleur and Dennis, Understanding Mass Communication, 7th Edition, U.S.A, 2002
6. Domimic, Joseph, R., The Dynamics of Mass Communication, 10th Edition, New York,2010
7. James Waston and Anne Hill, A Dictionary of Communication and Media Studies, India,
8. MacBride Sean, Many Voices, One World, United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization,New York, 1980
9. Murphy, Herta A.,Herbert W. Hildebrandt, and Thomas Jane P.,Effective Busines Commu
nications,7th edition, Mc Graw - Hill, 1997
10. Stewart L.,Tubbs and Moss Sylvia,Human Communication,7th Edition,Singapore,1994
51
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
4' idïm%odhsl udOH yd ckudOH" kj udOH yd iudc udOH
ksmqK;dj ( 4'0 idïm%odhsl udOH" ckudOH yd kj udOH ms<sn| w¾:l:kh lrñka

yd tajdfha iqúfYaI;d wOHhkh lrñka úúO ikaksfõok ld¾hhkays §
m%dfhda.sl j Ndú; lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 4'1 idïm%odhsl udOH hkq l=ula ± hs w¾:l:kh lrñka tys iqúfYaI;d
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 8 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • idïm%odhsl udOH hkq l=ula ± hs w¾: l:kh lrhs'

• idïm%odhsl udOH úêl%u kï lr meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• idïm%odhsl udOHj, jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'
idïm%Þhsl udOH ye¢kaùu" wka;¾.; ,laIK yd ld¾hNdrh
1' idïm%o dhs l udOH y÷kd .ekS u
• ld,dka;rhla ;siafia .eñ m%cdj w;r f;dr;=re" oekqu" úfõlh" úfkdaoh i|yd Ndú;
jk" wjg mrsirfhka imhd .; yels iïm;a Wmfhda.S lr f.k isÿ lrk ikaksfõok
l%u idïm%Þhsl udOH f,i w¾: ±laúh yels h'
• fïjd idïm%odhsl iudcj, m%Njh ,en tu iudchkays u Ndú; fõ' fuu udOH
.eñ ck iudcj, wLKav j mej; ths' fïjdg ksh; l¾;D;ajhlaa fkdue;' tfia u
;dlaIKsl fuj,ï Ndú;fhka f;dr j .eñ ck iyNd.S;ajfhka isÿ lrkq ,nkakls'
• udkj b;sydifha m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fhys idïm%odhsl ikaksfõokh Wfoid Yío ix{d
(Sound signal) ^fnr" ilay`v" k,d y~" yQj wdoS& yd oDYH ix{d (Visual signal) ^ÿu" fld<
w;= t,a,Su" fldä" i,l=Kq ;eîu wdoS& Wmfhda.S lr f.k we;'
• fuu idïm%odhsl ikaksfõok úê l%u rglska rglg" m%foaYhlska m%foaYhlg fuka u

úúO ixialD;sl yd mdßißl idOl u; fjkia fõ'
• idïm%Þhsl udOH mßir ys;ldó ir, ikaksfõok Ndú;hls' tajdfhys iqúfYaI;d

lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
52
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
01' ir, jHQy (Simple Structure)
idudkH ckhdg wjfndaO lr .; yels ir, jHQyhkaf.ka idïm%Þhsl udOH ilia

ù ;sîu ms<sn| fuu`.ska woyia flf¾' .eñ iudc yd ixialD;sl iïnkaO;d flakaø
lr .ksñka jvd;a ixlS¾K fkd jQ myiqfjka imhd .; yels iïm;aj,ska f.dvk`.d
.;a ir, jHQyhka idïm%Þhsl udOHj, olakg ,efí' WodyrK f,i f.dla fld<
flfi,a .ia wdÈ øjH úúO idïm%odhsl ikakf s õok l%uj, § Ndú; lsÍu ±laúh
yels h'
02' f;aud;aul wka;¾.;h (Thematic Content)
idïm%Þhsl ikaksfõok l%uj, § f;audjg .e<fmk fia wka;¾.;h ilia lr

.ekSu ms<sn| fuu`.ska woyia flf¾' frda.j,ska wdrCId ùu" Nj fNda. wdrCId lr
.ekSu" úYajdihka" úfkdaoh" úY%dka;sh" Ndj m%ldYk fuf,i .kq ,nk f;audjkag
WodyrK lsym s hls'
03' kuHYS,;
S j
a h (Flexibility)
wjia:dj yd wjYH;djhg .e<fmk wdldrfhka idïm%odhsl ikaksfõok l%u

myiqfjka ilia lr .; yels ùu ñka woyia flfrhs' l=Uqr" lu;" .y fld< wdÈh
wjia:dj yd wjYH;dj wkqj Ndú;hg .ekSu fuys § isÿ fõ'
04' ixialD;sl ikao¾Nh (Cultural Context)
ixialD;sl ikao¾Nh hkafkka woyia flfrkafka pdß;% jdß;%" weoys,s úYajdi" l,d
l%u" yd oekqï moaO;s ta ta ixialD;Skag wkqj Ndú; lsÍuhs' ta ta jD;a;Skag" wjia:djkag
yd wjYH;djkag wkqj idïm%odhsl ikaksfõok l%uj, ixialD;sl ikao¾N fjkia
fõ' ksoiqkla f,i úfkdaoh iemhSu" fi;a me;Su ±laúh yels h'
05' wju msßjeh (Minimum Cost)
iïm%Þhsl ikaksfõok l%uhkays § wjg mßirfhka ,nd .kakd iïm;a fndfyda úg

Wmfhda.s lr .efka' ta wkqj wju msßjehlska ld¾h bgq lr .; yels h' fuys § Y%uh
yqjudre ùu u`.ska o msßjeh wju lr .eksug wjia:dj Wod fõ' WodyrK f,i
iduQysl j tla ù msß;a uKavmhla ilia lsÍu" f;dú,hla" .ïuvqjla meje;aùfï §
ñksia Y%uh yd mßirfhka fydhd.;a øjH wdOdr lr .ekSu wdÈh fya;=fjka msßjeh
wju jk f,i ld¾hh bgq lr .; yels h'
• fuu lreKqj,g wu;r j ckuQ, moku" úYajdi yd .re lsÍu" fmdÿ ms<s.ekSï yd fmdÿ
hym;" mdrïmßl j Wreu ùu" foaYSh ixialD;sl wkkH;dj yd Ndú;h myiq ùu
idïm%odhsl udOHj, iqúfYaI;d f,i ±laúh yels h'
53
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
iïm%Þhsl udOH úê l%u
01' ck lú
• .eñ Ôjk rgd mokï j ck lú ìys ù we;' cklú .eñ ck;d jHjydrfhka mej; tk
l¾;D;ajh y÷kd.; fkdyels .dhkd úfYAIhls' .eñ ckhdf.a Ôjk oDIaáh" weoys,s"
úYajdi" wjYH;d" jD;a;Sh f;dr;=re" ±kqu" idïm%odhsl {dkh" úfõlh" úY%dka;sh" ÿla
fõokd" is;=ï me;=ï wdÈh fuu`.ska ikaksfõokh lrhs'
• ck lú wOHhkh lsÍfuka .eñ ckhdf.a iudc" wd¾Ól" ixialD;sl" wd.ñl f;dr;=re

fy<sorjq lr .; yels h' fuys § idïm%Þhsl ikaksfõok úê l%uhla f,i cklúj,
olakg ,efnk ,laIK lsysmhls'
i. uqL mrïmrd.; j mej;Su
ii. ir, nia jyrla Ndú; lsÍu
iii. ks¾udKlrejd ljfrla ± hs y÷kd.; fkdyels ùu
iv. ta ta m%foaYhg wdfõksl ,CIKj,ska iukaú; ùu
v. §¾> ld,hla uq¿,af,ys ñksiqka w;r ckY%e;shla f,i mej;Su
vi. ck lú ks¾udKh i|yd Ôjk w;a±lSï mdol lr .ekSu
• wjHdc;ajh" ir,;ajh" ixlaIsma;Ndjh" ixhuh" l;d jHjydr ,laIK" Yío rgd yd fmdÿ
ckhdf.a is;=ï me;=ïj,g ióm jpk fldaIh fya;=fjka cklúh idïm%Þhsl
ikaksfõokfhys iqúfYaI ù we;'
• cklú úúO j¾. rdYshla we;' ta w;r"
Wod(- ore ke<ú,s" f.dhï lú" lu;a lú" mdre lú" fk¿ï lú" ;yxÑ lú" rnka
lú" áld iSmo" f;;`.= lú
02' ckl;d
• ckl;d jQ l,S hï isoaêhla uq," ueo" w.hk wx.;%h ukdj .<mk ,o ckhdf.a Ôjk
wr.,h" wfmalaId" wdYd" ÿlaLfodaukiai yd .fõIK hkdÈh ms<sìUq lrk l;kaor
úfYaIhls'
• ckl;d wjfYaI ckY%e;s fuka uqL mrïmrd.; j Wm; ,nd ta wkqj jHjydrfha mj;shs'
• ckl;dfõ úúO j¾. we;' W;am;a;s l;d" i;aj l;d" foaj l;d" jDCI,;d l;d" wdYap¾h
l;d" w;aN=; l;d" ydfiHda;amdol l;d" Wmydi l;d" iqrx.kd l;d wdÈ jYfhka j¾.j,g
fnÈh yels h'
• ta ta iudcj, ck ú{dkfha iajNdjh fujeks ckl;dj,ska ksrEmKh fõ'
• ckl;dj,ska m%dfoaYSh jd.a jHjydrj, mj;akd wdfõksl ,laIK y÷kd.; yels h'
54
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
03' Ydka;sl¾u yd hd;=l¾u
• fuu wx. we;=<;a jk m%Odk úIh Odrdj f,i ye¢kaúh yels jkafka ckY%e;s úoHdjhs'
tys § Ndú; jk fhÿï lsysmhla f,i wNspdr" hd;= l¾u" weoys,s" úYajdi wdÈh ±laúh
yels h' fuys § hd;= l¾u hkakg YíofldaId¾: ,o fkdyels kuq;a bx.%Sis NdIdfõ
ritual hk fhÿug w¾: mQ¾K fhÿula f,iska hd;= l¾u yd wNspdr úê hk fhÿï Ndú;
l< yels fõ'
• Ritual hkafkka hï hï woDYHudk jia;+ka weu;Su tajdhska msysgla ,nd .ekSu jeks
l%shdjka ^l¾uhka& wfmalAId flf¾' lsishï m%cdjlg wh;a hd;= l¾u úúOdldr fõ' hd;=
l¾u hkakg ksYaÑ; w¾: l:khla § fkdue;s jqj o mQcd úê ke;fyd;a Y=oaO jQ
ksñ;a;lrKhla f,i th ie,fla' hd;= l¾u je÷ï msÿïj,g muKla iSud fkdù ixúê;
wd.ïj, l%shdldÍ wx.hla f,i mj;sk w;r újdy wjux.,H W;aijj,§ o Ndú; fõ'
• idïm%odhsl ikaksfõokh i|yd Wmfhda.s lr .; yels ;j;a iqúfYaI úê l%u f,i

Ydka;sl¾u" hd;=l¾uj, tk fldfydUd lxldßh" j,shla ux.,Hh" lvjr lxldßh" n,s
Ydka;sl¾uh wdÈh y÷kd.; yels h'
• Ydka;l¾u u`.ska f.dú;eka lghq;= id¾:l lr .ekSu" iY%Sl;ajh m%d¾:kd lsÍu"

mefmd," irïm jeks fnda jk frda.j,ska iy wm, Wmøjj,ska w;añ§u" úfkdaod¾:
wfmalaIdj wdÈh i,id .ekSu isÿ lrhs'
• fuys § k¾;kh" rx.kh" jdokh" úúO l:k iajrEm yd úúO ieris,s l%u Ndú; flf¾'
rEmKfha § k¾;kh yd fjia .ekaùu u`.ska rEmK wjia:djka f.dvk`.d .kshs' fïjdfha
fndfyda ixjdo mj;S' ixjdo ir, yd ydfiHda;amdol iajrEmhla .kakd w;r hleÿrd úiska
wd;=rhd" fkdfmfkk n,fõ. fuka u krUkakka iu`. woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu o isÿ
fõ'
• yskaÿ ixialD;shg wkq.; j jäfudaä" f;kafudaä" ldukal+;a;=" kdÜgqlal+;a;=" f;relal+;a;=

jeks úúO Ydka;sl¾u Ndú; lrk nj úoHudk fõ' tfuka u fïjd iY%sl;aj j¾Ok
Ydka;sl¾uhkaa h'
04' .eñ kdgl
• .eñ kdgl hkq lsishï l;d mqj;la fyda l;d mqj;a lsysmhlska ieÿï ,oaod jQ l,d
wx.hla f,i y÷kajd Èh yels h' flda,ï" fidlß" rElv wdÈh ksoiqka lsysmhls'
• .eñkdgl úIfhys Wvrg m%foaYj, m;a;sks foaj;dúh uQ,sl lr f.k mj;ajkq

,nk fidlß ck kdglhka" my;rg m%foaYj, mj;ajk flda,ï ck kdglhka
fuka u rElv úfYaIs; fõ' NjfNda. úkdY ùug wod< f,v frda." jix.; yd
55
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
m,sfndaO ydks wdÈfhka isÿ jk úkdYfhka tajd wdrlaId lr .ekSug" ñksiqkag

je,f|k jHdê jix.; yd wm, Wmøjj,ska wdrlaId ùu yd úfkdaodiajdoh ,nd
.ekSu fidlß .eñ kdglfhka wfmalaId lrhs'
• fidlß kdgHh rÕ olajkq ,enQfõ f.dhï lmd md.d wjika jQ úg lu; rx.
N+ñh fldg f.k h'
• flda,ï fyj;a fjia uqyqKq kdgl o .eñ kdgl úIfhys m%Odk fõ' fuh fjia uqyqKq
kdgl f,i olajkafka ,Sfhka idok ,o j¾Kj;a fjia uqyqKq me,|Su ksid h'
• flda,ï hk jpkh fou< Yíohla jk w;r tys uq,a f;areu k¿jl= úiska m,|sk
,o fõYh hkak hs' isxy,fhys flda,ï hk jpkhg we;af;a wdreV lr .kakd
ú,dih hk w¾:h hkak hs'
• .eñ kdglj, § lú lSu yd ysájk ixjdo Wmfhda.s lr .kq ,nhs' fuys § iïmQ¾K
kdgl jYfhka ye|skafjk l;d rÕ oelaùula isÿ lrhs' i|ls÷re l;dj" f.daGhsïnr
l;dj" ukfï l;dj" .u l;dj wdÈh ksoiqka h'
• flda,ï hkq úfkdaoh msKsi lrkakla he hs pjkd¾:fhka mejiqK o .¾NKSka

i|yd meje;ajQ wNspdr l%uhla f,i;a" iY%Sl;ajh mrud¾: fldg .kakla f,i;a
y÷kd.; yels h'
• .eñ kdgl m%n, ikaksfõok wjia:d ckkh lrhs' lú .dhkd" ysájk lú ixjdo
fuka u rx.k krUkakkaf.a m%fndaOhg;a ikaksfõok iyNd.S;ajh ,nd .ekSug;a
Ndú; lrk wdldrh y÷kd.; yels h' i¿md,sh fuhg WodyrKhls'
03' idïm%odhsl udOHfha jeo.;alu
 ±kqï bf.kqï iïmdokh
jeäysá mrïmrdfjka nd, mrïmrdjg wjYH oekqu ,nd §u isÿ fõ'
 WmfoaYd;aul ikafoaY ckkh l< yels ùu
wd.ñl" idrO¾u" ixialD;sl jákdlï we;=¿ fi!LH" wOHdmkh" úúO Ôjk w;aoelSï
yqjudre lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lr we;'
 ixialD;sl wx. yqjudre lsÍug yels ùu
weoys,s" úYajdi" pdß;% jdß;%" l,dj" oekqu" kS;s Í;s" isß;a úß;a hkdosh idïm%odhsl
udOH Tiafia mrïmrdfjka mrïmrdjg yqjudre l< yels h'
 Ndj m%ldYkh
isf;ys f.dvke`.=Kq ÿla fodïkia" i;=g hkdÈ ufkdaNdjhka m%ldYkfha § f;dr;=re

yqjudre lsÍug Ndú; lrk úê l%uhla f,i iïm%Þhsl udOH Wmfhda.S lr .efka'
56
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
 wys;lr iudc m%jK;d úfõpkhg ,la lsÍu
iudcfha hï wys;lr isoaê" pß; úfõpkh lrñka ydiH Wmydih uqiq lrñka
.eñ ck;dj ±kqj;a lsÍu idïm%odhsl udOH u`.ska isÿ úh' WodyrK f,i fmd,sia
flda,u" wdrÉÑ flda,u ±laúh yels h'
 úfkdaodiajdoh i|yd fhdod .; yels ùu
.eñ ck;dj ;u úfkdaoh i|yd idïm%dodhsl udOH Wmfhda.S lr f.k we;'

wiajkq fk<Su;a iuÕ ;u ldkaish" uykaish ksjd .ekSu i|yd idïm%odhsl
ikaksfõokhka Ndú; fldg ;sfí'
• kQ¾;s" kdv.ï" yd àg¾ ck mokulska wdrïN jQ l,d udOHhka h' bka§h wdNdIhkaf.ka
iukaú; fuu l,d udOH Y%S ,dxflah ck ixialD;sl wx. f,i iudc.; j mj;s'
• iïm%odhsl udOHj,ska wfmaCIs; ikaksfõok w¾:hka o fuys § úuish hq;= fõ' ta w;r
Wmfoia iïmdokh" fm<Uùu" úfõpkh" ta;a;= .ekaùu iy úfkdaodiajdoh ,nd §u wd§
lreKq wjOdkhg .; yels h' Ndú;fhka udkjhd ;u mßirfhka ,nd .kakd wuqøjH
Wmfhda.S lr f.k woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu fuu`.ska woyia lrhs'
we.hSu
1' idïm%odhsl udOH hkak meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2' idïm%odhsl udOHhkaf.a iqúfYaI ,laIK yd jeo.;alu f;dard.;a ksoiqka lsysmhla

weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
3' zikaksfõok ld¾hh id¾:l j bgq lr .ekSug idïm%odhsl udOH úê l%u Ndú; l<
yels h'Z WodyrK weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
4' idïm%odhsl udOH jevigykla krUd tys ikaksfõok ,CIK meyeÈ,s lrkak'
57
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 4'2 úúO ckudOH m%fNao y÷kd .ksñka tAjdfha úfYaI;d wjfndaOfhka
hq;= j ú.%y lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 16 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • ckudOH hkq l=ula o hkak w¾:l:kh lrhs'

• ckudOHfha iqúfYaI;d úia;r lrhs'
• ck ikaksfõok wdlD;s ksoiqka iys; j meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ckudOH y÷kd .ekS u

hqO mqj;a jd¾;d lr .ekSu i|yd f;dr;=re fnod yeÍug Ndú; l< udOH miq ld,Sk j ck
udOH f,i j¾Okh úh' 1922 § fcdaka Í;a idñjrhd úiska hqO f;dr;=re ,nd §ug Ndú; l< udOH
ckhd fjkqfjka Ndú; lrk f,i m%:ujrg m%ldY lrk ,È' ckudOH ìysùug m%Odk idOlh
jkafka ikaksfõok ;dCIKhkays isÿjk j¾Okhhs' fï wkqj ckudOH f,i mqj;am;" fmd;a"
i`.rd" .=jkaúÿ,sh" rEmjdysksh y÷kd.; yels h'
ckudOH ks¾jpk
• ck ikaksfõokh id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd ld,h fyda ÿr w;r mKsúv yqjudre lr

.ekSu fhdokq ,nk Wmdx. ckudOH hs'
• kQ;k iudcfha mj;sk m%Odk ckudOH f,i fmd;a" iÕrd" mqj;am;a" .=jkaúÿ,sh yd
rEmjdysksh y÷kd.; yels nj ä*a¨j¾ yd fvksia zckikaksfõok wjfndaOhZ lD;sfha
olajd we;'
• Tlaia*¾â YíofldaIhg wkqj"
zzwoDYHudk j fjfik msßilg lsishï udOHhlska wu;kafka kï th ckudOH fõZZ
zzckudOH f,i w¾:l:kh lrkafka mq¿,a m%foaYhl úisÍ mj;sk nyqúO" woDYH .%dyl
fldÜGdihlg wduka;%Kh lrkq ,nk udOH fõ'ZZ
58
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
ckudOHfha úfYaI;d
1' ;dCIKsl fuj,ï Ndú;h
2' CIKsl yd wLKav;ajhlska hqla; h'
3' ixúOdk.; wdh;ksl jHQyhlska iukaú; h'
4' jD;a;Sh ikaksfõolfhda isá;s'
5' nyq úO fodrgq md,l l%shdj,shlg hg;a h'
6' nyq úO .%dyl;ajhlska hqla; h'
7' m%udÈ; m%;sfmdaIKhla olakg ,efí'
8' fndfyda úg jdKsc;ajh mokï lr .kshs'
ckudOHfha ld¾hNdrh
• wOHdmkh ,nd oSu" f;dr;=re iïmdokh" fm,Uùu iy úfkdaodiajdoh hkdÈ ikakf s õokfha
uQ,sl ld¾hhka ckudOH u`.ska o bgq lrhs' ckudOHg iqúfYaI jQ ld¾hNdrhka lsysmhlaa
hqfkiaflda Many Voices One World lD;sfha fuf,i i|yka fõ'
 iqmÍlaIKh (Servilance)
idudch ;=< cSj;ajk mqoa.,hd oek .; hq;= f;dr;=re tla /ia lsrSu fuka u
wdrCIK f;dr;=re ms<sn| oekqj;a lsrSu" iudcSh wjYH;d" wdmod f;dr;=re tla/ia
lsrSu iy läkñka tajd ms<sn| iudch oekqj;a lsrSu wdosh iqmrSlaIKh hkakg
we;=<;a fõ'
 w¾:l:kh (Interpretation)
úúO isoaêka iy f;dr;=rej, w¾: meyeos,s lsrSu" újrKh lsrSu iy wod< iudcsh
m%;spdr ,nd .ksñka f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh lr bÈßm;a lsÍu hkdÈh fuhg we;=<;a
fõ'
 iyiïnkaOh (Correlation)
ckudOH ikafoaY u`.ska mqoa.,hka iy wdh;k w;r wfkHdakH iïnkaO;dj
f.dvke`.Su m%Odk jYfhka fuhska woyia flf¾' iudc ia:dhs;dj mj;ajd f.k
hdu i|yd ckudOHfha iyiïnkaO;d ld¾hh Wmldr fõ'
59
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
 iudcdkqfhdackh (Sociolization)
mqoa.,hd iudchg wkq.; j yeisrSu ms<sn| bf.kqu" iudch ms<sn| oekqu iy
jákdlï bÈßm;a lsrSu" tajd ck;dj fj; ,nd §u yd iudcfha fmdÿ .eg¨ yd
wNsfhda. y÷kd .ekSug ie,eiaùu ckudOHfha iudc ld¾h hs'
• ckudOH ld¾h Ndrh ms<sn| j yer,aâ ã' ,eiafj,a fuf,i olajhs'
01' iqmrSlaIKh
02' m%jD;a;s f,dj mqrd fnod yerSu
03' fm%alaIl u;h yd woyia yev.eiaùfï yelshdj
• uydpd¾h ú,an¾ Y%dï o ckudOH bgq l< hq;= m%Odk N+ñld 03la olajhs'
01' wdrlaIlfhl=f.a N+ñldj

02' idlÉPd uKavmhl N+ñldj
03' .=rejrfhl=f.a N+ñldj
• fuhg wu;r j ckudOH u`.ska bgq lrk ld¾hhka /ila we;'
• m%cd;ka;%jdÈ iudchl uqr fin<l=f.a N+ñldj bgq lsÍu
fuys uQ,sl woyi jkafka fmdÿ ck;dj fj; t,a, jk úúOdldr ;¾ckhka flfrys
úuis,su;a ùu yd Bg tfrys j y~ ke`.Su hs'
fuys § rdcH l%shdldß;ajh flfrys úfYaI ie,ls,a,la fhduq flf¾' iudc l%shdj,sfha
§ md,lfhda w;a;fkdau;sl f,i l%shd lr;a kï iudc Nla;sfhka hq;= j iudchg
isÿ jk ydksh j<lajd .ekSug ckudOH l%shd l< hq;= h' tfia jqj;a fndfyda úg isÿ
jkafka ckudOH md,l mka;sfha oDIaájdohka l%shd;aul lsÍuhs'
• iuld,Sk iudc ú{dkh y÷kd .ekSug Wmldß ùu
ckudOH u`.ska kj Ôjk l%u" kj isß;a úß;a" kj we÷ï me,÷ï" kj nvq NdKav
wdosh wrNhd m%fndaOhla iy iylïmkhla we;s lrjhs' tfuka u ck;dj ;=< iudc
m%.;shg ys;lr jQ kùk;ajhla ms<sn| yeÕSula we;s lsßug o ckudOH Wmldß fõ'
• .%dyl ri{;dj mq¿,a lsÍug iyh ùu
• kfjda;amdok úirKh i|yd f;dr;=re flakaøia:dkhla njg m;a ùu
• {dk j¾Okh i|yd Wmfhda.S ùu
ckudOH j¾.SlrKh
ckudOH j¾.SlrKh úúOdldr h' tkï uqøs; udOH iy úoHq;a udOH f,i hs' uqøs; udOH
f,i mqj;am;a" fmd; iy iÕrd" y÷kd.; yels w;r úoHq;a udOH f,i .=jkaúÿ,sh"
60
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
rEmjdysksh y÷kd.; yels h' ;dCIKhg wkqj äðg,a udOHfha wd.ukfhka ckudOH ;j;a
wdldrhlg j¾. flf¾'
mqj;am;
• mqj;am; uq,a u ixúê; ckudOH hs' m%jD;a;sj,ska iukaú; hk uqLH w¾:h mej;sh o
mqj;am; m%jD;a;s yd úfYaIdx.j,ska hqla; h' mqj;am;a hkq zm%jD;a;s m%isoaO lrK m;%hZ
f,i iqux., YíofldaIh ^msgqj 629& olajd we;'
• fuhg wu;r j mqj;am; ms<sn| ks¾jpk lsysmhla úuid ne,Su iqÿiq fõ'
• iqúfYaI N+f.da,Sh l,dmhl fjfik nyq;r ck;djg wh;a fmdÿ reÑl;ajhka wvx.=
m%jD;a;s oelafjk Èkm;d fyda i;sm;d ksl=;a jk m%ldYkhls' hqfkiaflda ixúOdkh z
mqj;am; hkak fufia y÷kajd § we;'
zztosfkod Ôú;hg wjYH f;dr;=re iys; hï ksYaÑ; ld, jljdkqjl wLKav j m%ldYhg
m;alrk" tlg fkdn¢k ,o m%ldYkhls'ZZ
• bx.%Sis NdIdfõ mqj;am; ye|skafjkafka zNewspaperZ f,i hs' Tlaia*¾â YíofldaIh

mqj;am; ks¾jpkh lrkafka fufia h'
zzuyckhd Wkkaÿj olajk m%jD;a;s" fjf<| oekaùï" idys;H yd iïnkaO lreKq yd

wfkl=;a wxY we;=<;a j oskm;d fyda i;sm;d m< lrk uqøs; m%ldYkh mqj;am; hs'
—mqj;am; uqøs; m%ldYkhls' th tlg f.dkq jQ lgq .id wuqKd ke;s lvodis f.dkqjls' th
Èkm;d i;sm;d jYfhka m< úh yels h' Bg m%jD;a;s" PdhdrEm" úfYaIdx. yd fjf<|
±kaùï we;=<;a fõ' úfYaI kula o thg fhdod we;'˜
• fuu ir, ú.y%h jvd;a iúia;rd;aul j uydpd¾h iqkkao ufyakaøhka úiska ikakf
s õok
Yíodlrfha fï wdldrfhka ú.%y lr we;'
zNewspaper – Èkm;d i;sm;d fyda jdrdkql+, j mqj;a iemhSu i|yd mqj;a iemhSfï wruqfKka
m<uqfjka mgka .;a m;%sld úfYaIhls' tfy;a ld,dkqrEm j mqj;am; hkq yqÿ mqj;a iemhSu
i|yd u fjka jQ udOHla fjkqjg Bg jvd úúO wxf.damdx.hka we;=¿ jQ m%ldYk úfYaIhla
f,i ye¢kaúK’' mqj;am; i|yd wdrïNfha § fokq ,enQ ks¾jpkh fjkia ù we;af;a ;dCIKh
fya;= fldgf.khs' kùk Èkm;d mqj;am;la fyda i;sm;d mqj;am;la úfYaIdx. /ilska
iukaú; h' foaYSh yd úfoaYSh mqj;a iïmdokh yereKq fldg PdhdrEm" ldgqka" Ñ;%" ;Sre
rpkd" fjf<| ±kaùï" l;= jels" ks¾udKdx. jeks wx. we;=<;a fõ' mqj;am;a j¾. o lsym
s hla
we;' idudkH f;dr;=re iïmdokh yd úfYaIdx. we;=<;a mqj;am;a yereKq úg úúO úIhkag
fhduq jqKq úfYaI j¾.fha mqj;am;a ìys ù ;sfí' <ud" ldka;d" l%Svd" úoHd" iskud bka
lsysmhls' Z
61
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
fmd;a
• zfmd;a Z hkakg iqux., YíofldaIh z ^,shQ fyda uqøs;& .%ka:hZ f,i olajhs'
• ,shq fyda uqøs; fyda wuqøs; fyda fld< tlg tla fldg ;kd.;a f,aLk ñáh fmd;
f,i y÷kd.; yels nj yßiapkaø úfÊ;=x. uy;df.a uyd isxy, YíofldaIh 1163
msgqfõ olajd we;'
• kQ;k ckudOH b;sydih wdrïN jQjdhhs i,lKq ,nkafka fmd; u`.sks' fuh
iudcfha fjkila we;s lsÍug fya;= úh' fuys § i|yka l< hq;= m%Odk lreKla
jkqfha ;dlaIKsl ud¾.j,ska tf;la mej;s fjk;a udOH tkï" w;ska ,shk ,o fyda
uqúka m%ldY lrk ,o foa uqøs; j bÈßm;a lsÍu fmd;hs' tys § isÿ jQfha ck;dj w;r
m%isoaO j ;snQ .%duH NdIdj,ska muKla ks¾ñ; jQ foa uqøs; fmd;la f,i bÈßm;a ùuhs'
• tmuKla fkdj tys È.= ùula f,i foaYmd,k yd wd.ñl m;%sld iy tracts ûOH.; hq.fha
Ñka;kh fjkia lsÍug fya;= jq m;%sld úfYaIhls'& fmd;a njg m;a úh'
• fuys uq,a mshjr jYfhka kS;s" wKmk;a" rdcd{d iy rchg iïnkaO ,sms f,aLk fmd;a
njg m;a úh'
• fï wldrhg n,k l< fmd; iudcfha fjkia ùulg iy msì§ulg fya;= ù we;'
• ikaksfõok ;dlaIK wNsj¾Okfha m%;sM,hla f,i úµq;a mqj;am;a Ê newspaprs)

ks¾udKh ù ;sfí' fï wkqj mß.Kl mdol m%jD;a;s iïmdokh nyq, j isÿjk w;r
úµq;a mqj;a Ê news) cx.u ÿrl:k u`.ska ,nd .ekSug o wjldY Wod ù ;sfí'
• tfiau mqj;am;a wka;¾cd,hg tla lsÍu ksid mqj;am;a lshùfï iajrEmh fjkialï isÿ
ùfuka ;sfnk nj ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'
i`.rd
• i;sm;d fyda udisl j ,sms f,aLk fyda PdhdrEm we;=<;a ;kS f,aLkhla f,i Tlaia*¾â
YíofldaIh i`.rdj hkak w¾: olajhs'
• hqfkiaflda ixúOdkh i`.rdj hkak fufia y÷kajd § we;'
zztosfkod Ôú;hg wjYH f;dr;=re iys; hï ksYaÑ; ld, jljdkqjl wLKav j m%ldYhg
m;alrk" tlg n¢k ,o m%ldYkhls'ZZ
• iÕrdjla hkq hï lafIa;%hla wruqKq lr f.k fyda hï mdGl msßila b,lal lr f.k
ksYaÑ; ld, iSudj, § m< jk flá ,sms yd rEm igyka iys; m%ldYkhls' jdr m%ldYk
kñka o fuh ye|skafõ' iÕrd m< lsÍu udisl" oaúudisl" ff;%udisl" w¾O jd¾Isl yd
jd¾Isl f,i isÿ l< yels h'
62
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• l,dj" wd.u" l%Svd" lDIsl¾uh" úoHdj jdKscHh" wd¾:slh" foaYmd,kh" .Dy úoHdj"
ixialD;sh" l%Svd yd wOHdmkh hkdÈ f;aud Tiafia m< flf¾'
• uqøs; udOHhla f,i mqj;am;lg idfmalaI j iÕrdj, fjkialï o oel .; yels h'
iÕrd ,sms os.= ld,hla iq/ls j .nvd lr .ekSfuka oekqu ,nd .; yels fõ' fndfyda úg
ffoksl f;dr;=re wka;¾.; fkd fõ'
.= j ka ú ÿ,s h
• .=jkaúÿ,sh m<uq úµq;a ckudOH fõ' y`v iïfm%aIKh lrk udOHla jYfhka .=jkaúÿ,sh
ìys jQfha ;dlaIKsl j¾Okfha m%;sM,hla f,ihs' wê ixLHd; m%;Hdj¾;l Odrd
wkqidrfhka cks; lrjk pqïnl ;rx. Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka iïnkaê; lrk /yeka
rys; j tla ;ekl isg y`v úiqrejd yeÍu .=jkaúÿ,s udOHfha § isÿ fõ'
• .=jkaúÿ,sh Y%jH udOHls' th y~ wd;auh lr .;a udOHhls' y~ hkak ñksia y~"

ix.S;h yd ndysr Yío f,i fldgia ;=klg fnosh yels h' fuu iEu Yíohl u
úfYaI;djla mj;sk w;r fuys § tla ÈYdk;shlg muKla ikafoaY f.k hdu isÿ lrhs'
• ÿrl:kh yd fg,s.%d*a ;dlaIK j¾Okfha m%;sM,hla f,i .=jkaúÿ,sh ìys úh'
• .=jkaúÿ,s m%pdrh úêu;a f,i wdrïN jkafka 1914 -15 ld,fha § h' m%:u f,dal ix.%du
iufha § yuqod lghq;= i|yd Ndú; úh' .=jkaúÿ,sh /yeka rys; hk w¾:fhka jh¾,ia
hkqfjka ye¢kaúh' fuu`.ska jeä ÿr m%udKhlg ikafoaY úldYkh l< yels h'
• .=jkaúÿ,sh miq ld,Sk j .Dyia: WmlrKhla f,i ck;dj w;r ckm%sh;ajhg m;a úh'
ixialD;sl fjkila we;s lsÍug o úfkdaodiajdoh yd f;dr;=re iïmdokh o tys m%Odk
N+ñldjla úh'
.= j ka ú ÿ,s udOHfha uQ , s l ,CIK
• CIKsl h'
• mq¿,a l,dmhla wdjrKh lrhs'
• tla ÈYdjlg ikafoaY .uka lrhs'
• ir," cx.uYS,S udOHhls'
• tla jrl § f;areï .; yels f,i ikafoaY bÈßm;a l< yels h'
• tla tla .%dyl fldgia b,lal lr .ksñka jevigyka bÈßm;a l< yels h'
• wka;¾cd;sl" cd;sl" m%dfoaYSh hk m%cd .=jkaúÿ,s cd,d we;s lr .; yels h'
• Y%jH udOHhla f,i mßl,amk Yla;sh f.dvke`.Su w;ska m%n, h'
• rEmjdyskshg idfmaCI j wvq úhoï iys; udOHhls'

63
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
rEmjdys k s h
• rEmjdysksh Y%jH oDYH udOHls' Y%jH oDYH ixl,kh fuh ckm%sh udOHhla ùug yd
mqoa., uki flfrys m%n, f,i n,mEï lsÍug fya;= úh'
• rEmjdysksh f,dalfha m%n,;u ckudOH f,i ie,fla' f,dalh mqrd iudc" wd¾Òl"
foaYmd,k" ixialD;sl m%jK;d ks¾udKh lsÍfuys ,d fuu udOH §¾> ld,Sk j n,mEï
lr ;sfí'
• wOHdmksl udOHla f,i wdrïN jk rEmjdysksh ksid f,dalfha m%cd;ka;%jdÈ iudc

ìys lsÍug rEmjdysks udOH fnfyúka n,md we;'
• wOHdmkh" f;dr;=re iïmdokh" úfkdaodiajdoh yd fm,Uùu hk ld¾hh rEmjdysks

udOH u`.ska bgq jk ld¾h f,i y÷kd.; yels h'
• rEmjdysks udOH ffoksl cSú;fha cSjk rgdjkag úúO n,mEï lrk w;r wdl,am" ±kqu"
iy yeissÍï ilia lsÍug fya;= ù we;s nj o jgyd .; hq;= fõ'
• j¾;udkh jk úg rEmjdysksh foaYmd,ksl yd jHdmdßl w¾:fhka jvd;a mq¿,a Ndú;

jk nj olakg ,efí'
rEmjdys k s udOHfha uQ , s l ,CIK
• Y%jH oDYH udOHls'
• úúOdldr wka;¾.;hkaf.ka iy úÑ;%j;a wdlD;sj,ska iukaú; h'
• fm!oa.,sl .Dyia: ióm;djlska hqla;h'
• wdl¾IKSh udOHhls'
• mqoa.,hdf.aa mQ¾K wjOdkh .%yKh lr.kakd udOHls'
• ixlS¾K ;dCIKhla iys; h'
• úêu;a wdh;k.; ixúOdk jHqyhlska iukaú; h'
• cd;sl cd;Hka;r ,CIKj,ska hqla;h'
iskudj
• uq,a hq.fha § tkï m<uqjk f,dal hqO iuh mej;s ld,fha m%pdrK udOHla f,i iskudj
Ndú; jQ w;r rEmjdysks udOHfha jHdma;sh iu`. m%Odk l,d udOHhla njg m;a úh'
64
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
ck ikaksfõok úldYfha jeo.;a ixêia:dk
• ñksid NdIdjla ks¾udKh lr .ekSfï isg ckudOH ìys lr .ekSu iy tys úldYh ms<sn| hï
wjfndaOhla .=rejrhd fj; ;sìh hq;= h'
• th ish¨ mdvï tall b.ekaùfï § .=reNj;dg m%fhdackj;a fõ' ld, f¾Ldjla ^Timeline&
ilia lr .ekSfuka m%Odk ikaêia:dk ms<sn| iuia;h jgyd .ekSug wjYH lreKq talrdYs
lr.; yels h'
• ck ikaksfõok úldYfha ld, f¾Ldj f,dalfha ixêia:dk yd foaYSh ixêia:dk jYfhka

fjka fjka j fyda tla j ilia lr .; yels h' jpk fuka u rEm o fï i|yd Wmfhda.s lr
.; yels fõ' fï i|yd YsIH YsIHdjkaf.a iyNd.S;ajh ,nd .ekSug yels h'
ld, f¾Ldj (Timeline)
ckikaksfõok wdlD;s
• fï hgf;a HUB wdlD;sh 3 jk mdvfï ikaksfõok j¾.j, § ck ikaksfõok

j¾.h hgf;a idlÉPd lr we;' ^msgqj 33&
65
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 4'3 kj udOH yd iudc udOH y÷kd .ksñka tajdfhys iudc ld¾hNdrh
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 10 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • kj udOH hkak y÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs'

• kj udOHhkaf.a ld¾hNdrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• iudc udOH hkq l=ula o hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• iudc udOHhkaf.a ld¾hNdrh úia;r lrhs'
kj udOH y÷kd .ekSu
• kj udOH hkq wxls; ;dCIKh Tiafia f;dr;=re wxls; lsÍu" Yíoh" jpk" o;a;" .%e*slaia"
Ñ;%" rEm" ùäfhda yl=¿jd tajd b;d myiqfjka msgm;a lr wvq msßjehla hgf;a b;d fõ.fhka
fnod yeßh yels udOH hs' fuu o;a;" ìkaÿj;a tl;a w;r wxls; ;dCIK l%ufõohkag
yl=¿jd ±laúh yels h'
• kj udOH ÿrl:kh yd wka;¾cd,h Tiafia ìys jQjls'
• ÿrl:kh m%Odk jYfhka lgy~" yd ix{d u; /|S mj;S' /yeka iys; ÿrl:k l%shdj,sh
fï jk úg /yeka rys; ù we;s w;r th wxls; ÿrl:k ;dCIKh olajd j¾Okh ù we;'
• wka;¾cd,h kj udOHhla f,i ie,lsh yels jkafka tu`.ska cd, .; fõ.j;a f;dr;=re
yqjudrejla isÿ jk neúks' 1960 oYlfha mß.Klh wdY%fhka tlsfkld w;r úfYaIfhka
m¾fhaIK mokï lr f.k úoHdj iïnkaO f;dr;=re ixirKh yd hqo yuqod lafI;%j,g
wjYH f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .ekSug .;a W;aidyfha m%;sM, f,i kj udOH ìys úh'
• kj udOH ìys ùu i|yd wd¾Ól iudc" foaYmd,k" ;dCIKh wdÈ lafIa;%j, fjkialï
n,md we;' ta w;r f;dr;=re ;dCIKfha j¾Okh ùu o m%Odk fõ'
• áï n¾kia ,S ^Tim Berners Lee) úiska f,dal jHdma; cd,h ^World Wide Web - www& ms<sn|
woyi bÈßm;a lsÍu;a iu. kj udOHfha j¾Okh fõ.j;a úh'
• úúO udOH ióm ùu iy tla ùu tkï wNsidß;dj kj udOH jHdma; ùu flfrys n,mE
m%n, idOlhls' fuh kj ikaksfõok ;dCIK j¾Okfha m%;sM,hls'
66
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
kj udOH ,laIK
• kj udOHj, olakg ,efnk ,laIK lsysmhla fuys § y÷kd.; yels h'
 wxls;lrKh (Digitalisation)
 cd,.;lrKh (Networking)
 wka;¾l%shdldß;ajh (Interactive)
 wêmdGkSh;ajh (Hypertextuality)
 iajhxlrKh (Automation)
 o;a; ixÑ;lrKh ^Database)
 fõ.j;a ikafoaYlrKh ^Fastest massaging)
 wxls;lrKh (Digitalisation)
wxls;lrKh hkq wxls; ;dCIKfha taldnoaO;djhs' ffoksl cSú;fha iuia;
l%shdldß;ajh iu. wxls; ;dCIKh ne£ mj;s' ;dCIKhg k;=j mj;sk f,dalfha
ixj¾Okh wxls;lrKh u`.ska úoHudk fõ' myiqfjka ,nd .ekSug yelsjk wdldrhg
o;a; mß.Kl .; lsÍu wxls;lrKh u`.ska isÿjk nj w¾: ±laúh yels h'
 cd,.;lrKh (Networking)
f;dr;=re cd,d tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍu cd,.;lrKhhs' ia:dkSh lafIa;% cd,.;lrKh
^Local Area Network - LAN& yd mq¿,a lafIa;% cd,.;lrKh ^Wide Area Network -
WAN& uQ,sl wjia:dj fõ' mq¿,a úia;S¾K cd,.;lrKhla f,i f,dal jHdma;
cd,.;lrKh ^World Wide Web - WWW& i|yka l< yels h'
 wka;¾l%shdldß;ajh (Interactive)
oaú ud¾.sl ikaksfõok l%shdj mß.Klh fyda rEmjdysksh udOH fldg f.k l%shd;aul
fõ' o;a; ,nd .ekSug Wmfoia ,nd §u laIKsl j f;dr;=re hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu iy
m%;spdr ±laùu i|yd Ndú; lrk udkj ixjdoYS,S;ajh wka;¾ l%shdldß;ajh hs'
 wêmdGkSh;ajh (Hypertextuality)
úµq;a in|;d Ndú; lrñka tla mÀ;hla fj;ska fjk;a mÀ;hla fj; <`.d ùug we;s
in|;dj wêmdGkSh;ajh hs' fuu mÀ;hka tlsfkl yd ne£ mj;sk ksid mq¿,a j mÀ;
lrd <`.d ùug yels ùu fuys we;s jdisodhl;ajh hs' WodyrK f,i ud¾..; o;a;
mÀ;hl iïnkaO u`.ska úúO f;dr;=re uQ,hkag <`.d ùug we;s yelshdj ±laúh yels h'
 iajhxlrKh Âutomation)
iajhxlrKh hkq kj ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka o;a; yqjudre lr.ekSu i|yd
Ndú; iajhxl%Sh l%shdj,shls' mQ¾j WmfoaYj,g wkqj il%Sh jk iDcq udkj t<Uqulska
f;drj .%dylhd fj; mKsúv yqjudrej i|yd Wmfhda.S lr.kq ,nk l%shdj,shls'
67
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
 o;a; ixÑ;lrKh - Database
uQ,sl o;a; tl;=jls' mß.Kl úê l%uj,g wkqj ,nd .ekSug yels wdldrfhka o;a;
.nvd lr ;sfí' o;a; ixÑ; ixlS¾K iajNdjhlska hqla; h' fuu ixÑ;j,ska wjYH
mqoa.,fhl=g o;a; ,nd.; yels h' WodyrKhla f,i mqj;am;l fjí wvúhl o;a;
ixÑ;fha mj;sk mqj;a ,nd .eksug we;s wjldYh i|yka l< yels h'
 fõ.j;a ikafoaYlrKh - Fastest Massaging

kj udOH w;sYh fõ.fhka ikaksfõok mKsúv yqjudre lsÍfï YlH;dfjka hqla; h'
f;dr;=re ixÑ;lrKh fuka u tajd wjYH wjia:dj, § myiqfjka ,nd .ekSug;a mq¿,a
.%dylhka msßila w;r fõ.d;aul j yqjudre lr .ekSug;a yels ùu úfYaI ,laIKhls'
• fuys § kj udOH Ndú;fha § ixialD;sl jHQy yd wjldYh ch .; yels h' kQ;k udOHj,
olakg ,efnk f;dr;=relrKfha fõ.hg jvd jeä fõ.hlska fuu`.ska f;dr;=re yqjudre
lsÍug yels ù we;' fuyss § f,dj mqrd ñksiqka w;r ÿria: Ndjh wju lsÍula fyda ióm
lsÍula isÿ fõ'
iudc udOH
• iudc udOH hkq kj udOHj, ÈhqKq wjia:djls' tfiau th kj udOHj,ska u mek ke`.=Kls'
ÿrl:kh yd wka;¾cd,h fuys m%Nj wx. fõ'
• fuu`.ska kj udOH ixl,amhka f.dvke`.S we;s w;r tys iqúfYaI m%jK;djla f,i iudc
udOH (Social Media) y÷kd.; yels h'
• iudc udOHfha úfYaI;ajh jkafka ks¾udKh lsÍu" wka;r.;h yqjudre lr .ekSu yd

iyNd.s;ajh hs' fuh iudc udOH cd,d ;=< isÿ jkakls'
• mqoa.,hka fyda mqoa., lKavdhï w;r ine¢ cd,j, ikafoaY yqjudre lr .ekSfuka iudc
cd, f.dvke`.S we;'
• fuys § mßYS,lfhda fviala fgdma mß.Kl" iy ,emafgdma mß.Kl" iaud¾Üf*daka" fjí

wvú ;dlaIKh Tiafia iudc udOH fj; wj;S¾K fj;s'
• fm!oa.,sl f;dr;=re uqod yeÍug yelshdj ,eî ;sîu fuys jHdma;shg m%n, j n,mEfõ h'
• iudc udOH ud¾. .; ikaksfõok kd,sld m%cd mdol t<Uqï iu`. taldnoaO lrhs' tu`.ska
wka;¾l%shdldÍ;ajh" taldnoaO;dj" wka;¾.;hka yqjudre lsÍu isÿ lrkq ,efí'
68
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
iudc udOH m%fNao iy l%shdldß;ajh
• fnod .ekSu i|yd flá mKsúv heùu" PdhdrEm fnod .ekSu iy ,eîu isÿ lsÍu o jd¾;d
lsÍu fuka u ùäfhda u; woyia m%ldY lsÍug yels ùfukaa o tys l%shdldß;ajh f.dvke`.Su
y÷kd .; yels fõ' fuf,i f.dvkxjd we;s l%shdldß;ajh yryd úúO iudc udOH iudc
cd, f.dvkxjd ;sîu y÷kd.; yels h'
 Facebook
ckm%sh ksoyia iudc cd, wvúhls' mßYS,lhkag PdhdrEm yd ùäfhda tla lsÍug"
mKsúv heùug" iÔj úia;r m%pdrh iy wkHhka iu`. in|;d f.dvkxjd ,Sug
yels ù we;' fuh f,dalfha jeäu msßila mßYS,kh lrkq ,nk iudc cd, fjí
wvúh fõ' fuu`.ska jHdmdr" fjf<| kdu o m%j¾Okh l< yels h'
 Twitter
flá mKsúv yqjudre l< yels iudc cd, udOHhls' wl=re 140la we;=<;a Twitter
tllska ;udf.a f;dr;=re f,dalh mqrd fnod yeßh yels fõ' fndfyda úg m%isoaO
iud.ula fuka u ckm%sh mqoa.,fhda o ks, Üúg¾ .sKu
q la (Official Twitter Account)
mj;ajd f.k h;s'
 Linkedin
jHdmdßl m%cdj iy jD;a;sl m%cdj i|yd ks¾udKh lr we;s fjí wvúhls' th

úfYaIfhka Ndú; jkafka jD;a;sl cd,lrKhla i|ydhs' fuu fjí wvúfha uQ,sl
wruqK jkqfha ,shdmÈxÑ jQ idudðlhkag ;u jD;a;Sh oekqfuka wNsu; mqoa.,hka
iu`. cd, f.dvkexùu iy f,aLk.; lsÍug bv ie,iSu hs' WodyrKhla f,i
jHdmdßlfhda" /lshdj, ksr; iy /lshd wfmalaId lrkafkda iajlSh Ôj o;a; we;=<;a
lr we;'
 Pinterest
wka;¾cd,h Tiafia PdhdrEm yqjudre lsÍu iy j¾.SlrKh i|yd u`. fmkajhs'

fuys § m%Odk wjOdkh oDYHudk fõ' rEmhla u; la,sla lsÍfuka uq,a uQ,dY%h fj;
f.k hhs' Tn im;a;= hq.,hla iys; úia;rhla u; la,sla l< fyd;a th ñ, § .;
yels ia:dkh meyeÈ,s lrhs' fuu iudc cd, fjí wvúfha nyq;r mßYS,lfhda
ldka;dfjda h' fï wkqj ldka;djkaf.a m%sh;u iudc cd,hla f,i fuh ye¢kaúh
yels h'
69
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
 Instagram
PdhdrEm iy ùäfhda fnod yod .ekSu mokï jQ iudc udOHhls' Facebook, Twitter
jeks ckm%sh iudc cd, fjí wvúj,g fïjd fhduq l< yels h'
 Skype
úÿ,s ixfoaY fhojquls' fuu`.ska y`v" ùäfhda yd lKavdhï weu;=ï iy iïuka;%K

isÿ l< yels h' ta i|yd mß.Kl" cx.u ÿrl:k" fyda fjk;a wxls; ;dlaIKsl
fuj,ï Ndú; l< yels fõ'
 Viber
fuu`.ska flá mKsúv" y`v" ùäfhda weu;=ï iy PdhdrEm fnod yod .; yels h'
tfuka u Viber out kï úfYaIdx.h yryd mßYS,lhka fkdjk whg o weu;Su l<
yels h'
• óg wu;r j WhatsApp - QQ - We chat -
Qzone - Tumblr - Google+ -
Baidu Tieba - Sinaweibo - snapchat -
Vkontakte - Reddit - jeks f,dj mqrd ckm%sh jQ
iudc cd," fjí wvú /ila l%shd;aul fõ'
iudc udOHfha hym;a yd whym;a n,mEï
hym;a n,mEï
• f,dj mqrd iudc udOH fõ.fhka j¾Okh fjñka ;sfí' <uhska" fh!jkhka fuka u
jeäysáhka o fuu iudc udOH wka;¾ ls%hdldß;ajfha n,mEug k;= j ;sfí' th
mqoa.,hdg iy iudchg úúOdldrfhka n,mEï lrhs'
70
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• mßyrKh lrk flkdg ixialrKh l< yels ùu
• .%dylhdg leu;s f,i mßyrKh l< yels ùu
• CIKsl ùu
• m%fhdackj;a f,i fjkia lsÍug fuka u wys;lr p¾hdjka i|yd fhduq lr ,Sug o
fuu`.ska yelshdj ,eî we;' fuys § iudc udOHfha Okd;aul n,mEï iudÔhlrKhg
n,mEï t,a, lrk wdldrh fufia ±laúh yels h'
• úfrdaOdl,am m%p,s; lsÍug we;s wjldYh
• il%sh .%dylhka ùu
• ±kqu yqjudre lr .; yels ùu
• tla udOHhlska ;j udOHhlg hdug yels ùu
• wka;¾.;h ks¾udKh l< yels ùu
• isiqkag lvodisj, ,sùug jvd íf,d.a Ndú; l< yels ùu" .=rejreka i|yd ±kqu"
l=i,;d j¾Okh l< yels ùu" ¥ria: bf.kqï l%shdj,shg fhdod .; yels ùu
• jHdmdßl lghq;= i|yd fhdod .; yels ùu
• NdKav yd fiajd y÷kajd §ug myiq iy ir, msßjeh wvq l%uhls' ;u fjf<| ikakdu
m%j¾Okh lr ,Sug o fhdod .; yels h'
• mqoa., ks¾udKYS,S;ajh fnod yod .; yels ùu
• .eg¨ iy ye`.Sï m%ldYkhg yels ùu

• ld¾hlaIu iy wvq úhoulska f;dr;=re yqujudre l< yels ùu
• foaYSh yd cd;Hka;r ikao¾Nj, újdo" idlÉPd l=i,;d j¾Okh l< yels ùu
whym;a n,mEï
• óg wu;r j iudc udOH úiska whym;a n,mEï o isÿ lrkq ,nhs'
• udkisl wjmSvkh" lkiai,a," oreKq yqfol,dj" fÄockl ishÈú kid .ekSï jeks
.eUqre udkisl yd iudÔh lïmk we;s lsÍu
• fm!oa.,sl;ajh ms<sn| .eg¨ u;= ùu" ia:dk fy<s orõ ùu yd wjirhlska f;dr j
mßYs,lhkaf.a .sKqïj,g we;=¿ ùu
• iudðlhkaf.a fm!oa.,sl o;a; iudc cd,d ixúOdk fj;ska fjk;a md¾Yjhka fj;
,nd §u
• ihsn¾ ysßyer
• m%pKav l%shdj,g fm,Uùu
• jerÈ f;dr;=re m, lsÍu
• jHdc .sKqï ieliSu

71
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
kj udOH iy iudc udOH ld¾hNdrh
1' f;dr;=re iïmdokh (Information)

2' úfkdaodiajdo iïmdokh (Entertainment)
3' wOHdmkh (Education)
4' iudcdkqfhdackh (Socialization)
• iudc udOH b;sydih ld,f¾Ldjla u`.ska fufia ±laúh yels h'
we.hSu
1' kj udOH hkak y÷kajd fokak'
2' kj udOHfha ld¾hNdrh ksoiqka iys; j úia;r lrkak'
3' iudc udOH hkak y÷kajd tys ld¾hNdrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
4' zj¾;udkh jk úg iudc udOHfha l%shdldß;ajh fya;=fjka úúO .eg¨ u;= ù we;'Z
úuikak'
5' kj udOH u`.ska udOH ikafoaYhla ks¾udKh lrkak'
72
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 4'4 kj udOH yd iudc udOH Ndú; l=i,;d m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 12 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • kj udOH yelshd iy l=i,;d Ndú; lrñka ikafoaY ilia lr

bÈßm;a lrhs'
• iudc udOH yelshd iy l=i,;d Ndú; lrñka ikafoaY ilia lr

bÈßm;a lrhs'
• kj udOH iïnkaO f;dr;=re yqjudrej ldKav y;rlg j¾. l< yels fõ' ta ms<sn|
wjfndaOh kj udOH yelshd iy l=i,;d j¾Okhg jeo.;a fõ'
• fijqï hka;% (Search engine)
ikaksfõokh úIhh iïnkaO úIhh lreKq fiùug úúO fijqï hka;% Ndú;
l< yels fõ'
• tla wfhl=f.a isg ;j;a wfhla olajd isÿ jk ikaksfõokh - B fï,a (e mail)
• fndfyda msßilf.a isg fndfyda msßila olajd isÿ jk ikaksfõokh - íf,d.a

(Blog)
• tla wfhl=f.a isg tla wfhl=g tla wfhl=f.a isg lsysm fofkl=g isÿ jk
ikaksfõokh
- wka;¾cd,h u`.ska isÿ jk l;d ^Chat&
• fndfyda msßilf.a isg tla wfhl= olajd fyda tla wfhl=f.a isg ;j;a wfhl= olajd fyda
tla wfhl=f.a isg fndfyda wh olajd isÿ lrkq ,nk ikaksfõokh
• kj udOH l=i,;d kj udOH ikafoaY ks¾udKh lrkakkag fuka u mßyrKh

lrkakkag o jeo.;a fõ'
73
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
kj udOH yd iudc udOH yelshd" l=i,;d Ndú;h
1' rEmhla nd.; lrkafka flfia o@
2' ud¾..; l;djl fm<g ine¢hla ^Link) tl;= lrkafka flfia o@
3' PdhdrEmhla f.k ixialrKh lsÍu iy fjí msgqjl th we;=<;a lrkafka flfia o@
4' fjí msgqjl ùäfhdajla i|yd fla;hla we;=¿ lr th m%;sks¾udKh lrkafka flfia o@
5' l;djlg wod< ine¢ ^Link) fidhd .ksñka tajd tl;= lsÍu isÿ lrkafka flfia o@ hk
wjfndaOh
• iudc udOH yelshd iy l=i,;d Ndú; l=i,;d" udOH ikafoaY ks¾udKh lrkakkag
fuka u mßyrKh lrkakkag o jeo.;a fõ'
• f,aLkh - fndfyda iudc udOH fmdaiaÜia mdG we;=<;a jk w;r fndfyda fofkl= fm<
mdol lr f.k we;' thska woyia jkafka iudc udOHj,ska hjk ,sms M,odhs ùug kï
mdG fhdod meyeÈ,s wdl¾IKSh ikafoaYhka ks¾udKh l< hq;= jk nj hs' tys § NdIdj
yeisrùu flfrys ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h'
• ks¾udK" iðù ùäfhda l;d lsÍu" md¾fNda.sl fiajd iy ;u woyia olajñka ikafoaY
úYaf,aIKh lsÍu jeks ld¾h l< yels fõ'
we.hSu
1' úµq;a ;eme,a .sKqula ilia lrkak' ta u`.ska f;dr;=rla heùug lghq;= lrkak'
2' .=re Nj;df.a o iyfhda.h ,nd .ksñka udOH iudch i|yd íf,d.a wvúhla ks¾udKh
lrkak'
3' fiùï hka;%hla wdOdrfhka ckudOHg iïnkaO jeo.;a f;dr;=rla úoHq;a ;eme,a .sKqula
u`.ska .=reNj;dg hjkak'
74
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
mdßNdIsl mo
ckudOH - Mass Media
kj uOH - New Media
iudc udOH - Social Media
idïm%odhsl udOH - Traditional Media
wdY%s; .%ka:
1. ufyakaø tia'" ikaksfõok Yíodlrh" tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U 10'

1997
2. Brown, L. The New Shoter Oxford English Dictionary Thumb Index Edition. Volum 1- A
– M., Oxford University Press: London, 1993
3. DeFleur and Dennis,Understanding Mass Communication, Houghton Miffin
Company,Boston, USA, 1991
4. Eldon Ray Hiebert & Others., Mass Media: Newyork, 1987
5. Joshep R. Dominic,Dynamics of Mass Communication, 2010
75
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
5' ixialD;sldjfndaOh" udOHfha iajNdjh iy tys n,mEu
ksmqK;dj ( ixialD;sh hkak wjfndaO lr .ksñka udOH l%shdldß;ajh fya;=fjka

ixialD;sfha we;s jQ fjkia ùï yd n,mEu ms<sn| ±kqj;a j úpdrYS,S j
lghq;= lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 5'1 ixialD;sh" tys iajNdjh yd úfYaI;d wjfndaOfhka hq;= j meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 08 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • ixialD;sh hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• ixialD;sfha iajNdjh yd úfYaI;d ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka hq;= j úia;r
lrhs'
ye|skaùu
• ixialD;sh ìys jQfha iy j¾Okh jQfha udkjhdf.a iïnkaO;d iu`. u nj fmkajd Èh

hq;= h' wka ish¨ i;a;ajhkaf.ka ñksid .=Kd;aul f,i fjkia j y÷kd .ekSfï uQ,sl
u idOlh ixialD;sh fõ'
• ixialD;sh hkq m%lD;sfha úlD;sh hs' ixialD;sh mßKdufha § iy th j¾Okfha §

m%lD;sfha kshuhkag iSud fkd fjñka ixialD;shg iy iudchg wod< kshuhkaj,g
wkql+, j lghq;= lrhs' udkjhd ish iudc iy fm!oa.,sl Ôú;h ixúOdkh lr .kafka
Bg wkql+,j h' m%lD;sh udkj wjOdkhg yd l%shdldß;ajhg k;= ùfuka f.dvkef`.k
iy ks¾udKh lrk ish¨ jákdlï ixialD;sh f,i ie,lsh yels h'
• ixialD;sh ñksid úiska ñksidf.a ,eÈhd iy wjYH;d bgq lsÍfï wruqKska isÿ jk
wLKav l%shdj,shls' uq,ska u Culture hk jpkh ìys jQfha ,;ska NdIdfjys jk w;r th
cultus hk jpkfhka ì|S wdjls' ixialD;sh hk jpkfha uQ,sl w¾:h hï fohla j.d
lsÍu" ms<silr lsÍu" frdamKh lsÍu hkak h'
• fuu jpkh lDIsl¾udka;h (Agriculture) i|yd uq,ska Ndú; lrk ,oafoa ud¾lia m¾ishia
lefgda (Marcus Porcius Cato 234-149) úisks' bka wk;=re j frdau cd;slhka ixialD;sh
76
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
hk jpkh úfYaIKhla f,i Ndú;hg .ksñka th NdIdfõ ixialD;sh" yeisÍfï

ixialD;sh wdÈ jYfhka fhdod .ksñka th ñksidf.a ixialD;sh olajd ióm úh' tfia
u frdau lÓlfhl= od¾Ykslfhl= iy rdcH md,lfhl= jQ ud¾lia gq,sia iSi¾ (Marcus
Tullius Cicero 106-43) úiska udkj wOHd;añl;ajhg wod< j ixialD;sh hk jpkh
Ndú; lrk ,È' Tyq wd;aufha iy nqoaêfha ixialD;sh f,i o¾Ykh ie,l+ w;r
ñksidf.a nqoê
a h iy wdOHd;auh mßmQ¾K;ajhg m;a lr ,Sfï ixialD;sl .=Khla o¾Ykhg
we;s nj iSi¾ fmkajd ÿkafka h'
• ixialD;sh hk jpkh m%:u jrg ixl,amhla f,i Ndú;hg meñKsfha 17 jk ishjfia

§ h' ieuqfj,a mqf*kafvd¾*a kï c¾udkq kS;sfõÈhd ixialD;sh ñksidf.a yia; ks¾udK
tkï lD;s%u l%shdldß;ajfha m%;sM, f,i wjfndaO lr .;af;a h'
• zixialD;shZ hkak ms<sn| úúO ks¾jpk bÈßm;aù ;sfí'
) l,ap¾ (culture) hk jpkh iudc yd udkj úoHdfõ fhfok whqßka m<uq

jrg fhdod .kq ,enqfõ B'î' ghs,¾ (E.B. Tylor) 1871 § rÑ; wdÈ l,amsl ixialD;sh
(Primitive culture) lD;sfha h'
) ghs,¾g wkqj ixialD;sh hkq"zzixialD;sh fyda iNH;ajh hkq oekqu" weoys,s" l,d"
kS;s" iodpdr" isß;a úß;a yd ñksid iudcfha Ôj;a jk mqoa.,fhl= jYfhka ,nd.;a
wfkl=;a l=uk úêhl fyda mqreÿ yd yelshdjka we;=<;a ixlS¾K iuia;h hs' ZZ
) î' ue,sfkdõials (B. Malinowski) 1944 § ixialD;sfha úoHd;aul kHdhhka (Scientific

Theory of Culture) lD;sfha ixialD;sh ú.%y lr we;'
zzWmlrK" mdßfNda.sl øjHh" úúO iudÔh iuQyhkaf.a jHQyuh ,CIK"

udkj ixl,amkd" Ys,m
a " úYajdi yd pdß;%hkaf.a;a wkqnoaO iuia;h ixialD;sh
hs' ZZ
) ixialD;sh hkq ixlS¾K l%shdj,shls' iudch tlg ne| ;nk fmdÿ jákdlï"
úYajdi" iudc l%shdldrlï" kS;s" l,ams;hka hkak ixialD;shg we;=<;a fõ'
(Dynamic of Mass Communication - 2010)
• kQ;k wjêh jk úg wYsIag ïf,aÉP iajNdúl woDYHudk ue`vmeje;aúh fkdyels

n,fõ.j, m%;smd¾Yajh f,i ixialD;sh f;areï .kS' ta wkqj ixialD;sh hkq W.;a nj
wOHdmkh ,;a nj" YslaIs; nj iy iú{dksl;dj wdÈfhka msßmqka nj hs'
• ixialD;sh" udOH iy ikaksfõokh tlsfklg wka;¾ iïnkaê; ;%s;ajhls'
• 18 jeks ishjfia isg udOH hk jpkh ck ikaksfõok udOHhg;a ft;sydisl uq,a u

jdylhd jk mqj;am;a ye¢kaùu i|yd;a fhdod .kakd ,È' 19 jk ishji ueo Nd.h jk
úg th úfYaI udOH iïnkaO;d ^;eme,a" úÿ,s ixfoaY& wdOdrfhka ikafoaY jHdma;
lsÍu" m%pdrh lsÍu" nyq,SlrKh lsÍu w¾:fhka Ndú;hg .kakd ,È' mqj;a m; fjf<|
m%pdrKfha w;rueÈfhl= f,i udOH ixl,amh jHjydrhg .kakd ,oafoa 20 jk ishji
wdrïNfha isg h'
77
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• iudch" ixialD;sh iy mqoa.,hd ftkaøsh j tlsfkl fjka l< fkdyels f,i

iyiïnkaê; h' iudchgj;a" mqoa.,hdgj;a ixialD;sfhka f;dr j mej;sh fkd yels
h' ñksia Ôú;h iïnkaO j ixialD;sfha N+ñldj ieu odl u fia u j¾;udkfha § o
uQ,sl jkafka h' iudch ixialD;sh" ikaksfõokh iy mqoa.,hd hk ixrpl w;r
we;af;a wúfhdackSh iïnkaO;djla muKla fkd j wfkHdakH l%shdldß;ajhls'
• iudch" ixialD;sh" iy mqoa.,hd hk uQ,sl ixrpl mj;skafka iy l%shd;aul jkafka

ikafoaYkh Tiafia isÿ jk iudc wka;¾ l%shdldß;ajh ksid h'
• mqoa.,hd iy iudch w;r ixlS¾K iïnkaO;djla mj;S' iudch hkq mqoa.,hkaf.a

yqÿ tl;=jla muKla fkd j th uQ,sl jYfhka ixlS¾K wka;¾ iïnkaO;d moaO;shls'
• mqoa.,hdf.a m%Njhg" yev.eiaug" yeÈhdjg YslaIKhg iy .;s,laIKj,g iuia;hla

f,i ;ud Ôj;a jk iudch n,mdhs' tfia u mqoa.," jd¾.sl" ckjd¾.sl" cd;sl iy
ck;d úfYaI;d wod< iudcfha yev.eiaug wod< fõ' fujeks ixlS¾K iudchla
mj;ajd f.k hEu i|yd ixialD;sh we;=`M tys wfkla ish¨ fuj,ï w;HjYH jkafkah'
Bg ikaksfõokh" l,dj" wd.u" foaYmd,kh" Ñ;%" iskudj" oDIaájdoh" m%pdrKh wdÈh
we;=<;a fõ'tajd tla w;lska iudc moaO;sfha úúO fldgia jk w;r wfkla w;ska
iudch mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd fhdod .kakd udOH o jkafka h'
• iudch iy mqoa.,hd w;r iïnkaO;dj ksrka;rj u m%;sksIamdokh l< hq;= h' iudch
ixlS¾K moaO;shla muKla fkd j th .;sl il%sh mßKduhg ,la jk tallhls'
• ksrka;rj fjkia jkakd jQ iudcfhys ;;a;ajhkag" fldkafoaisj,g mqoa.,hd yqre l<

hq;= h' tu ;;a;ajhkag iß,k wdldrhg yev.eiaúh hq;= h' tu l%shdj,sh yqÿ mqoa.,sl
l%shdj,shla muKla fkd j th wdh;ksl.; iú{dksl l%shdj,shls'
• fuu l%shdj,sh iudcdkqfhdackh hs' tys w¾:h jkafka fjkia jk iudc ixialD;sl
;;a;ajhkag mqoa.,hd wkqj¾;kh lsÍu h" m%;syev.eiaùu h' fuh mqoa.,fhl=f.a
Wmf;a isg u isÿ jk l%shdj,shls' ta i|yd udkj iudcfhys iqúYd, wdh;k ixLHdjla
iïnkaO jkafka h' mjq," mdi," wd.ñl ia:dk" foaYmd,k mlaI" úúO mqrjeis ixúOdk"
úYajúoHd, iy ck udOH kso¾Yk f,i ±laúh yels h'
• fm!oa.,sl Ôú;fha úúO ld,j, § iudcdkqfhdack l%shdj,sh úúO iajrEmfhka iy

úúO uÜgñka isÿ fõ' ;ud Ôj;a jk iudcfhys jvd;a fyd¢ka iy id¾:l j Ôj;a ùu
i|yd wjYH jkakd jQ Ôjk ffY,sh" p¾hd rgd" ufkdaúoHd;aul hdka;%K" iudÔh
m%;sudk iy jákdlï Bg we;=<;a h' ;uka fmdÿfõ Ñka;kh iy iú{dkslNdjh
w;am;a lr .ekSfï l%shdj,sh iudcdkqfhdackh f,i ie,fla'
78
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• iudcdkqfhdack l%shdj,sh uq¿ Ôú; ld,h mqrd u isÿ jqj;a mqoa., Ôú;fha m%drïNl
wjêfha úfYaIfhka <ore" <ud" .egjr j¾Ok uÜgïj, § Bg iqúfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq
lrkq ,efí' m%drïNl iudcdkqfhdack l%shdj,sh iy Bg iïnkaO jk ldrlhka
^wdh;k& jk mjq," <ore mdi," jeäysáhka wd§ka úiska mqoa.,hdf.a wkd.; fm!reIh
iy ±lau yev .eiaùfuys ,d m%n, n,mEula isÿ lrkq ,efí' wµ;kfha § fuhg
.=jka úÿ,sh" rEmjdysksh we;=¿ kj udOHh o we;=<;a fõ'
we.hSu
1' ixialD;sh hkak ks¾jpk weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2' mqoa.,hd" iudch" ixialD;sh yd ikaksfõokh w;r mj;sk in|;dj ksoiqka foñka meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
79
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 5'2 ixialD;s wOHhkfhka ixialD;s w;r we;s úúO;d y÷kd f.k
ixikaokd;aul j meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 24 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • udOHfha j¾Okh;a iu`. ixialD;sh fjkia jQ wdldrh meyeÈ,s

lrhs'
• fuu ixialD;sj, úúO;d yd úfYaI;d ms<sn| fjka fjka
jYfhka úia;r lrhs'
• iudcfhys udkjhdf.a l%shdldß;ajh nyqúO fõ' tfia u Tjqka wh;a jk iudc ia:r
wkqj o tlS l%shdldß;ajfha iajNdjh fjkia fõ' tu l%shdldß;ajfha úldYh iu`.
ixialD;sh ìys úh'
• ñksidf.a l%shdldß;ajh iïnkaO j ksrka;r j m%Odk lafIa;% folla f,i iajNdjO¾uh
^m%lD;sh& iy iudch ^úlD;sh& ye|skaúh yels h' tu wxY fol u ixialD;sh ;=< olakg
,efí'
• iuld,Sk kQ;k udkjhdf.a mßKdufha § ie,lsh hq;= ixialD;sl m%fNao iuQyhla
ks¾udKh ù we;s nj fmfka'
- idïm%odhsl ixialD;sh (Traditional Culture)

- ck ixialD;sh ^Mass Culture)
- iïNdjH ixialD;sh ^Classical Culture)
- ckm%sh ixialD;sh ^Popular Culture)
- udOH ixialD;sh ^Media Culture)
- f.da,Sh ixialD;sh ^Global Culture)
idïm%odhsl ixialD;sh (Traditional Culture)

• th W;a;Í;r jQ o mQckSh jQ o mßY=oaO jQ o Ôjk l%shdldß;ajfha ixúOdk m%fNaohls' th
uQ,sl jYfhka W;a;Í;r iy mQckSh ixfla; moaO;shla u; f.dvke`.S ;sfí'
• idïm%odhsl ixialD;sh ukqIH j¾.hdf.a b;sydifha §¾>;u ld,hkays iy j¾;udkfha

o mj;skakls' th ck;dj u ks¾udKh lrk Tjqka ffcj iudch iy udkj øjHfha
wdfõKsl .;s ,laIKj,g wkql+, j ks¾udKh ù we;s wod< ck;djf.a Wreuhls'
• idïm%odhsl ixialD;sfha fmdaIKhg ck ikaksfõokfha N+ñldj iqúYd, h' ck

ikaksfõokh iy idïm%odhsl iudch w;r wúfhdackSh Ndjhla mj;S'
80
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• ld¾ñl iudcfha l%shdldß;aj mdol fldg f.k idïm%Þhsl iudc ixialD;sh kQ;k
iudc ixialD;shla njg m;a ùu wdrïN úh' tkï uOH hq.fhys ixialD;sfha j¾Okh
ksudjg m;a lrñka th kQ;k hq.hg m%úIag úh' kQ;k hq.fha ixialD;sh uQ,sl jYfhka
m%Odk m%jK;d folla Tiafia j¾Okh úh' tla w;lska udkj jdoh" nqoaêjdoh" úoHdj"
o¾Ykjdoh" wOHdmkh wdÈ Wiia jákdlï mdol j j¾Okh jQ iïNdjH ixialD;sh o
wfkla w;ska úfYaIfhka u 20 jk ishjfia fojk Nd.fha § ck ixialD;sh (Mass
Culture) iudcfhys m%uqL;u iajrEmh njg m;a úh'
ck ixialD;sh ^Mass Culture)
• ck ixialD;sh hkq idïm%odhsl iudcfhys uQ,sl iy wdêm;aHhsl ixialD;sh jkafka h'

ck ixialD;sh iy idïm%odhsl ixialD;sh w;r we;af;a fmdÿNdjhls' ck ixialD;sh
ckhdf.a iduQysl l%shdldß;ajfha m%;sM,hls' th ck;d Wreufha wúfhdackSh fldgils'
• f,dalfha úúO ckj¾. 6000la muK we;s w;r ta iEu ck jd¾.sl;ajhlg u ish ck
ixialD;shla ;sfí' uQ,sl jYfhka idïm%odhsl iudc wjldYj, ish mßKdufha úúO
uÜgïj, Ôj;a jk ckj¾. iy Tjqkaf.a ixialD;s ±jeka; úúO;ajhla ks¾udKh
lrkafka h'
• ck ixialD;sh iduqysl m%mxphla jk w;r tys ks¾udK wl¾;Dldrl fõ' ck ixialD;sh

ck;djf.a ìï uÜgfï ,eÈhd iy wjYH;d ksfhdackh lrkafka h' th ck;djf.a
ks¾udKhla jk w;r tys we;af;a fmdÿ jákdlï h' ck ixialD;sh Rcq f,i u iuia;
iudc l%shdj,sh iu`. u iïnkaO jkafka h'
• ck;djf.a ffoksl Y%u l%h

s dldß;ajh iy ck ixialD;sh w;r we;af;a Rcq iy wúfhdackSh
iïnkaO;djls'
• ck ixialD;sh mdol j iïNdjH ixialD;Ska ìys jk w;r ck ixialD;shg idfmalaIj

iïNdjH ixialD;sh Wiia iodpdrd;aul jQ o nqoaêuh jQ o YlH;djlska iukaú; jkafkah'
• iïNdjH ixialD;sh udkj iudcfha mßKdufha ksYaÑ; uÜgula iu`. iïnkaO w;r
th ks¾udKh lrkq ,nkafka Bg úfYaI nqoaêuh iy l,d;aul yelshdjla we;s mqoa.,hska
úisks' Tjqka w;r m%lg f,aLlfhda" l,dlrefjda" ix.S;{fhda" k¾;kfõ§yq Ñka;lfhda
isá;s' tu ks¾udK Wiia l,d;aul iy fi!kao¾hd;aul jákdlulska wkQk jk w;r
tajdfha nqoaêuh iy iodpdrd;aul uÜgu o Wiia ;,hl mj;S'
• iudc iy ñksidf.a j¾Okhg nqoaêu;a ñksidf.a udkj jdofha" inqoaêljdofha Wiia

mrudo¾Yhkaf.a iy udkj ika;dfõ Wiia m%drïNhkaf.a il%sh Þhl;ajh ksfhdackh
lrk udkj ixialD;sfha úfYaI m%fNaohla f,i iïNdjH ixialD;sh ye¢kaúh yels h'
th úoHdfõ" wOHdmkfha iy l,dfõ Wiia ch.%yKj, m%;sM,hls'
• ck ixialD;sh iïm%Þhsl udkjjd§ ixialD;sfhka uQ,sl jYfhka fjkia jkafka h'

ck ixialD;sh udkj iudc mßKdufha m%;sM,hla jQ w;r th ld¾ñl iy mYapd;a
ld¾ñl iudcfhys j¾OkSh wjia:djls'
81
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• ck ixialD;sl uQ,hka ld¾ñl" kd.ßl iy ck ksIamdok udÈ,sh iuÕ iïnkaO h'

ck ixialD;sh nqoaêuh" iÞpdrd;aul" l,d;aul iy udkqISh uÜgu iïNdjH ixialD;shg
jvd fndfyda my;a iy m%d:ñl uÜgul mj;S' th oY ,laI ixLHd; ck;djla i|yd
ks¾udKh lrkakla fkd j ksIamdokh lrkakls'
• ck ixialD;sh (Mass Culture) hk mdßNdIslh m%:ufhka Ndú; l< 1957 ,sms ix.%yh
iïmdokh lf<a fâúâ jhsÜ (D. White) iy n¾kdâ frdfikan¾.a (B. Rosenberg) hk
wh hs'
^ fuu mdvfï oS th iïmdokh l< wdpd¾h áhqv¾ ùrisxy úiska ck hk jpkhg

zzixy;slZZ hkak fhdok ,o kuq;a ±kg fuu iuia; mdGud,djg u zz ckZZ hkak
iïu; j wka;¾.; j we;s neúka Bg wm wkq.; ùuq'&
ckm%sh ixialD;sh ^Popular Culture)
• ck ixialD;sfha jvd;a u ckdl¾IKSh fldgi ckm%sh ixialD;sh fõ' tkï ck

ixialD;sfha iïmsKaä; idrh ckm%sh ixialD;sh fõ' iuyr wjia:dj, § Mass Culture
iy Popular Culture m¾hdh mo f,i o Ndú; lrkq fmfka'
• 20 jk ishjfia § mßydkshg m;a jQ iïNdjH ixialD;shg úl,amhla f,i l%udkql+,

j ck ixialD;sh yd tys Wmß iajrEmh f,i ckm%sh ixialD;sh j¾Okh jkakg úh'
• ckm%sh ixialD;sfha úfYaI ,laIK w;r th fkd.eUqre ùu" ir, ùu" uyd mßud‚lj
ksIamdokh ùu" ish¨ fokdg u ióm ùu" iïNdjH ixialD;sfha jQ ys`.lu iy ÿ¾,Nlu
fjkqjg fuys we;af;a w;sßla;hla iy iq,Nluls'
• fuh ldg;a myiqfjka riú¢h yels ùu" fuys nqoaêuh iÞpdrd;aul iy l,d;aul uÜgu
ySk ùu" fuys mßfNdaclhka fmdÿ ck;dj ùu ksid fuh mßyrKh lsÍug" weiqre
lsÍug ia:dkhla fyda fõ,djla úfYaI Y%uhla" mßY%uhla" uqo,la fuka u úfYaI nqoaêuh
iy wOHdmk uÜgula wjYH fkdfõ'
• tfia ck iy ckm%sh ixialD;sh OfkaYajr ksIamdok lafIa;%fhys jHdmdrhla ùu" tkï

ixialD;sl lafIa;%h fjf<| fmd< lafIa;%hla njg m;a ùu fi!kao¾hd;aul jákdlu
fjf<| fmd< ñ, u`.ska ú;ekaùu" ixialD;sl ks¾udKj, .=Kd;aulNdjfha brKu
;SrKh lrk idOlh njg ckudOH m;a ùu" ks¾udKj, .=Kd;aul Ndjh ;SrKh
lrk ks¾Kdhl njg fi!kao¾h" wOHdmkh" udkj jdoh" iÞpdrh ;j ÿrg;a m;a
fkdùu oelaúh yels h'
• j¾;udkfha fuu ixialD;sfha ks¾udmlhka" ksIamdolhka jkafka idudkH nqoê

a uÜgula
we;s" uOHu m%udKfha ks¾udKd;aul yelshdjla we;s" u;=msg ±laula we;s msßils' fuu
ck iy ckm%sh ixialD;sh l¾udka;hla njg m;a ù we;s w;r tys m%Odk N+ñld ork wh
w;r jHdmdßlahka" ixúOdhlhka wdoSka ±laúh yels h'
82
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
udOH ixialD;sh ^Media Culture)
• udOH ixialD;sh udkj j¾.hdf.a ixialD;sl mßKdufha uE;l § ìys jQ kj;u ixialD;sl
m%fNaohla f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' úfYaIfhka 20 jeks ishji ueo § ixialD;sl wOHhkfha
m%udKj;a jYfhka ìys jQ ixialD;slfõoh (culturology) úIhfha <orefjl= f,i udOH
ixialD;sh hk lafIa;%h ìys j j¾Okh jkakg úh'
• ixialD;sfhys ckudOH ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh ft;sydisl iajrEmhla .kakd w;r

th iudc wjYH;d u; ;;a;ja dfrdamKh fjñka mqo.
a , iudcdkqfhdackhg iy ixialD;sfha
l%shdldß;ajhg Wmldß jkafka h'
• f,dal ixialD;sl wOHhkfha <orefjl= f,i udOH ixialD;sh kï jQ mdßNdIsl jpkh

ìys jkafka 20jk ishjfia f;jk ld¾;=fõ § h'
• udOH ixialD;sh iuld,Sk ixialD;sfha iqúfYaI wx.hls' th udkj iudc mßKdufha

ú×mk ^f;dr;=re& wjêhg wh;a ixialD;sl m%fNaohls'
• tkï udOH ixialD;sh hkq ú×mk ^f;dr;=re& iudcfha ixialD;sh jkafka h' udOH hk
ixl,am o 20 jk ishjig wh;a ixl,amhla jk w;r th m%drïNl jYfhka Ndú;hg
.kakd ,oafoa ck ixialD;sfha wx. w¾:j;a lsÍu i|yd h'
• 20 jeks ishjfiys udOH ixialD;sh i|yd wjYH jQ ixl,amSh moku ks¾udKh l<
tla mqfrda.dñfhl= njg m;a jQfha fjda,ag¾ fnkaceñka h' úoHdj iy ;dlaIKh ksid
l,d;aul iy udOH fmf<ys isÿ jk ;SrKd;aul fjkialï rdYshla fmkajd ÿkafka
20 jeks ishjfia ;=kajk oYlfha § h' ;dlaI‚l m%;sksIamdokfha w;s±jeka; yelshdj
ksid uq,a lD;sh iy wkqmsgm; ^fldmsh& w;r mj;sk iudÔh iy l,d;aul fjkia lï
w;=reoyka jkafka h'
• fï ;;a;ajh ;=< udOH ikaksfõok ikafoaYkj, iy l,d ks¾udKj, úfYaI;ajh"

woaú;Sh;ajh" m%Ndj" .=ma;Ndjh mrudo¾YSNdjh" iÞ;kslNdjh" W;alDIagNdjh iy
fY%aIaG;ajh úldYh ù f.dia tAjd w¾: yd ri rys; tkï yr iqka yd ri iqka ^ri ySk&
fm< njg m;a jkafka h' j¾;udk uqøs;" .=jkaúÿ,s" rEmjdysks iudc udOH ikafoaYkj,
we;s nyq;rhl fï ;;a;ajh ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'
• m%;sksIamdok ;dlaIKh l,d iy ikaksfõok ikafoaYk idïm%odhsl lafIa;%fhka bj;a

fldg tys woaú;ShNdjh yd .=Kd;aulNdjh wysñ lr th ck yd m%d:ñl fohla njg
m;a lrhs'
• udOH ixialD;sfha fmf<ys uQ,sl ,laIKh jkafka th fm!oa.,sl i;=fÜ" m%S;sfha"

úkaokfha mßfNdackfha isg m%d:ñl ck mßfNdackfha úys§ .sh" nyqúO iajrEm iy
ffY,Ska njg m;a ùu hs'
• úfYaIfhka iuld,Sk w¾:fhka udOH ixialD;sh wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd udI,a

uelaÿkaf.a Þhl;ajh iqúYd, h' Tyq udOH ixialD;sh ixl,amh ks¾udKh lsÍfuys
,d iy th fmdaIKh lsÍfuys ,d úYd, ixl,amSh Þhl;ajhla iemhS h' udI,a uelaÿka
m%:u jrg udOH iy iudch" udOH iy ixialD;sh" udOH iy ikafoaY"udOH iy w¾:"
83
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
udOH iy udOH ikafoaY ixcdkkh wdÈ m%Yak ms<sn| j mq¿,a m¾hdf,dalhlska ú.%y
lf<a h'
• udI,a uelaÿkaf.a udOH ixialD;sh ixl,amhg wkqj uq¿ udkj YsIagdpdrh m%Odk
wjê ;=klg fnÞ ±laúh yels h' m%d.a ,sÅ; ixialD;sl wjêh" ,sÅ;-uqøs; ixialD;sl
wjêh iy oDYH ixialD;sl wjêh Bg we;=<;a fõ' udI,a uelaÿkaf.a udOH ixialD;sh
ms<sn| ixl,am b;d mq¿,a iajNdjhla .kakd w;r Bg ñksia l%shdldß;ajhg wdOdrl jk
ish¨ udOH we;=<;a fõ' fuu udOH ksrka;rj u j¾Okh jk w;r th ñksidf.a
ndysr m%idrKhla" úys§ula iy È.=jla f,i i,lhs'
• ñksidf.a foayfha" mxfÉkaøh

s kaf.a" ixfõokj, iy YlH;dj, Rcq ;dlaI‚l m%idrKhla
iy jHdma;shla f,i isÿ ùug iu.dó j tAjd ñksidf.ka bj;a ù mrdfrdamKh ù tAjd
u ñksidg tfrysj ndysr n,hla f,i l%shd lrhs' fï wdldrhg udOH ixialD;sfhys
ñksid wkHdl%uKh ùu uelaÿka Wmud;aul j y÷kajkafka wx. fþokh (Amputation)
jYfhks'
• udOH ixialD;sh iuld,Sk iudcfhys bgq lrk ld¾hhka w;r ú×mk ^f;dr;=re&
ld¾h" ikaksfõokd;aul ld¾h" oDIaájd§ ld¾h" m%;sIaGdmk ld¾h" ks¾udKd;aul ld¾h"
wkql,kd;aul ld¾h (Intergration) yd w;rueÈ ld¾h fõ'
• udOH ixialD;sh hkq udOH lafIa;%fhys mj;sk øjHuh iy wOHd;añl jákdlïj,

iuia;h jkafka h' tfia u tAjd iudch ;=< m%;sksIamdokhg iy l%shd;aul ùug
ft;sydisl jYfhka yev.eiqKq moaO;sh yd l%uh o Bg we;=<;a jkafka h'
• udOH ixialD;sh hkq mqoa.,hd iudcdkqfhdackh lsÍu i|yd;a iudc u;h yev.eiaùu
i|yd;a Wmldr jkakd jQ udkj ixy;sh úiska ish ixialD;sl ft;sydisl m%.uKfha
§ f.dvk`.d .kakd ,o f;dr;=re ikaksfõokd;aul udOHhkaf.a iïfm%aIKh fõ'
• udOH ixialD;sh ;j;a wdldrhlg w¾:j;a lrkafka kï th úúO uydoaùm iy rgj,a

w;r o mqoa.,hd iy iudch w;r o" rdcH iy iudch w;r o il%sh j l%shd lrk f;dr;=re
ikakfs õokd;aul udOHhkaf.a iuia;h fõ' udOH ixialD;sh f;dr;=re hq.fha ixialD;sfha
iqúfYaIs m%fNaohls'
• tA wkqj udOH ixialD;shg f;dr;=re ksIamdokfha ixialD;sh" f;dr;=re iïfm%aIKfha

ixialD;sh" f;dr;=re ixcdkkfha ixialD;sh" f;dr;=re wjfndaOfha ixialD;sh" f;dr;=re
mßyrKfha ixialD;sh" f;dr;=re we.hSfï ixialD;sh" f;dr;=re ikafoaYk ks¾udKlrKfha
ixialD;sh we;=<;a jkafka h' udOH mdolj isÿ jk iuia; udkj l%shdj,sh udOH
ixialD;sh fõ'
f.da,Sh ixialD;sh ^Global Culture)
• udkj j¾.hdf.a iudc mßKduh j¾;udkh jk úg f.da,Sh uÜgula olajd j¾Okh ù we;'
f.da,ShlrKh j¾;udk ñksidf.a Ôú;fha ish¨ u lafIa;% iam¾Y lrkafka h' f.da,ShlrKh"
f.da,Sh iïm%Þh hk ixl,amh uq,ska 1981 § Ndú;hg tla lrk ,oafoa fcdaka uela,Ska (John
MacLean) jk w;r f.da,Sh ixialD;sh hk woyi 1985 § frdn¾Üika úiska y÷kajd fok ,È'
84
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• f.da,ShlrKh uQ,sl jYfhka wd¾Ól l%shdj,shla jk w;r ksIamdok n,fõ.j,

iy ksIamdok iïnkaO;dj, f,dal mßudK j jHdma; ùu iy ish¨ cd;sl" m%dfoaYSh
ksIma dok udÈ,s wNsnjd .sh mdrcd;Sh (Transnational)" nyqcd;sl (Multinational) iud.ïj,
l%h
s dldß;ajh u`.ks a f,dj mqrd úisÍ me;sÍ mj;sk úúO wd¾Ól l%h s dldrlï tAlhS iuia;hla
f,i tAldnoaO j fufyhùu wd¾Ólfha f.da,ShlrKh kï fõ'
• wd¾Ólfha f.da,ShlrKhg iu.dó j foaYmd,kfha" ixialD;sfha" wOHdmkfha" udOHfha"

wdÈ udkj l%shdldß;ajfha ish¨ u lafIa;% f.da,ShlrKhg ,la ùu woH;k udkj
iudc mßKdufha m%n, m%jK;djls'
• udkj iudc mßKdufha m%;sM,hla f,i j¾;udkfha ks¾udKh ù we;s f.da,Sh Wmß
iudch (Global Super Society) iy Bg wh;a Wmß wd¾Ólfha" Wmß rdcHfha" Wmß oDIaájdofha"
Wmß ixialD;sfha" Wmß udOH ixialD;sfha n,mEug" wdêm;Hhg k;= ùu iuld,Sk
f.da,Sh j¾Okfha úfYaI;ajhls'
• tA wkqj f.da,Sh ixialD;sh hkq wka lsisjla fkd j f.da,Sh Wmß iudcfha wkq±kqu iy
u.fmkaùu hgf;a f,dj ish¨ cd;sl" jd¾.sl ixialD;Ska úkdY lrñka jHdma; jk ck
ixialD;sh hs'
• fuu ixialD;sh uQ,l

s jYfhka idïm%odhsl" ck iy cd;sl ixialD;sl m%fNaoj, m%;ú
s reoaO
jkafka h'
• iuld,Sk ixialD;sl f.da,ShlrKfha § h:d¾:jd§ j isÿ jkafka wêrdcHjd§ wdlD;shla

l%shd;aul ùu h' kso¾Ykhla f,i fndfyda cd;sl rEmjdysks kd,sldj, wdêm;Hh
orkafka f.da,Sh Wmß iudch ksfhdackh lrk mdrcd;sl iud.ïj, rEmjdysks ksIamdok
h' f.da,Sh f;dr;=re m%jdyfhka 85] wh;a jkafka f.da,Sh Wmß iudc iud.ï mylg h'
• ish¨ cd;sl ixialD;Ska tAldldr ùu iy iucd;slrKh ùu f.da,Sh .eg¨jla njg m;a

ù ;sfí'
• f,dalfha ±jeka; fjf<| ±kaùï iud.ï oyfhka kjhla u wh;a jkafka W;=re
wfußldkq iud.ïj,g h' fjf<| ±kaùï u`.ska n,y;aldrfhka f,dalhg wdfrdamKh
lrkafka ngysr ck ixialD;sfha m%ñ;Ska h' zzhqfrdamd m%ñ;skZa Z zzngysr wdlD;sZZ zzwefußldkq
j¾.ZZ ish¨ cd;sl ixialD;sl iskudj" idys;Hh" rEmjdysks" ix.S;" m%dix.sl l,d iy
f,aLk wdÈ ks¾udKj,g we;=¿ ù ;sfí' f,dj jvd;a ckm%sh Ñ;%mg 100ka 88la wfußldkq
tAjd jk w;r f,dj mqrd rgj, wdkhkh lrk rEmjdysks jevigyka w;ßka 75]
wfußldkq tAjd h'
• ixialD;sfha f.da,ShlrKh u`.ska ish¨ u cd;sl ixialD;Skaj,g wdfõ‚l jQ wdydr

ixialD;sh" NdId Ndú;h" ú,dis;d ixialD;sh" wOHdmk ixialD;sh" cd;sl Ñka;k
ixialD;sh wdÈh ;¾ckhg ,la fjñka mj;S' f.da,Sh ck ixialD;sh me;sÍu ksid
ish¨ cd;sl ixialD;Ska tAldldr ùu iy iucd;SlrKh ùu f.da,Sh .eg¨jla njg m;a
ù ;sfí'
85
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• iuld,Sk ixLHdxl ;dlaI‚l moku u; iy cd,.; ixLHdxl jHQy u; j¾Okh jk

iuld,Sk f.da,Sh ixialD;sl j¾Okfha uQ,sl m%;súfrdaO;dj ia:dk.; jkafka f.da,Sh
Wmß iudc ck ixialD;sh iy cd;sl iudcj, cd;sl" ckjd¾.sl ixialD;sl wkkH;d"
úfYaI;d w;r h'
• iuld,Sk f.da,Sh ck ixialD;sh iïm%Þhsl ixialD;shg Wreu jQ" wdfõ‚l j N+f.da,Sh"

ld,-wjldY is;a ke;s ù hk w;r mqoa.,hd f.da,Sh cd,.; wdNdiS wjldYh ;=< újD;
ù" ødjKh ù hkafka wka;¾cd,Sh ikaksfõok ixialD;sfha kshudkql+,;djka g hg;aj
h'
wka;¾ ixialD;sl wOHhkh
• iS;, hqoaOh meje;s ld,fha Bg iïnkaO jQ md¾Yajhka úiska tlsfkldg n,mEï lsÍfï
udOHla f,i ixialD;sh o uQ,sl jYfhka fhdÞ .kakd ,È' tfia u wußldkq
jHdmdßlhkag" foaYmd,lhkag iy rdcH fiajd ks,Odßkag fjk;a rgj, cd;Ska" ck
j¾. iy ixialD;ska iu`. jev lghq;= lr f.k hdu i|yd ta ta rgj, ixialD;Ska
iïm%odhka ±k .ekSfï wjfndaO lr .ekSfï wjYH;dj ±ä f,i fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka
miq j 1950 .Kkaj, § ±fkkakg úh'
• ta i|yd 1947 jif¾ § wußldkq rch u`.ska úfoaY fiajd wdh;kh ^Foreign Service
Institute -FIS) wdrïN lrk ,È' tu wdh;kh úiska wka;¾ ixialD;sl" yria ixialD;sl"
wka;¾jd¾.sl ixialD;sl ikaksfõokh wdÈ lafIa;%j, j¾Okh iy jHdma;sh i|yd
iqúYd, fufyfjrla isÿ lrk ,È' úfYaIfhka wka;¾ ixialD;sl ikaksfõokh kï jQ
ixl,amh Wm; ,nkafka 1954 jif¾ § h'
• th tâj¾â à' fyda,a (Edward T. Hall) iy fcda¾Ê t,a' fÜ%.¾ ^George L. Trager) hk
m¾fhaIlhka fofokd m< l< z ixialD;sh ikaksfõokh f,i ( wdlD;s iy úYaf,aIKhZ
(Culture as Communication : A Model and Analysis) iy bka miq j tâj¾â à' fyda,a 1950
§ m< l< ksy`v NdIdj (The Silent Language) lD;sh wka;¾ ixialD;sl wOHhk lafIa;f % ha
;j;a .eUqrg wOHhkh lrñka ixialD;sfha iuia; l%shdj,sh wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd
muKla fkd j úúO ixialD;skaj, p¾hd;aul" ffoksl WmmoaO;s wOHhkh lsÍu
flfrys ixialD;slfõ§kaf.a jeä wjOdkh fhduq úh'
• ñksid mqoa.,hd wjg f,dalhg wkqj¾;kh lr .kakd m%Odk u WmlrKhla f,i

wka;¾ ixialD;sl ikaksfõokh ye¢kaúh yels h'
• wka;¾ ixialD;sl ikaksfõokh$wOHhkh hkq úúO cd;sl ixialD;Skaj,g wh;a

ikakf
s õok l%h
s dj,sh iyNd.S jk md¾Yaj fofofkl= w;r mj;sk" yqjudre jk wfkHdakH
wjfndaOh fõ'
• udkj j¾.hdg iEu od lu jf.a fjk;a ixialD;Ska ±k y÷kd .ekSfï l=;=y,hla mj;S'
úúO udkj lKAvdhï w;r ixialD;sl" p¾hd;aul yeisÍï rgd" wdl,am wdÈh w;r
iuúiu;d fidhd ne,Sug;a" iuyr ixialD;sl iïm%odhka ie,lsh hq;= uÜgfuka fjkia
86
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
jkafka;a iuyr wjia:dj, § tlsfklg mriamr jkafka;a wehs o hkak fidhd n,d
wkdjrKh lr .ekSug ñksid úiska w;S;fha isg m%h;ak ork ,È'
• fuys § we;eï ixialD;s Wiia f,i olskakg;a we;eï ixialD;s my;a h hs i,lñka
tajdfha jákdlï yd yr moaO;sj,g ks.%y lsÍug;a ixialD;s w;r mj;sk iu wiu;d
úúO;d ms<sn| úúO woyia jHdma; ùu;a isÿ úh' fujeks miqìul ixialD;s ms<sn|
wOHhkh l< hq;= njg úoaj;=ka w;r l;sldj;a yd ixjdo fuka u m¾fhaIK wOHhkhka
yd kHdhhka ìys ùu;a th wka;¾ ixialD;sl wOHhkh úIhfha ixj¾Okhg;a fya;=
úh'
• úúO ixialD;s ordf.k Ôj;a jk ñksid yd ne÷Kq wm%udK ixialD;sl m%ldYkhka

iuqodhla mj;sk w;r fïjd wOHhkh lsÍfuka ta ta udkj iïnkaO;djkaf.a iy
ikaksfõokfha mj;sk iqúfYaI;d y÷kd.; yels fõ'
• úfYaIfhka u ikaksfõok ;dCIKfha ÈhqKqj iu`. f,dalfha ixialD;Ska ms<sn| ióm j

wOHhkh lsÍug isÿ j ;sfí' wd¾Òl" iudÔh" foaYmd,ksl .fõIK lghq;= i|yd
ixialD;sfhka ixialD;shg tajdfha fjfik ñksiqka yqjudre ùu lrK fldg f.k we;s
jQ ixialD;sl wkjfndaOhka yd >Ügkhka mßCId lr ne,Sfï yd tajd u`.yrjd .ekSfï
mshjrla jYfhka úúO ixialD;Skaf.aa iqúfYaI;d wOHhkh lsÍug ,la flf¾'
• uydpd¾h iqkkao ufyakaøhka ikaksfõok Yíodlrfha olajk mßÈ "uq,ska u udkj

úoHdfõ iy iudc úoHdfõ ld¾hNdrhla jqj o uE;l § isg ixialD;Ska ms<sn| wOHhkh
lsÍu ikaksfõok úIh lafIa;%hg tla ù we;' ikaksfõok úIh lafIa;%fha § th úúO
ixialD;s ;=,kh lsÍu hkqfjka ye¢k .; hq;= h' tu wOHhkh wka;¾ ixialD;sl
wOHhkh hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' fuu úIh Odrdj ikaksfõok wOHhkfha m%jK;djla
f,i ie,fla' tys § tla ixialD;shl mj;sk iudc idOl wOHhkh fldg ta idOl
fjk;a ixialD;shl idOlhka yd ikaikaokh lsÍu tla wruqKls'
• ta wkqj tla ixialD;shla wOHhkh lsÍfuka y÷kd.kq ,enQ idrO¾u" udkj p¾hdjka"
ckY%;sldx. fjk;a ixialD;shl tu idOl yd iu`. iei¢h yels h' ta wkqj tla
ixialD;shla ms<s.kakd foa ;j;a ixialD;shla úiska tlaflda fkdms<s.ekSu fyda wd.ka;=l
h hs ie,lSu fyda ye¢k .; yels h' "
• ikaksfõok ;dCIKfha YS>% ÈhqKqj;a iu. rgrgj, cd;sl ixialD;s ióm lr ;sfí'
ikaksfõok ;dCIKh Tiafia jvd;a ks¾udKd;aul iajrEmfhka" úÑ;% wdlD;sj,ska"
jdKsc jákdlï iys; j úúO ixialD;skays wx. yqjudre fõ' úúO ixialD;Ska ms<sn|
j wOHhkh lsÍu yd wjfndaO lr .ekSu úpdrYS,S j udOH mßyrKh lsÍug u`.
fmkajhs'
we.hSu
1' úúO ixialD;sl m%fNao ms<sn| tajdg wdfõKsl iqúfYaI ,CIK weiqfrka fjka fjka j
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2' ikaksfõok lafIa;%fha kj m%jK;djla f,i wka;¾ ixialD;sl wOHhkfha jeo.;alu
ksoiqka olajñka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
87
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 5'3 ixialD;sh flfrys ckudOHhkaf.a n,mEu ms<sn| úYaf,aIKd;aul

j lreKq olajhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 12 hs'
bf.kqï m, (• udOH n,mEu hkak y÷kajd fohs'

• udOH u`.ska ixialD;sh flfrys we;s lrkq ,nk n,mEu úpdrd;aul
j meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• ixialD;sh" udOH iy ikaksfõokh hkak tlsfklg fjka l< fkdyels m%mxp ;%s;ajhls'
kQ;k hq.h olajd ixialD;sh iy ikaksfõokh idïm%odhsl udOH iu`. mq¿,a iïnkaO;djla
muKla fkd j idïm%odhsl udOH moaO;sh mdol j ixialD;sh yd ikaksfõokh j¾Okh
jQ nj fmkajd Èh hq;= h'
• kQ;k hq.fha § uq,ska u mqj;am;a" i`.rd ìys ùu;a miq j PdhdrEmlrKh" iskudj" .=jka
úÿ,sh iy rEmjdysksh wdÈ ckudOH moaO;sh ìys ùu;a mYapd;a kQ;k hq.fha § wka;¾cd,h
we;=¿ mß.Kl mdol iudc udOH ìys ùu;a iu`. u ixialD;sh ìys ùfï" meje;afï" l%shd
lsÍfï" jHdma;slrKfha" hdka;%Kfha iy udÈ,sfha m%n, úm¾hdihla we;s úh'
• j¾;udkfha ckudOH" iudcfha udkisl;aj me;slv flfrys o ck ú{dkh flfrys o

iudc ú{dkh flfrys o mqoa., iaj ú{dkh flfrys o ixialD;sh flfrys o w;súYd,
n,mEula lrkq ,nhs' fï wkqj mqo.
a , fm!reI yev .eiSu flfrys ckudOH moaO;sh n,mEu
;SrKd;aul fõ'
• iuld,Sk f,dalfha f;dr;=re m%jdy fldf;la ÿrg úúO;ajhlska iukaú; jkafka o h;a
tajd ksis mßÈ f;areï lr .ekSu ;ks mqoa.,fhl=g muKla fkd j úfYaI{hkag mjd ÿIalr
ld¾hhls' ta ksid tu f;dr;=re m%jdyj,g k;= jkakka fj; isÿ jk n,mEu w;suy;a h'
• j¾;udkfha ckudOH hkq ñksik q f

a .a udkisl yd iudc ;;a;j
a h flfrys n,mdk n,iïmkak
idOlhls' úfYaIfhka ;reK" YsIH iy <ud udkisl;ajhg iy Tjqkaf.a p¾hdj,g isÿ
jk n,mEu m%n, fõ' fuu n,mEu Okd;aul fia u iDKd;aul o hym;a fuka u whym;a
o il%sh fuka u ksIal%sh o jkafka h'
• úfYaIfhka woH;k f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok l%h

s dldß;ajfha ;dCIKsl moaO;sh m%udKd;aul
j fuka u .=Kd;aul j j¾Okh ùu o jHdmdßl wNsidÍlrKh o ckudOH tys wka;¾.;hka
mqoa., iy ixialD;sl ú{dkh flfrys isÿ lrkq ,nk n,mEu j¾Okh ùug fya;= ù we;'
88
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• udkjhdf.a wdrïNfha isg u ft;sydisl jYfhka we;s jQ úúO udOH mqoa.,hd iy iudch
flfrys isÿ lr we;s n,mEu iudc ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh;a iu`. W;aikak ù we;s w;r tys o
tla tla udOH m%fNao iy iajrEm mqoa.,hd iy iudch fj; isÿ lrk n,meu ta ta udOH
m%fNaofha iy iajrEmfha fuka u úúO udOH w;r we;s iïnkaO;dfõ iajNdjh wkqj úúO
uÜgï f.k ;sfí'
• ta wkqj idïm%odhsl udOHfha n,mEfï iajNdjhg jvd kQ;k ckudOHfha n,mEu fjkia
jkafka h' tfia u mYapd;a kQ;k hq.fha l%shd;aul jk kj udOHhkaf.a n,mEu ckudOHj,
n,mEug jvd úfYaI;d orkafka h'
• óg wu;r j ta iEu hq.hl u jQ udOHj, n,mEu fjkia jkakd fia u tla hq.hl mj;sk
úúO udOH m%fNao iy iajrEmj, n,mEfï úfYaI;d o olakg ,efí' iuld,Sk ckudOHhkaf.a
n,mEu wOHhkh lsÍfï § m%dfoaYSh" cd;sl" l,dmSh" cd;Hka;r iy f.da,Sh iajNdjhka iy
m%jK;d ms<sn| j o wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'
a
we.hS
a u
1' z udOH mqoa.,hd" iudch yd ixialD;sh flfrys bIag fuka u wksIag wdldrfhka o n,mdkq
,nhs'Z úpdrd;aul j úuikak'
mdßNdIsl mo
ixialD;sh - Culture
ixialD;sh ks¾jpk - Definitions of Culture
idïm%odhsl ixialD;sh - Traditional Culture
ck ixialD;sh - Mass Culture
iïNdjH ixialD;sh - Classical Culture
ckm%sh ixialD;sh - Popular Culture
udOH ixialD;sh - Media Culture
f.da,Sh ixialD;sh - Global Culture
wka;¾ ixialD;sl wOHhkh - Cross Cultural Studies
udOH n,mEu - Media Effect
wdY%s; .%ka:
1' ufyakaø" tia'" ikaksfõok Yíodlrh" fld<U" tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 1997
2' fifkúr;ak" wkqrdO" ixialD;sh yd iudch" fld<U" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 1996
3' Dominic, Joseph, R., Dhynamic of Mass communication, USA, Maee Grow: Hill (Publisher) 2010
89
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
6' udOH idla I r;dj yd udOH úpdrh
ksmqK;dj ( 6'0 ckudOH u`.ska bosrsm;a jk wiSudka;sl f;dr;=re iuqodh

w;=frka idudÔh i;a;ajfhl= f,i ;udg wjYH f;dr;=re
f;dard fírd .ksñka úpdrYS,S j udOH mßyrKh lsÍug;a udOH
idlaIr;d ±kqu Ôú;hg wdfoaY lr .ekSug;a l%shd lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 6'1 udOH idlaIr;dj hkak ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka hq;= j udOH
idlaIr;d uQ,sldx. ú.%y lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 28 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • idlaIr;dj hkak y÷kajd fohs'

• udOH idlaIr;dj hkq l=ula oe hs ks¾jpk weiqßka meyeos,s lrhs'
• udOH idlaIr;d uQ,sldx. ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka hq;= j meyeos,s
lrhs'
• udOH idlaIr;dfjys jeo.;alu y÷kd f.k bosrsm;a lrhs'
• udOH idlaIr;dj ms<sn| wjfndaOh m%dfhda.sl j Ndú; lrhs'
ye¢kaùu
udkj ikaksfõokfha m%Odk fuj,u f,i NdIdj ye¢kaúh yels h' NdIdjla hkq ix{d"
ixfla; iuqodhlska ieÿï ,;a rgd iuqodhls' udkjhd ;u woyia" ye`.Sï m%ldYkfha § NdIdj
fhdod .kshs'
• NdIdjla ,sùug yd lshùug we;s yelshdj idlaIr;dj f,i y÷kajhs' idlaIr;dj

hkak ir,d¾:fhka fufia ye¢kajqj o j¾;udkh jk úg tu woyi mq¿,a ù we;'
• wl=re lshùfï yd ,sùfï yelshdj idlaIr;dj f,i Tlaia*¾â YíofldaIh olajhs'
• mq¿,a w¾:fhka .;a l, idlaIr;dj hkq" uqøs; yd ,sÅ; øjH Ndú; lrñka ixlS¾K
mdG y÷kd .ekSug" wjfndaO lr .ekSug" w¾:l:kh lr .ekSug" ks¾udKh lsÍug
ikaksfõokh lsÍug iy ixLHdxlkh lr .ekSug we;s yelshdj hs' ÛNESCO
- Education Sector – 13, 2004 )
91
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• merKs ld,fha Y+r lÒl;ajh f,i;a ,sÅ; udOH j¾Okfhka miq wl=re lshùfï yd
,sùfï yelshdj f,i;a idCIr;dj hkak Ndú; lr we;'
• ikaksfõokfha ;dlaIKsl ÈhqKqj ksid ikaksfõok fuj,ï Ndú;hg .ekSu
fya;=fjka Bg iu.dó j idlaIr;d ixl,am o úúO lafIa;% Tiafia mq¿,a úh'
• oDYH idlaIr;dj" Y%jH idlaIr;dj" mß.Kl idlaIr;dj" f;dr;=re idlaIr;dj"

;dlaIK idCIr;dj" ixLHdxl idlaIr;dj tu lafIa;% w;r fõ'
• ikaksfõok lafIa;%fha § fï ish,a, iuia;hla f,i .;a l, udOH idlaIr;dj

f,i y÷kajhs'
udOH idlaIr;dj hkq l=ula o@
• udOH idlaIr;dj hkqfjka woyia lrkafka ckudOH u`.ska bÈß m;a jk úúO ikafoaY
lshjd jgyd .ekSug;a tajd Ndú; lsÍug;a mj;sk yelshdj" ksmqK;dj yd ±kqu hs'
• udOH idlaIr;dj úIhhla f,i ìys ùug miqìu ilia jkafka ckudOH jHdma; ùfï
m%;sM,hla jYfhks' II jk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq we;s jQ ckudOH n,mEu ms<sn| fidhd
ne,Su;a iu`. udOH wka;¾.;h wjfndaO lr .ekSfï l%ufõohla f,i udOH idlaIr;dj
wOHdmkh yd iïnkaO ù we;'
ks¾jpk
1. wm fj; ,efnk udOH ikafoaY w¾:l:kh lr .ekSug yd wm fld;rï ÿrg

udOHhg újD; o hkak ms<sn| m¾hdf,dalh udOH idlaIr;dj hs' wm úiska
m¾hdf,dal f.dvk`.d .kq ,nkafka wmf.a ±kqï jHQyhka u; hs' ^ví,sõ' fcaïia
fmdg¾ - 1998&
2' zzudOH idlaIr;dj hkq udOHfhka iEu wdldrhlska u bÈß m;a lrk ikafoaY
mßyrKh lsÍug" úYaf,aIKh lsÍug" we.hqug yd ks¾udKh lsÍug ,nd .kakd
yelshdj hs'ZZ ^hqfrdamd fldñiu&
3' udOH idCIr;d wOHdmkh - udOH ikafoaY úpdrYS,S Ñka;kfhka hq;= j jgyd
.ekSu;a iajlSh ikafoaY ks¾udKh lr .ekSu i|yd udOH Ndú; lsÍu;a ms<sn|
b.ekaùu udOH idCIr;d wOHdmkh hs' th úis tla jk ishjfia l=i,;dj hs'
4' udOH idCIr;dj hkq
udOHhkag m%fõY ùu
udOHhka úYaf,aIKh
udOHhka we.hSu
udOH ks¾udKh iy
udOHhka ;=< l%shdYS,S j lghq;= lsÍfï iu;a nj hs'
- cd;sl udOH idCIr;dj i|yd cd;sl wdh;kh" wfußldj -
92
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
fuys § udOH hkqfjka f;dr;=re iïmdokh lr úldYkh lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrkq
,nk fuj,ï iy fkdfhl=;a úoHq;a iy wxls; udOHh o" uqøs; udOHh o" rEmuh
ix{d wdY%s; udOH o woyia flf¾'
5' ixfla; ix{d weiqßka f;dr;=re iïmdokh lr úldYkh lsÍu iy tfia úldYkh
jk f;r;=re kej; w¾:j;a jpk njg yrjd úYaf,aIKh lsÍu o udOH idCIr;d
ld¾hhls'
• udOH ikafoaY l%shdj,sh y÷kd .ekSfï yelshdj" udOH ikafoaYhkays n,mEu y÷kd
.ekSfï yelshdj" udOH ikafoaY úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï yd ta iïnkaO l;sldj;la
f.dvke`.Sfï yelshdj" udOH ikafoaYh ixcdkkh lsÍfï yelshdj" udOH ikafoaYh
we.hSfï yelshdj hk wxY ms<sn| b.ekaùu i|yd fuu tallfha bÈß ksmqK;d uÜgï
ish,af,ys we;=<;a lreKq wOHhkh lsÍu m%fhdackj;a jkq we;'
• udOH idCIr;dfõ f;jeoEreï isoaOdka; we;' udOH idCIr;dj f.dvkef`.kafka

iaj flakaøh$iaj m:h (Personal Locus) "{dk jHQy (Knowledge Structures) iy l=i,;d
(Skills) hk uQ,l
s isoaOdka; weiqßKs' fuu isoaOdka; ;=k udOHhka ms<sn| j mqoa.,hl=f.a
m¾hdf,dal mq¿,a lr .ekSu i|yd b;d wjYH h' hful=f.a iaj flakaøh jkafka Tyqf.a
Yla;sh iy ie,iqu hs' ta i|yd wjYH wuq øjH weiqßka {dk jHQy f.dv kef`.a' yelshd
ke;fyd;a l=i,;d hkak Bg Wmldß jk fuj,ï njg m;a fõ'
iaj flakaøh$iaj m:h ( (Personal Locus)
• iaj flakaøh iE§ we;af;a ;uka .uka lrjk ;u b,lal weiqfrks' tu b,lal
ke;fyd;a wruqKq u`.ska ;ukag f;dr;=re iemfha' ;ukag wjYH f;dr;=re muKlaa
;ud Wlyd .kakd w;r wkjYH f;dr;=re m%;sfCIam lrhs' ;udf.a wjidk wruqKq yd
b,lalhka .ek ±kqula ;ud i;=j mj;sk úg f;dr;=re imhd .ekSu i|yd .uka
lrjk n,h Yla;su;a kï ;ud ta i|yd ;udf.a ldh Yla;sh jeh lrhs' tfy;a iaj
flakaøh ÿ¾j, kï tkï wjidk úfYaI b,lal .ek ±kqula ;udg fkdue;s kï ;ud
ta i|yd .uka lrjk n,h;a ÿ¾j, fõ' fujeks ;;a;ajhla hgf;a ;ud md,kh
lsÍug udOHhkag we;s bvlv jeä jk w;r udOH u`.ska isÿ jk f;dr;=re iemhSfï
l%shdj,skaf.a n,mEïj,g hg;a ùug Tng isÿ fõ'
• ;udf.a iaj flakaøh fo wdldrhlska l%shd;aul fõ' tkï ú{dksl yd wú{dksl

jYfhks' iaj flakaøh ú{dksl j l%shd;aul jk úg ;udf.a f;dard .ekSfï n,h jeä
ù ;SrK ;Skaÿ .ekSu myiq flf¾' ;udf.a iaj flakaøh wú{dksl j l%shd;aul jk úg
;ud .kakd ;SrK iy ks.uk md,kh lsÍug ;udg fkd yels jk w;r ;udf.a
iïmQ¾K wkq±kqfuka f;dr j hï hï ;SrKhkag hg;a ùug fkdfyd;a jy,a ùug
;ukagg isÿ fõ' fï fo wdldrfhka u ;udf.a {dk jHQyhka mq¿,a ùug bv m%ia;dj
;sfí' tfy;a ;ud iú{dksl j iaj flakaøh l%hs d;aul lrk úg ;udg wjYH f;dr;=re
muKla f;dard fírd .ekSu myiqfjka md,kh l< yels h' ;udf.a iaj flakøa h wú{dksl
j l%shd;aul jk úg udOHhkag jeä n,mEula l< yels h'
93
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• udOH idCIr;dj hkq ksrka;r j isÿ jk È.= l%shdj,shla ñi wjidk l%shdjla fkd
fõ' tu ksid udOH idCIr;dj jeä lr .ekSfuka iaj flakaøh jeä jeäfhka Ndú;
lsÍug;a ksIaM, .=Kj;a núka wvq udOHhkaf.ka wdrCId ù" tajdg ysi fkd keóug;a
mqoa.,hl=g yels fõ'
{dk jHQy (Knowledge Structures)
• {dk jHQy hkq mqoa., ukil ;ekam;a ù we;s ieliqKq f;dr;=re lÜg,hls' {dk
jHQyhka iajhx isoaO j ke;fyd;a wyïfnka Wreu fkd jk w;r tajd b;d ie,ls,fa ,ka"
b;d ksjerÈ j f.dvk`.d .; hq;= h' {dk jHQyj, we;af;a idudkH lreKq muKla
u fkd j tajd f.dvkef`.kafka tla;rd ie,eiaula wkqj hï hï f;dr;=re f;dard fírd
.ekSfuks' tjeks f;dard .ekSï lsÍu i|yd wmg l=i,;d wjYH h' fuu l=i,;d
wmf.a WmlrK ke;fyd;a fuj,ï njg m;a fõ'
• fuu l=i,;d m%fhdackhg f.k isoaê .Kkdjla weiqßka hï hï f;dr;=re m%fhdackhg

f.k wfkla f;dr;=re bj; ±óug fyda m%;sfCIam lsÍug wmg yels fõ' udOH f;dr;=re
weiqßka wmg wjYH f;dr;=re wm f;dard fírd .;a úg tajd wmg wdfõKsl f;dr;=re
f,i yev .eiafjk w;r" wmf.a {dk jHQyhkaf.a hï ia:dkhl fuu f;dr;=re ;ekam;a
fõ' fuu {dk jHQy ksid wm i;= f;dr;=rej, hï rgdjla olskakg ,efnk w;r" fuu
f;dr;=re rgdj wmg ;j ;j;a f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu i|yd u`. fmkajk is;shula njg
m;a fõ' fuu is;shu wkd.;fha § f;dr;=re ,nd .; hq;af;a ljr ;eklska o flfia o
hkak;a ±kgu;a wm ;=< ;sfnk f;dr;=re kej; {dk jHQyhkaf.ka wdmiq ,nd
.ekSug;a u`. fmkajhs'
• {dk jHQyhka f.dvk`.d .ekSug w;sYhska bjy,a jk uQ,sl øjHzzf;dr;=reZZ fõ'

tfy;a iEu f;dr;=rla u {dk jHQyhka f.dvk`.d .ekSug m%fhdackj;a jkafka ke;'
iuyr f;dr;=re wkqÑ;" fkd .eUqre" ksIM a , f;dr;=re fõ' WodyrKhla jYfhka rEmjdysks
jevigykaj, kï wdÈh .; yels h' hï wfhl=f.a ±kqu hï jevigykl ndysr fyda
u;=msg f;dr;=re jk rEmjdysks jevigykl wefik f;aud .S;j, jpk" tys r`.mdk
pß; j¾. fyda Tjqkaf.a kï .ï wdÈh iy miq;, o¾Ykj, iajNdjh muKla u kï
tu mqoa.,hd l%shd lrkafka udOH idCIr;dfõ wvq uÜgul isg h' ulaksid o tjeks
f;dr;=rej,ska .uH jkafka zzl=ula oZZ hk m%Yakhg ms<s;=r muKs' Bg jvd jeo.;a
jk ms<s;=re fidhd .; yelafla zzflfia o@ZZ zzwehs@ZZ hk m%Yak ke`.Sfuks' tfy;a
zzflfia o@ZZ zzwehs@ZZ hk m%Yak ke.Sug fmr zzl=ula o@ZZ hk m%Yk
a hg ms<s;=rla o ±k isáh
hq;= u h'
• tÈfkod Ôú;fha § fndfyda úg zzf;dr;=reZZ iy zzoekSuZZ fkdfyd;a {dkh tl iudk

w¾:fhka fhfohs' tfy;a tu jpk fol w;r úYd, fjkila we;s nj wm ±k .; hq;=
h' f;dr;=re l%u l%ufhka fjkia jk w;r ±kqu hkq hï jHQyhla" wdlD;shla wkqj"
ixúOdkd;aul njlska hqla; j idudkHfhka È.g u mj;sk" w¾:j;a iy jákd fohls'
f;dr;=re ikafoaYj, wvx.= ù we;s ±kqu ;sfnkafka mqoa.,hl=f.a uki ke;fyd;a
is; ;=< h' w¾:l:kh l< hq;= fohla f;dr;=re u`.k
s a mqo.
a ,fhl=g ,efnk w;r w¾:l:kh
lr .;a hula mqoa.,hl=f.a ±kqu ;=< wvx.= h'
94
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• f;dr;=re ie§ we;af;a lreKq u`.sks' ,S len,s lsysmhla ksjila fkd fjkakdla fuka
lreKq muKla u ±kqu o fkd fõ' ±kqug jHQyhla fuka u w¾:h f;areï .ekSu i|yd
jpkj, iïnkaOhla o wjYH h' ikafoaY iy f;dr;=re uQ,øjH h hs Wml,amkh
lf<d;a tu uQ, øjHj,ska hula lsÍug yels fuj,ï fyda WmlrK jYfhka iu;a lu
fyda l=i,;dj ±laúh yels h' udOH idCIr;dfjka hq;= Wiia ÈhqKq mqoa.,hl=f.a tla
,CIKhla jkafka zzf;dr;=reZZ {dk jHQyhka njg m;a lsÍug yels l=i,;dj hs'
• ikaksfõokfhka ,efnk zzf;dr;=reZZ iy zz±kquZZ w;r ;sfnk fjki .ek l;d

lsÍfï § my; i|yka ks¾jpk o wmg m%fhdackj;a h' fuu ks¾jpk f;dr;=re yd
iïnkaO h' tkï ikafoaYh (Message) ;:H f;dr;=re (Factual Information), iudÔh
f;dr;=re (Social Information) hkak h' ikafoaY hkq wm fj; f;dr;=re f.k tk
WmlrK h' ikafoaY ;=< f;dr;=re wvx.= ù ;sfí' ikafoaY heùu i|yd rEmjdysksh"
.=jkaúÿ,s udOHh" ixhqla; ;eá" bf,lafg%dksla ;eá" fmd;a m;a iy i`.rd" mqj;am;a"
wka;¾cd,fha msgq" l;dny" mka;s ldurj, foaYkd wdÈ fkdfhl=;a udOH wmg Ndú;
l< yels h'
• ikafoaYhla ;=< f;dr;=re j¾. folla we;=<;a ù ;sfí' tkï ;:H f;dr;=re (Factual)
iy iudÔh f;dr;=re (Social) hk f;dr;=re h' ;:H lreKq fkdfyd;a h:d f;dr;=re
hkq ieliS we;s fkdfyd;a w¾:h ;yjqre fkd jQ lreKq h' h:d f;dr;=rla fuka fkdj
iudÔh f;dr;=rla ms<s.;a u;su;dka;r wkqj ilia jk ksid tys tk iEu fohla u ienE
h hs ks, jYfhka ;yjqre lr .; fkd yels h' fuhska iudÔh f;dr;=re .=Kd;aul
núka wvq njla fyda tajdfha i;H;djla fkdue;s njla fyda woyia fkd flf¾' iudÔh
iïnkaO;d fkdfyd;a m%;sl%shd ksÍCIKh lsÍfuka .;a lreKq iudÔh f;dr;=rej,
wvx.= h' WodyrKhla jYfhka yevg ye| me,|Sug Wmfoia" ixhufhka m%sh ukdm
Ndjfhka l;dnfya fhoSug Wmfoia" l%Svd lsÍug Wmfoia" ksfrda.S nj /l .ekSug
Wmfoia wdÈh iudÔh f;dr;=rej,g wh;a h'
• udOH idCIr;dj .ek l;d lrk úg fCIa;% lsysmhl {dk jHQyhka ,nd .ekSu .ek
idlÉPd lsÍug wmg isÿ fõ' tkï udOH n,mEï" udOHhka ;=< wvx.= lreKq" udOH
l¾udka;h" jHdmdßl lghq;= iy ienE f,dfõ isÿ jk lreKq wdÈh hs' fuu fCIa;%
weiqßka f;dr;=re iïmdokh jk whqre wjfndaO lr .;a úg .,d tk f;dr;=re ksis mßÈ
;lafiare lr h:d¾:h ms<sn| ksjerÈ ;SrKhka .ekSug flfkl=g n,h ,efí'
• f,dalfha úúO fCIa;%j, jev lr m<mqreÿ whg b;d myiqfjka udOH u`.ska .,d tk
f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh lr tajdfha .=Kd;aul Ndjh msßlaish yels h' WodyrKhla f,i
lsl
% Ü fyda mdmkaÿ l%Svdfõ fhÿKq wfhl=g tu ;r.hka fmkajk rEmjdysks jevigykaj,
§ ta ta l%Svlhka l%Svd lrk wdldrh tu l%Svdj, fkdfhÿKq wfhl=g jvd w.h l< yels
h'
• {dk jHQyhka ksid udOH u`.ska .,d tk kj f;dr;=re f;areï .ekSug wjYH iïnkaOh"
miqìu wmg ,efí' wmf.a {dk jHQyhka mq`:,a ;rug ;ud udOHh idCIr;djfha
ksmqK;ajhla ,enQ wfhla o@ udOH f,dalh u`.ska uqodyßk úúO jevigyka yd idfmaCIj
ii|d n,k úg ;ud okakd jevigyk .ek muKla ;udg udOH idCIr;dj we;'
95
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
ulaksido tu jevigyk .ek muKla u {dk jHqyhka ie§ we;akï ;udf.a ±kqu tu
jevigykg u muKla iSud fõ' wka jevigyka ms<sn| wjfndaOhla fyda {dk jHQy
fkd;sìh yels h'
• tjeks wfkl=;a jevigyka .ek ;ud ;=< ±kqula ke;fyd;a ckudOHj, ienE ysñlrejka
ljqo" tajd md,kh lrkafka ljqo" flfiao" udOH jeä ÈhqKq jkafka flfia o" hï hï
foa we;eï udOHhka u`.ska ks;r ks;r fmkajkq ,enqj;a tu foaj,a u ;j;a udOHhka
u`.ska fkd fmkajkafka wehs o hkak wjfndaO lr .ekSug ;udg fkd yels h' tfy;a
;udf.a {dk jHQyhka mq¿,a yd jeä ÈhqKq lr .ekSfuka udOH fCIa;%fha ;sfnk"
isÿfjk iEu fohla ms<sn| j u úYd, Ñ;%hla ;u ukfiys f.dvk`.d .; yels h'
l=i,;d (skills)
• zzl=i,;dZZ ke;fyd;a udOH iu;alï wmg ,efnkafka hï l%shdjl ks;r fh§ ta ms<sn|
j m<mqreoaola ,nd .ekSfuks' WodyrKhla jYfhka wmf.a udxYfmaISka ks;r wNHdifha
fhÿfjd;a tajd wmg Yla;u s ;a lr.; yels h' jHdhdï iy wNHdij, wm fkdfhÿfkd;a
wmf.a udxY fmaISka jeä j¾Okhla fkdfjkq we;'
• udOH l=i,;d jYfhka udOH úYaf,aIKh" udOH ;lafiarelrKh" ldKavj,g fnod

.ekSu" wkqudk lsÍu" ú.%dyd;aul nj" kj m%ia;=; f.dv ke`.Su" wkjYH foa neyer
lrñka ks.ukj,g t<öu" ikafoaYhl wvx.= m%Odk u foaj,a meyeÈ,s f,i ixiaf,aIKh
lsÍu iy idrdxY lr .ekSu wdÈ lreKq ±laúh yels h' tajd bx.%Sis NdIdfjka fufia
±laúh yels h' analysis, evaluation, grouping, induction, deduction, synthesis and abstraction.
• zzudOH idCIr;djZZhkq ikaksfõok udOH u`.ska ksrka;rfhka .,d tk zzikafoaYZZ

ke;fyd;a zzf;dr;=rej,gZZ wm ksrdjrKh fyda újD; fjoa§ tu ikafoaY l%shdldÍ j
w¾: ksrEmKh lr .ekSu i|yd Wmfhda.s lr .; yels zzm¾hdf,dalZZ lÜg,hls' (A set
of perspectives) fuu m¾hdf,dal wm idod .kafka {dk jHQyhka (Knowledge Structures)
weiqßks'
• fuu {dk jHQyhka idod .ekSu i|yd wdOdr jk WmlrK fyda fuj,ï" wuq øjH yd ta
i|yd wm fufyhjk leue;a;la fyda ,eÈhdjla wjYH h' tu WmlrK wmf.a
zzl=i,;dZZ fyda iu;alï h' udOH u`.ska iy ienE f,dalh wiqßka ,efnk f;dr;=re fyda
ikafoaY wuq øjH njg m;a fõ' wmf.a iaj flakaøfhka (Personal Locus) leue;a;
ke;fyd;a ,eÈhdj mek kef`.a'
• zudOH idlaIr;dj ;jÿrg;a meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd WmldÍ jk tys ;j;a jeo.;a wxY
folla we;' m<uqjekak udOH idlaIr;dj jeä udk ixLHdjlska hq;= ixl,amhla (multi
dimentional) nj h' tys m%fhdackj;a m%shckl uqyqK;a lSmhla we;' tys wka;¾.; j
;sfnk foh w.h lsÍu i|yd m¾hdf,dal .Kkdjlska wm ta foi ne,sh hq;= h'
fojkqj udOH idlaIr;dj wLKav;djlska hq;= fohla nj hs' th m%fNaohla fkdfõ'
96
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• udOH idlaIr;dj úúO udk ixLHdjlska hqla; h' idudkHfhka zf;dr;=rez hhs wm
is;kafka fmd;lska ±lafjk lreKq" mqj;a m;lska fyda i`.rd ,smshlska lshfjk lreKq
h' tfy;a fuu f;dr;=re tl j¾.hlg wh;a h' tkï ixcdkk f;dr;=re h'
• udOH idlaIr;djla ,nd .ekSu i|yd ixcdkk f;dr;=re u muKla fkdj Ñ;a;fõ.S"
fi!kao¾hd;aul iy iodpdr me;slv fkdfyd;a udkhkaf.ka ,efnk f;dr;=re o
wjYH h' fuu udk i;r wmf.a wjfndaOh ;jÿrg;a mq¿,a lrhs'
• ixcdkkh udkfhka hï lsisjla ms<sn| j Èk jljdkq" kï .ï ks¾jpk ms<snò úia;r

wmg ,nd foa' wmf.a fud<h ;=< ;sfnk f;dr;=re f,i ixcdkk f;dr;=re ie,lsh
yels h'
• Ñ;a;fõ.S ke;fyd;a ye`.Sï udkfhka ye`.Sï ms<sn| f;dr;=re tkï wdorh" ffjrh"
fldamh" i;=g yd lk.dgqj" lkiai,a," i;=gq jQ wjia:d" ìhg m;a jQ wjia:d" inflda,h
w;aÿgq wjia:dfõ ye`.Sï" fjk;a iuyr ye`.Sï ms<sn| wjfndaOhla we;eï whg ke;'
tfy;a ;j;a iuyr fofkla b;d ixfõ§ j fkdfhl=;a ye`.Sï udOHhka Tiafia
w;aols;s" w;aú¢;s'
• jevigyka ksIamdoljreka fuu ye`.Sï b;d f,aisfhka y÷kd.; yels ixfla; iy b`.s
u`.ska ;u jevigykaj,g we;=<;a lrk w;r tajd wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd Wiia udOH
idlaIr;djla hful=g wjYH ke;'
• tfy;a wm iuyr fofkl=g wka whg jvd m%;súreoaO;ajh" úhjq,a nj" ieluqiq nj wd§
ix{d f;areï .; yels h' fujeks ye`.Sï ckkh lsÍu i|yd fkdfhl=;a Ys,amSh Wml%u
udOH rplhkag" ksIamdoljrekag yd k¿ ks<shkag wjYH h' fuu b`.s wjfndaO lr
.ekSu i|yd Wiia udOH idlaIr;djla udOH krUk .%dylhkag o wjYH h'
• fi!kao¾h udkh flf,i hï ikafoaYhla" f;dr;=rla ks¾udKh l< hq;= o hkak lshd
fohs' fuu udkfhka wm uksk ñkqï o`vq Ndú;fhka fyd| f,aLlhska" PdhdrEmlrejka"
miq;, ilikakka" .dhl .dhsldjka wmg y÷kd.; yels h'
• fi!kao¾h udkfhka ,efnk f;dr;=re wmf.a ±ia yd foijk mskjk ke;fyd;a ta

weiqßka wm w;aú|sk f;dr;=re f,i ie,lsh yels h' wm iuyr fofkl=g PdhdrEm
.ekSug fyd| weila" ix.S;h ú|Sug ;shqKq foijkla ;sfí'
• iodpdrd;aul udkh fkdfhl=;a jákdlï ms<sn| f;dr;=re wmg ,nd fohs' wm is;a ;=<
fyda yDo idlaIsh ;=< ;sfnk ñkqï o`vq wdY%s; j f.dvke`.=Kq f;dr;=re fï .Khg wh;a
fõ'
• hï hï l%shdjkaf.a fyd| fyda krl ms<sn| j ks.ukj,g msúiSug fuu f;dr;=re

wmg bjy,a fõ' udOHhlska úldYkh jk pß;hla .kakd ;SrKh fldhs;rï ÿrg
iodpdrd;aul o hkak fï weiqßka wms ks.ukh lruq'
• Tnf.a udOH idlaIr;djg wksjd¾hfhka u by; i|yka udk fyda me;slv o we;=<;a úh
hq;= h' WodyrKhla jYfhka hï Ñ;%máhla krUk úg wmg th fkdfhla whqßka
úYaf,aIKh l< yels h' tu Ñ;%máh whs;s l=,lh" tys b;sydih" wOHlaIjrhdf.a
97
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
oDIaáh" tys ie`.ù we;s uQ,sl f;audj Tng úia;r l< yels h' tfy;a ta weiqßka Tnf.a
ye`.Sï wjÈ fkdjqKfyd;a Tn lrkafka hï úNd.hlg wjYH wNHdihla muKls'
• udOH idlaIr;d wLKav;d ,laIKh fmkakqï lrkakls' th tl m%fNaohla (category)

muKla fkd fõ' WodyrKhla jYfhka Tn Wiia fm< yodrK isiqfjla$isiqúhla
fyda tfia fkd fõ hhs fyda Tn Y%S ,xldfõ mqrjeisfhl= fyda tfia fkd fõ hhs hkqfjka
uOH idlaIr;dj wxYj,g fyda m%fNaoj,g fnod ±laúh fkd yel'
• hï mqoa.,fhl=f.a udOH idlaIr;dj ìxÿjhs" iShhs hkqfjka .Kkh l< fkd yels h'
fuhska woyia lrkafka udOH idlaIr;dj ;sfnk m%udKhg jvd jeä ÈhqKq lr
.ekSug iEu flfkl=g u yels nj h'
• mqoa.,fhl=f.a m¾hdf,dalh Yla;su;a yd mq¿,a jkafka Tyq i;= {dk jHQyhka lÜg,
.Kk iy tajdfha .=Kd;aul Ndjh u; h' ñksiqkaf.a m¾hdf,dal iSud jQ úg Tjqkaf.a
udOH idlaIr;dj o b;d ÿ¾j, w.hl mj;S' mgq" lD;%su" ixúOdkh fkd jQ {dk
jHQyhka Tjqka i;= h' ta ksid udOH u`.ska .,d tk ikafoaY yß yeá wjfndaO
lr .ekSug Yla;shla Tjqkg ke;'
• Wiia udOH idlaIr;djla we;s lr .ekSfuka ,efnk m%fhdack
ví' fÊïia fmdg¾g ^2011& wkqj Wiia udOH idlaIr;djla ,nd .ekSfuka fyda udOH
idlaIr;dj ÈhqKq lr .ekSfuka ,efnk M, m%fhdack lreKq ;=kla Tiafia idlÉPd
l< yelsh'
1' úúO udOH mKsúv ,nd .ekSfï leue;a; jeä ùu
2' wmf.a udkisl p¾hd moaO;sh md,kh lr .ekSfï yelshdj

3' udOH md,kh lsÍug n,hla ,eîu
1' úúO udOH mKsúv ,nd .ekSfï reÑh jeä ùu
• úúO udOH fkdfhl=;a foaj,a ms<snò úia;r iuQyhla f;dard .ekSug wmg bÈßm;a
lrhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka wka;¾cd,hg iq¿ fõ,djlg fyda wm msúish fyd;a
thska wmg ,nd .; yels ±kqfï iSudjla fkdue;s nj wmg jegfya'
• fkdfhl=;a úIhhka ms<sn| f;audjka .ek fmd;am;a rdYshla f,dj mqrd ,shfõ'
jirlg ksl=;a jk jdr i`.rd o oi oyilg wêl h' flan,a kd,sld muKlaa
mkaishhlg wêl m%udKhla we;'
• fndfyda úg isÿ jkafka úúO ckudOH wmf.a f;dard .ekSfï bvlv hï wdldrhlg
iSud lr Tjqkaf.a kd,sldj muKla keröfï mqreoao wm ;=< we;s lsÍug W;aidy
lsÍuhs'
98
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• tu kd,sld u`.ska úldYkh jk jevigyka muKla keröug mqreÿ mqyqKq

jqfKd;a tu udOH jHdmdr ysñlrejkag Tjqkaf.a jHdmdr wjodku wvq lrf.k
wfkl=;a udOHhka blaujd ;ukaf.a udOHh bÈßhg f.k hdu;a udOH w;r ;sfnk
ksrka;r ;r`.fhka bj;a ù wmf.a m¾hdf,dalh iSud lsÍu;a l< yels h'
• tf,i udOH n,mEïj,g hg;a fkd ù Tnf.a udOH idlaIr;dj iy {dk jHQyhka
ixLHdj Tn jeä ÈhqKq lr .; fyd;a .=Kd;aul núka by< udOHhka u ks;r fidhd
.ekSug fm,fUk ks¾NS; .fõIlfhl= njg Tn m;a jkafkys h'
2' wmf.a udkisl p¾hd moaO;sh md,kh lr .ekSfï yelshdj
• wmf.a uki Tnf.a iaj flakaøh ;ukaf.a udOH ikafoaYj,g wkql+, j yqre
mqreÿ lr .ekSug udOH whs;slrejka ksrka;rfhka .kakd W;aidyh mrdch lr
;ud n, .ekaùu udOH idlaIr;dj j¾Okh ùfï § isÿ fõ'
• udOH u`.ska .,d tk úúO u;su;dka;r" woyia Woyia md,kh lsÍug fm!oa.,sl
j wm ieug yelshdjla ke;;a wmf.a u;h" udkh ta ta kd,sldjkag yrjd thu u
yqre mqreÿ lr .ekSug úúO kd,sld ork W;Aidyh wmg md,kh l< yels h'
3' udOH md,kh lsÍug n,hla ,eîu'
• úúO udOH ysñlrejkaf.a taldhk wNs,dIh ;u udOH jHdmdrhkaf.ka Wmßu

,dnhla ,eîu h' .%dylhdf.a is;" wei yd foijk wdÈh wdl¾IKh lr f.k
Tyqf.a uq¿ wjOdkhj kej; kej;;a ;u ikafoaYj,g u fhduq lr .ksñkaa Tn j
ta flfrys weo ne| ;nd .ekSug udOH ysñlrefjda ie,iqï lr;s'
• ;ukaf.a ,dNh Wmßu lr .ekSu i|yd .%dylhd yjq,a lr .ekSu Tjqkaf.a tlu
wNs,dIh hs' udOH ysñlrejkaf.a jHdmdßl wruqKq yd .%dyl wruqKq o tl yd iudk
kï thska Tjqkag ch wh;a fõ'
• udOH ysñlrejkaf.a .%yKfhka .e, ù iajdëk j l%shd lr ;udf.a b,lalhka

idlaId;a lr .ekSug udOH idlaIr;dj mqoa.,hd n,.kajhs' kka whqßka iSud jQ
udOHj,g jvd úl,am udOH f;dard fírd .ksñka jvd;a fhda.H udOH f;dard
.ekSug n,hla Wiia udOH idlaIr;djla ysñ lr .ekSfuka ,efí'
ta wkqj"
• udOH idlaIr;dj l=ula o" tys úúO me;slv fudkjd o" udOH idlaIr;dj ,nd
.ekSfuka ,efnk M, m%fhdack .ek o fuu mdvfuka wms l;d lr we;af;uq' udOH
idlaIr;dj jeä ÈhqKq jkafka wmf.a m¾hdf,dal .Kk jeä ùfuka nj o wms
lSfjuq'
99
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• udOH idlaIr;d m%fNao wkqj j¾. l< fkd yels h' mqoa.,fhl=f.a udOH idlaIr;dj
Bg wvq fyda jeä wxYlhl;a mej;sh yels h'
• udOH idlaIr;dfõ ;j;a m%Odk ,laIKhla kï tys úúO me;slv we;s nj h' tkï
th nyq udk iys; njhs'
• th jeä ÈhqKq lr.; yels jkafka ixcdkk ±kqu" ye`.Sï úkaokfhka ,efnk ±kqu
fi!kao¾hd;aul udkfhka ,efnk ±kqu yd iodpdrd;aul jákdlï ksjerÈ j y`ÿkd
f.k m%.=K lsÍfuka ,efnk ±kqu ixl,kh ùfuks'
• hful=f.a udOH idlaIr;dj ia:r ;=kla u; f.dvkef`.a' tkï iaj flakaøh" Tyq i;=
{dk jHQy lÜg, .Kka yd Tyq we;s lr .kakd iu;alï fkdfyd;a l=i,;d tu
;%s;ajh hs'
• iu;alï fkdfyd;a l=i,;d hkq úúO udOH Tiafia .,d tk f;dr;=re ixl,kh lr
wmf.a {dk jHQy lÜg, jeä .Kkla whs;s lr .ekSug wm ,nk m<mqreoao hs'
• wmf.a l=i,;d fkdfyd;a iu;alï udOH Tiafia .,d tk uQ,øjH f;dard .ekSug wmg
Woõ jk WmlrK fõ' wmf.a iaj flakaøh wm ieu ta i|yd fmd<Ujhs'
• Wiia udOH idlaIr;djla ysñ mqoa.,fhl=g ;ud yuqfõ we;s ikafoaYh wvx.= foa úksúo
±lsh yels h' ;ukaf.a is;e`.shdjkag jy,a fkd ù iajhx md,kfhkaa ;ukag wjYH
.=Kd;aul udOHhka y÷kd f.k tajd ;lafiare lsÍu fï ksid myiq fõ'
• il%sh udOH idlaIr;dj ;srfha bÈßmi jefgk" krUkakg fhfok lshjkakg ,efnk
iEu fohla .ek u úpdrYS,S j úuiSug wmg uÕ fmkajhs'
we.hSu
1' udOH idlaIr;dj hkak ks¾jpk weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2' Wiia udOH idlaIr;djla we;s lr .ekSu iòyd iaj flakaøh" {dk jHQyh lÜg, yd
l=i,;d wjYH fõ' úuikak'
3' Wiia udOH idlaIr;djla w;am;a lr .ekSfuka Tng ,efnk M, m%fhdack WodyrK iys; j
idlÉPd lrkak'
100
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 6'2 udOH úpdrh yd thg iïnkaO úúOdx. y÷kd f.k úpdrYS,S
.%dyl;ajh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 22 hs'
bf.kqï m, (  udOH úpdrh hkak y÷kajd fohs'

 udOH úpdrfha wjYH;dj úia;r lrhs'
 udOH úpdrhg iïnkaO úúO wx. úia;r lrhs'
 f;dard .;a udOH ikafoaYhla úpdrhg ,la lrhs'
 úpdrYS,S .%dylhd hkak y÷kajd fohs'
 úpdrYS,S .%dylfhl= i;= .=Kdx. wjfndaOfhka hq;= j meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
ye¢kaùu (
lsishï fohl w.h úYaf,aIKh lr ±laùu úpdrh f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' ú.%yh" w¾:l:kh
yd w.h lsÍu udOH úpdrfha m%Odk idOl jkafkah' tu`.ska isÿ lrkqfha ks¾udKh meyeÈ,s
lsÍu" wdlD;sh úYaf,aIKh lsÍu yd tys we;s w.hhka úu¾Ykh lsÍu hs' úpdrd;aul
Ñka;kh fm!reIfhka hq;= ikaksfõok pß;hla njg m;a ùug ;sìh hq;= w;HjYH .=Kdxhls'
w;S;fha isg j¾;udkh olajd l,d ks¾udK úpdrh lsÍu msKi
s fkdfhla isoO a dka; f.dvke`.S
we;' lsishï ks¾udKhl f;audj" .%dyl w;a±lSï yryd tys we;s wdiajdoh meyeÈ,s lr §u"
.%dyl wjfndaOh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd úpdrl w;a±lSï mdol lr .ksñka ks¾udKh f;areï
lsÍu iy tu ks¾udKh Ôú;hg jeo.;a jk wdldrh ú.%y lr §u úpdrfha § jeo.;a jk
uQ,sl lreKq lsysmhls' udOH yd iudch jgyd .ekSfuys ,d udOH úpdrh jeo.;a fõ'
úpdrYs,S;ajfhka f;dr j kQ;k udOH Ndú;h yd m%jK;d y`ÿkd .ekSu ÿIalr h' udOH
yuqfõ úpdrlhd hk pß;h fjkqjg .%dylhd u úpdrlhd o jkafka h'
 udOH úpdrfha § úúO udOH Tiafia bÈßm;a jk ikafoaY úYaf,aIKh lsÍu isÿ fõ'
udOH u`.ska úÑ;%j;a wdlD;s Tiafia .,d tk ikafoaY idudkH mqoa.,hdf.a ukfiys
thg we,Sula we;s lrjhs' th udOHhg jy,a ùuls' udOH úpdrh wjYH jkafka
fuu udOH jy,a Ndjfhka mqoa.,hd uqojd .ekSu msKsi h'
 udOH idCIr;dfõ wvqlu yd úpdrYS,S;ajfha W!k;dj fya;= fldg f.k mqoa.,hd

udOHhg yiq fõ' tu ksid udOH mqoa.,hdf.a ffoksl Ôú;hg" Tjqka i;= úYajdihkg
iy iodpdrhkg m%n, f,i n,mEï lrk neúka fuu ;;a;ajfhka ñ§u i|yd
úpdrYS,S;ajh w;HjYH fõ'
101
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
óg wu;r j udOH ffoksl Ôú;hg n,mdk wdldr <uhdg" ;reKhdg" ldka;djkag wd§
jYfhka úuish yels h'
1' udOH yd ffoks l Ôú;h
 udOH f;dr;=re yd úfkdaodiajdoh i|yd uQ,dY%hls' tneúka udOH jvd;a wmf.a tÈfkod
Ôú;hg iïnkaO j mj;S' úúO udOH u`.ska wdorh" ú,dis;d" iïnkaO;d yd fjk;a foa
keröug we;eï fh!jkhka leu;s h' we;eï wh wka;¾cd,fha we;s jHik iys; foa
we;=<;a fjí wvúj, ießieÍug ms%h lr;s' ldfudaoa§mk jevigyka keröug jeäysáhka
leu;s h' we;eï fofkla m%jD;a;s" wdydr" fi!LH yd jHdhdu jeks jevigyka krU;s'
Èklg rEmjdysksh foi meh folyudrla muK f,dj fndfyda <uqka n,d isák nj
m¾fhaIK u`.ska ;yjqre fldg ;sfí' úúO udOH jevigyka n,j;a f,i msßñ yd
.eyekq <uhskaf.a N+ñld flfrys n,mdhs'
 kQ;k udOH f,dalfhys mj;akd úúOdldr jQ ikafoaY t;rï .=Kd;aul Ndjh flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq fkd lrhs' iskudy,aj, iskud Ndú; u`.ska ,sx.sl o¾Yk yd m%pKav;ajh
wêl j olajk rEmj,g ksrka;rfhka ksrdjrKh ùu isÿ fõ' u;aøjH yd u;ameka mdkh"
,sx.sl yeisÍu iy ldu ñ:Hdpdrh jeks foaj,a .ek ie,ls,su;a jkakjqkaf.a m%Odk
wdrxÑ ud¾.hla jkafka udOH nj we;eï úfYaI{hkaf.a úYajdih hs' udOH wmg fï
foaj,a fmkajhs' wmg fy<sorjq lrhs' túg wms ish¨ fokd u mdfya is;kafka Tjqka th
lrkjd kï wm fkdl< hq;af;a uka oe˜ hs hkqfjks'
 miq.sh ishjfiys f,dj úYaùh fh!jkhkag udOH u`.ska isÿ jQ wys;lr n,mEu
laI‚l wdydr mqreoaao hs' tys m%;sM,hla f,i f,dj oi ,laI ixLHd; fh!jkfhdaa wo
;rndrelug tfrysj igka lr;s' Tjqka udOH u`.ska wdydr fjf<| oekaùï oyia .Kklg
ksrdjrKh ùu fuhg fya;=j nj y`ÿkd f.k we;'
 udOH flfrys wmf.a lsisÿ md,khla ke;' tneúka udOH wmf.a ffoksl Ôú;fhys
ksrka;r N+ñldjla bgq lrhs' udOH úiska wmf.a fmkqu" úYajdihka" wdYdjka iy u;hka
yiqrejñka n,mEï we;s lr we;' tmuKla fkd j wm jgd we;s k.r yd udj;aj,
ffoksl Ôú;hg n,mdk ì,afndaâ yd fmdaiag¾ hkdÈh u`.ska wmf.a fN!;sl mßirh o
udOH úiska ks¾udKh lr we;' fï ish,a, ffoksl j .%dyl;ajh flfrys n, fkd
mdkafka o@ hkak wm úuish hq;= h'
2' udOH iy úúO oDIa á jdo
 udOH yd oDIaájdo hkafkka woyia lrkafka udOH úpdrhg úúO oDIaájdo .Kkdjla
uÕ fmkajkafka h hkak hs' úúO úpdrhkays wdNdih ,nñka udOH úpdrh fmdaIKh
lr .; yels h'
 udlaiajd§ úpdrh" ufkda úYaf,aIK úpdrh yd ia;S%jd§ úpdrh fuys,d m%uqL fõ'
udlaiajd§ úpdrh
 udlaiajd§ úpdrfhys m%uqL woyi jkafka OfkaYajr iudcfha wjYH;d yd jrm%ido ,;a
iy mj;akd n, jHqyh Yla;su;a lsÍu i|yd udOH ksIamdok mj;sk nj hs' tneúka udOH
102
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
l,dj o ksIamdok ld¾h o udOH u`.ska .%dylhdg úúO foa mejÍu" m;=rjd yeÍu yd
mrdj¾;kh lsÍu ms<sn| udOH úpdrfhka úu¾Ykh flf¾' udOHj, mj;akd wd¾Ól yd
ixialD;sl moku;a n,h yd uqo,a b,lal fldg udOH ks¾udK ìysùu;a fuu`.ska úYaf,aIKh
l< yels h' tfia u fuu úpdrhg wkqj Okh yd n,h ms<sno wiu;=,s;;dj iys; iudÔh
wdh;k udOH úiska Yla;su;a lrkq ,nk wdldrh;a" udOH wdêm;Hh u`.ska mj;ajd f.k
hkq ,nk wdldrh;a úuish yels h' fujeks úpdr Ñka;k kQ;k .%dylhdg w;HjYH fõ'
ufkda úYaf,aIK úpdrh
 ufkda úYaf,aIK úpdrlfhda ufkdaúoHdj Tiafia udOH ikafoaY wjOdkhg .ks;s'

<orejka fkdikaiqka lsÍug udOH n,j;a n,mEï lrk nj ufkda úYaf,aIKjd§
u;hls' fuh wm wjOdkhg .; hq;= h' fjf<| oekaùï wfma uQ,sl isysl,amkdjkays
ieÕjqKq is;=ú,sj,g wduka;%Kh lsÍfï ud¾.hla nj f,dal ufkda úYaf,aIKjd§yq
olaj;s' tu`.ska o wmg kj Ñka;k wdf,dalhla ,efí' fï Tiafia ixfla;d;aul udOH
Ndú;djkays há wre;a úuish yels h' jHdc ikaksfõok y÷kd .; yels h' ufkdaúoHd;aul
j ne,Su u`.ska .%dyl Ñka;kh j¾Okh fõ'
 ufkda úYaf,aIKjd§ úpdrh u`.ska udOH isÿlrk Ñ;a;fõ.S n,mEï flfrys wjOdkh
fhduq lrhs' udOH u`.ska Wmokd is;=ú,s yd yeÕSï wd;;shg m;alrkafka flfia o hkak
úuihs' tfia u fjf<| oekaùï jeks udOH ls%hd fya;=fjka ìys jk mqkrela;sh u`.ska isÿ
úh yels udkisl n,mEï ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,o yels fõ' mQ¾j w;aoelSï yd udOH weiqr
iïnkaO n,mEu .%dyl idlÉPdjg tl;== lsÍu msKsi o fuu úpdr oDIaáh WmldÍ fldg
.; yels h' Bg wu;r j udOH weiqr u`.ska f.dvkef`.k wka;¾j¾;S yd wka;¾ mqoa.,
iïnkaO;d flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< yels h' uk(l,ams; Ôú;j,g ;,a¨ lsÍug
udOH ls%hdldrlï fya;=jk whqre úuiSfuka udOH úpdrh u`.ska m%n, iudc
mqrjeisfhl= ìys lr .; yels nj wjOdkhg .; hq;= fõ'
ia;S%jd§ úpdrh
 fuu úpdrjdoh u;= lrk uQ,sl moku jkafka ia;s% whs;sjdislï ms<sn| j ,sx.sl;aj
iudkd;au;d moku u; isg úpdrh lsÍu hs' ia;S%jd§ oDIaáfldaKh u`.ska udOHj,
ldka;djka wjm%udKh lrk wdldrh ksÍlaIKh lrhs' tf,iska ckudOHj, ldka;djka
wjm%udK lsÍug n,mdkakd jQ n,h ms<sn| Tjqyq úYaf,aIKh lr;s' ia;S% mqreINdjh
ms<sn| fuu`.ska Wkkaÿjla olajhs' udOH u`.ska ldka;djkag tfrysj isÿ jk fjkialï
úfYaI wjOdkhg .kshs'
 udOHj, .eyeksh taldlD;sl f,i ksrEmKh lrk nj ksÍlaIKh lrk fuu úpdr
isoaOdka;h u`.ska iajdNdúl ia;S%ka udOH ;=< olakg fkd,efnk nj úYajdi lrhs'
uõjreka" Nd¾hdjka" ÈhKshka" fmïj;shka ,sx.sl NdKav f,i ksrEmKh lrk whqre
fuu úpdr oDIaáh u`.ska úuihs' úfYaIfhka udOH wdêm;H mqreIhka i;= j mj;akd nj
o fuu`.ska wmg y÷kd.; yels h'
 ia;S%ka yd ia;S%;ajh ms<sn| jákdlï fnod yeÍu Wfoid udOH odhl úh hq;= h' ldka;d
.eg¨ udOH u`.ska úlD;s lsÍfuka tajdg ms;D uQ,sl oDIaáhla ,efí' ia;S%kaf.a jákd
fndfyda me;slv udOH u`.ska fkd i,ld yeÍu úpdrhg .; yels úh hq;= h'
103
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
3' udOH iy ika foaYhkays iu úIu;d
 ikafoaYh l=ulao@ th ks¾udKh lf<a ldgo@ ljq o@ l=ula i|yd o@ l=uk udOHhlska
o@ hkak úuiSfuka udOH ikafoaYhkays iu úIu;d úpdrh wdrïN l< yels fõ'
lsishï udOH ikafoaYhla úiqrejd yeÍu i|yd ksjerÈ u l%uhla ke;' wmf.a u oekqu"
úYajdihka" w;aoelSï iy idrO¾u u; mokï j wms tlsfkld fjkia wdldrfhka
udOH w¾: ksrEmKh lruq'
 ikafoaYfha —fm<˜ l=ulao@ ^wm olsk foh fyda wik foh" ,sÅ; fyda lÓl jpk"
PdhdrEm" Ñ;% igyka" ,dxPk" ks¾udK" ix.S;h" Yío" wdÈh& tys tk jpk" rEm fyda Yío
u`.ska fhdackd lrkafka l=ulao@ ikafoaYfha fm< (text) hkq l=ulao@ ^tu`.ska ieÕjqKq
fyda fkdfmfkk w¾: .ek Tn is;kafka l=ulao@& udOH ikafoaYj, fm< (texts) iy
Wmfm< (subtexts)wvx.= fõ'
 udOH ikafoaY ;=< mj;akd jpk" mska;+r iy$fyda Yío fm< (text) fõ' Wmfm< hkq
ikafoaYfha ieÕjKq iy háka mj;sk w¾:h hs' udOH ks¾udKlre jpk" rEm" Yío"
ie,iqï iy wfkl=;a wx. Ndú; lrñka ikafoaY ilia lrk wdldrh fy<s lr .; hq;=
h' udOH ksIamdolhkaf.a oDIaáfldaKh" Tjqkaf.a jákdlï iy tajdfha mlaImd;S;ajh
idlÉPd l< yels h' tajdfhys ieÕjqKq w¾:hka o fidhd .; yels h'
 udOH ikafoaY" ks¾udKlrejkaf.a jákdlï iy u; ms<sìUq lrhs' iEu .%dylfhl= u

lsishï oDIaáfldaKhlska olshs' udOH u`.ska ikaksfõokh lsÍug wm Ndú; lrk jpk"
Yío iy rEm wmf.a u; mokï j wmf.a jákdlï iy wdl,amhkag n,mEï lrhs'
fuf,i mqoa.,fhda ikafoaY Tiafia ;ukaf.a u w¾:hka udOHfhka ,nd .ks;s'
 udOHlrejka ksYaÑ; j bÈßm;a lrk ikafoaY" ckhd Tjqkaf.a mQ¾j oekqï iy w;aoelSï"
Tjqkaf.a jákdlï iy Tjqkaf.a úYajdihka u; mokï j" tajd fjk;a wdldrfhka
ms<sf.k mßj¾;kh lr .ks;s' fuhska woyia jkafka udOHfha tl u ikafoaYfhka
úúO Wm fm< ks¾udKh l< yels njhs' fuys § wm <Õ we;s —udOH fuj,ï˜ Ndú;
lrkafka l=uk wdldrfhka o@ tu udOH u`.ska bÈßm;a lrk ,o hym;a ikafoaY fudkjd
o@ l=ukdldr RKd;aul ikafoaY bÈßm;a lrkafka o@ hkak úuish hq;= h'
 fuu lreK hgf;a ish¨ u udOH ikafoaY ^rEmjdysks jevigyka" mqj;am;a" Ñ;%má"
fjf<| oekaùï wdÈh& ñksiqka úiska idod fyda f.dvk`.d we;s nj wjOdrKh flfrhs'
tu ikafoaY ks¾udKh l< ;eke;a;d ljfrla o hkak;a" udOH ikafoaY ,nd§fï
woyi l=ula o hkak;a wm f;areï .; hq;= h' tfia u udOH ikafoaY wmf.a woyia"
wdl,am yd ls%hdjkag n,mdhs' wm ish,a,kag m%pdrK" m%jD;a;s" Ñ;%má" fmdma ix.S;"
ùäfhda lS%vd iy fjk;a wdldr udOH jevigyka n,md we;'
 udOH n,.;= ixialD;sl n,fõ.hla jkafka tneúks' Ñ;a;fõ.Sh n,mEu jeä ÈhqKq
lsÍu i|yd udOH ikafoaY yeisrúh yels h' Ñ;%má iy rEmjdysks kdgHj, ;sr rpkh
Yla;su;a lsÍu i|yd úúOdldr Ndú;hka ^leurd fldaK" rduq lsÍu" fõ.S lemSï" úfYaI
m%fhda." wdf,dal ix.S; iy Yío m%fhda.& Ndú; flfrhs' iÕrd" oekaùï fyda fjí wvú
104
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
i|yd u pu;aldr ckl ikafoaY ks¾udKh lrhs' ikafoaY u`.ska udOH u;jdo yd
jákdlï yqjudre lr .kshs'
Wod (- m%jD;a;s jd¾;d ^.eg¨jla fyda isoaêhla ksrdjrKh lsÍu yereKq fldg" m%jD;a;s
jd¾;d u`.ska n,h yd wêldß;ajh ms<sn| Wml,amk Yla;su;a lrhs'& iy úfYaIs;
ksIamdok úlsŒu yereKq fldg fjf<| oekaùï u`.ska mdßfNda.slhkaf.a jákdlï
ksrka;rfhka m%j¾Okh lrhs'
4' udOH ikafoaY wdêm;Hh
 udOH ikafoaY wdêm;H hkq iudc ixialD;sl jákdlï yd Ñka;kh flfrys n,mj;akd
udOH n,h hs' mqj;am;a" iÕrd" rEmjdysksh" .=jkaúÿ,sh" wka;¾cd,h fuf,i wdêm;Hh
ork wdh;k f,i ie,lsh yels h' fuu udOH wmf.a ixialD;sfha o Ñka;kfha o
wdêm;Hh orhs'
ksoiqkla f,i rEmjdysks m%jD;a;s OfkaYajr wd¾Ól m%;m

s ;a;s ;=< fjf<o NdKAv ksIm
a dokh
lrk ls%hdj,shg msúish yels whqre úuish yels h' udOH ikafoaY wdêm;Hh" wd¾Ól"
foaYmd,ksl yd ixialD;sl n,fõ. u; ìys fõ' fuf,iska udOH OfkaYj a rfha WmlrKhls'
iudcSh wdêm;Hhsl ;;a;aj mj;ajd .ekSug Okj;a;= yd n,j;a;= udOH fhdod .ks;s'
tu`.ska Tjqkag reÑ udOH u`.ska oDIaájdoh fnodyeÍu lr;s' rEmjdysks yd iskudj jeks
udOHj, mj;akd wdêm;Hhsl iajrEmh m%n, h' rEmjdysksh foaYmd,ksl yd jHdmdßl
md¾Yaj úiska fufyhjkq ,nk neúka ta ta n,hkag hg;a j udOH ikafoaY f.dv kefÕa'
 ikafoaYhl uQ,dY%h" .%dylhd" fm<" Wmfm<" wNsfm%arK m%fhda. yd oDIaáfldaK úpdrhg

Ndckh lsÍfuka ikafoaYhl iajNdjh y`ÿkd .ekSug yels fõ' kQ;k udOH lafIa;%fha
fm< ikafoaY (text message) nyq, j oelsh yels h' fï úpdr oDIAáh Tiafia tjeks foa o
úuiSu fhda.H fõ'
 udI,a uelaÆyka keu;s ikaksfõok úfYAI{hd mjikafka —udOHh u ikafoaYh fõ˜

hkqfjks' tu`.ska udOH ;dlaIKhkaf.ka o ikafoaY ìysjk nj lsh fõ' óg wu;r j
mriamr oDIAàka udOH ;=< mj;sk nj wms oksuq' tfia jqj tu mriamr úfrdaë oDIaájdo
ixfla;d;aul j Okjd§ f,dal oDIaáh taldnoaO lsÍula f,i fuu`.ska w¾: olajhs' udOH
ikafoaY wdêm;Hh Rcq yd jl% f,i mej;sh yels h' lsishï m%jD;a;shla" ikafoaYhla"
wdh;ksl ud¾f.damfoaYkh" wdh;ksl udOH iïuq;s fyda wêm;Hjd§ u;h u`.ska ilia
lrk ikafoaYfha ÈYdk;Skag wkqj f.dvkef`.k whqre úpdrhg ,la l< yels h'
5' udOH wd¾Ólh
 udOH wd¾Ólh hkq miq.sh jir 40 mqrd ie,lsh hq;= j¾Okhlg ,la j we;s wOHhk
lafIa;%hls' udOH l¾udka;h u; f.dvkef`.k udOH wd¾Ólh fjf<| oekaùï lrejkaa"
.%dylhd yd udOH w;r kj iïnkaO;djls'
 ikaksfõokh hkq fjf<| ixialD;shls' ikaksfõok moaO;s u`.ska fjf<|fmd< i|yd

há;, myiqlï imhhs' udOH wd¾Ólh udOH whs;sh wOHhkh lrk kj m%fõYhls'
udOH wd¾Ólh ord isákafka f;dr;=re imhkakka yd úfkdaodiajdoh imhk iemhqï
105
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
lrejka u; h' udOH iud.ula hkq l=ula o iy tys wNsfmaa%rKh l=ula o yd Bg wod<
;r.ldß fjf<|m< l=ulao hkdÈh y`ÿkd .ekSu udOH wd¾Ólhg wh;a fõ'
 udOH hkq" jHdmdßl lafIa;%fha isg ks¾udKd;aul woyia olajd mq¿,a úIh lafIa;%hla
wdjrKh jk ixlS¾K l¾udka;hls' flfia fj;;a" uQ,sl uÜgfï § udOH wd¾Ól
wOHhkh wjOdkh fhduq lrkafka l¾udka;fha m%Odk iud.ï" mdßfNda.slhka yd udOH
mßirh ms<sn| j h' tf,iska ksIamdolhka" krUkakka" oekaùïlrejka" wdKavqj iy
m%cdj w;r in|;d úYaf,aIKh iy wjfndaO lr .ekSug udOH wd¾Ólh wmg Wmldr
l< yels h'
6' udOH yd ;dCIKh
 ta ta udOHhg wod< ;dlaIKh fuys ,d wjOdkhg .efka' uqøs; yd úoHq;a udOH f,i
j¾Okh jQ hdka;s%l udOH .=jka úÿ,sh yd rEmjdysksh Tiafia úoHq;a njg m;a úh' bka
wk;=re j ixLHdxl udOH Tiafia úúO jQ kj udOH ;dlaIKhka ìys ù we;'
 kQ;k udOH ;dlaIKhka wjfndaO fldg .; hq;af;a udkqISh w¾nqo úi|k mokñka h'
udOH ;dlaIKh yd ksoyi úuish hq;= h' ksoiqkla f,i wka;¾cd,fhys fm!oa.,sl;ajh
yd m%ldYk ksoyi úpdrh hq;= h' f.da,Sh jYfhka udOH ;dlaIKh Ndú; jk whqre
y÷kd.; hq;= h' mqrjeis udOH yd wka;¾cd, ;dlaIKh ixLHdxllrKh yd udOH
jHdmdr flfrys udOH ;dlaIKh iïnkaO fõ'
 kj udOH yuqfõ rEmjdysks fjf<| m%pdrK úäfhda" úäfhda lS%vd" ixhqla; .S;" mß.Kl"
cx.u ÿrl:k yd wka;¾cd, jYfhka Ndú; ;dlaIKh wm wjfndaO fldg .; hq;= fõ'
iudc cd, wvúj, PdhdrEm" l;d" úäfhda yd úúO l,d;aul oE yqjudre lr .kakd
;dlaIKh ms<sn| úuish hq;= h'
 kj udOH f,dalfha we;s i;H h:d¾:h jgyd .; yels jkafka tjka úpdrd;aul
mßirhl mu‚' kQ;k iudcfha ;dlaIKh yd udOH Ndú;fhka isÿ jk iudc
wiu;=,s;;dj iy iudc úmßKduh ms<sn| oekqj;a ùug fuu udOH ;dlaIKh úuiSu
jeo.;a fõ' udOH f.da,ShlrKfha jdis iy .eg¨ ta Tiafia wjOdkhg .; yels h'
;dlaIKh" f.da,ShlrKh jeks lreKq f;areï fkd.kafka kï wmg úúO .eg¨j,g
uqyqK §ug isÿ jkq we;'
 úúO iudÔh oDIaáfldaK u`.ska udOH iy ;dlaIKh úYaf,aIKh lr idlÉPd lsÍu b;d
jeo.;a úpdrYS,S wjYH;djls' udkj iudcfha wka;¾ls%hdldß;ajh W;aikak ù we;s
whqre y÷kd .ekSug ;dlaIKfha n,mEu úuish hq;= h' tfuka u j¾;udkfha ;dlaIKh
kùk iudchla yd ffoksl Ôú;hla njg mßj¾;kh lrhs' úfYaIs; ld,j, § úfYaIs;
jQ ;dlaI‚l n,mEï yd tajdfhys úfYaIs; ls%hdldß;ajh ms<sn| úuiSu hkdÈh fuhg
wod< fõ'
 isiq isiqúhka úúO udÈ,sfha udOH ;dlaIKhka yd .;sl;ajh ^n,h" foaYmd,kh"

wkkH;djhka wdÈh& úu¾Ykh lrkafka flfia o@ udOH ;dlaIKhkays j¾Kdj,s ^n,h"
foaYmd,kh" wkkH;djka& .fõIKh lsÍug wjYH úfõpkd;aul iy úYaf,aIK
wjfndaOh w;alr .ekSu fuu ud;Dldj hgf;a idlÉPd l< yels h'
106
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
7' udOH yd ixia l D;s h
 ixialD;sl wjfndaOh udOH úpdrhg w;HjYH fõ' ixialD;sh úúOdldr h' ckms%h"
Wm" m%;s" by< iy my<" m%N+" ck wdÈ f,i ixialD;s j¾. l< yels fõ' rEmjdysksh
jeo.;a ixialD;sl n,fõ.hls' th iudcfha mrudo¾YSh yd h:d¾:jd§ o¾Ykhka
ms<sìUq flfrk kS;s yd N+ñld ms<sn| mdvï imhhs' tfia u rEmjdysksh hkq
iudchSh" jD;a;Sh yd ,sx.sl ls%hd" iudc mka;sh" mß;Hd. yd wkql+,;dj" cd;sh iy
jd¾.sl;ajh ms<sìUq lrk" úfõpkd;aul f,i yev.iajk" iudÔh wdh;khls'
 iudc" jD;a;Sh iy ,sx.sl pß;" taldlD;s" Okd;aul yd RK ixialD;sl jákdlï

hkdÈh rEmjdyssks wdLHdkhkj, fnodyod .kshs' udOH yd ixialD;shg wod< .=Kdx."
wdl,am iy yeisÍï fudkjd o@ udOH N+ñldjka udkisl j" Ñ;a;fõ.S j" wd¾Ól jYfhka
fyda wd;aóh jYfhka úÑ;% f,i mska;dre lr ;sfí o@ úúO jevigykaj, tk pß;hkaf.a
jpk iy ls%hdjka yd jD;dka;j,ska ixialD;sl jYfhka Rcq j iy jl% j ikaksfõokh
lrkq ,nkafka l=ula o@ fï wdÈ lÓldjlg udOH úpdrh újD; úh hq;= h'
8' udOH yd udhdj
 ixcdkkh lsÍfï § mqoa.,hka jerÈ w;aú¢kjd kï tajd ñ:Hdjka f,i ie,fla'

udOH ikafoaYj, úlD;s lsÍï we;=<;a fõ' udOH u`.ska f.dvk`.k cku; ñ:Hdj
iu`. ne£ mj;S' fjf<| oekaùïj, oelafjk úúO ix{d u`.ska ñ:Hd w¾: l:k
iemfha' m%pdrlhska ñ:Hdj Ndú; lrhs' wm ls%hd lrk wdldrh ms<sn| j ;SrKh
jkafka" wm f;areï .kakd moaO;sh f.dvkxjk wdldrhg wkqj hs' udOH ikafoaYj,
mj;akd ñ:Hdjka bka fjka fldg y÷kd .ekSu ñka woyia flf¾' i;H fyda wi;H
fohla udOH u`.ska ld,hla úiqrejd yßk úg tajd i;H f,i ms<s.efka'
 fjf<o oekaùïj, fm< yd rEm u`.ska ñ:Hdj ckkh lrhs' tf,iska u oekaùï ;=<
ieÕjqKq w¾: mj;S' tneúka oekaùïlrejka ñ:Hdj Ndú; lrkafka flfia o hkak
úpdrh l< hq;= h' WodyrKhla f,i udOH lafIa;%fha jevigykaj, ldka;dj yd w,xldrh
w;r o ñ:Hdj mj;S' ldka;dj ú,dis;djla f,i;a fjf<o NdKavhla f,i;a fhdod
.kafka ñ:Hduh w,xldrh Ndú; lrñks'
 udOH ls%hdldß;ajh wjfndaO lr .ekSug fuu ñ:Hdj wmg Wmldr lrhs'
ñ:Hdj ( wm woyia lrk úg" wmg wjYH úg muKla wms ikaksfõokh lruq'
h:d¾:h ( wms ks;r u ikaksfõokh lruq'
ñ:Hdj ( jpkj, w¾: mj;S' wms tajd ikaksfõokh lrkafkuq'
h:d¾:h ( jpkj, úfYaIs; w¾:hla ke;' w¾:h yg.kafka .%dylhd ;=< h'
ñ:Hdj ( ikaksfõokh mqoa.,fhl=g hula mejiSug wmg we;s tal ud¾.sl ls%hdjls'
h:d¾:h ( ikaksfõokh uQ,sl jYfhka oaú ud¾.sl ls%hdldß;ajhls'
ñ:Hdj ( wmg wka whg f;dr;=re ,nd Èh yels nj idudkH jegySu hs'
107
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
h:d¾:h ( m%udKd;aul f;dr;=re fkdue;s j wka whg f;dr;=re ,nd§ug hEfuka .eg¨ldÍ
f;dr;=re ìys ùu isÿ ù ;j ÿrg;a tajd .eg¨ldÍ j jgyd .; yels h '
úpdrYS,S .%dylhd
• udOH uÕska ,efnk iEu f;dr;=rla u iEu rEmKhla u ks¾udKh lr we;' ke;s kï
ilia lr we;' i;H fyda h:d¾:h tuÕska ms<sìUq fkd fõ' udOHhkaf.ka wdl+, jQ
iudc mßirhl Ôj;a jk mqoa.,hka f,i ckudOH f;areï .ekSu" úu¾Ykd;aul j
udOH ikafoaY jgyd .ekSu iy udOHfha udhdj yd h:d¾:h f;areï .ekSu we;=¿ udOH
idCIr;d ,CIK úpdrYS,S .%dylfhl= i;= úh hq;= h'
• úpdrYS,S .%dylhd il%sh .%dylfhls' il%sh .%dylhd" f;dr;=re ,efnkafka flfia o"
ldf.ka o" fldfyka o" hkak úuihs' il%sh .%dylfhla úYajdi l< yels uQ,dY%j,ska
f;dr;=re ,efí ± hs ieu úg u úuid n,hs' udOH ikafoaY tu wdldrfhka u ndr
fkd.ekSug;a tajd ms<sn| m%Yak lsÍug;a il%sh .%dylhd fhduq fõ'
• il%sh udOH .%dyl;ajh wmg ksi`.fhka fyda iycfhka fyda ,efnk n,hla fkd j th
yeoEßh hq;= úIhhls' zztuÕska fkdfhl=;a ckudOH" ckm%sh ixialD;sh" kj ;dlaIKh
ms<sn| j úpdrYS,S j úuid ne,Sug wjia:dj ,nd foa'ZZ ^v.a,ia fl,ak¾ - 1979&
úpdrYS,S .%dyl;ajh flfrys n,mdk idOl
• ckudOH iy tAjdfha .%dylhka ms<sn| j f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfuka ,efnk n,.ekaùu

ms<sn| yeoEÍu
• m%Odk ckudOH uÕska ,efnk f;dr;=re fuka úl,am ckudOH uÕska ,efnk f;dr;=re
,nd .ekSfï jeo.;alu yd wNsfhda.
• tAjd wkqidrfhka wmf.a u ks¾udK fkdfhl=;a ckudOHhkag ,nd §fï wNsfhda.
• il%sh iy úpdrYS,s udOH idlaIr;dj uÕska udOHfha msgqmi ;sfnk fkdfhl=;a n,fõ.
ms<sn| ±kqj;a ùu
• ia;%S mqreI Ndjh" cd;sh" j¾.h" l=,h" ,sx.sl;ajh" ckudOH uÕska m%;sks¾udKh ùu
ms<sn| yeoEÍu
• fuu wOHhkh udOH idlaIr;dj we;s lr .ekSu i|yd muKla fkd j úúO ckudOH
foi úpdrYS,S j ne,Su iy tAjd msgqmi isák woDYHudk n,fõ. iy .%dylhka iy
ckudOH weiqfrka hï hï foa ms<sn| ljrdldrfhka jgyd .kafka ±hs wOHhkh lsÍu
• il%sh .%dylfhl= ieu úg u ;ud l< hq;= foa" is;sh hq;= foa" fkdis;sh hq;= foa .ek
úpdrYS,S j l,amkd lsÍu
108
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• fkdfhl=;a ckudOH iudcfha ljrdldr ñksiqka fyda ia;%Ska úh hq;= o hkak wmg
fmkajd fohs' ckm%sh jkafka flfia o" Ôú;h id¾:l lr .kafka flfia o" Ôú;fha
wid¾:l Ndjh ke;s lr .kafka flfia o" iudcfhys l%shd;aul jk m%Odk n,fõ."j
- ákdlï iy iudc ixia:dj,g wkql+, j mqreÿ mqyqKq ùu wmg b.ekaùug udOH l%shd
lrhs'
• úpdrYS,S .%dyl;ajh udOH idlaIr;dj iEu mqrjeisfhl= u n, .kajhs' ckudOHj,ska

ujk udhdldÍ f,dalfhys h:d¾:h y÷kd .ekSug úpdrYS,S;ajh wmg uÕ fmkajhs'
• úpdrYS,S .%dylhl=f.a i;= úh hq;= l=i,;d
1' úYaf,aIKh (Analysis) - udOH ikafoaYhl wka;¾.; j we;s fyda ixfhda. ù we;s
øjH" wxYhka fjka lsÍu
2' ;lafiarelrKh Êvaluation) - udOH ikafoaYfhys .=K yd w.=K fidhd n,ñka

;lafiarelrKh lsÍu
3' ldKavlrKh ^Grouping) - udOH ikafoaYh ldKavj,g fnod fjka lr .ekSu
4' wkqudkh Înduction) - wkqudkh lrñka udOH ikafoaYfhys w;=<;a foa wkqj is;d
n,d iuia; rgdj ms<sn| wkqudk lsÍu
5' ks.ukh ^Deduction) - udOH ikafoaYfhys fmdÿ ;;a;ajhka weiqßka úfYaIs; hula
ks.ukh lsÍu
6' ixiaf,aIKh (Synthesis) - udOH ikafoaYfhys iuia;hg .<mñka kj m%ia;=;hla

f.dvke`.Su
7' úhqla;slrKh Âbstraction) - udOH ikafoaYfhys yrh iy jeo.;a lreKq b;d

fláfhka meyeÈ,s f,i ±laùu
fuu l=i,;d udOH úu¾YS,S;ajhg u muKla iSud fkdjk w;r we;eï l=i,;d wms
tÈfkod Ôj;a ùfï § o Ndú; lrkafkuq' fuu l=i,;d Ndú; lsÍu iòyd hï ±kqula
wm iEu flfkl= ;=< u ;sfnk w;r fïjd jeä jeäfhka m%.=K lr udOH f;dr;=re
wjfndaO lr .ekSu wm ieu fj; we;s wNsfhda.hls'
1' úYaf,aIKh (Analysis)
fuhska woyia jkafka ikafoaYhla f;areï .; yels wdldrfhka th fldgiaj,g

fjka lr .ekSu hs' udOHhka u`.ska wm fj; ,efnk ikafoaYhla fyda f;dr;=re ta
whqßka u ms<s.ekSug fyda tu f;dr;=re fjka fjka jYfhka .eUqßka tajdfha w¾:
wkqj fldgiaj,g fjka lr tajd bÈßm;a ù we;s wdldrh úNd. lsÍug yels fõ'
WodyrKhla f,i mqj;am;l m<jk mqj;la .;a úg th ,shk mqj;am;a l,dfõÈhdf.a
woyi ta ,shù we;s wdldrhg u ms<s.ekSug fyda tu mqjf;a iunr;dj mÍCId lsÍug
wmg yels h' tu mqj;" ljfrla o" l=ulao" ljr Èkl § o" l=uk ia:dkhl § o ula
ksid o hkafkka m%Yak lr th iïmQ¾K mqj;la o" wiïmQ¾K mqj;la o hkqfjka
109
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
2' ;lafiarelrKh Êvaluation)
fuhska woyia jkafka" m%jD;a;shl ke;akï f;dr;=rl fhda.H;dj fyda wfhda.H;dj

;lafiare lsÍu hs' fuys § l< hq;af;a" m%jD;a;shl we;=<;a f;dr;=re hï ñkqï
oKavlg" m%ñ;shlg wkqj iudk lr fyda ixikaokh lr ne,Su hs' udOH úYdrohka
,shk u;s u;dka;r f;dr;=rej, we;=<;a jk úg tajd lg mdvñka wmf.a u is;=ï
me;=ï njg m;a lr .ekSu fyda tajd wmf.a u woyia iu`. ixikaokh lr ne,sh
yels h' wmf.a u m%ñ;Ska yd tajd iudk jqjfyd;a tajd ksjerÈ u;s u;dka;r fyda
wmf.a u;hkag jvd fyd| u;s u;dka;r f,i wmg ms<s.; yels h' tfy;a wm ;=<
we;s m%ñ;s wkqj tajd kqiqÿiq hs fyda wfhda.Hh hs ±kqfkd;a tajd wmg m%;sfCIam l<
yels h'
3' ldKavlrKh ^Grouping)
f;dr;=rl" ke;fyd;a m%jD;a;shl tk lreKqj, iudk wiudk fldgia ixikaokh

lsÍu fuhska woyia flf¾' fï i|yd j¾.SlrK Í;sh Classification rule wmg Wmldr
fõ' hï hï foa j¾. l< hq;af;a flfia ± hs udOHh wmg lshd fok w;r" th ta
wdldrfhka u wm ms<s.;af;d;a Tjqkaf.a j¾.SlrKh wkqj lghq;= lsÍug wmg isÿ
fõ' tfy;a tu udOH j¾.SlrKhkaf.a fyd| krl wm ms<s.;a jákdlï iy wmf.a
u j¾.SlrKhka wkqj ikaikaokh lr n,k úg jvd w¾:j;a" .=Kd;aul núka hq;=
ksjerÈ j¾.SlrKhla wmg idod .; yels h'
4' wkqudkh Înduction)
fuhska wm woyia lrkafka l=vd lreKq m%udKhl úoHudk jk rgdj y÷kd f.k
Bg jvd úYd, lreKq m%udKhl fmdÿ rgdj y÷kd .ekSu hs' WodyrKhla jYfhka
cku; úpdrhl m%;sM, wm úNd. lr ne¨fjd;a fndfyda fokd lrkafka udOH
Tiafia .,d tk f;dr;=re u; u muKla ienE uyck u;h th hss is;u
S h' fndfyda
úg ienE ;;a;ajh tfia úh fkdyels h'
5' ks.ukh ^Deduction)
fuhska woyia jkafka fmdÿ lreKq Wmfhda.s lr f.k úfYaI fohla meyeÈ,s lsÍug
W;aidy lsÍu h' fuf,i fmdÿ foaj,a ms<sn| jerÈ wdl,am wm ;=< mej;sh fyd;a
wfkl=;a lreKq;a ta whqßka jerÈ f,i úia;r lsÍug wm fm,ôh yels h'
6' kj m%ia;;
= hla f.dvke`.Su (Synthesis)
fuhska woyia jkafka ;sfnk fldgia tl;= lr" w¨;a jHQyhla f.dv k`.d .ekSu
hs' {dk jHQyhka f.dvk`.d .ekSfï § fuh wmf.a m%d:ñl iu;alula ke;fyd;a
l=i,;djhls' w¨;a f;dr;=re udOHhka u`.ska wm fj; .,d toa§ tajd wm úYaf,aIKh
fyda l=vd m%fhdackj;a f;dr;=re ldKav f,i o ;nd .; hq;= h' tu lreKqj,
m%fhdackj;aNdjh" úYajikSh;ajh" m%ikak nj wm ;lafiare l< hq;= h' wmg fyd|
h hs isf;k lreKq wm ;=< ;sfnk {dk jHQyhka iu`. tl;= lr .; hq;= h' w¨;a
{dk jHQy ks¾udKh lsÍu fyda w¨;a rgdjla i,ld ne,Su fï ksid isÿ fõ' ta ksid
kj m% i a ; = ; hla f.dvke`.S u hkq wmg ,efnk w¨;a u udOH f;dr;= r e
110
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
rgdjla i,ld ne,Su fï ksid isÿ fõ' ta ksid kj m%ia;=;hla f.dv ke`.Su hkq wmg
,efnk w¨;a u udOH f;dr;=re kej; ilid" f;dard fírd wm ;=< ;sfnk {dk
jHQyhka w¨;a lr .ekSu hs'
7' úhql;
a l
s rKh Âbstraction)
fuhska woyia flfrkafka f;dr;=rl wvx.= yrh ksrjq,a j meyeÈ,s j fláfhka

iïmsKavKh lsÍu hs' WodyrKhla jYfhka udOHhla u`.ska ,nd fok ikafoaYhla
;j;a wfhl=g úia;r lrk úg fyda tu ikafoaYh u kej;;a wmf.a ukiska u;la
lr .kakd úg wm úiska fuu l=i,;dj m%fhdackhg .kq ,nhs' fuu l=i,;dj
b;d fyd|ska fmkaúh yelafla udOHfhka bÈßm;a jk ikafoaYfhka lshfjk mq¿,a
w¾:fhys uQ,sl woyi b;d ixCIsma; j .%yKh lr .ekSfuks'
we.hSu (
1' udOH úpdrh hkak meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2' udOH ikafoaY úpdrd;aul j f;areï lr .ekSu ffoksl Ôú;fha § udOH .%yKhg
yiqùfukaa mqoa.,hd j<lajd ;nhs'Z úu¾Ykh lrkak'
3' úpdrYS,S .%dylfhl= i;= úh hq;= ,CIK yd úpdrYS,S ùfï wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
111
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 6'3 udOH ikafoaY úYaf,aIKh ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka hq;= j

úpdrYS,S j lghq;= lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 22 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • udOH ikafoaYhla úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï uQ,sl lreKq y÷kajd fohs'
•f;dard .;a udOH ikafoaYhla úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
• udOH ikafoaYhla úYaf,aIKh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .ekSug yels uQ,sl lreKq lsysmhla fuys
i|yka fõ' úúO udOH iajrEmhka wkqj ikafoaY úYaf,aIKh lsÍu i|yd ;j;a fujeks
lreKq /ila wod< lr .; yels h'
1' w¾:h - Meaning

2' wod< nj - Appropriateness
3' fm,Uùu - Motivation
4' mCImd;s;ajh - Bias
5' úYajikSh;ajh - Credibility
6' úlD;slrKh - Distortion
7' iM,;dj - Effectiveness
8' Y+r fufyhùu - Manipulation
9' taldlD;sl nj - Stereotype
10' we.hSu - Evaluation
1' w¾:h
• w¾:h hkq Rcq m%ldYs; fkdjk hula ms<sn| meyeÈ,s j ikaksfõokh lsÍu hs' tkï th
jpkhla" mdGhla" ixl,amhla fyda l%shdjl woyi lshd mEu hs' fuf,iska woyia lrk fyda
m%ldYs; fyda weÕjqï lr we;s foa w¾:h kï fõ'
• tfia u w¾:h hkq hï fohla ms<sn| iuld,Sk meje;aug wod< jákdluls' w¾:h jd.a
úoHd;aul j NdId Ndú;h u`.ska ikaksfõokh lrkq ,nhs' wfkla w;ska w¾:h ufkdaúoHd;aul
wdia:dkhls' Ôú;fha w¾:h ñksia meje;afï iajNdjh ms<sn| ixl,amh hs'
112
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• jd.aúoHdj ;=< NdIduh m%ldYkhl wdrïNl w¾:hg jvd we;eï úg tys wjidk w¾:h
fjkia úh yels h' ksoiqkla f,i —wdorh˜ iy —foúhd˜ hk fhÿïj, úúO w¾:hka we;s nj
úuish yels h'
• ikaksfõolhd hïlsis wjia:djl § hula m%ldY lsÍfuka woyia jkafka l=ula o@ hkak
ie`.jqKq wre;a f.k foa' WodyrK ( —uu .syska tkakï˜ hkafkka weÕjqï lrkafka hk nj hs'
tk njla fkd fõ' —ug iS;,hs˜ hk jdlHfha w¾:h ljq¿j jid oeófï b,a,Sula fyda fmdrjd
.ekSug froaola b,a,Su úh yels h' tneúka udOH ikafoaY úYaf,aIKfha § ikafoaYfhka
ikaksfõokh jk w¾: Wmokd whqre mßiaiñka y÷kd.; hq;= h hkak fuu`.ska lshfõ'
2' wod<;a j h
• wod<;ajh hkafkka woyia lrkafka ikafoaYhg wod< wka;¾.;fha o Bg wod< wdLHdkh"

wkql%uh" iunr;dj" iqixfhda.h yd m%udKd;aul nj ukd f,i .e<mSu hs' ta i|yd ;dlaIKh
o WÑ; úh hq;= h'
• ckudOH Ndú;fha fhda.H;dj" ;;a;ajh" wjYH;dj iy udOH ,laIK w;r .e<mSï u; r|d mj;S'
lsishï úfYaIs; wruqKla i|yd úfYaIs; iudc ikao¾Nhl úfYaIs; fma%laIlfhl= ùu u
fhda.H;djls' tfia u fhda.H;dj hkq l:djla jgyd .; yels m%udKhls'
• wfmalaIs; wruqKq idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd ikao¾Nfha wjYH;djkag .e<fmk iqÿiq ;dlaIKhla
úh hq;= h' wod<;ajh tlsfkldf.a reÑ wreÑlï u; ;SrKh úh hq;= jqj o jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka
ukd wjfndaOhlska hq;= j úpdrYS,S j wod<;ajh ;lafiare lsÍu hs'
3' wNsfm% ar Kh
• wNsfm%arKh ksrka;r j isÿ flfrk ikakf s õok l%shdj,shls' fuys § wNsfm%arKh hkq udOH u`.ska
mqoa., úYajdihka" wdl,am" wNsm%dh" fyda yeisÍu flfrys n,mEï we;s lr ms<s.ekSug hg;a lsÍu
hs' udOH ikafoaY flfrys úYajikSh;ajh we;s lsÍu wNsfm%arKhls' úúO ,dxPk u`.ska ta;a;=
.ekaùu l< yels h' fndfyda úg jdKsc ikafoaYj,g wm hg;a jkafka ikakdñl ,dxPk u`.sks'
tmuKla fkd j jHdê iy Ñ;a;fõ. o ikafoaY u`.ska wNsfm%arKh l< yels h'
• wNsfm%arK m%Odk udkhka ;=kls'
wdl,am fjkia lsÍu

yeisÍï fjkia lsÍu
ld,h;a iu`. fjkia lsÍu
• udOH wNsfm%arKh u`.ska mqoa.,hd ish wdl,am" p¾hdjka fjkia lr .kakd wdldrh y`ÿkd
.ekSu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< yels h' udOH ikafoaY lsysmhla úYaf,aIKh lsÍfuka
mqoa.,hd wNsfm%arKh jk wdldrh úuid ne,Sh yels h'
113
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
4' mla I md;S ; a j h
• mlaImd;S;ajh f,i i,lkq ,nkafka hï wdldrhlg tla mqoa.,fhl=g fyda lKavdhug

úfYaI;ajhla oelaùu hs' mlaImd;S;ajh hkq w.;sh hs' idOdrK fya;= fyda m%udKj;a oekqula
fkdue;s j ks.ukhlg t<öu fyda hï woyia u; mokï jQ u;hla oeÍu hs'
• fuu m%jD;a;s .ek i,ld n,kak'
1' —800lg jeä msßila fuu Woaf>daIKhg iyNd.S jQy˜
2' —1000lg jvd wvq m%udKhla úfrdaO;d oelaùu i|yd fmkS isáhy'˜
• m%jD;a;s mlaI.%dys;ajh wkdjrKh lrkafka flfia o@
uQ,dY%h f;dard .ekSu
uQ,dY%h f.dvk`.k ÈYdk;sh
iïuqL idlÉPd ioyd mqoa.,hka f;dard .kakd wdldrh
jd¾;dlre tu isÿ ùu mjik wdldrh
fhdod .kakd PdhdrEm ixialrKh wdÈh u; m%jD;a;s ìys fõ'
• we;eï ikafoaYj, hï ksYÑa ; lreKq fyda úia;r lmd yer wfklla we;=<;a lrkq ,efí' ta wkqj
mlaImd;S;ajh we;s fõ' mdGlhka fyda krUkakka l;kaorh .ek is;k wdldrh u; o mlaI
.%dys;ajh fjkia úh yels h'
• lsishï ikafoaYhl iïmQ¾K l:dj f;areï .ekSug úúO udk lsysmhla úuiSu jeo.;a fõ'
l:djla weiqfrka ñksiqka lïmd lrjk wdldrhg m%jD;a;shla ,súh yels h' tfia u m%jD;a;s
ia:dk.; lsÍug wkqj o mlaImd;S;ajh we;s fõ'
• m%jD;a;shl PdhdrEmhg wm is;k wdldrhg tfrys j n,mEï l< yels h' mqj;am;aj, fyda úoHq;a
udOH m%jD;a;s úldYkfha wjidkfha m%jD;a;j s , jeo.;alu wvq h' ksoiqkla jYfhka m%pKav;ajh
ms<sn| l;djla we;af;a mqj;amf;ys uq,a msgqfjys kï th jvd;a wjOdrKh jkq we;' mqj;am;
msgqmi l=vdjg m%jD;a;sh yiqrejkafka kï th wvq jeo.;alulska hqla; jkq we;'
ksoiqk - 1 YS¾I mdG- —u;al=vq fydfrka f.kd ''''''' cd;sl l;la .=jka f;dgqmf<a § w;a
wvx.=jg˜
ksoiqk - 2 ixLHdf,aLk - ixLHd o;a; iy ixLHd f,aLk u; .%dylhd is;k wdldrh fjkia
l< yels h'
—mdi, i|yd wruqo,a /ia lrkafkl= Wmhd .;af;a remsh,a 1"100 la muKs' ˜
—mdif,a id¾:l wruqo,a /ia lrkafkla remsh,a 1000 lg jvd jeäfhka Wmhd .kS'˜
114
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
ksoiqka - 3
jpk f;aÍu iy ;dkh - udOHfõ§ka Ndú; lrk jpk yd ;dkh l;kaorhg n,mEï l<
yels h' Okd;aul fyda iDKd;aul jpk Ndú; lsÍfuka m%jD;a;sh .ek wmg yefÕk
wdldrh fjkia l< yels h' m%jD;a;s ksfõolfhl=f.a y~ iajrfhka wmg n,mEï l< yels
h'
ksoiqka - 4
uQ,dY% md,kh - l;kaorh wdrïN jkafka fldfyka o@ l;kaorfha uQ,dY%h ljqo@ Tn weiSu
fyda lshùu lrkqfha ljfrl=f.a oDIaá fldaKhla o@
• ikafoaYhl mlaImd;S;ajh úúO whqßka isÿ úh yels neúka tajd úpdrd;aul j úuiSfuka ksis
wjfndaOhlg meñKsh yels h' w;HjYH f;dr;=rej,ska u`. yeÍu" uq,dY% f;dard .kakd
wdldrh" l;d f;dard.kakd wdldrh" ia:dkh f;dard .kakd wdldrh" y÷kajd fok wdldrh
wkqj" f;dr;=re .uka lrkd fõ.h wkqj mlaImd;S;ajh f.dvkef`.a'
5' úYa j ikS h ;a j h
• uQ,dY%fha úYajikSh;ajhg oekqu f,i wOHdmkh yd w;aoelSï o yelshdj f,i fN!;sl yd

udkisl idOl o wod< fõ' wNsfma%rKh Tiafia w.;sh we;=¿ wdYd úYajdihka f,i
úúOdldrfhka ls%hd l< yels h'—ikaksfõolfhl=f.a úYajikSh;ajh hkq ms<s.;a úksYaphls˜
hkak fï iïnkaO m%lg u;hls' ,nkakd u; mokï jQ bÈßm;a lsÍula f,i úYajikSh;ajh
mj;S' tkï ikaksfõolhd kj úYajdihla ,nd ÿkak o ,nkakd úYajdi fkdlrkafka kï th
m%;slafIam fõ' tfiau nyq-udkS f,i úYajikSh;ajh yg .kshs' tkï úúO udkhkag wkqj
úYajdi we;s jk njhs'
• úYajikSh;ajh i|yd úYaf,aIK m%fõY
m%d:ñl udk
úfYaI{;dj ^ksmqK;d&
úYajdi l< yels nj ^wdrlaIdj&
lS¾;s kduh îe,ls,a,la oelaùu&
iudÔhNdjh
is;a weo.kakd iq¨ nj
115
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
oaú;Shsl udk
.;sl;ajh
;ekam;a nj
iudÔhNdjh
is;a weo .kakd iq¨ nj
• úYajikSh;ajh hkq —f.!rjŒh m%Njh˜ f,i o ye¢kafõ' tfiau úYajikSh;ajh mqoa.,sl h'
Ndrldr;ajh Tfí úYajdijka;Ndjh .ek l;d lrhs' wka wh Tn flfrys úYajdih ;nk úg
Tjqka Tnf.a n,mEug újD; j we;'
• fuf,iska úYajikSh;ajh hkq ,nkakka úiska ikaksfõolhkag ,nd fok úp,Hhls'

úYajikSh;ajh we;eï úg ;yjqre lr.; fkdyels h' th wdfrdamKh lsÍfï iajNdjhla o
mj;S' úYajikSh;ajh ;lafiare lsÍu i|yd ir, kS;shla fkdue;'
• úYajikSh;ajh ;lafiarelsÍug úksYaph wjYH fõ' úksYaph hkak tu úIh lafIa;%hg mokï
oekqu u; r|d mj;s' fuf,iska udOH ikafoaY flfrys úYajikSh;ajh we;s jk whqre ms<sn| wm
ikafoaY úpdrhg t<ôh hq;= h'
6' úlD;s l rKh
• ikaksfõok úlD;sh úlD;slrKh kñka ye¢kafõ' ikafoaYh f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh lrk

ixfla;d;aul wdlD;s hs' ixfla;d;aul ikaksfõokh wm jeä jeäfhka Ndú; lrk úg
ixfla;j,g wm úiska fokq ,nk w¾:h ksjerÈ j ikaksfõokh l< fkdyels h'
• tla md¾Yajhla úiska fjk;a md¾Yjhlg f.k hkq ,nk kd,sld fyda úúO wdldrfha
ueÈy;aùïj,ska ikafoaYh úlD;s lsÍïj,g ,la fõ' ikafoaYhl f;areï .ekSfï ls%hdj,sfha
§ wfkHdakH w¾:h" iajrh fyda jpk iïmQ¾Kfhka u w,a,d .ekSug fkdyels úh yels h'
tla w;lska úlD;slrKh hkq fjkia lsÍuls'
• m%;sfmdaIK fkd,eîu ksid udOH iïmdolhkaf.a bÈßm;a lsÍïj,g n,mEï lsÍfuka úlD;s
lsÍïj,g odhl úh yels h' w;sYfhdala;shg keÕSfuka" kskaod lsÍfuka ikafoaYhla úlD;s l<
yels h' wkqj¾;S (harmonic), jlafrda;a;syrKh (disambiguation), m%;HlaIK (cognitive), md¾Yaùh
(phase), úia;r úYd, lsÍu (amplitude), m¾hdf,dalh (perspective) wdÈ úlD;slrK fndfyda
fihska mj;s' tajd wm úpdrd;aul j y`ÿkd.; hq;= fõ'
116
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
7' iM,;a j h
• wfmalaIs; m%;sM,h bÈßm;a lsÍfï § lsih

s ï id¾:l;ajhla <`.d lr .ekSu iM,;ajh hs' ikafoaYfha
.=Kd;aul Ndjh" ksIamdok .=K;ajh iy ta;a;= .ekaùu u`.ska m%jD;a;s m%ldYkfha iM,;dj
we;s fõ' Yla;Ska yd ÿ¾j,;d y÷kd .ekSu i|yd uQf,damdhsl m%Yak lsÍu u`.ska ikafoaYfha
iM,odhs;dj we.hSu jeo.;a fõ'
• ud¾f.damfoaY fkdue;s j" wfma u ikafoaYh we.hSu wd;aóh jHdhduhla fõ' tneúka tajd
uekSu i|yd hï ffjIhsl m%ñ;Ska we;s lsÍu m%fhdackj;a h'
• M,odhS ikafoaYhla i|yd m%Odk .=Kdx. y;rla ;sfí'
ir, nj (Simplicity)
úfYaI;ajh (Specificity)
jHQyh (Structure)
we,Su (Stickiness)
ir, nj
ikafoaYhl ir, nj iy;sl lr .ekSu i|yd m%Yak folla weish hq;= h'
wruqK meyeÈ,s o@
m%Odk ikafoaYh meyeÈ,s o@
ikafoaYhl wruqK jkqfha oekqï §u" ta;a;= .ekaùu fyda úfkdao ùu h' wruqK oek .ekSfuka
f;dr;=re yd ixúOdkh .ek wmg yeÕfjkq we;' wm l:k o;a; u; oeä f,i r|d mj;sk
nj ufkdaúoHd;aul i;Hhls'
úfYa I ;a j h
úfYaI;ajh hkq NdIdfõ f;aÍu iy tys Ndú;h hs' NdIdj .ek wmg wmf.ka u wid .;
yels h'
NdIdj úfYaIs; o@
NdIdj wkjYH f,i ixhqla; fõ o@
ikafoaYh ;=< f;dard .;a jpkj,g wod< w¾:l:khkaf.ka ìysjk fuu Ñ;a;fõ.Sh
iïnkaO;dj wruqKg úreoaO j lghq;= lrkafka o@
NdIdfõ úfYaIs; nj y÷kd.; hq;= h' we;eï jpk ieÕjqKq Ñ;a;fõ.Sh w¾:hka f.k ths'
fndfyda w¾:hka fyda w¾:l:k iys; jpk Ndú;h m%fõYfuka úpdrhg ,la l< hq;= h'
117
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
w;sf¾l f;areula we;s jpk Ndú; lsÍfuka jerÈ w¾:l:khla ìysúh úh yels o@
NdIdj úfYaIs; nj y÷kd.; hq;= h' we;eï jpk ieÕjqKq Ñ;a;fõ.Sh w¾:hka f.k hhs'
fndfyda w¾:hka fyda w¾:l:k iys; jpk Ndú;h m%fõYfuka úpdrhg ,la l< hq;= h'
jHq y.; ls Í u
ikafoaY jHQy.; lsÍu wkql%ñl j isÿjkakls' ikafoaY fyd| krl f,i jHqy.; l< yels
h' thg mj;akd ixialD;sl yd iudc jákdlï n,mEï lrhs' ikafoaY jHqy.; ùu .%dylhd
is;k wdldrhg wkqj isÿjkakls' wm wmf.a is;=ú,sj,g wkqj f;dr;=re .,md .kshs'
oekaùï jHqjy.; lsÍuls' tla w¾:hlska fjf<| oekaùula hkq NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla
i|yd mdßfNda.slhkaf.a oekqj;aNdjh yd wdl,am ks¾udKh lsÍu" Yla;su;a lsÍu fyda
fjkia lsÍuhs' ta i|yd m%fhda.d;aul udOHuh ^Y%jH" oDYH" ,sÅ;& jHqyhla oekaúïlrejka
ilid .kshs'
we,S u
ikafoaYhlg we,Su w;sYh ixls¾K udkisl lsh % dj,shlska isÿ jkakls' thg iudc" ixialD;sl
jákdlï fia u ikafoaYh f.dvk`.kd wdldrh o n,mdhs' úfYaIfhka ikafoaY flfrys
we,Sug ir, nj" wkfmalI
a ;
s nj" ikafoaYfha Yla;us ;aNdjh" úYajikSh;ajh" yeÕSï W;amdokh
yd l;kaorhla ùu hkdÈh m%Odk uQ,O¾uhka fõ'
8' Y+r fufyhùu
• ikafoaYhl Y+r fufyhùu hkq úfYaIs; wjYH;djkag wkql+, jk m%;srEmhla fyda ;¾lhla
ks¾udKh lrk iïnkaO ud,djls'
• tjeks Wml%uj,g ;¾ldkaú; fufyhùu" udkisl yeisrùu" uq¿ukska u /jàu" mqridrï yd

m%pdrl Ys,am l%u Ndú; lsÍu we;=<;a úh yels h' iuyr mqoa.,hka fyda lKavdhï olajk u;
ksYaph lr .ekSfuka je<lS isàu ksid f;dr;=re fyda oDIaá fldaKhka" ;¾l fyda fjk;a
ia:dkhl wjOdkh fjk;lg yerúh yels h'
• mqreIhkaf.a wdl,am ieliSu" uyck iïnkaO;d" m%pdrh" wf<úlrKh ;=< Ndú; fõ' tla tlaa
ikao¾Nh i|yd mrud¾:h fnfyúka fjkia jk w;r mq¿,a ;dlaIKh fndfyda úg fhdod
.efka' fnfyúka m%Odk isÿùï u`.ska ÿria: lsÍu" PdhdrEm yeisrùu yd ùäfhda yeisrùu u`.ska
isÿ flf¾'
• ikafoaYh Y+r fufyhùug ikafoaYfha wx. fjkia lsÍug n,mdk m%d:ñl ixrpl my; mßÈ fõ'
m%udKh (Quantity) - hï ikafoaYhlska ,nd Èh hq;= idOdrK f;dr;=re
.=Kd;aulNdjh (Quality) - lsishï ikafoaYhl bÈßm;a lr we;s f;dr;=rej, i;H;dj
iïnkaO;dj (Relation) mQ¾j woyia u`.ska ;yjqre lr we;s ixjdofhys iïnkaO;djka
wdldrh (Manner) - hula m%ldY lr we;s wdldrh ms<sn| j wfmalaId

118
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
9' ta l dlD;s l nj
• taldlD;sl;ajh hkq —ish¨ u idudðlhkag ks;r u fhfok iuQyhl ia:djr udkisl

iajrEmhls'˜úYajh ms<sn| wmf.a oekqu fndfyda úg wiïmQ¾K j w;a oel we;s w;r wm úiska
fjk;a lKavdhïj, mQ¾j ks.ukj,g wkql+, jk mßÈ f;dr;=re fjka lr .ekSug W;aidy
lrhs'
• ,sx.sl;ajh iy jd¾.sl yd jd¾.sl w.;Skaf.a ksiel j u wfma taldlD;s u;hka jvd;a újdod;aul
whqßka iïnkaO fõ' Wkkaÿjla olajk mqoa.,hkaf.ka fndfydauhla mqoa.,hka fm!oa.,sl j
w;aoelsh fkdyels jQ úg mßirh ms<sn| Tjqkaf.a ÿmam;a oekqu fmdfydi;a lsÍu i|yd wka whf.a
idlaIs u; r|d mj;S'
• f;dr;=re yd úfkdaodiajdoh i|yd udOH n,.;= f,i iudc jákdlï iïfma%IKh lrhs'
tneúka fkdl< ixialD;sl n,mEu ksid ckudOHfõ§ka taldlD;s yd h:d¾:hka w;r mj;akd
fjkialï wjfndaO lr .ekSug;a" ienE f,dalfha fjkialï isÿ lrk taldlD;s ksrEmKhkag
tfrys j iaÒridr ksÍlaIKhka mj;ajd .ekSug;a iodpdrd;aul j.lSula we;'
• taldlD;s Ndú; lsÍu u`.ska wjxlNdjh ms<sn| uQ,sl ñksia jákdlï W,a,x>kh lsÍu o l<
yels h' flfia fj;;a tn÷ oejeka; ixialD;sl taldlD;sl iajNdjhka u; h:d¾:h mokï fõ'
we;eï taldlD;s hkq iïmQ¾Kfhka u wi;H fõ'
• mQ¾j w;aoelSïj,ska Wmqgd .;a Wml,amk u; mokï jQ lKavdhï taldlD;sl h' taldlD;sl;ajh
hkq kj f;dr;=re y÷kajd §fï § th fjkia lsÍug wiu;a úh yels kï wms th w.;s.dñ"
mlaI.%dyS hkqfjka y÷kajuq' ^Wod( ,sx.sl;ajh" cd;sjdoh&
• isria;,j, taldlD;sl nj fufia úuish yels h'
fuu pß; iy rEmh wmg mjikafka l=ula o@
fuu taldldÍ iajrEmhka yd tajd Ndú; lrk wdldrh ms<sn| j yefÕkafka flfia o @
fma%laIlhkaf.a yeÕSï flfrys tjeks taldlD;s n, mj;ajk nj .ek is;kafka flfia o@
udOHhka taldlD;s Ndú; lrkafka wehs @
• ñksiqka úYd, msßila tl iudk j is;Su taldlD;sl;ajh fma%laIlhka Èß .kajhs' fndfyda úg tu

wjia:dj, RKd;aul ,laIK yg .kshs' taldlD;s iu`. tlÕ jk f;dr;=re f;dard .kakd w;r
tlÕ fkdjk f;dr;=re fkdi,ld yeÍug Tjqka fhduq lrhs'
119
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
10' w.ehSu
• we.hqï rduqj —l=i,;d lÜg,hla muKla fkd j w;aoelSï ms<sn| wdl,amhls' th idudkHfhka
ksYaÑ; j hula isÿ lrk ryia mÍlaIKhls' ta wkqj úYaf,aIKh u`.ska m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhhs'
—ikafoaYh ˜ hkq l=ula o@
Tn jvd;a u leu;s l=uk ikafoaYhkag o@ ta uka o@
udOHfhka Tng ,enqKq f;dr;=re we;a;g u fyd| o@
ikafoaYh idrdxY.; l< yelafla flfia o@ Tfí ikafoaYh Tfí h:d¾:h" úYajdihka iy
jákdlï iuÕ ióm j fhfok wdldrh fld;rï ióm jkafka o@
ikafoaYh ks¾udKh lf<a ljfrla o@ ikafoaYh yd wka;¾ l%shdldÍ jk whf.ka Tjqka

m%fhdack ,nkafka l=uk wdldrj,ska o@ udOHlrejkaf.a Wml,amk" úYajdihka iy jákdlï
fudkjdo @
ikafoaYfha wruqK l=ula o@ th Wmfoia" oekqï §u" úlsŒu" ta;a;= .ekaùu" meyeÈ,s lsÍu"
;¾l lsÍu" úfkdaodiajdoh fyda fjk;a hula fõ o@
ikafoaYh ikaksfõokh lrkafka flfia o hkak .%dylhdg n,mEï lrkafka flfia o@
úúO mqoa.,hka" ia:dk iy ;u ixialD;Ska udOHfhka ksrEmKh lrkafka flfia o@

idudkHlrKhla fyda taldlD;s ;sfí o@ ñksiaiq fyda ixialD;Ska ke;s ù ;sfí o@ ñksiqka"
ia:dk iy ixialD;Skaf.a ksrEmKhg n,mEula we;s lrkafka flfia o@
• ckudOH idlaIr;dfõ uQ,sl ixl,am wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd ys;ldó m%fõYhla jk udOH
;s%fldaKdldr wdhqO ;=kla jgd ixúOdkh lr we;s bÕs fhdod .ksñka udOH fm< úYaf,aIKh
l< yels h'
ikafoaYh lSfuka woyia lrkafka l=ula o@
ikafoaYh .%dylhkag ljr f,iska w¾:j;a jkafkao@
ksIamdokh ikafoaYfha w¾:h f.k tkafka flfia o iy ta wehs@
• úúO udOH ikafoaY fufia úYaf,aIKh l< yels fõ' má.; lrk ,o .=jka úÿ,s udOH
ikafoaYhla" .S;hla" rEmjdysks fjf<| ±kaùula" jd¾;d jevigykla" iudc udOH
ikafoaYhla jeks ´kE u udOH ikafoaYhla úpdrhg ,la lsÍfuka úpdrYS,S;ajh j¾Okh
lr .; yels fõ'
120
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
• fuys ±lafjkqfha mqj;am;l uq,a msgqj ir, f,i úYaf,aIKh lr we;s wdldrh hs' fujeks
ir, úYaf,aIKhl isg wka;¾.;fha we;=<;a lreKq iïnkaOfhka o .eTqre úYaf,aIKhla
olajd udOH ikafoaYh ú.%y l< yels fõ' tu`.ska udOH idCIr;dj we;s lr .ekSug wjYH
±kqu iy wjfndaOh we;s lr .; yels h'
we.hSu (
1' Tn leu;s udOH ikafoaYhla f;dard f.k by; lrKq Tiafia th úYaf,aIKh lrkak'
2' Tnf.a iy Tfí ñ;=rkaf.a udOH ikafoaY úYaf,aIKhka ikaikaokd;aul j wOHhkh
lrñka ta ms<sn| idlÉPd lrkak'
121
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh
mdßNdIl mo
udOH idCIr;dj - Media Literacy
udOH úpdrh - Media Criticism
wdY%s; .%ka:
1. De Fleur and Dennis, Understanding Mass Communication, Boston, USA, Houghton Mifflin
Company, 1991.
2. Waston James and Hill Anne , A Dictionary of Communication and Media Studies, India,
3. Potter James W., Media literacy, 5th edition,U.S.A, 2011
122
.=reud¾f.damfoaYh

5 6192748262739411649

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

5 6192748262739411649

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

5 6192748262739411649

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

w'fmd'i ^Wiia fm<&

isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j

m%:u uqøKh 2018

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j

fjí wvúh ( www.nie.lk

;d¾lSlrKh lrk ,o úIh ks¾foaY" kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY yd kj mdG .%ka:j, uQ,sl

kj úIh ks¾foaY iy .=re ud¾f.damfoaY iïmdokh lsÍfï § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha

wdpd¾h à' ta' wd¾' fÊ' .=Kfialr

úIhfhys wruq K q j , ix.;;dj cd;s l uÜgñka mj;a j d .; hq ; = h' tfy;a .= r e

wdpd¾h mQcH udUq,af.dv iqukr;k ysñ

WmfoaYl;ajh yd wkque;sh ( Ydia;%Sh lghq;= uKav,h" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úIh úfYaI{ iydh (

f,aLl uKav,h ^ndysr&

wOHCI ckrd,af.a mKsúvh i

1'0 ikaksfõok wOHhkfhys wdrïNh yd úldYh 01-12

2'0 ikaksfõok moku 13-26

3'0 uQ,sl ikaksfõok j¾." iajrEm iy wdlD;s 27-51

4'0 idïm%Þhsl udOH yd ckudOH" kj udOH yd iudc udOH 52-76

5'0 ixialD;sldjfndaOh" udOHfha iajNdjh iy tys n,mEu 77-90

6'0 udOH idlaIr;dj yd udOH úpdrh 91- 122

1' ikaksfõok wOHhkfhys wdrïNh yd úldYh

ksmqK;dj ( 1'0 ikaksfõok wOHhkfhys wdrïNh" úldYh" tys Ydia;%Sh

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 1'1 Ydia;%Sh úIhhla f,i ikaksfõok wOHhkfhys wdrïNh"

bf.kqï m, ( • Ydia;%Sh úIhhla f,i ikaksfõok wOHhkfhys wdrïNh

• ikakfs õok wOHhkh Ydia;h

mdvu ie,iqu i|yd Wmfoia (

my; i|yka úIh lreKq weiqfrka mdvu ie,iqï lrkak'

ikaksfõok wOHhkfhys wdrïNh" úldYh yd bf.kSfuys jeo.;alu

• ikaksfõokh;a udkj wka;¾ iïnkaO;djkq;a w;r we;af;a wúfhdackSh iïnkaO;djls'

• ikaksfõok ;dCIKfha ÈhqKqj" ckudOHhkaf.a j¾Okh iy udOH úiska iudch fj;

• ikaksfõok wOHhkfhys m%Odk wruqK jkafka udkj w;a±lSïj, flakaøSh idOlh

• hqoaOfhka mSvdjg m;a j isá ck;djf.a ì| jegqKq udkisl;ajh b,lal lr .ksñka

• ful, jdKsc mrud¾:fhka fuka u n,h ,nd .ekSfï yd ;yjqre lr .ekSfï

• ikaksfõok úIhh —ikaksfõok wOHhkh˜ ^Communication Studies) kñka iajdëk úIh

pd,aia l+,s ^1864-1929& fjda,ag¾ ,smaudka ^1889-1974& fcdaka vqù ^1859-1952&

• udkj iïnkaO;d mj;ajd .ekSfï yd j¾Okh lsÍfï hka;%Kh ikaksfõokh nj

• fjkia jk yd ÈhqKq jk udOH ;dCIKh ixialD;sh flfrys we;s lrk n,mEu iy

• fuhska miq ikaksfõok wOHhkh Ydia;%Sh úIhhla f,i ia:dmkh ùu hqfrdamSh iy

fjdrka ùj¾ laf,daâ Yekka

• ckudOH u`.ska bÈßm;a jQ ikafoaY iy udOHhkaf.a l%shdldÍ;ajh ck Ôú;fha ish¨ foa

• fmkais,afõkshdkq úYajúoHd,h m¾fhaIK lKavdhu úiska m%pKav l%shd iys; yd rys;

• fuys § fmkafi,afõkshdkq úYajúoHd, m¾fhaIK lKavdhu úiska rEmjdysksfha m%pKav

1' fõokd;aul foa ms<sn| orejkaf.a ixfõÈ;dj wvq ùu

• 1960 iy 70 oYl jk úg ckudOH úiska iudc fj; t,a, l< n,mEu 80 iy 90

• ikaksfõokh úIhh icSj fuka u il%sh úIh lafIa;%hls' ikaksfõok ;dCIKfha

• tfia u j¾;udkfha iy wkd.;fha o fuu úIhh ikaksfõok ;dCIKfha ÈhqKqj"

• ikaksfõok wOHhk lafIa;%h ms<sn| Ydia;%Sh jYfhka wOHhkh lsÍfuka"

i. cd;sl iy cd;Hka;r jYfhka ikaksfõok l%shdoduh yd udOH l%shdldß;ajh

3' ikaksfõokh Ydia;%Sh úIhla f,i j¾Okh ùu flfrys udOHfha l%shdldß;ajh

) ld¾ñllrKh yd ikaksfõok udOHfha j¾Okh

) m<uqjk yd fojk f,dal ix.%du yd udOHfha l%shdldß;ajh

) ckudOH ìys ùu iy tys n,mEu

) wka;¾cd,h we;=¿ wxls; ikaksfõok ;dlaIK udOH fuj,ïys ÈhqKqj

bf.kqï m, ( • Y%S ,xldjg ikaksfõok wOHhkh y÷kajd §u ms<sn| úia;r lrhs'

mdvu ie,iqu i|yd Wmfoia(

my; i|yka úIh lreKq weiqfrka mdvu ie,iqï lrkak'

• zzmqj;am;a l,dfõohZZ kï jQ tu mdGud,dj i|yd úIh ks¾foaYh ilia lrkq ,enqfõ