IM No.

: IM-NSTP 1-1STSEM-2021-2022
Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM

Bayombong Campus

DEGREE PROGRAM All Courses COURSE NO. NSTP – LTS 1

SPECIALIZATION All Courses COURSE TITLE National Service Training Program – Literacy
Training Service 1
YEAR LEVEL 1 TIME FRAME 3HRS WK NO. IM NO. 9

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Community Development

II. LESSON TITLE

1. Meaning of Community Development

2. Principles of Community Development
3. Aspects of Community Development
4. Process of Community Development

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

Man is a social being: he mingles, he interacts, he associates and relates himself with others, with the
society, with the physical nature, with his family and with God. We believe that man is born into a social
group called family and he later joins a group outside the family known as the community. With that the
community is considered to be the most important social group to which man belongs, second to his
family. With the belief that learning is not only confined in the four walls of the classroom, the NSTP-
CWTS provides an opportunity for the students to go out and experience life being with community. Their
experience might develop their awareness on the current situation of the community, some issues and
concerns that have to be addressed and be given proper attention.

DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

a. examine the notion of “community” and “development"

b. identify the different aspects and principles of community development
c. discuss the process of community development
d. analyze their roles in the development of their own community

IV. LESSON CONTENT

COMMUNITY

“People who live within a geographically defined area and who have social and psychological ties with each
other and with the place where they live’ (Mattessich & Monsey, 2004). This definition has both the idea of
‘community of place’ as well as ‘community of interest’.

Worsley (1987) has recommended some important features for the term community:

• ‘community as locality’, which is closest to its geographical meaning of a ‘human settlement within a fixed
and bounded local territory’;
• denotes a ‘network of interrelationships’, characterized by conflict as well as mutuality and reciprocity;
• a particular type of relationships, one that possesses certain qualities; this infers to the ‘community spirit’
or ‘community feeling’.

Maser (1997) has also suggested some characteristics of community which are as follows;
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for
educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”

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 IM No.: IM-NSTP 1-1STSEM-2021-2022
Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

• Social participation – where and how people interact to foster the feelings of value and self-worth
• Mutual aid – services and support that are both mutual and reciprocal
• Economic production, distribution and consumption – where the local community attempts to not only
generate employment but also ensure the marketing of produce and also the import of essential foods
where necessary
• Socialization – educating people about cultural values, customs and traditions and acceptable norms
Community Development
• Social Control – the structures for maintaining these cultural values and norms Ife (2009) has given
certain associations related to the term of community, which are as follows;
• Human scale – Where numbers are small so as to ensure readily accessible interactions and a measure
of ownership and control over structures, thereby allowing for empowerment
• Membership and belonging – people having acceptance and respect within community leading to the
status of belongingness and membership and allowing them to loyal to the community
• Collective – people perform together as a group to the community interest goals through collective and
collaborative efforts
• Mutual rights and responsibilities – Members having common rights with responsibilities towards the
community by engaging themselves to activities leading to the community interests and support to
sustain the community composition

DEVELOPMENT

Development is done by man, for man. It involves the application of the most modern scientific techniques in
the physical, biological and social sciences, in order to solve the problems of poverty and human inequality as
quickly as possible. But these techniques must be applied with an understanding and a respect for the dignity
of the individual, his group and his culture (Lotz, 1971).

Development involves change, improvement and vitality – a directed attempt to improve participation,
flexibility, equity, attitudes, the function of institutions and the quality of life. It is the creation of wealth – wealth
meaning the things people value (Shaffer, 1989).

Development implies structural change and improvements within community systems encompassing both
economic change and the functioning of institutions and organization (Boothroyd & Davis, 1993; Green &
Haines, 2002).

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Dunham (1968, p. 142) classifies Community Development as: ‘organizing people’s efforts toward improving
conditions of community life and the capacity for community integration and self-direction’. This definition
comprises four basic elements: a designed program, the idea of self-help, technical assistance through the
external agents as well as local agents in terms of various expertise for the support of the community.

‘For community development to occur, people in a community must believe working together can make a
difference and organize to address their shared needs collectively’ (Flora, Flora, Spear, & Swanson, 1992). It
indicates that community development is a procedure that enables community to work as a group to achieve
shared goals through their collective effort.

Community development can be defined as ‘a process designed to create conditions of economic and social
progress for the whole community with its active participation and the fullest possible reliance upon the
community’s initiatives’ (United Nations, 1955 cited in Dayal, 1965, p. 7)

ASPECTS OF DVELOPMENT

1. Economic - which are increase the income and creating jobs for local people
2. Political- which are participate the people in community, increase the power of the community to others
organize and increase more respectful from the other outside the community
3. Environment - which are control waste disposal, Environment awareness and pollution knowledge
4. Cultural - which are understanding different culture and inherit culture
5. Social - which are improve quality of life, community pride and strong community management
organization (Fariborz Aref, 2010)

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Sillitoe (2002, p. 1) argues that the basic principles of community development practice have evolved from
‘topdown’ approach to ‘grassroots participatory’ approach. There can be seen a shift from the community care
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educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”

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 IM No.: IM-NSTP 1-1STSEM-2021-2022
Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

and economic development to the establishment of community based organizations and community ownership.
Ife (2009) has given some key principles of community development as follows:

Holism

- Holism is an integral part of community development. Community should be viewed as a whole and not merely
as collection of parts. Every part of Community Development community is interconnected and their functioning
should be in a harmony as a system.

Sustainability
- Sustainability is a necessity for community development. It ensures that the structures and processes of
community development initiatives brought desired change continues into the future.

Diversity

- The idea of basing community on diversity seems much more robust and enriching (Nancy, 1991). Every
community has unique characteristics depending on the social, political, economic and cultural context. The
principle of diversity applies not only within communities but also between communities. It suggests that
communities should not try to be the same as each other; rather that the differences should be positive and
allow for communities to learn from each other’s experiences.

Organic Development

- Community development, because of its process orientation, is more consistent with notions of organic
change, and it is often a reaction against sudden radical change that can most readily motivate communitylevel
action.

Addressing Structural Inequalities

- Every community has deep rooted structural inequalities in context to caste, class, gender, race/ethnicity,
disability and age. Community development must work towards a fairer world, and should seek to counter
these inequalities in appropriate ways.

Community Empowerment

- Community empowerment is a core principle of community development. It is a process that enables

communities to increase their capabilities in controlling their lives by engaging all opportunities, resources,
knowledge and skills available within communities. Community Development

Affirming Human Rights

- Community development must affirm and promote human rights and social justice. The success of any
approach to community development requires a framework of social justice or human rights. If such a
framework is not present, community development can lead to practice that violates social justice principles,
entrenching oppressive or unfair practices and excluding minorities, all in the name of a community being self-
directing.

Community Needs

- The definition of need is critical in community development. Often, however, the needs of a community are
defined by others: planners, researchers or managers who undertake some form of ‘need assessment’. Needs
must be defined by communities themselves, as they are the experts of their own experience.

Community Ownership

- The community ownership is another significant principle of community development. It implies that community
has the ability to control over local assets and resources. There should be mechanism within community to
develop and conserve the local resources.

Value, Wisdom, Knowledge and Skills

- Community development is based on the notion of bottom-up development that local knowledge, wisdom,
skills and understandings are necessary for the experience of human community, and need to be valued
above top-down wisdom and experience. The people of a community will know more about what is feasible
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for
educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”

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 IM No.: IM-NSTP 1-1STSEM-2021-2022
Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

and what is not, what will offend and what will not, and what is likely to work best. This local knowledge is
necessary if community processes are to work or be effective (Hines, 2000; Shiva, 2005). Community
Development

Participation

- Participation is a key feature of community development. Community development processes can only operate
if there is a high level of genuine participation by community members.

Integrity of the Process

- One of the most important principles of community development is the valuing of process. This is directly
contradictory to the emphasis on outcomes that is so dominant.

Self-reliance, Independence and Interdependence

- A related principle is self-reliance. Consistent with the idea of valuing expertise, self-reliance suggests that a
community should where possible seek to rely on its own resources rather than becoming dependent on other
communities or on some central authority.

THE PROCESS OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

The key to community development is facilitating a community in applying the principles to guide a flexible series
of actions that are appropriate for the situation of the community. There are many “models” and frameworks for
community development processes. There is a trade-off between communities having clear future plans for steps
in the process and retaining flexibility and versatility. Considerable skill, confidence and judgement is needed to
maintain an adaptable community-led process guided by the principles of community development.

Process of community development community preparedness –

1. Learn About the Community. Whether you want to be an active member of the community, an effective
service provider or a community leader, you will have to be familiar with its issues, resources, needs, power
structure and decision-making processes. Your initial orientation could include reading your local newspaper
regularly, attending community events, reading reports and familiarizing with available services as well as
community projects and activities. Close observation of the community as you interact with it will also provide
significant insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the community

2. Listen to Community Members

• You will need to talk to others about their interest and perceptions and put it in the context.
• Formal channels such as joining a local community organization or informally by chatting with people
• Identify the areas in which there seem to be a common interest in making change

3. Bring people together to develop a shared vision

• Hold a community gathering this may include inviting representative of specific organization, it may also
include public event for the neighborhood

• The purpose is to develop a shared community vision e.g through imaging their ideal community and
discussing their ideas together to come to common vison and some broader strategic direction that all are
committed to working towards

4. Assess community assets and resources, needs and issues

• It is extremely helpful to undertake comprehensive community assessment which will collect both
qualitative and quantitative data
• SWOT analysis may be helpful as it helps point to particular areas of priorities for action
• identify a community that you have worked with or for  What are some of the different assets
you can identify?
• Community asset is anything that can be used to improve the community it can be a person, physical
structure or place, community service, business that provide job to the local community

Ways of establishing community assets

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for
educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”

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 IM No.: IM-NSTP 1-1STSEM-2021-2022
Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

• Analyzing data from a community demographic profile ( A demographic profile includes statistical
information about age, gender, language, visible minority status, education, and family income). 
Community surveys,
• community asset mapping,
• environmental scans,
• focus groups key informant interviews

5. Help community members to recognize and articulate areas of concern and their causes.

In any community development process, it is the community that is in the driver's seat. Community members
will define the issues and the process for resolving them, which might be quite different than what would be
proposed by an external "expert". However, it is the community members that are most familiar with the
situation and, in many cases, have knowledge and wisdom that an external "expert" lacks. By providing tools,
resources, meeting space and facilitation, community developers empower the community to start to take
ownership of the issues and the development of solutions.

If we genuinely want to empower [communities], we must do it in such a way that they become independent of
our charity, that they become self-reliant, that they can sustain their own development without our help.

Develop Action Plan

What is an action plan? why is itimportant?

Who are to be involved in the action plan?

An action plan is a way to make sure your organization's vision is made concrete. It describes the way your group
will use its strategies to meet its objectives. An action plan consists of a number of action steps or changes to be
brought about in your community.

Each action step or change to be sought should include the following information:

• What actions or changes will occur?

• Who will carry out these changes
• By when they will take place, and for how long
• What resources (i.e., money, staff) are needed to carry out these changes
• Communication (who should know what?)

The plan should be complete, clear, and current.

Additionally, the action plan should include information and ideas you have already gathered while brainstorming
about your objectives and your strategies

7. Implement Action Plan

This is the heart of the initiative, in which financial and human resources, including volunteers and community
members, are mobilized to take action.

This may take many different forms. Perhaps the community has decided to establish a coalition against
homelessness and is working to ensure all organizations that come into contact with homeless persons are able
to provide referrals to appropriate sources of assistance.

Way to achieve the action plan.

• Regular phone calls from staff members or dedicated volunteers asking others how they are doing with
their tasks. This should be a supportive call, not a "are you doing what you're supposed to" call. The
person calling can offer emotional support "how are you doing?" as well as see if the group member
needs any other assistance. A friendly call such as this can be seen as helpful, give the member the
sense that he is a very important part of the group, and serve as a great reminder to do what he said he
would do.
• Distributing the action plan in writing to all members, with names attached to specific tasks. (Additionally,
this can be a great time to ask for feedback before the plan becomes "official.")  Making sure timelines
(with due dates) are complete, clear and current.

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for
educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”

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 IM No.: IM-NSTP 1-1STSEM-2021-2022
Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

• At regular group meetings, such as committee meetings or board meetings, ask members to report on
accomplishing the tasks they have set out to do. Consider making this a regular part of the meeting.
• Celebrate the accomplishment of tasks. It's important that getting something done actually means
something, and is recognized by the group as a whole.
• working with community workers to identify needs and appropriate services;
• developing informational brochures;
• eliciting support from targeted organizations;
• distributing the brochures to the organizations; and meeting with organizational representatives to
provide further information

In conclusion community development is a process and all the process involved are very important, collaborative
efforts is needed in every step.

it is important to ensure that the factors that are required for the success of any community initiative are in place,
such as: shared vision and purpose concrete, attainable goals and objectives sufficient funds, staff, materials and
time skilled, participatory leadership clear roles and policy guidelines mutual respect

open communications, including both formal and informal methods recognition that there are "process" people
and there are "action" people; ensure there is a variety of ways of participating in or contributing to the initiative
time and resources management; don't take on more than you can handle at one time; set priorities conflict
management; don't let problems slide - address them in an open, honest and timely manner good record-keeping;
e.g. financial reports, meeting minutes, successes celebration of successes fun; don't forget to celebrate your
successes - even small ones!

8. Evaluate Results of Actions Evaluation plans may be formal or informal and tailored to the needs and
resources of the group.

In community development, a participatory evaluation method is usually conducted in addition to or sometimes in

place of more traditional method. Participatory evaluation involves program participants and/or community
members in the evaluation design, data collection, and the analysis

9. Reflect and Regroup Allow time for the group to catch its breath before embarking on the next initiative.
Thank everyone that contributed and make sure there is good follow up communication with media, partner
and funders. Celebrate your successes and reflect on any disappointments that might have occurred.
Discuss how well the organizational processes and structures worked and identify areas that need some
attention before the next rush of activity occurs. Also, it is important to provide a space for participants to
reflect on their personal development as a result of being part of the group.

V. LEARNING ACTIVITY: ( 20 pts)

As a student, how can you contribute in the development of your own community?

VI. ASSIGNMENT

VII. EVALUATION (Note: Not to be included in the student’s copy of the IM)

VIII. REFERENCES

1. https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/121716/10/12_chapter3.pdf
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_development
3. https://www.universalclass.com/articles/business/the-definition-of-community-development.

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for
educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 6 of 6