NEW HORIZON GURUKUL

POINTS TO REMEMBER FOR CLASS: VIII

SUB: MATHEMATICS CHAPTER:MENSURATION
NEXT WEEK TOPIC : AREA OF POLYGONS

SUB: ENGLISH CHAPTER:THE BET

The Anton Chekhov short story “The Bet” opens with a morbid dinner conversation. The guests
debate which is worse—to rot in prison forever, or to be killed swiftly? Chekhov‟s banker, a rich
man favors capital punishment. At the banker‟s table, a younger man disagrees. They make a
bet: If the young man spends 15 years in the rich man‟s guest cottage, with food and reading
material of his choice slipped under the door but no other human contact, at the end of his
captivity he will inherit a large portion of the banker‟s fortune. He can leave whenever he
wishes, but would then forfeit his prize.

The tale unfolds from the jailer‟s perspective, and through lists of books the prisoner requests.
The requests are fleeting silhouettes of the man, cast ever more enigmatically as his eager
youth dissipates and he becomes, in isolation, something less or more than human. The
banker and the prisoner both end up humbled, at various points, as they realize they had
wagered confidently on matters they could not comprehend: death on the one hand, and the
effects of long-term captivity on the other.
SUB: PHYSICS CHAPTER: REVISION

Revision on Force and Pressure- Concept map

Next week‟s topic: Revision on Friction

SUB: BIOLOGY CHAPTER: REACHING THE AGE OF ADOLESCENTS

Adolescence

The period of life, when the body undergoes changes, leading to reproductive maturity, is
called adolescence. This is the time span in which the child develops into an adult.

 Adolescence begins around the age of 11 and goes on until 18 or 19 years of age.
 Adolescents are also called „teenagers‟.
 The body at this stage undergoes important changes and these mark the period of
puberty.
Puberty

Puberty is the period, during which, the human body undergoes certain changes in their
body and reproductive organs which leads to sexual maturity.

 The most important change, which marks puberty is that boys and girls become capable
of reproduction.
 In girls, puberty may begin a year or two earlier than in boys.

Changes at Puberty

 An individual goes through different changes during the onset of puberty.

 It differs in males and females, also the extent of these changes is different in each
person.
 Each individual goes through changes like increase in height, change in body shape,
change in voice, development of sex organs, mental, intellectual and emotional
maturity.

Secondary sexual characteristics

These are external, visible characteristics that develop in boys and girls after puberty, help
to distinguish two sexes and are not directly involved in reproduction. Few of them are as
follows.

Boys:

1. The growth of facial hair.

2. The growth of body hair including underarm, abdomen, chest hair and pubic hair.
3. Chest and shoulders widen and body becomes muscular
4. Skin becomes more rough and porous, secretion of sweat glands and sebaceous
glands increase
5. Larynx (Adam‟s apple)/voice box protrudes out and the voice becomes deep and husk.

Girls:

1. Enlargement of breasts
2. The growth of body hair, prominently in the underarm and pubic areas.
3. Widening of hips
4. Changed fat distribution. More fat below the skin, at hips, buttocks and thighs.
5. Development of secondary reproductive organs.

Topic for next week:Role of hormones

SUB: CHEMISTRY CHAPTER:METALS AND NON METALS

REACTION OF METALS WITH ACIDS

Metal/Non- Reaction with Dilute Hydrochloric Acid Reaction with Dilute Sulphuric Acid
metal

Room Temperature Warm Room Temperature Warm

Magnesium Magnesium (Mg) + Magnesium (Mg) + Magnesium (Mg) + Magnesium (Mg) +

(ribbon) Sulphuric Acid Sulphuric Acid

Hydrochloric Acid Hydrochloric Acid
(H2SO4) → (H2SO4) →
(HCl) → Magnesium (HCl) → Magnesium
Magnesium Sulphate Magnesium Sulphate
Chloride (MgCl2) + Chloride (MgCl2) +
(Mg2SO4) + (Mg2SO4) +
Hydrogen (H2) Hydrogen (H2)
Hydrogen (H2) Hydrogen (H2)
Mg + 2HCl → Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2
2Mg + H2SO4 → 2Mg + H2SO4 →
MgCl2 + H2 + H2
MgSO4 + H2 MgSO4 + H2

Aluminum Aluminum (Al) + Aluminum (Al) + Aluminum (Al) + Aluminum (Al) +

(foil) Sulphuric Acid Sulphuric Acid

Hydrochloric Acid Hydrochloric Acid
(H2SO4) + Water (H2SO4) + Water
(HCl) →Aluminum (HCl) →Aluminum (H2O) →Aluminum (H2O) →Aluminum

Chloride (AlCl3) + Chloride (AlCl3) + Sulphate (Al2SO4) Sulphate (Al2SO4)

Hydrogen (H2) Hydrogen (H2) HexaHydrate (6H2O) HexaHydrate (6H2O)

2Al + 6HCl → 2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + Hydrogen (H2) + Hydrogen (H2)

2AlCl3 + 3H2 + 3H2 2Al + 3H2SO4 + 2Al + 3H2SO4 +

6H2O 6H2O →Al2(SO4)3 •

→Al2(SO4)3•6H2O + 6H2O + 3H2

3H2
 Iron (filings) Iron does not react Iron (Fe) + Iron does not react Iron (Fe) + Diluted

with hydrochloric with dilute sulphuric Sulphuric Acid

Hydrochloric Acid
acid at room acid at room (H2SO4) →Ferrous
temperature. (HCl) →Iron Chloride temperature.
Sulphate (FeSO4) +
(FeCl2) + Hydrogen
Hydrogen (H2)
(H2) Fe + H2SO4 →
2Fe + 2HCl →
FeSO4 + H2
2FeCl2 + H2

+ conc
Copper Copper does not Copper does not Copper does not Copper (Cu) .
(peeled react with react with react with dilute Sulphuric Acid
flexible wire) hydrochloric acid at hydrochloric acid sulphuric acid at (H2SO4)
room temperature. (even when it is room temperature.
→ Copper Sulphate
heated)
(CuSO4) + Sulphur

Dioxide (SO2) +

Water (H2O)

Cu + 2H2SO4 →

CuSO4 + SO2 +

2H2O

● When metals react with acids, they produce hydrogen gas which produces a 'pop'
sound when it burns.
● Iron reacts with hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid on heating.
● Copper does not react with hydrochloric acid (even when it is heated) but reacts with
sulphuric acid on heating.

SUB: SOCIAL SCIENCE CHAPTER: UNDERSTANDING MARGINALIZATION

Marginalisation is the process whereby something or someone is pushed to the edge of a

group and accorded lesser importance. This is predominantly a social phenomenon by
which a minority or sub-group is excluded, and their needs or desires ignored.

What does it mean to be Socially Marginalised:

(i) To be marginalized is to be forced to occupy the sides or fringes and thus not be at the
centre of things.
(ii) Sometimes marginalized groups are viewed with hostility and fear.

(iii) There is a sense of difference & exclusion which leads to communities not having
access to resources & opportunities & in their inability to assert their rights.

(iv) To make certain groups in society feel marginalized, there are economic, social, cultural
and political factors. Thus, marginalization is seldom experienced in one sphere.

Who are Adivasis:

(i) The term „Adivasis‟ refers to the ‘original inhabitants’. They are communities who lived
and often continue to live in close association with forests.

(ii) Around 8% of India‟s population is Adivasi. There are over 500 different Adivasi groups in
India, They are not a homogeneous population.

(iii) Many of India‟s most important mining and industrial areas are situated in Adivasi areas.

(iv) Adivasis are particularly numerous in states like Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan,
Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, and in the north-eastern states of Arunachal Pradesh,
Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. Orissa is home to more than
60 different tribal groups.

(v) Adivasis practice a range of tribal religions that are different from Islam, Hinduism and
Christianity. Their religions themselves have influenced the dominant religions of the empire
around them.

(vi) They have most distinctive societies because there is often very little hierarchy among
them. This makes them radically different from communities organised around principles of
caste system.

(vii) Adivasis worship ancestors, own village and nature spirits. They have been influenced
by different religions, like Shakta, Buddhist, Vaishnav, Bhakti and Christianity.

(viii) Adivasis have their own languages,which are as old as Sanskrit. Santhali has the
largest number of speakers and has a significant body of publication.

Adivasis and Stereotyping:

Stereotypes are characteristics imposed upon groups of people because of their race,
nationality and sexual orientation, among others.
(i) Adivasis are invariably portrayed in very stereotypical ways-in colourful costumes,
headgear and through their dancing.

(ii) Adivasis are blamed for their lack of advancement as they are believed to be resistant to
change or new ideas.

(iii) People believe that the Adivasis are exotic and belong to a primitive and backward
background.

Adivasis and Development:

(i) Forests play a crucial role in the development of all empires and settled civilization in
India. As they provide with-

● Metal ores- iron & copper, gold & silver

● invaluable timber
● medicinal herbs
● animal products, like wax, lac & honey
● animals

(ii) Adivasis had deep knowledge of forest. Often empires heavily depended on Adivasis for
the crucial access to forest resources.

(iii) In today‟s world, Adivasis are considered marginal and powerless communities.

(iv) In the pre-colonial world, they were traditionally ranged hunter-gatherers and nomads
and they lived by shifting agriculture and cultivating at one place.

(v) For the past two hundred years, Adivasis have been forced through economic changes,
forest policies and political force applied by the State to migrate as workers in plantations,
industries and as domestic workers.

(vi) Forest lands have been cleared for timber and to get land for agriculture and industry.

(vii) Huge tracts of lands have gone under the waters of hundreds of dams that have been
built in independent India.

(viii) Losing their lands and access to the forests means that tribals lose their main source of
livelihood and Adivasis have migrated to cities in search of work.

(ix) They get caught in the cycle of poverty and deprivation. Almost 45% of tribal groups in
rural areas and 35% in urban areas live below the poverty line.
(x) As a result, Many tribal children are malnourished and aloso literacy rate is also very low
among tribals.

(xi) When Adivasis are displaced from their lands, they lose much more than a source of
income. They lose their traditions & customs.

Minorities and Marginalisation:

(i) The term minority is most commonly used to refer to communities that are numerically
small in relation to the rest of the population.

(ii) It encompasses issues of power, access to resources and has social & cultural
dimensions.

(iii) Safeguards are needed to protect minority communities against the possibility of being
culturally dominated by the majority. They also protect them against any discrimination &
disadvantage that they may face.

(iv) The Constitution provides these safeguards because it is committed to protecting India‟s
cultural diversity and promoting equality as well as justice.

Muslims and Marginalisation:

(i) Muslims are 13.4% of India‟s population and are considered to be a marginalized
community in India.

(ii) They have over the years been deprived of the benefits of socio-economic development,
of basic amenities, literacy and public employment.

(iii) Recognizing that Muslims in India were lagging behind in terms of various developments
in indicators, the government set up a high-level committee in 2005.

(iv) The report of the community suggests that Muslim community is comparable to that of
other marginalized communities like Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

(v) According to the Report of average years of schooling, for Muslim children between ages
of 7-16 is much lower than that of other socio-religious communities.

(vi) Muslim customs and practices such as wearing burqa and fez make them different from
others. Because of this, they tend to be identified differently and some people think they are
not like the „rest of us‟. This often becomes an excuse to treat them unfairly.
 (vii) This social marginalization of Muslims in some instances has led to their migration from
places where they have lived, often leading to the ghettoization of the community.

*Ghettoisation: A ghetto is an area or locality that is populated largely by members of

a particular community. Therefore, a process that leads to such a situation. This may
occur due to various social, cultural and economic reasons.

(viii) The experience of all these groups point to the fact that marginalization is a complex
phenomenon requiring a variety of strategies, measures and safeguards to redress the
situation.

(ix) Every citizen has a stake in protecting the rights defined in the Constitution and the laws
and policies framed to realise these rights.

(x) Without these, no one will ever be able to protect the diversity that makes one‟s country
unique.

Conclusion:

(i) There are different reasons for each of the communities being marginalised, each
experiences marginalisation in different ways.

(ii) Marginalistaion is often linked to experiencing disadvantage, prejudice and

powerlessness.

(iii) In India, there are several more marginalised communities like Dalits.

(iv) Marginalisation results in having a low social status and not having equal access to
education and other resources.

(v) Marginalized communities want to maintain their cultural distinctiveness while having
access to rights, development and other opportunities.

SUB: II LANG_HINDI CHAPTER : भिखारिन

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NEXT WEEK PORTION-

SUB: III LANG_HINDI CHAPTER:

- : - ?

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NEXT WEEK PORTION- LESSON-BANDER BAANT

SUB: COMPUTER CHAPTER:REVIEW PYTHON

Python supports the usual logical conditions from mathematics:

Equals: a == b

Not Equals: a != b

Less than: a < b

Less than or equal to: a <= b

Greater than: a > b

Greater than or equal to: a >= b

These conditions can be used in several ways, most commonly in "if statements" and
loops.

An "if statement" is written by using the if keyword.

Example

If statement:

a = 33
b = 200

if b > a:

print("b is greater than a")

In this example we use two variables, a and b, which are used as part of the if statement to
test whether b is greater than a. As a is 33, and b is 200, we know that 200 is greater than
33, and so we print to screen that "b is greater than a".

Indentation

Python relies on indentation (whitespace at the beginning of a line) to define scope in the
code. Other programming languages often use curly-brackets for this purpose.

Example

If statement, without indentation (will raise an error):

a = 33

b = 200

if b > a:

print("b is greater than a") # you will get an error

Elif

The elif keyword is Python's way of saying "if the previous conditions were not true, then try
this condition".

Example

a = 33

b = 33

if b > a:

print("b is greater than a")

elif a == b:
 print("a and b are equal")

In this example a is equal to b, so the first condition is not true, but the elif condition is true,
so we print to screen that "a and b are equal".

Else

The else keyword catches anything which isn't caught by the preceding conditions.

Example

a = 200

b = 33

if b > a:

print("b is greater than a")

elif a == b:

print("a and b are equal")

else:

print("a is greater than b")

In this example a is greater than b, so the first condition is not true, also the elif condition is
not true, so we go to the else condition and print to screen that "a is greater than b".

And

The and keyword is a logical operator, and is used to combine conditional statements:

Example

Test if a is greater than b, AND if c is greater than a:

a = 200

b = 33

c = 500

if a > b and c > a:

 print("Both conditions are True")

Or

The or keyword is a logical operator, and is used to combine conditional statements:

Example

Test if a is greater than b, OR if a is greater than c:

a = 200

b = 33

c = 500

if a > b or a > c:

print("At least one of the conditions is True")

SUB: II LANG_SANSKRIT CHAPTER:

Topic for next week-

SUB: III LANG_SANSKRIT CHAPTER: विद्यालयस्य िावषिकोत्सिः।

Find out the verbs, upasarga, avyaya which are used in the lesson ।

SUB: II LANG_FRENCH CHAPTER:GRAMMAIRE

LE FUTUR DES VERBES IRREGULIERS

Avoir J’aurai
aller J’irai
courir Je courrai
devoir je devrai
envoyer J’enverrai
être Je serai
faire Je ferai
mourir Je mourrai
pouvoir Je pourrai

NEXT WEEK TOPIC : ANEESH PARTIRA BIENTOT

SUB: III LANG_FRENCH CHAPTER: INTERROGATIF

NEXT WEEK TOPIC: <<VOULOIR>> ET <<POULOIR>>

SUB: II LANG_KANNADA CHAPTER :

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SUB: III LANG_KANNADA CHAPTER: ( )

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