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ASSIGNMENT
BIOSENSOR
PIEZOELECTRIC SENSOR
SUBMITTED BY

Date ()
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Table of Contents

Piezoelectric sensor 3
Working of Piezoelectric sensor 3
Circuit of sensor 4
Design of circuit 4
Piezoelectric sensor in Biomedical Instrumentation 5
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Piezoelectric Sensor:
A piezoelectric sensor is a device that operates on the basis of piezoelectricity. When pressure is
applied to a substance, piezoelectricity occurs, and power is produced. Not every substance has
piezoelectric properties. A piezoelectric detector is a sensor that converts pressure gradient,
acceleration, heat, stress, or force to an electric charge using the piezoelectricity. The prefix
piezo- means 'push' or ‘squeeze' in Greek.[1]

Figure 1: Piezoelectric Sensor

Working of a Piezoelectric Sensor:
Speed and stress are two physical characteristics that are often detected using a piezoelectric
sensor. Both pressure and acceleration sensors are using the same piezoresistive concept, but the
manner load is generated to the detecting device differs significantly.

Figure 2: When force is applied to a piezoelectric diaphragm, a voltage proportional to the

pressure is generated
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A thin film is put on a huge base of the pressure sensor to pass the force applied to the
piezoelectric element. When stress is put to this thin membrane, the piezoelectric sensor becomes
loaded and begins to generate electrical voltages. The level of stress applied has a direct
relationship with the voltage generated.[2]
Sensor Circuit:
The inner circuit of a piezoelectric sensor is shown below. The input impedance, also known as
dielectric opposition, is Ri. The capacitance is caused by the sensor's motion. The flexibility of
the sensing element has an inverse relationship with the capacitor Ce. The loading and leaking
impedance of the sensor must be strong enough here to maintain low frequency signals for valid
answer. In an electronic current, a detector is known as a force transducer. Primary transducers
are another name for detectors.[3]

Figure 3: showing circuit diagram

Design of Sensor:
Piezoresistive detectors are frequently built in a tensioned tube (as shown in the diagram below)
to start making mounting them in hardware where stress is to be supervised as simple as
possible. When fitting these, take care not to biomolecules them because this can impact the
signal responsiveness.
Thermal shock (a quick change in temperature) can be induced by thermal radiation or the
passage of hot various gases through piezoelectric materials in a few of their most common uses.
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The sensor output may alter as a result of warming of a glass, actuator, or sensor enclosure. This
is not to be confused with the sensor's stationary heat resistance.
Heat stress can be reduced by designing the housing and placing the sensor in a way that
provides separation.

Figure 4 showing design of piezoelectric sensor

Piezoelectric Sensor in Biomedical Instrumentation:
Bones and muscles, clinical medicine, sporting activities, feel competent to recompense for
physical handicaps, sport gadgets, ergonomic design and the assessment of biomechanical loads
at the organization, and, eventually, future recreational applications of these gadgets can be
predicted as their rate is lower and their use is pervasive.
Through use of piezoelectric and piezoresistive accelerometer sensor can be traced back to the
1980s, when reduced, reduced uniaxial inertial sensors were introduced. They have been used to
track sound waves (ergonomics), affects (like the ankle), and other actions. Nevertheless, until
the introduction of novel technologies such as low molar electromechanical gyroscopes, which
enable the containment of an ensembles of 3D gyroscopes and accelerometers in a tiny plastic
container, the usage of accelerometer sensor in biomechanics measurement applications stayed
minimal.
In the 1980s, pressure sensors were first used to measure the contact pressure between various
regions of the anatomy and supporting structures. The stresses underneath the forefoot facet of
the leg but under the possible way of people with disabilities who must sit or lie for long
durations were measured in two implementations. Piezoelectric devices can also be used to
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measure the interplay of the person with the environment as a result of pressures. In this context,
a classic example of an application area that has been established with, for instance, piezoelectric
earth linear acceleration sheets is the three-dimensional contact stress at the feet during stepping.
All of the examples mentioned shown are sensor uses of piezoelectric transducer current. The
operating features of the reverse piezoelectricity may potentially be beneficial to sophisticated
devices. There are numerous possible uses in the field of recovery technologies where the
introduction of compressed, lightweight, effective, and low-power sensors would make a
significant difference in the feasibility of prospect of improvement. The area of active prosthetics
is a good illustration of this.
Through use of a piezoelectric element as a dynamometer for plantar pressure sensor all through
human walking exemplifies the use of piezoelectric ceramics to acquire kinetic data. Hennacy
and Gunther were the first to describe electromechanical foot sensor. 11 Materials have a surface
characteristic that is proportional to the amplitude and polarity of the applied stress. Because the
porcelain had an excellent mechanical property, they had a high resonant frequency and were
ineffective in reducing the forces between both the foot and the earth. They also exhibited low
hysteresis and great uniformity. 12 An interferometric insole was created employing an array of
sensors implanted in a flexible elastomeric to obtain high field of view. In fact, the sensors
intended to assess proprioception are only capable of measuring the usual pressure.
The creation of a triaxial sensors capable of measuring forces at the sole of the foot is critical for
a variety of applications, including active exoskeleton knee articulation management. The usage
of dielectric materials could aid in the creation of such detectors.

Figure 5: 3D inertial sensing: inclinometers made of 3D piezoelectric material accelerometer

sensor, and vertebral acceleration determined by 3D piezoelectric accelerometers 3D angular
speed systems using 3D gyroscopes
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Figure 6: During gait, 3D force distribution is observed at the feet. Solution: utilize diagonal
electrode on the same transducers or use designed to help or piezo resistors paddled in the tree
orthogonal axes.
Stepper motors and (micro)drives play a crucial part in robotic systems, but they can be
considered the primary component of motor drives in that they put restrictions on actual quality
(accuracy, dynamic range, size, and weight) of most applications. This is especially true when
working with specific rehabilitation methods. In terms of handling technology needs, the field of
rehabilitation can be considered a separate application area. Rehabilitation Control systems has
been envisaged as a new tech for the reconstruction and workable recompense of physically
disabled people or illnesses, whether for rehabilitation therapy or for people's aid. Any
rehabilitation unit has two similar features: first, the gadget's due to its excellent mechanical
contact with the user, and second, the affect the gold or mobility of rehabilitation technology.
Ultrasonic drives based on piezoelectric have progressed to a point where they can be considered
genuinely interesting options. DC electromagnetic motors have been replaced by rotative
traveling wave piezoelectric actuators. Compact direct drive challenges can be addressed because
power is delivered at low speeds with high torque/force. Furthermore, piezoelectric drives are
silent, making them ideal for aesthetic purposes. It's also important to consider the contrast ratio
of piezoelectric-based drives. When the reverse piezoelectric effect is used directly, the drive
bandwidth can reach very high frequencies, far exceeding the application requirements. Even
when piezoelectric-based ultrasonic motors are evaluated, comparable driving benefits with
magnetic drives can be established.[4]

References:
[1] “Piezoelectric Sensor - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics.”
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/piezoelectric-sensor (accessed Dec. 28,
2021).
[2] C. Aszkler, “Acceleration, Shock and Vibration Sensors,” Sens. Technol. Handb., pp.
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137–159, 2005, doi: 10.1016/B978-075067729-5/50045-8.

[3] S. Ranwa and M. Kumar, “Sensing Materials: Ceramics,” Ref. Modul. Biomed. Sci., 2021,
doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-822548-6.00020-0.
[4] P. Regtien and E. Dertien, “Piezoelectric sensors,” Sensors for Mechatronics, pp. 245–
265, 2018, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-813810-6.00008-2.