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Conformal Mappings and Mobius Tranformations
Conformal Mappings and Mobius Tranformations
Conformal Mappings and Mobius Tranformations
Suppose that γ passes through a point z0 = z(t0 ) where a < t0 < b at which f is
analytic and that f 0 (z) 6= 0. According to the chain rule, if w(t) = f (z(t)), then
w0 (t0 ) = f 0 (z(t0 ))) z 0 (t0 ) .
It gives that
arg (w0 (t0 )) = arg (f 0 (z(t0 )) + arg (z 0 (t0 )) .
Let θ0 be the angle of inclination of a directed line tangent to γ at z0 . That is, arg (z 0 (t0 )) =
θ0 . Let ψ0 denote a value of arg (f 0 (z0 )). Then the anlge of inclination (φ0 ) of a directed
line tangent to the imge curve Γ at the point w0 = f (z0 ) is given by
φ0 = ψ0 + θ0 .
Hence the anlge of inclination (φ0 ) of a directed line tangent to the image curve Γ at the
point w0 = f (z0 ) differes from the angle of inclination (θ0 ) of the directed line tangent to
the curve γ at the point z0 by the angle of rotation
ψ0 = arg (f 0 (z0 )) .
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M.G.P. Prasad IIT Guwahati
Now, suppose that f is a non-constant function (need not be analytic), defined in the
neighborhood of z0 . Let Γ1 and Γ2 be the images of the two curves γ1 and γ2 under the
function w = f (z). Since γ1 and γ2 intersect at the point z0 , the image curves Γ1 and
Γ2 intersect at the point w0 = f (z0 ). Let us denote the tangents at w0 of Γ1 and Γ2
respectively by T1∗ and T2∗ .
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M.G.P. Prasad IIT Guwahati
Here, by preservation of the sense of the angle (or orientation) under a mapping, we
mean that if at z0 , the tangent T2 is obtained from the tangent T1 by a counterclockwise
rotation through an angle θ, then at w0 = f (z0 ), the tangent T2∗ is obtained from the
tangent T1∗ in precisely the same manner (counter clockwise rotation).
Thus, a conformal mapping is a mapping that preserves the angle between in-
tersecting curves together with the sense in which the angle is measured.
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Proof. First show that if f is one-to-one on a domain D then f 0 (z) 6= 0 for all z ∈ D.
Then apply Theorem 8.1.3 to conclude the result.
Note: The converse the above corollary is not true. For example w = z 2 is conformal at
all points of C \ {0}, but not one-to-one in C \ {0}.
Example 1: Since f (z) = ez is analytic in C and f 0 (z) = ez 6= 0 for all z ∈ C, the map
w = ez is conformal at all points in C. Note that f (z) = ez is not one-to-one in C.
Proof.
Let γ1 : z1 (t) for t ∈ [0, 1] and γ2 : z2 (t) for t ∈ [0, 1] be two smooth curves in D that
intersect at the point z0 = z1 (t1 ) = z2 (t2 ).
Let z1 ∈ γ1 and z2 ∈ γ2 be such that |z1 − z0 | = |z2 − z0 | = r. Then
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Let β be the angle between tangents to Γ1 and Γ2 at the point w0 which is measured from
Γ1 to Γ2 . Then
w2 − w0
β = lim arg
r→0 w1 − w0
f (z2 ) − f (z0 )
= lim arg
r→0 f (z1 ) − f (z0 )
Now, if f 0 (z0 ) = 0, . . ., f (k−1) (z0 ) = 0 and f (k) (z0 ) 6= 0, then
where ck 6= 0. Therefore,
( k )
ck (z2 − z0 )k
f (z2 ) − f (z0 ) z2 − z0
β = lim arg = lim arg = lim arg
r→0 f (z1 ) − f (z0 ) r→0 ck (z1 − z0 )k r→0 z1 − z0
z2 − z0 z2 − z0
= lim k arg = k lim arg = kα.
r→0 z1 − z0 r→0 z1 − z0
That is, the angle between the image curves at w0 is magnified by k times.
This completes the proof of the theorem.
Example 4: The map w = 5z 2 is conformal at all non-zero complex points. Whereas, the
map w = 5z 2 is not conformal at z = 0. To see this, the angle between the two rays
R1 : θ = 0 and R2 : θ = π/2 in the z-plane is π/2. Under the map w = 5z 2 , the image of
R1 is given by R1∗ : θ = 0 and the image of R2 is given by R2∗ : θ = π. The angle between
R1∗ and R2∗ is π and is not equal to the angle between R1 and R2 which is π/2. Therefore,
the map w = 5z 2 is not conformal at z = 0.
Since f 0 (0) = 0 and f 00 (0) = 10 6= 0, the mapping w = 5z 2 magnifies the angles between
any two curves that intersect at the point z0 = 0 by the factor 2. That is, by the mapping
w = 5z 2 , the angle between the image curves R1∗ and R2∗ intersecting at w0 = 0 in the
w-plane is two times the angle between the curves R1 and R2 intersecting at z0 = 0 in the
z-plane.
Definition 8.1.6. (Angle between two curves at an intersecting point ∞) Two continuous
curves γ1 and γ2 in the extended complex plane C
b form an angle θ at an intersecting point
∗ ∗
z = ∞ if and only if their images γ1 and γ2 in the extended complex plane under the
transformation ζ = 1/z form an angle θ at the intersecting point ζ = 0.
Examples:
The map w = 1/z is conformal at z = ∞.
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The theorem of greatest importance in the subject of conformal mapping is the famous
theorem of Bernhard Riemann and is stated below.
Example:
Let D = {z ∈ C : =(z) > 0} and let p = i in D. Then there is one-to-one analytic
function φ that maps D onto the open unit disk U = {w : |w| < 1} and φ(i) = 0 and is
z−i
given by w = φ(z) = .
z+i
Result: Let D1 and D2 be two simply connected domains each with two or more
boundary points. As a consequence of the Riemann mapping theorem that there exists a
one-to-one analytic function φ that maps D1 onto D2 .
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az + b
w = T (z) =
cz + d
The number (ad − bc) is called the determinant of the Mobius transformation T (z).
Mobius transforations are also called fractional linear transformations or linear fractional
transformations or bilinear transformations or homographic transformations.
az + b
The expression w = , (ad−bc 6= 0) can be written in the form Azw + Bz + Cw + D = 0
cz + d
(AD − BC 6= 0) and vice versa. Since this alternative form is linear in z and linear in w
or bilinear in z and w, the Mobius transformation is called as a bilinear transformation.
(1 + i)z + 5
Example: T (z) = is a Mobius transformation.
3z + (4 − 2i)
Observations:
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1. Since
0 ad − bc −d
T (z) = for z ∈ C \ ,
(cz + d)2 c
−d
the condition ad − bc 6= 0 guarantees that T 0 (z) 6= 0 for z ∈ C \ c
and hence T (z)
is not constant.
(λa)z + (λb)
T (z) = .
(λc)z + (λd)
• Mobius transformations of the form T (z) = eiθ z where θ ∈ R are called rotations.
Every point is rotated about the origin through the angle θ under this transformation.
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Proof. Let
az + b
T (z) =
cz + d
where a, b, c, d are complex constants satisfying ad − bc 6= 0.
Case I: c 6= 0
Suppose that
az1 + b az2 + b
= T (z1 ) = T (z2 ) = .
cz1 + d cz2 + d
Then
(az1 + b)(cz2 + d) = (az2 + b)(cz1 + d)
and gives that
(ad − bc)z1 = (ad − bc)z2 .
Consequently, z1 = z2 since ad − bc 6= 0. Therefore, the function T is a one-to-one function
in C \ { −d
c
}.
Observe that T (−d/c) = ∞ and T (∞) = a/c.
Therefore, the function T is one-to-one.
Case II: c = 0
In this case, T (z) take the form
T (z) = az + b where a 6= 0 .
If z1 and z2 in C such that T (z1 ) = T (z2 ) then
az1 + b = az2 + b =⇒ z1 = z2 .
If w is any complex number then there exists z = (w − b)/a in C such that T (z) = w.
Observe that T (∞) = ∞ and T −1 (∞) = ∞ in this case.
b = C ∪ {∞} onto the
Thus, T is a one-to-one function from the extended complex plane C
extended complex plane C b
Note: In the above theorem, it is shown that the Mobius transformation is a one-to-
one mapping of the extended complex plane onto itself. Conversely, a one-to-one ana-
lytic/meromorphic mapping of the extended complex plane onto itself is the Mobius trans-
formation.
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Theorem 8.2.4. The composition of two Mobius transformations is again a Mobius trans-
formation.
Proof.
Case I:
Let
a1 z + b 1 a2 z + b 2
T1 (z) = and T2 (z) = ,
c1 z + d1 c2 z + d 2
where a1 d1 − b1 c1 6= 0 with c1 6= 0, a2 d2 − b2 c2 6= 0 with c2 6= 0. Then
a2 z+b2
a1 c2 z+d2 + b1 az + b
(T1 ◦ T2 )(z) = T1 (T2 (z)) = =
c1 ac22z+d
z+b2
+ d1 cz + d
2
where
a = a1 a2 + b 1 c 2 ,
b = a1 b 2 + b 1 d 2 ,
c = c1 a2 + d1 c2 ,
d = c1 b 2 + d 1 d 2 .
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Observe that
ad − bc = (a1 d1 − b1 c1 )(a2 d2 − b2 c2 ) 6= 0 .
Case 2:
Let
a1 z + b 1
T1 (z) = and T2 (z) = a2 z + b2 ,
c1 z + d 1
where a1 d1 − b1 c1 6= 0 with c1 6= 0 and a2 6= 0. Then
a1 (a2 z + b2 ) + b1 az + b
(T1 ◦ T2 )(z) = T1 (T2 (z)) = =
c1 (a2 z + b2 ) + d1 cz + d
where
a = a1 a2 ,
b = a1 b 2 + b 1 ,
c = c 1 a2 ,
d = c 1 b2 + d 1 .
Observe that
ad − bc = a2 (a1 d1 − b1 c1 ) 6= 0 .
Case 3:
Let
a2 z + b 2
T1 (z) = a1 z + b1 and T2 (z) = ,
c2 z + d 2
where a2 d2 − b2 c2 6= 0 with c2 6= 0 and a1 6= 0. Then
a2 z + b 2 az + b
(T1 ◦ T2 )(z) = T1 (T2 (z)) = a1 + b1 =
c2 z + d 2 cz + d
where
a = a1 a2 + b 1 c 2 ,
b = a1 b 2 + b 1 d 2 ,
c = c2 ,
d = d2 .
Observe that
ad − bc = a1 (a2 d2 − b2 c2 ) 6= 0 .
This completes the proof of the theorem.
Note: The set of all Mobius maps form a group under compositions. Find all abelian
subgroups of this group of Mobius maps.
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M.G.P. Prasad IIT Guwahati
Theorem 8.2.5. A Mobius tranfromation can have atmost two fixed points in C,
b unless
T (z) = z for all z.
Proof.
Case I:
Let
az + b
T (z) = ,
cz + d
where ad − bc 6= 0 with c 6= 0.
Then
az + b az + b − cz 2 − dz
T (z) − z = −z = =0
cz + d cz + d
if and only if
cz 2 + (d − a)z − b = 0
if and only if
p p
(a − d) + (d − a)2 + 4bc (a − d) − (d − a)2 + 4bc
z= and z= .
2c 2c
In this case, T (z) has atmost two fixed points in C.
Case II:
Let
T (z) = az + b ,
where a 6= 0 and b 6= 0.
Then
T (z) − z = az + b − z = (a − 1)z + b = 0
if and only if
−b
z= if a 6= 1 .
(a − 1)
Note that T (∞) = ∞.
Therefore in this case, T (z) has two fixed points, namely, z = −b/(a − 1) and z = ∞ in C.
b
Thus, in all cases, a Mobius map T (z) can have atmost two fixed points in C.
b
Exercises:
1. Show that a Mobius transformation has 0 and ∞ as its only fixed points if and only
if it is a dilation.
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M.G.P. Prasad IIT Guwahati
2. Show that a Mobius transformation has ∞ as its only fixed point if and only if it is
a translation.
4. Let T be a Mobius transformation and T is not the identity map. Show that a
Mobius transformation S commutes with T if S and T have the same fixed points.
(Hint: If S and T have two common fixed points z1 and z2 say, then consider a Mobius
map M (z) such that M (z1 ) = 0 and M (z2 ) = ∞. If S and T have only one common
fixed point z1 say, then consider a Mobius map M (z) such that M (z1 ) = ∞. Then,
consider the fixed points of M T M −1 and M SM −1 and use above three exercises.)
5. Show that a Mobius transformation T satisfies T (0) = ∞ and T (∞) = 0 if and only
if T (z) = a/z for some a ∈ C.
Proof.
Case I: c 6= 0
az + b
Let T (z) = be a Mobius tranformation where ad − bc 6= 0 with c 6= 0.
cz + d
Define
d
Translation: S1 (z) = z +
c
1
Inversion: S2 (z) =
z
bc − ad
Dilation and Rotation: S3 (z) = z
c2
a
Translation: S4 (z) = z +
c
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M.G.P. Prasad IIT Guwahati
Then,
d
S4 ◦ S3 ◦ S2 ◦ S1 (z) = S4 ◦ S3 ◦ S2 z +
c
1
= S4 ◦ S3
z + (d/c)
bc − ad 1
= S4
c2 z + (d/c)
(bc − ad) a
= +
c(cz + d) c
bc − ad + acz + ad
=
c(cz + d)
c(az + b)
=
c(cz + d)
= T (z)
Therefore
T (z) = S4 ◦ S3 ◦ S2 ◦ S1 (z) for all z ∈ C
b.
Case II: c = 0
a b
Let T (z) = z + where ad 6= 0.
d d
Define
a
Dilation and Rotation: S1 (z) = z
d
b
Translation: S2 (z) = z +
d
Then,
a
S2 ◦ S1 (z) = S2 z
d
a b
= z +
d d
= T (z)
Therefore
T (z) = S2 ◦ S1 (z) for all z ∈ C
b.
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If T (z) = (az + b)/(cz + d), then T (z) is analytic in C \ {−d/c} and T 0 (z) 6= 0 for all
z ∈ C \ {−d/c} and hence T is conformal in C \ {−d/c}.
It can be shown that T is conformal at z = −d/c and also at z = ∞.
For more details, See Pages 62-63, “Introductory Complex Anlaysis” by R. A. Silverman,
Dover, 1972.
Proof. Let
az + b
T (z) = for all z ∈ C
b,
cz + d
where ad − bc 6= 0.
Since T (z) is non-constant, either a 6= 0 or c 6= 0. Therefore T (z) can be rewritten as
z + (b/a) (a/c)z + (b/c)
T (z) = if a 6= 0 or T (z) = if c 6= 0 .
(c/a)z + (d/a) z + (d/c)
This permits us to uniquely determine T (z) if three distinct image values T (z1 ) = w1 ,
T (z2 ) = w2 and T (z3 ) = w3 are specified.
Equation (8.1) can be algebraically mainpulated and we can solve for w in terms of z.
If we put z = z1 and w = w1 in Eqution (8.1), then both sides of the equation are zero.
This shows that w1 is the image of z1 .
If we put z = z2 and w = w2 in Eqution (8.1), then both sides of the equation take the
value 1 . This shows that w2 is the image of z2 .
Taking reciprocals in Eqution (8.1), we get
w1 − w2 w3 − w z1 − z2 z3 − z
= .
w − w1 w2 − w3 z − z1 z2 − z3
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M.G.P. Prasad IIT Guwahati
If we put z = z3 and w = w3 in the above equation then both sides of the equation are
zero. This shows that w3 is the image of z3 .
Thus, we have shown that the transformation has the required mapping properties.
Uniquness:
Suppse T (z) and S(z) are two Mobius transformations with the mapping properties of
T ≡S.
Remark 8.2.9. When one of the points in either plane is the point at infinity, the quotient
of the factors involving that point in Equation (8.1) is to be replaced by −1 if that point is
appearing after the minus sign, otherwise to be replaced by 1.
For example, if z2 = ∞ then the factor (z1 − z2 ) is to be replaced by −1 (since z2 is
appearing after the minus sign) and the factor (z2 − z3 ) is to be replaced by 1. Then, the
expression will become
w − w1 w2 − w3 z − z1 1
=
w1 − w2 w3 − w −1 z3 − z
Remark 8.2.10. One can show that the Mobius transformation taking zi to wi where zi
and wi are in C can be expressed in the determinant form as
1 z w zw
1 z1 w1 z1 w1
1 z2 w2 z2 w2 = 0 .
1 z3 w3 z3 w3
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M.G.P. Prasad IIT Guwahati
z(−1 + i) + (1 + i)
Therefore, the required Mobius transformation is T (z) = .
z(1 − i) + (1 + i)
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M.G.P. Prasad IIT Guwahati
Example 3: Find the bilinear transformation which takes the points −1, ∞, i into the
points ∞, i, 1.
zi + (2 + i)
Answer: T (z) = .
z+1
(z − z2 )(z3 − z4 )
S(z) = if z2 , z3 , z4 ∈ C ,
(z2 − z3 )(z4 − z)
(z3 − z4 )
S(z) = if z2 = ∞ ,
(z − z4 )
(z − z2 )
S(z) = if z3 = ∞ ,
(z − z4 )
(z − z2 )
S(z) = if z4 = ∞ .
(z3 − z2 )
(z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 ) = S(z1 ) .
Definition 8.2.11. Let z2 , z3 and z4 be three distinct points in C. b Let z1 ∈ C. b Then the
cross ratio of z1 , z2 , z3 and z4 , which is denoted by (z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 ), is defined as the image
of z1 under the Mobius transformation which takes z2 to 0, z3 to 1 and z4 to ∞.
Result 1: Let Γ be a circle passing through the points z2 , z3 and z4 . Then, the point z1
is on Γ if and only if the cross ratio (z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 ) is a real number.
Result 2: The cross ratio of four points (z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 ) is invariant under any Mobius
transformations. That is, if T is a Mobius transformation, then
(z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 ) = (T z1 , T z2 , T z3 , T z4 ) .
(z ∗ , z2 , z3 , z4 ) = (z, z2 , z3 , z4 ) .
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M.G.P. Prasad IIT Guwahati
Equivalently, we can say that the points z and z ∗ in C b are symmetric with respect to Γ
if every circle passing through z and z ∗ intersects Γ orthogonally. It appears that the
definition of symmetric points not only depends on the circle but also on the points z2 , z3 ,
z4 , but it is not true. The definition of symmetric points does not depend on the choice of
points z2 , z3 , z4 .
Symmetry Principle: If a Mobius transformation T maps a circle Γ1 onto the circle Γ2
then any pair of points symmetric with respect to Γ1 are mapped by T onto a pair of points
symmetric with respect to Γ2 .
Note: Recall that a circle in the extended complex plane passing through ∞ corresponds
to a straight line in C. Hence, hereafter, the word ‘circles’ include the ‘straight lines’ also.
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M.G.P. Prasad IIT Guwahati
Theorem 8.2.13. For any given circles Γ and Γ∗ in C, b there is a Mobius transformation
T such that T (Γ) = Γ∗ . Furhtermore, we can specify that T take any three points on Γ
onto any three points of Γ∗ . If we specify the points then T is unique.
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M.G.P. Prasad IIT Guwahati
Example 5: Determine all Mobius transformations that map the upper half plane Im(z) >
0 on to the unit open disk |w| < 1.
OR
Determine the most general (form of) Mobius transformation that maps the upper half
plane Im(z) > 0 on to the unit open disk |w| < 1.
Answer:
Note that a Mobius transformation maps boundary points into boundary points. That is,
it will map Im(z) = 0 onto |w| = 1.
Idea: Select three distinct points on Im(z) = 0 and impose conditions that they should be
mapped onto points on the unit circle |w| = 1 by Mobius transformations.
Step 1: Choose 3 distinct points on the boundary of the domin in the z plane
Choose three points as z = 0, z = 1 and z = ∞ on Im(z) = 0.
Let
az + b
w = T (z) = (ad − bc 6= 0) .
cz + d
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M.G.P. Prasad IIT Guwahati
az + b a z + (b/a)
T (z) = =
cz + d c z + (d/c)
Observer that |b/d| = 1 and |a/c| = 1 gives that
b a b d
=
d =⇒ = 1 = 6= 0 .
c a c
Set
−b −d
z0 = and z1 = =⇒ |z0 | = |z1 | =
6 0.
a c
a z − z z − z0
0
T (z) = = eiα
c z − z1 z − z1
where α is a real number and |z0 | = |z1 | =
6 0.
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M.G.P. Prasad IIT Guwahati
Since T (z0 ) = 0, we conclude that Im(z0 ) > 0. Note that α is a real number.
Thus, the required transformation is
z − z0
T (z) = eiα ,
z − z0
where z0 is a complex constant with Im(z0 ) > 0 and α is a real constant.
Example 6: Find all Mobius transformations that map |z| < 1 onto |w| < 1.
Answer:
z − z0
Do it like in Example 5 and arrive the final answer as T (z) = eiθ where θ is a
z0 z − 1
real constant and z0 is a complex constant with |z0 | < 1.
Exercises:
z−i
1. Find the image of the interior of the unit circle |z| = 1 under the mapping w = .
1−iz
2. Find the image of the vertical lines Re(z) = a (constant) under the mapping w = 1/z.
z−1
3. Find the image of the vertical lines Re(z) = a (constant) under the mapping w = .
z+1
In electrical engineering, this map is used to display the range of impedance of an
electrical circuit. See: Impedance Smith Chart. This problem indicates constant
resistance contours.
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M.G.P. Prasad IIT Guwahati
The key to understand the Schwarz-Christoffel mapping is the examination of the be-
haviour of the point f given by f (z) = A(z − x0 )β + B where x0 and β are real numbers,
0 < β < 2, and A and B are complex constants. Then, f 0 (z) = Aβ(z − x0 )α where
−1 < α = β − 1 < 1. We shall take the argument of (z − x0 ) to lie in (−π/2, 3π/2),
introducing a branch cut vertically downward from x0 . To begin, suppose z = x is real
and x > x0 . Then arg f 0 (x) = α × 0 + arg A, so the curve parametrized by f has a tangent
vector of constant slope, arg A, that is, it is a straight line segment. On the other hand,
if x < x0 , then arg f 0 (x) = απ + arg A, so f (x) lies on a straight line making an angle
απ + arg A with the positive real axis. Thus, we see that the mapping f carries the real
axis into a polygonal curve of only two pieces, and the pieces meet at B with angle of
πα = π(β − 1). This idea is continued, concentrating on f 0 instead of f since it is the value
of arg(f 0 ) that determines the slope of the various pieces of the image curve. Now we shall
apply this knowledge to the mapping of the upper half plane onto the interior of a given
polygon.
Let the polygon P have vertices at the consecutive points w1 , w2 , · · · , wn taken in
counterclockwise order, giving P a positive orientaion as in Figure 8.3. In traversing the
polygon we make a right turn at vertex wi through the angle αi . Thus each angle αi
lies in (−π, π) and a negative value of θi indicates a left turn. The net rotation of the
counterclockwise tour must be 2π radians to the left. That is, α1 + α2 + · · · + αn = −2π.
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M.G.P. Prasad IIT Guwahati
which maps the real axis onto the perimeter of a given polygon P , with the correspondence
f (xi ) = wi for i = 1, 2, · · · , n − 1 and f (∞) = wn .
The whole story about Schwarz-Christoffel tranformations is given in the following
theorem.
Theorem (Schwarz-Christoffel transformation): Let P be a polygon in the w-plane
with vertices w1 , · · · , wn and corresponding right turn angles αk , where −π < αk < π
as shown in Figure 8.3. There exists a one-to-one conformal mapping w = f (z) from the
upper halfplane =(z) > 0 onto the interior of P that satisfies wk = f (xk ) for k = 1, 2,· · · ,
n − 1 and wn = f (∞) where x1 < x2 < x3 < · · · < xn−1 < ∞. The mapping function f (z)
is given by
Z z
f (z) = A (ζ − x1 )α1 /π (ζ − x2 )α2 /π · · · (ζ − xn−1 )αn−1 /π dζ + B
0
Note: Recall that in constructing the map we have three degrees of freedom at our dis-
posal. Thus we can specify three points on the real axis to be the preimages of three of
the wj . However, we have already set f (∞) = wn , so we are free to choose only, say x1
and x2 , and the other xi are then determined.
To get a closed form expression for the mapping we must be able to compute the above
integral. Generally, it is not possible, even for smaller number of vertices. Numerical in-
tergraion, however, is always feasible.
Example: Determine the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation which maps the upper half
plane {z = x + iy ∈ C : −∞ < x < ∞ and y > 0} onto the semi-infinite strip
{w = u + iv ∈ C : −a < u < a and v > 0}.
Solution: To have the upper half plane map onto the interior of the strip, we choose the
orientaion indicated by the arrows in Figure ??. Left turns of π/2 at w1 = −a and w2 = a
can be accommodated by a mappying whose derivative is of the form
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M.G.P. Prasad IIT Guwahati
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