Aerospace Science and Technology, 1997, no 3, 179-182

System Analysis of Jet Engines of High Supersonic Flight Velocities

V. V. Kozlaykov
V. V. Kozlaykov, Ph. D. Moscow State Aviation Institute,
4, Volokolamskoe Highway, Moscow A-80, 125871 Russia.
Manuscript received May 29, 1995; revised version November 23, 1995.

Kozlaykov V. V., Aerospace Science and Technology, 1997, no 3, 179-182.

Abstract Combined jet engines concept have evolved from the rocket and the two basic air-breathing types: (1)
the turbojet, and (2) the ramjet. Unlike the turbojet and ramjet, which has atmospheric air as an oxidizer,
the rocket carries its own oxidizer as well as its own fuel. In Figure 1, combined jet engines concepts
is presented [l].
There are combined cycle concepts based on any two and all three of the basic types. At present, a
great number of different schemes of combined jet engines, working on cryogenic fuel [2], is known.
Therefore, the development of classification of such engines is very timely.

I - INTRODUCTION device for air flow compression and energy conversion

into the useful work for producing the thrust. The
effectiveness of a combined jet engine is determined
The most widespread method of the classification is by the manner and perfection of energy transfer.
hierarchical one but it does not cover all schemes of
combined jet engines. A method is known [3], which The marginal combined jet engines, which define
is based on a natural classification of a multitude the limits of applicability of the generalised model,
of flight vehicles according to the kind and family are the afterburning gas-turbine jet engines and liquid-
of forces used, and types of engines creating these air cycle engines. In afterburning gas-turbine jet
forces. The basic of classification structure consists of engine, a power unit can be distinguished, which
the interaction of forces, acting on the flight vehicle,
Turbojet Ramjet
and “sorts” of propulsion. The ordering is based on
engine engine
the “primary-secondary” criterion. In the work [4],
the classification is based on the assumption that the
thrust is a common property of all engines and the
specificity of its creation in each engine permits to
distinguish the classes and types of engines. But the
engine as such is considered to be a “black box” in
which the internal processes concerning the mass and
energy (i.e., the processes of release of the energy,
its transformation and interaction with the mass) are
not taken into account. In Figure 2, a model of the
combined air-breathing jet engine is presented. The
working process of this engine consists of two cycles:
the generator cycle, serving to provide useful work and
produce energy, transferred to working fluid, taking
part in the main cycle, and the main cycle, in which Rocket engine
the supplied energy is converted into the useful work.
The main spool can be conditionally conceived as a Fig. 1. - Combined jet engines concepts.

Aerospace Science and Technology, 0034-1223, 97/03/$ 7.00/O Gauthier-Villars

180 V. V. Kozlaykov

Table 2. - Examples of coding the combined air-breathing jet engine.

Xassificatiar ialue of
Types of engine attribute class
vector code Ni

Afterbuning gas-turbine jet 1111

1131

Turborocket engine AB 2222

Fig. 2. - Generalised model of the combined air-breathing jet engine.

works according to the Brayton cycle and represents

a turbocompressor system, where a conditional line,
separating it from the main coutour, goes through the Turborocket ramjet engine

compressor and is defined by the equality of pressures

behind the turbine and at. In the liquid-air cycle
engine, the power unit works according to the Renkine
cycle (rocket cycle), combined with the Brayton cycle
making up a hybrid cycle. Rocket ramjet engine 2332
In this work, construction of classification of yjpj
combined jet engine, working on cryogenic fuel, is
based on four main principles of mass- and energy
transfer between the main spool and the power unit.
Liquid-air cycle engine 3 3 13
Inlet

II - METHOD OF SYSTEM ANALYSIS

The working process of these engines consists of

two cycles: (1) the general cycle, serving to provide
useful work, and produce energy, transferred to
working fluid, taking part in the main cycle, and (2) the
main cycle, in which the supplied energy is converted
into the useful work. The effectiveness of combined
jet engine is determined by the manner and perfection
Table 1. - Principles of the classification
of energy transfer [2]. The marginal combined jet
engines, which define the limits of applicability of the
generalised model, are the afterburning gas-turbine jet
engines and liquid-air-cycle engines. System analysis
of combined jet engine, working on cryogenic fuel,
of hydrogen combined air-breathing jet engines.

Classification attribute Alternative value of attribute -Yt

I I

1. Principle of the energy Brayton cycle (air cycle) Renkine cycle (rocket cycle) Hybrid cycle
conversion in gas-generator cycle

2. Principle of generator cycle With taking off the mechanical With taking off the mechanical With taking off the thermal
energy transfer to main cycle work but without off the thermal work and thermal energy energy without taking off
energy mechanical work

3. Principle of additing of Without mass addition With the addition of mass but With the addition of mass and
generator cycle mass to the main without the increase of kinetic increase of kinetic energy
cycle energy

4. Principle of using the energy Calorific value Calorific value and working Calorific value, cooling capacity
source properties in the generator capacity and working capacity
cycle

Aerospace Science and Technology

System Analysis of Jet Engines of High Supersonic Flight Velocities 181

Such an approach to the system analysis permits for

any scheme of combined jet engine to unambiguously
define the code of classification attribute vectors as
a four-digit number. The coding is performed in
accordance with Table 1. In this code, the number
order determines the classification attribute and the
number value - the number of the column of
alternative meaning of attribute. The class of engine
is coded in the one-dimensional classification field
according to the code of classificaton attribute vectors
using the formula:

Cj n-1 n

Main spool <--- ---> Power unit

N=ci=l(pi),- 1))fl tj +(qcn,
j=i+l

Fig. 3. - “Hybrid&s degree” of a number of known schemes.

is based on four main principles of mass- and energy
transfer between the main spool and the power unit,
namely: (1) the principle of energy conversion in the
gas generator cycle; (2) the principle of energy transfer
from the generator cycle to the main cycle; (3) the
principle of adding the mass of generator cycle to
that of main spool; (4) the principle of using main
properties of energy source in the generator cycle [5].
Such classification attribute has three alternative
meaning, which are given in Table 1 in the columns
with ordinal numbers Yt, assuming the values 1, 2, 3.
where Yt = 1,3 - the value of number placed in
1st position of code of the attribute class vectors;
t - ordinal number of the value in the classification
attribute vector code; 1: = 1, n - number of 4th
position of vector code.
The examples of the determination of vector codes
of classification attributes and class are presented in
Table 2. For instance, for the code of classification
attribute vector is equal to 2232 and its class is
determined in such a manner:

Table 3. ~ Table of multitude of technical decisions for combined N= (2-1)*33+(2-1)*32+(3-1)~31+2=44.

jet engines.

The value of class of combined engines of any scheme

changes from 1 (gas-turbine engine) to 81 (liquid-
air cycle engine). The notion “hybridness degree”
C, = N/81 can be introduced. It determines the
ratio of class number N to its limiting value equal
to 81 for liquid-air cycle engine. The value of engine
“hybridises degree” changes within the range from
a number close to zero (afterburning gas-turbine jet
engine).
In Figure 3, the example of classes and “hybridises
degree” of a number of known schemes are presented.
Higher value of the “hybridises degree” shows that
useful work of the combined jet engine cycle is created
to a greater extent by the power unit than by the main
spool.

III - CONCLUSION

The proposed approach to the classification of

combined hydrogen jet engine permits to systematise
al schemes of engines of a given class according
to the working process and is a good basic for
the development of new schemes of such engines
(Table 3) [6].
1997. no 3
182
REFERENCES
[l] Kors D. L. - Combined Cycle Propulsion for
Hypersonic Flight, Actu Astronaut, 1988, N18, 191-
200.
[2] Kurziner R. I. - Jet Engines of Great Supersonic Flight
Velocities, M. Mashinostroenie, 1989, 264 p.
[3] Guryanov M. A. - Classification of Flight Vehicles
According to the Kind of Propulsion, Izv. Vuz’ov,
Aviatsionnaia Tehnika, 1985, N4, 33-39.
[4] Fishbein B. 0. - On the Construction of Classification
of Flight Vehicles. Zz. Vuz’ov, Aviatsionnaia Tehnika,
1989, Nl, 70-74.
V. V. Kozlaykov
[5] Kozlaykov V. V. - Classification Problems of
Combined Air Breathing-Rocket Propulsion Systems
for Fly at Great Speeds. Proceedings of second
Russian-Chinese scientific conference “Aero- and space
engines and power planes”. September-October, 1992,
Moscow (in Russian), 297.
[6] Kozlaykov V. V., Kravchenko I. V. - Classification
of Combined Air Breathing-Rocked Engines Using
Hydrogen. Abstracts of International Aerospace
Congress, August L-19, Moscow, Russia, 320.
Aerospace Science and Technology