Probability Aakash Institute Class-9th

CHAPTER 15
Probability THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES
z Basic Terms Related to Probability

¾ Random Experiment
z Empirical Probability of an Event

We use the words ‘probable’ and ‘probability’ in our everyday life
z Quick Recap
without realising that it has a mathematical meaning too. The
uncertainty of ‘probably’ can be measured numerically in many z Assignment
situations by means of probability. In this chapter, we will deal with

situations which are outcomes of random experiments and proceed
towards finding the probability.
There are events or situations about which there is an element of

uncertainty in our mind, that the event may or may not happen. The
happening of an event rules out the possibility of the non-happening
of the event and vice-versa. This element of uncertainty about the
happening and non-happening of an event can be measured
mathematically. The branch of mathematics which deals with it is
called Theory of Probability.
In this chapter, we shall study empirical or experimental probability.
History of Probability Theory
In 1654, a French gambler Chevalier De-Mere approached a well known 17th century French
philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal regarding some dice problems. Pascal discussed this
problem with another French mathematician Pierre de Fermat (1601-1655). Both these mathematicians
solved the problem independently. This work of Pascal and Fermat laid the foundation of the probability
theory. Significant contributions in the field were also made by mathematicians J.Bernouli, P.Laplace,
A.A. Markov and A.N. Kolmogorov.
BASIC TERMS RELATED TO PROBABILITY
Experiment : The word ‘experiment’ means an operation which can produce some well-defined results.
Random Experiment
If an experiment, when repeated under identical conditions, does not produce the same outcome everytime
but the result in a trial is one of the several possible outcomes, then it is known as a random experiment.
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110 Probability Mathematics - Class IX (Level-I)
Example -
(i) In the tossing of a coin, one is never sure beforehand whether a head (H) or a tail (T) will be obtained,
so it is a random experiment.
(ii) Rolling an unbiased die.
Trial : When we perform an experiment, it is called a trial of the experiment. We can also say that a trial
is an action which results in one of the several outcomes.
(i) When a coin is tossed one time, two times, three times etc. each toss of the coin is called a trial.
(ii) When a die is thrown any number of times, each throw of the die is called a trial.
Outcomes : The result of a trial is called outcome.
(i) When a coin is tossed once, we get either head (H) or tail (T). Here, head and tail are called the outcomes
or possible outcomes.
(ii) When two coins are tossed simultaneously, we get either two tails (T T), exactly one head (HT or TH)
i.e., exactly one tail ; or two heads (HH). So, these are the possible outcomes.
(iii) When a die is thrown once, the possible outcomes are :
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
An event : An event for an experiment is the collection of some outcomes of the experiment.
For example, if a die is thrown to get an odd number, then the event would consist of three outcomes 1, 3
and 5. Similarly, if the die is thrown to get a number greater than 4, then the event would consist of two
outcomes 5 and 6.
Event associated with a random experiment
An event associated with a random experiment is a collection of some outcomes of the random experiment.
Events are generally denoted by the capital letters A, B, E, F etc.
For example, if a pair of coins is tossed simultaneously, then the possible outcomes are no heads, 1 head and
2 heads. If E be the event of getting at least one head, then E = {1, 2}. Here, we say that the outcomes 1 and
2 of the random experiment favours the happening of event E but the outcome 0 does not favour the happening
of the event E or in other words, the outcome 0 favours the happening of the event ‘not E’
Similarly, if a die is thrown, the possible outcomes are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. For an event E to get an even number,
the favourable outcomes are 2, 4, 6. Now, we denote the event of getting a number greater than 4 as F, so the
favourable outcomes for the happening of the event F are 5 and 6.
EMPIRICAL PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT

The probability of an event denotes the likelihood of its happening.
Let n be the total number of trials of an experiment, then the empirical or experimental probability P(E) of
an event E is given by
Number of trials in which the event happened

P (E ) =
Total number of trials
Mathematics - Class IX (Level-I) Probability 111
Remarks : (i) P(E) + P(not E) = 1 [where P(not E) represents the probability of event E not
happening]
(ii) We denote P(not E) as P E  

(iii) 0  P(E)  1
(iv) Sum of probabilities of all the outcomes of a random experiment is 1.
Sure event : When all the outcomes of a random experiment favour an event, the event is called a sure event
and its probability is 1.
Impossible event : When no outcome of a random experiment favours an event, the event is called an
impossible event and its probability is 0.
Illustration 1 :
There are 40 students in a class and their results are presented as below :
Results Pass Fail

Number of students 30 10
If a student is chosen at random, find the probability that the student has passed the examination.
Solution :
Total number of students = 40
Number of passing students = 30
30
 Probability that the student has passed the examination = = 0.75
40
Illustration 2 :
A coin is tossed 150 times and the outcomes are recorded. The frequency distribution of the outcomes
H (heads) and T (tails) is given below :
Outcomes H T
Frequency 85 65
For the given frequency distribution, find the probability of getting head.
Solution :
Total number of trials = 150
Trials which favour the outcome H = 85
85
 P (H ) = ≅ 0.567
150
Example 1 :
A die is tossed 100 times and the outcomes are recorded as below :
Outcomes 1 Even no. less than 6 Odd no. greater than 1 6

Frequency 20 35 30 15
Find the probability of getting :

(i) The number 1
(ii) The number 6
(iii) An even number less than 6
(iv) An odd number greater than 1
Solution :
(i) Favourable outcomes = 20
20
 P(getting 1) = = 0.2
100
(ii) Favourable outcomes = 15
15
P(getting 6) = = 0.15
100
(iii) Favourable outcomes = 35
35
 P(getting an even number less than 6) = = 0.35
100
(iv) Favourable outcomes = 30
30
P(getting an odd number greater than 1) = = 0.30
100
Example 2 :
Two similar coins were tossed simultaneously 1000 times and the frequency distribution of heads obtained
after each toss is as below :
Number of heads 0 1 2
Frequency 200 500 300
(i) One head
(ii) Two heads
(iii) At least one head
(iv) Less than two heads
(v) Three heads
(vi) Not more than two heads
Solution :
(i) Total number of chances favouring the event of getting one head = 500
500
P(getting one head) = = 0.5
1000
300
(ii) P(getting two heads) = = 0.3
1000
500 + 300
(iii) P(getting atleast one head) = P(1 head or 2 heads) = = 0.8
1000
200 + 500
(iv) P(getting less than two heads) = = 0.7
1000
(v) P(getting three heads) = 0
200 + 500 + 300

(vi) P(getting not more than two heads) = =1
1000
Example 3 :
Two coins are tossed 100 times with the following frequencies of different outcomes :
Outcomes 2 heads 1 head No heads

Frequency 30 48 22
Find the probability of each outcome.
Solution :
Number of times 2 heads come up

The probability of getting 2 heads =
30
= = 0.3
100
Number of times 1 head comes up

The probability of getting 1 head =
48
= = 0.48
100
Number of times no heads come up

The probability of getting no heads =
22
= = 0.22
100
Example 4 :
A factory manufacturing car batteries made a survey in the field about the life of these batteries. The data
obtained is as under :
Life of batteries Less than 24 - 36 36 - 48 More than or Total number

(in months) 24 equal to 48 of batteries
The number
40 220 540 200 1000
of batteries
If the battery of this company is put in the car, then what is the probability that
(i) A battery will last for more than or equal to 36 months
(ii) A battery will last for less than 48 months
(iii) A battery will last for 36 - 48 months
Solution :
Total number of batteries = 1000
(i) The total number of batteries which will last for more than or equal to 36 months = 540 + 200 = 740
740
Now, P(battery will last for more than or equal to 36 months) = = 0.74
1000
(ii) The total number of batteries which last for less than 48 months = 40 + 220 + 540 = 800
800
So, P(battery will last for less than 48 months) = = 0.80
1000
(iii) The total number of batteries which last for 36 - 48 months = 540
540
So, P(battery will last for 36 - 48 months) = = 0.54
1000
Example 5 :
100 plants each, were planted in 100 schools during Van Mahotsava. After one month, the number of plants
that survived were recorded as in data below :
Number of plants Less than 26 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 More than Total number

survived 26 70 of schools
Number of schools 15 20 30 30 5 100
If a school is selected at random for inspection, what is the probability that

(i) More than 25 plants survived in the school?
(ii) Less than 61 plants survived in the school?
(iii) 61 to 70 plants survived in the school?
Solution :
The total number of schools in which plants were planted = 100
(i) Number of schools in which more than 25 plants survived = 20 + 30 + 30 + 5 = 85
85
P(more than 25 plants survived) = = 0.85
100
(ii) Number of schools in which less than 61 plants survived = 15 + 20 + 30 = 65
65
P(less than 61 plants survived) = = 0.65
100
30
(iii) P(61 to 70 plants survived) = = 0.30
100
Example 6 :
Fifty seeds were selected at random from each of the 5 bags P, Q, R, S, T of seeds and were kept under
standardised conditions equally favourable to germination. After 50 days, the number of seeds which had
germinated in each collection were counted and recorded as below :
Bags P Q R S T
Number of seeds germinated 25 35 42 38 46
What is the probability of germination of

(i) More than 30 seeds in a bag?
(ii) 47 seeds in a bag?
(iii) More than 20 seeds in a bag?
Solution :
(i) Number of bags in which more than 30 seeds out of 50 seeds germinated = 4
Total number of bags = 5
4
So, P(more than 30 seeds germinated in a bag) =
5
(ii) Number of bags in which 47 seeds germinated = 0

 P(47 seeds germinated in bag) = 0
(iii) Number of bags in which more than 20 seeds germinated = 5
 Total number of bags = 5
5
So, P(more than 20 seeds germinated in a bag) = =1
5
Example 7 :
An insurance company selected 1000 drivers at random (i.e. without any preference of one driver over another)
in a particular city to find a relationship between age and accidents. The data obtained is given in the following
table :
Age group of Number of accidents in one year

drivers (years) 0 1 2 3 More than 3
18 - 29 180 160 90 51 35
30 - 50 125 128 40 20 18
above 50 56 48 25 15 9
Find the probability of the following events for a driver selected at random from the city :
(i) Being 18-29 years of age and having exactly 3 accidents in one year.
(ii) Being 30-50 years of age and having one or more accidents in one year.
(iii) Having no accidents in one year.
Solution :
(i) The number of drivers in age group 18-29 and having exactly 3 accidents = 51
Total number of drivers = 1000
51
So, P(driver in age group 18-29 and having exactly 3 accidents in one year) = = 0.051
1000
(ii) The number of drivers in the age group 30-50 and having one or more than one accident in one year
= 128 + 40 + 20 + 18 = 206
206
P(driver in age group 30-50 having one or more accidents in one year) = = 0.206
1000
(iii) The number of drivers having no accident in one year = 180 + 125 + 56 = 361
361
So, P(drivers having no accident) = = 0.361
1000
Example 8 :
Ten bags of wheat flour each marked 5 kg, actually contained the following weights of flour (in kg)
4.97, 5.05, 5.08, 5.03, 5.00, 5.06, 5.08, 4.98, 5.04, 5.07
Find the probability that any of these bags chosen at random contains more than 5 kg of flour.
Solution :
Total number of bags = 10
∵ The number of bags containing more than 5 kg wheat flour = 7
7
 The required probability = = 0.7
10
Try Yourself
1. A die has six faces marked as A, B, C, D, E, F. The die is thrown 300 times and the outcomes
are recorded as below :
Outcomes A B C D E F
Frequency 45 55 49 50 51 50
Find :
(a) P(A) + P(B) + P(D)
(b) P(A) + P(B) + P(C) + P(D) + P(E)
2. Three coins are tossed simultaneously 400 times with the following frequencies of different outcomes :
Outcomes 3 heads 2 heads 1 head No head

Frequency 46 144 154 56
(a) The probability of getting three heads is

23
(1) 0.165 (2)
100
(3) 0.115 (4) 0.14
(b) The probability of getting two heads and one tail is
(1) 0.14 (2) 0.36
(3) 0.385 (4) 0
(c) The probability of getting at least two heads is
(1) 0.36 (2) 0.382
(3) 0.385 (4) 0.475
3. Given below is the frequency distribution of wages (in `) of 60 workers in a certain factory :
Wages (in `) 110-130 130-150 150-170 170-190 190-210 210-230 230-250
No. of workers 6 8 10 12 10 8 6
A worker is selected at random.
(a) The probability that his wage is less than ` 150 is

14 2
(1) (2)
15 5
7 3
(3) (4)
30 5
(b) The probability that his wage is at least ` 210 is
5 7
(1) (2)
8 30
3 14
(3) (4)
5 30
(c) The probability that his wage is more than or equal to 150 but less than ` 210 is
8 7
(1) (2)
15 15
11 23
(3) (4)
30 30
2 6
Ans. 1(a) 1 , (b) 5 ; 2(a)(3), (b)(2), (c)(4); 3(a)(3), (b)(2), (c)(1)
QUICK RECAP
1. A trial is an action which results in one of the several outcomes.

2. The result of the trial is called an outcome.
3. An event for an experiment is a collection of some outcomes of the experiment.
4. The empirical (or experimental) probability P(E) of an event E is given by
Number of trials in which E has happened

P (E ) =
5. If E be an even, then 0  P(E)  1
6. The outcomes of an experiment are said to be equally likely if none of them are expected to occur in
preference to others.

Assignment
8. In a society of 200 people, 110 persons read
SECTION-A “Times of India” and rest read “Hindustan Times”.
Very Short Answer Type Questions : Find the probability that a person selected from the
society reads “Times of India”.
1. In a cricket match, a batsman hits a boundary 8
times out of 50 balls he plays. Find the probability Short Answer Type Questions :
that he hits a boundary on a given ball.
1. Two coins are tossed simultaneously 50 times with
2. What is the probability of a sure and an impossible the following frequencies of different outcomes :
event?
3. For an event E, if P(E) = 0.2, then find P(not E). Outcomes 2 heads 1 heads No heads
Can the probability of an event be greater than 1? Frequency 13 26 11
4. There are 50 students in a class and their results Find the probability of each outcome. Show that
are presented as below : the sum of the probabilities is equal to 1.
Results 2. A coin is tossed 400 times and the frequency of

Pass Fail
the outcomes is as below :
Number of students 30 20
Outcomes H T
If a student is chosen at random from the class,
Frequency 280 120
then find the probability that the student has
passed the examination. Find
5. Three coins are tossed simultaneously 100 times (i) P(H) i.e. probability of getting heads,
with the following frequencies of different outcomes. (ii) P(T) i.e. probability of getting tails,
(iii) The value of P(H) + P(T).
Outcomes 3 tails 2 tails 1 tail No tails
3. There are 50 students in a class and their result
Frequency 17 19 46 18 is as below :
Find the probability of no tails coming up. Results Pass Fail

6. In a bag, there are 7 white and 6 green balls. Find Number of students 35 15
the probability that a ball drawn from the bag is
white. If a student is chosen at random from the class,
then find the probability that
7. In a class of 150 students, 87 students passed
and rest failed. A student is selected at random, (i) The student has passed,
find the probability that the student has failed. (ii) The student has failed.
4. The record of a weather station shows that out of If a child is selected at random, then what is the
the past 200 consecutive days, its weather probability that the child goes to school
forecasts were correct 125 times.
(i) By bus?
(i) What is the probability that on a given day it
(ii) Not by car?
was correct?
8. In a particular section of class IX, 80 students
(ii) What is the probability that it was not correct
were asked about the months of their birth. The
on a given day?
following graph was prepared for the data so
5. On one page of a telephone directory, there were obtained :
200 telephone numbers. The frequency distribution
of their unit’s place digit is given in table below : 12
10
Digits Frequency Digits Frequency
8
August
0 22 5 10 6
April
November
December
February
October
September
1 26 6 14 4
January
May
March
2 22 7 28 2
June
July
3 22 8 16
9 20 If a student is selected at random, then find the
4 20
probability that he was born in
Without looking into the directory, a number is (i) March

chosen at random. What is the probability that the
(ii) July
digit in its units place is
(iii) August
(i) 6?
9. In a survey, following data was recorded :
(ii) Less than 3?
(iii) More than 7? No. of girls in a family 2 1 0
6. Eleven bags of rice each marked 5 kg actually No. of families 475 814 211
contained the following weights of rice (in kg) :
A family is chosen at random. Find the probability
4.98, 5.25, 5.15, 5.06, 5.00, 5.12, 5.12, 4.88, 5.24, that the family has
5.10, 5.00
(i) Two girls
(i) Find the probability that any of these bags
chosen at random contains more than (ii) No girls
5 kg of rice. (iii) At least one girl
(ii) Find the probability that any of these bags
Long Answer Type Questions :
chosen at random contains more than or equal
to 5 kg of rice. 1. A die having six faces is tossed 80 times and the
data is as below :
7. The following table shows the different modes of
transport used by a certain number of children to Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5 6
go to school.
Frequency 10 20 10 28 8 4
Transport
used Walk Bus Bicycle Car Find the probabilities P(1), P(2), P(3), P(4), P(5)
and P(6). Show that the sum of all the probabilities
No. of children 27 29 13 21 is 1.
2. Three similar coins were tossed simultaneously for Monthly income No. of cars
100 times and the data recorded is as given below :
(in rupees) 1 2 More than 2
30,001-40,000 400 50 25
No. of heads No. of tosses
40,001-50,000 100 300 125
0 22
1 30 Find the probability that a person selected at
2 28 random is :
3 20 (i) In the income slab 40,001-50,000 and has

Total number 100 more than 2 cars.
of tosses
(ii) In the income slab 30,001-40,000 and has two
cars.
(A) Find the probability of getting :
(i) Two heads and one tail. SECTION-B

(ii) Three heads and no tail.
Objective Type Questions :
(iii) Atleast one head.
1. A coin is tossed 150 times and the frequency of
(iv) 4 heads. the outcomes is as below :
(v) Not more than three heads.

Outcome H T
(B) Show that the sum of the probabilities of all
Frequency 90 60
possible outcomes of the experiment is equal
to 1.
The probability of getting a head is
3. A die is thrown 200 times and the frequency of the
outcomes is as given below : 1 1
(1) (2)
2 3
Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 40 38 43 29 28 22 3 2
(3) (4)
5 5
Directions (Q.2 & Q.3):
(i) 6
Two coins are tossed simultaneously 80 times and data
(ii) an even number is recorded as :
(iii) an odd number
No. of heads in a trial 0 1 2
(iv) a number more than 3
Frequency 20 35 25
(v) a number less than 5
2. The probability of getting two heads is
(vi) a number more than 1 and less than 6
4. A survey was conducted by a car manufacturing 1 1

(1) (2)
company in a metropolitan city on 1000 persons 4 3
having monthly income from ` 30,001 to ` 50,000.
The data regarding the number of persons in 7 5
(3) (4)
various categories is as under : 16 16
3. The probability of getting atleast one head is 4. The probability of getting an even number is
3 5 (1) 0.4
(1) (2)
4 16 (2) 0.5
1 1 (3) 0.3
(3) (4)
2 4 (4) 0.35
Directions (Q.4 & Q.5): 5. The probability of getting a number less than 3 is
A die is tossed 100 times and the data is recorded as (1) 0.2
below :
(2) 0.25
Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5 6 (3) 0.35
Frequency 20 15 20 15 20 10 (4) 0.5

CHAPTER 15
Probability THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES
z Basic Terms Related to Probability

¾ Equally Likely Outcomes
z Playing Cards
BASIC TERM RELATED TO PROBABILITY
z Assignment
Equally Likely Outcomes
All those outcomes of an experiment whose chances of occurrence are equal, are said to be equally likely
outcomes.
For example,
(i) When a coin is tossed, we believe that there are equal chances to show a head or a tail.
(ii) When a die is thrown, the outcome is the number on the top face when the die comes to rest. There
are 6 faces, numbered 1 to 6 and any of these faces may appear at the top. In other words, there are
6 equally likely outcomes : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Example 1 :
Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the probability of getting :
(i) The sum as an even number.
(ii) The sum as a prime number.
(iii) A total of at least 10.
(iv) A doublet of even number.
(v) A multiple of 2 on one dice and a multiple of 3 on the other.
(vi) Same number on both the dice.
(vii) A multiple of 3 as the sum.
Solution :
Outcomes associated to the random experiment of throwing two dice simultaneously are:
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)
2 (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6)
3 (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)
4 (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)
5 (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)
6 (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)
 Total number of outcomes = 36
124 Probability Mathematics - Class IX (Level-II)
(i) Let A be the event of getting the sum as an even number i.e. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12.
Outcomes favourable to A are :
(1, 1), (1, 3), (3, 1), (2, 2), (1, 5), (5, 1), (2, 4), (4, 2), (3, 3), (2, 6), (6, 2), (4, 4), (5, 3), (3, 5),
(5, 5), (6, 4), (4, 6) and (6, 6)
Clearly, number of favourable outcomes = 18
18 1
Hence, required probability = =
36 2
(ii) Let A be the event of getting the sum as a prime number i.e. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11.
The outcomes favourable to A are :
(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 4), (4, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2), (1, 6), (6, 1), (2, 5), (5, 2), (3, 4), (4, 3), (6, 5)
and (5, 6)
 Number of favourable outcomes = 15
15 5
36 12
(iii) Let A be the event of getting a total of at least 10 i.e. 10, 11, 12, then the outcomes favourable to
A are :
(6, 4), (4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 5), (5, 6) and (6, 6)
6 1
36 6
(iv) Let A be the event of getting a doublet of even number, then the outcomes favourable to A are
(2, 2), (4, 4) and (6, 6).
3 1
 Required probability = =
36 12
(v) Let A be the event of getting a multiple of 2 on one die and a multiple of 3 on the other, then the
outcomes favourable to A are :
(2, 3), (2, 6), (4, 3), (4, 6), (6, 3), (6, 6), (3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 6), (6, 2), (6, 4)
11
Hence, required probability =
36
(vi) Let A be the event of getting the same number on both the dice then, the outcomes favourable to A
are :
(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5) and (6, 6)
6 1
36 6
Mathematics - Class IX (Level-II) Probability 125
(vii) Let A be the event of getting a multiple of 3 as the sum i.e. 3, 6, 9, 12, then the outcomes favourable
to A are :
(1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 5), (5, 1), (2, 4), (4, 2), (3, 3), (3, 6), (6, 3), (5, 4), (4, 5), (6, 6)
So, number of favourable outcomes = 12
12 1
36 3
Example 2 :
A die is thrown 1000 times with the frequencies of the outcomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 as given in the data
below :
Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 180 150 158 145 176 191
Find the probability of each outcome. Also, show that the sum of the probabilities of all outcomes is 1.
Solution :
We denote the event of getting 1 by E1 and similarly of getting 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 by E2, E3, E4, E5 and E6
respectively.
From the above table, we have
Frequency of getting 1
P(E1) =
180
= = 0.18
1000
150
Similarly, P(E2) = = 0.150
1000
158
P(E3) = = 0.158
1000
145
P(E4) = = 0.145
1000
176
P(E5) = = 0.176
1000
191
and P(E6) = = 0.191
1000
Now, P(E1) + P(E2) + P(E3) + P(E4) + P(E5) + P(E6)
= 0.180 + 0.150 + 0.158 + 0.145 + 0.176 + 0.191
=1
Hence, the sum of the probabilities of all the outcomes is 1.
Example 3 :
A bag contains 12 red, 15 white and 8 black balls. If a ball is drawn at random from the bag, then what is
the probability that the ball drawn is
(a) Red
(b) White
(c) Black
Solution :
Total number of balls = 12 + 15 + 8 = 35
Number of red balls = 12
Number of white balls = 15
Number of black balls = 8
12
(a) P(ball drawn is red) =
35
15 3
(b) P(ball drawn is white) = =
35 7
8
(c) P(ball drawn is black) =
35
Example 4 :
In a cricket match, a batsman hits a boundary 3 times out of 20 balls he plays. What is the probability that
the next ball the batsman plays
(i) will be a boundary?
(ii) will not be a boundary?
Show that the sum of both the probabilities is 1.
Solution :
A boundary is being hit in every 3 balls out of 20 balls
3
 P(next ball will be a boundary) =
20
Out of 20 balls the boundary is not hit in 17 balls
17
 P(next ball will not be a boundary) =
20
3 17
Sum of the probabilities = + =1
20 20
Try Yourself
1. In a cricket match, a batsman hits boundary 12 times out of 60 balls he plays. Find the probability
that the next ball he plays will not be a boundary.
2. A bag contains 8 red, 7 white and 5 green balls. If a ball is drawn at random, then what is the
probability that the ball drawn is
(i) Red?
(ii) Not white?
(iii) Not green?
3. The marks obtained by 30 students in a class are given below :
42, 35, 28, 12, 14, 16, 47, 50, 52, 27, 34, 42, 26, 28, 36, 15, 64, 65, 38, 40, 22, 24, 29, 31, 39,
48, 53, 62, 23, 43.
Find :
(i) The probability that a student selected at random has scored 40 or more than 40 marks.
(ii) The probability that a student selected at random has scored less than 30 marks.
4. If E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, ..., E15, E16 are the elementary equally likely events associated to a random
experiment of tossing a coin four times, then find the value of P(E1) + P(E2) + P(E3) + ......+ P(E10).
5. A number was chosen at random from the numbers lying between 400 and 600, find the probability
of it is
(i) Ending with 1
(ii) Start with 4
(iii) Divisible by 7
 5 8 199 199 199 

Ans.1. ; 2. (i) 0.4, (ii) 0.65, (iii) 0.75; 3. (i) 0.4, (ii) 0.4; 4. ; 5. (i) (ii) (iii)
 4 5 20 99 28 
PLAYING CARDS
A deck or pack of playing cards consists of 52 cards which are divided into 4 suits of 13 cards each -
spades, hearts, diamonds and clubs. Clubs and spades are of black colour, while hearts and diamonds
are of red colour. So, total number of black coloured cards is 26 and also total number of red coloured
cards is 26. The cards in each suit are ace, king, queen, jack, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 and 2. The cards
jack, king and queen are known as face cards.
Illustration :
A card is drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 playing cards. Find the probability that, it is
(i) A king
(ii) An ace of clubs
(iii) A black card
Solution :
(i) Number of kings, i.e., king of clubs, spades, diamonds and hearts = 4
4 1
 Probability of getting a king = =
52 13
(ii) There is only one ace of clubs.
1
 Probability of getting an ace of clubs =
52
(iii) There are 26 black cards.
26 1
 Probability of getting a black card = =
52 2
Note : Total number of possible outcomes when n coins tossed simultaneously = 2n where, n = number
of coins
 For two coins, possible outcomes = 22 = 4

 When 3 coins are tossed simultaneously, then the possible outcomes are {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT,
THH, THT, TTH, TTT}

Assignment
2. The probability that a vowel ‘I’ selected at random
SECTION-A from the vowels of English alphabet is
1 1
Subjective Type Questions : (1) (2)
5 26
1. Two coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the 1 5
(3) (4)
probability that no heads will appear on both the 6 26
coins. 3. The probability for a randomly selected number out
of 1, 2, 3, 4, ........, 25 to be a prime number is
2. A die is thrown. Find the probability that a number
2 23
less than 5 is obtained. (1) (2)
25 25
3. A day is selected in a week, find the probability 10 9
that the day is Saturday. (3) (4)
25 25
4. Let x be the number of trials that an event m 4. A bag contains 4 white and 6 red balls. If a ball is
occurred and y be the total number of trials then drawn at random, then the probability that the
find the probability of not occurring event m. drawn ball is red is
2 1
5. From the letters of the word ‘CURSIVE’, if a letter (1) (2)
is selected, what is the probability that the letter 5 4
is not a consonant? 1 3
(3) (4)
6 5
6. Find the probability of getting a sum as a 5. Out of the 50 students participating in a debate, 15
composite number when two dice are rolled. are girls. The probability that the winner is a girl is
3 2
SECTION-B (1)
10
(2)
5
Objective Type Questions : 1 3

(3) (4)
5 5
1. In a throw of a die, the probability of getting a
prime number is 6. When two dice are thrown simultaneously, the
(1) 2 probability of getting equal numbers on both the
dice is
1
(2)
2 1 1
(1) (2)
1 36 6
(3)
6
1 1
(4) (3) (4) 1
3 2
7. From a normal pack of cards, a card is drawn at 13. If two coins are tossed, then the probability of
random. The probability of getting a jack is getting no head is
2 1 3 1
(1) (2) (1) (2)
52 52 4 4
1 2 1
(3) (4) (3) (4) 0
13 13 2
8. The probability of getting an even number when a 14. The probability of getting a number greater than 2
die is rolled is in a single throw of a fair die is
1 1 1 2
(1) (2) (1) (2)
6 36 3 3
1 1 5 1
(3) (4) (3) (4)
2 3 6 2
9. A card is drawn from a pack of 100 cards Directions (Q.15 to Q.18):
numbered 1 to 100. The probability of drawing a
number which is a perfect square is If a bag contains 2 red, 3 green, 5 blue, 4 black and
6 grey marbles and one is drawn at random, then
1 9 15. Marble of which colour is least likely to be drawn
(1) (2)
10 100 from the bag?
(1) Red (2) Green
1 2
(3) (4)
100 100 (3) Black (4) Blue
10. The probability that a non leap year contains 53 16. What is the probability of drawing a grey marble?
Saturdays is
3 1
(1) (2)
2 1 20 10
(1) (2)
7 7
3 1
(3) (4)
2 1 10 4
(3) (4)
365 365 17. What is the probability of drawing a marble which
11. If a coin is tossed twice, the probability of getting is not black?
at least one head is
1 1
(1) (2)
1 1 5 10
(1) (2)
2 4
3 4
(3) (4)
3 10 5
(3) (4) 1
4
18. If five more black marbles were added to the bag,
12. In a single throw of two dice, the probability of what would be the probability of drawing a black
getting a sum of 10 is marble?
1 1 7 9
(1) (2) (1) (2)
12 36 25 25
1 1 2 1
(3) (4) (3) (4)
6 18 5 2
19. A book containing 100 pages is opened at random. 25. To find the probability of getting a sum as 9, when
The probability of the event that a doublet page two dice are rolled. The following steps are involved
(doublet is a 2-digit number having two same digits) in solving the above problem. Sequential order will
is found is be
9 90 4 1
(1) (2) a. The required probability = 
100 100 36 9
b. When a dice is rolled, the possible outcomes
10 20 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
(3) (4)
100 100
c. Favourable outcomes are (3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 4)
20. The probability that there are 53 Saturdays in a and (6, 3).
year, if the year is a leap year is
d. When two dice are rolled, the number of
2 1 possible outcomes = 6  6 = 36.
(1) (2)
7 8 (1) abcd (2) bcda
4 6 (3) badc (4) bdca

(3) (4)
8 8
21. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. The probability SECTION-C
that the difference of the numbers shown on the
dice is 1 is Assertion & Reason Type Questions :
5 1 In the following questions, a statement of assertion
(1) (2)
18 36 (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R).
(1) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the reason
1 1 is the correct explanation of the assertion, then
(3) (4)
6 8 mark (1).
22. When 3 coins are tossed simultaneously, then the (2) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the reason
probability of getting three heads is is not the correct explanation of the assertion, then
mark (2).
1 1
(1) (2)
2 6 (3) If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false,
then mark (3).
1 1 (4) If both Assertion and Reason are false statements,
(3) (4)
8 4 then mark (4).
23. When two dice are thrown, the probability of getting 1. A : For an impossible event, the probability is equal
a number always greater than 4 on the second dice to 1.
is
R : For a sure event, the probability is equal to
1 1 zero.
(1) (2)
6 3 2. A : A trial is an action which results in one of the
several outcomes.
1 1
(3) (4) R : The result of a trial is called an outcome.
36 12
24. The probability for a leap year to have exactly 52 3. A bag contains 3 red, 7 green and 5 white balls
Mondays is and a ball is drawn at random from the bag.
1 1 1
(1) (2) A : The probability of getting a red ball is .
366 52 5
5 1
(3) (4) 1 R : The probability of getting a non white ball is .
7 3
4. A : If two coins are tossed simultaneously, then d. Probability of getting (iv) 0

one head and one
1
the probability of getting two heads will be . tail when two coins
2 are tossed will be
R : If a die is thrown, then the probability of getting (1) a(iv), b(iii), c(i), d(ii) (2) a(i), b(ii), c(iii), d(iv)
2 (3) a(iv), b(i), c(iii), d(ii) (4) a(ii), b(iv), c(i), d(iii)
a number greater than 3 is .
3 2. Match the following :
5. A : The probability of getting a sum of 8 when two Column-I Column-II
5 1
dice are thrown simultaneously will be . a. In a single throw of (i)
36 4
two dice, the
R : The probability of any event cannot be greater probability of getting
than 1. a sum of 11 is
1
b. In a single throw of (ii)
SECTION-D 2
two dice, the
Match the Columns Type Questions : probability of getting
equal numbers is
1. Match the following :
1
Column-I Column-II c. In a single throw of (iii)
6
a. Probability of an (i) 1 two coins, the
impossible event is probability of getting
1 two heads is
b. Probability of a (ii)
2 1
sure event is d. Probability of getting (iv)
18
3 a prime number in a
c. Probability of getting (iii) throw of a die is
8
a red ball from a (1) a(i), b(ii), c(iii), d(iv) (2) a(iii), b(i), c(iv), d(ii)
collection of 3 red
and 5 white balls is (3) a(ii), b(iv), c(i), d(iii) (4) a(iv), b(iii), c(i), d(ii)


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CHAPTER 15

Probability THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES

z Basic Terms Related to Probability

z Empirical Probability of an Event

situations by means of probability. In this chapter, we will deal with

There are events or situations about which there is an element of

In this chapter, we shall study empirical or experimental probability.

History of Probability Theory

BASIC TERMS RELATED TO PROBABILITY

(ii) Rolling an unbiased die.

Outcomes : The result of a trial is called outcome.

(iii) When a die is thrown once, the possible outcomes are :

Event associated with a random experiment

EMPIRICAL PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT

Number of trials in which the event happened

(ii) We denote P(not E) as P E  

Results Pass Fail

Number of passing students = 30

Outcomes 1 Even no. less than 6 Odd no. greater than 1 6

Find the probability of getting :

Find the probability of getting :

(i) One head

(ii) Two heads

(iii) At least one head

(iv) Less than two heads

(v) Three heads

(vi) Not more than two heads

Total number of trials = 1000

200 + 500 + 300

Outcomes 2 heads 1 head No heads

Find the probability of each outcome.

Total number of trials = 100

Number of times 2 heads come up

Number of times 1 head comes up

Number of times no heads come up

Life of batteries Less than 24 - 36 36 - 48 More than or Total number

(i) A battery will last for more than or equal to 36 months

(ii) A battery will last for less than 48 months

(iii) A battery will last for 36 - 48 months

Total number of batteries = 1000

Number of plants Less than 26 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 More than Total number

Number of schools 15 20 30 30 5 100

If a school is selected at random for inspection, what is the probability that

(ii) Number of schools in which less than 61 plants survived = 15 + 20 + 30 = 65

What is the probability of germination of

(ii) Number of bags in which 47 seeds germinated = 0

Age group of Number of accidents in one year

Outcomes 3 heads 2 heads 1 head No head

(a) The probability of getting three heads is

(b) The probability of getting two heads and one tail is

(1) 0.14 (2) 0.36

(3) 0.385 (4) 0

(c) The probability of getting at least two heads is

(1) 0.36 (2) 0.382

(3) 0.385 (4) 0.475

Wages (in `) 110-130 130-150 150-170 170-190 190-210 210-230 230-250

A worker is selected at random.

(a) The probability that his wage is less than ` 150 is