STD 8 Maths

Maharashtra Board Solutions for Class 8 Maths
Chapter 1 – Rational and Irrational Numbers
Practice set 1.1 PAGE NO: 02

1. Show the following numbers on a number line. Draw a separate number line for
each example.
Solution:
Here, the denominator of each fraction is 2.

∴ Each unit will be divided into 2 equal parts.



2. Observe the number line and answer the questions.
(1) Which number is indicated by point B?

(2) Which point indicates the number 1 ¾?
(3) State whether the statement, ‘the point D denotes the number 5/2, is true or false.
Solution:
We know that, each part between integers is divided into 4 parts on the number line
So, each part equals ¼.
(1) Which number is indicated by point B?
Point B is marked on the 10th equal part on the left side of O (i.e., the negative side).
∴ The number indicated by point B is −10/4.
(2) Which point indicates the number 1 ¾?

1 ¾ can be represented as:
Point C is marked on the 7th equal part on the right side of O.

∴ The number 1 ¾ is indicated by point C.
(3) State whether the statement, ‘the point D denotes the number 5/2, is true or false.
The statement is true.
Point D is marked on the 10th equal part on the right side of O.
∴ D denotes the number 10/4 = (5 × 2) / (2 × 2) = 5/2

1. Compare the following numbers.
Solution:
(1) -7, -2
Now if there are two numbers, a and b such that a>b then
-a<-b.
Since, 7 > 2
∴ -7 < -2
(2) 0, -9/5
Since, -9/5 is a negative quantity; it will always be less than zero.
∴ 0 > -9/5.
(3) 8/7, 0
Since, 8/7 is a positive quantity; it will always be greater than zero.
∴ 0 < 8/7.
(4) -5/4, ¼
Since the denominators are same, we shall check which number in the numerator is
greater.
-5 < 1
∴ -5/4 < ¼
(5) 40/29, 141/29

Since the denominators are same, we shall check which number in the numerator is
greater.
40 < 141
∴ 40/29 < 141/29
(6) -17/20, -13/20

Now if there are two numbers, a and b such that a>b then
-a < -b.
Since, 17 > 13
So, -17 < -13.
Now, the denominator is same, we shall check which number in the numerator is greater.
Since, -17 < -13
∴ -17/20 < -13/20
(7) 15/12, 7/16

Firstly let us make the denominators equal.
Now the denominators are equal, we shall check whose numerator is greater.
60 > 21.
∴ 15/12 > 7/16
(8) -25/8, -9/4

-25<-18.
∴ -25/18 < -9/4
(9) 12/15, 3/5

12 > 9.
∴ 12/15 > 3/5
(10) -7/11, -3/4

-28 > -33.
∴ -7/11 > -3/4

1. Write the following rational numbers in decimal form.
Solution:
(1) 9/37
Let us divide the fraction using long-division method.
(2) 18/42
(3) 9/14
(4) -103/5
∴ -103/5 = -20.6
(5) -11/13

1. The number √2 is shown on a number line. Steps are given to show √3 on the
number line using √2. Fill in the boxes properly and complete the activity.
Activity:
● The point Q on the number line shows the number.......
● A line perpendicular to the number line is drawn through the point Q.
Point R is at unit distance from Q on the line.
● Right angled ∆ORQ is obtained by drawing seg OR.

● l(OQ) = √2, l(QR) = 1
∴ by Pythagoras theorem,
[l(OR)]2 = [l(OQ)]2 + [l(QR)]2
Draw an arc with center O and radius OR. Mark the point of intersection of the line
and the arc as C. The point C shows the number √3.
Solution:
● The point Q on the number line shows the number √2.
● A line perpendicular to the number line is drawn through the point Q.

Point R is at unit distance from Q on the line. (Here unit distance means 1 cm or any
other unit.)
● Right angled ∆ORQ is obtained by drawing seg OR.
● l(OQ) = √2, l(QR) = 1

∴ By Pythagoras theorem,
[l(OR)]2 = [l(OQ)]2 + [l(QR)]2
By taking square root on both the sides,

Draw an arc with centre O and radius OR. Mark the point of intersection of the line and
the arc as C. The point C shows the number √3.
2. Represent √5 on the number line.

Solution:
Let us draw a number line, mark the center as point O and mark a point Q at number 2
such that it is 2cm from the center i.e., l(OQ) = 2 units.
Now, draw a line QR perpendicular to the number line through the point Q such that
l(QR) = 1 unit.
Draw seg OR.
∆OQR formed is a right angled triangle.
By using Pythagoras theorem,
[l(OR)]² = [l(OQ)]² + [l(QR)]²
= 2² + 1²
=4+1
=5
∴l(OR) = √5 units

Draw an arc with centre O and radius OR. Mark the point of intersection of the number
line and arc as C. The point C shows the number √5.
3. Show the number √7 on the number line.

Solution:
Let us draw a number line, mark the center as point O and mark a point Q at number 2
such that it is 2cm from the center i.e., l(OQ) = 2 units.
Draw a line QR perpendicular to the number line through the point Q such that l(QR) = 1
unit.
Draw seg OR.
∆OQR formed is a right angled triangle.
[l(OR)]² = [l(OQ)]² + [l(QR)]²
= 2² + 1²
=4+1
=5
∴ l(OR) = √5 units

Draw an arc with centre O and radius OR.
Mark the point of intersection of the number line and arc as C. The point C shows the
number √5.
Similarly, draw a line CD perpendicular to the number line through the point C such that
l(CD) = 1 unit.
l(OD) = √6 units
The point E shows the number √6 .
Similarly, draw a line EP perpendicular to the number line through the point E such that
l(EP) = 1 unit.
By Pythagoras theorem,
l(OP) = √7 units
The point F shows the number √7.
Chapter 2 – Parallel Lines and Transversal

1. In the adjoining figure, each angle is shown by a letter. Fill in the boxes with the
help of the figure.
Solution:
From the above given figure we can say that,
For corresponding angles:
(1) For ∠p
∠w is the angle which is on the same side and same direction of transversal.
Hence, ∠w is the corresponding angle to ∠p.
(2) For ∠q
∠x is the angle which is on the same side and same direction of transversal.
Hence, ∠x is the corresponding angle to ∠q.
(3) For ∠r
∠y is the angle which is on the same side and same direction of transversal.
Hence, ∠r is the corresponding angle to ∠y.
(4) For ∠s
∠z is the angle which is on the same side and same direction of transversal.
Hence, ∠s is the corresponding angle to ∠z.
For Interior alternate angles:

(5) For ∠s
The angel which is in the inner side as well as on the opposite side of transversal and its
opposite angle is ∠x.
Hence, ∠s and ∠x form pair of Interior Alternate angel.
(6) For ∠w
The angel which is in the inner side as well as on the opposite side of transversal and its
opposite angle is ∠r.
Hence, ∠w and ∠r form pair of Interior Alternate angel.
2. Observe the angles shown in the figure and write the following pair of angles.
(1) Interior alternate angles

(2) Corresponding angles
(3) Interior angles
Solution:
(1) For Interior alternate angles:
When these angels are in the inner side they are called Interior alternate angels.
 For ∠b, ∠b and ∠h form pair of Interior Alternate angel.
 For ∠c, ∠c and ∠e form pair of Interior Alternate angel.
(2) For Corresponding angles

If the arms on the transversal of a pair of angles are in the same direction and the other
arms are on the same side of the transversal, then it is called a pair of corresponding
angles.
 For ∠a, ∠a is the corresponding angle to ∠e.
 For ∠b, ∠b is the corresponding angle to ∠f.
 For ∠d, ∠d is the corresponding angle to ∠h.
 For ∠c, ∠c is the corresponding angle to ∠g.
(3) Interior angles

A pair of angles which are on the same side of the transversal and inside the given lines is
called a pair of interior angles.
 For ∠b, ∠b and ∠e form pair of interior angels.
 For ∠c, ∠c and ∠h form pair of interior angels.

1. Choose the correct alternative.
(1) In the adjoining figure, if line m || line n and line p is a transversal then find x.
A. 135°
B. 90°
C. 45°
D. 40°
Solution:
From the given figure we have 3x and x. 3x and x form a pair of interior angle.
By using the property of interior angels. [We know that, each pair of interior angles
formed by two parallel lines and their transversal is of supplementary angles i.e. 180°.]
x + 3x = 180
4x = 180
x = 180/4
= 45o
∴ The value of x is 45°.
(2) In the adjoining figure, if line a || line b and line l is a transversal then find x.
A. 90°
B. 60°
C. 45°
D. 30°
Solution:
From the figure we have 4x and 2x. 4x and 2x form a pair of interior angle.
By using the property of interior angels
4x + 2x = 180°
6x = 180°
x = 180/6
= 30o
∴ The value of x is 30o.
2. In the adjoining figure line p || line q. Line t and line s are transversals. Find the
measure of ∠x and ∠y using the measures of angles given in the figure.
Solution:
Given:
Line p || line q, line t and line s are transversals.
Let us find the measure of ∠x and ∠y.
Firstly, Let us consider ∠z as shown in figure.

Measure of ∠z = 40° … (i) [Since, they are corresponding angles]
So,
m∠x + m∠z = 180° [Since, angles are in a linear pair]
m∠x + 40o = 180° [From equation (i)]
m∠x= 180° – 40°
m∠x = 140°
Now, let us consider ∠w as shown in the figure.

m∠w + 70° = 180° [Since, angles are in a linear pair]
m∠w = 180° – 70°
m∠w = 110° …(ii)
It is given that, line p || line q and line s is a transversal.

So, m∠y = m∠w [by using alternate angles]
m∠y =110° [From equation (ii)]
∴ The measure of ∠x is 140° and ∠y is 110°.
3. In the adjoining figure. line p || line q. line l || line m. Find measures of ∠a, ∠b,
and ∠c, using the measures of given angles. Justify your answers.
Solution:
Given:
Line p || line q and line l are transversal.
Line l || line m and line p is a transversal.
Line p || line q and line m is a transversal.
Firstly let us find the measure of ∠a

Line p || line q and line l are transversal.
So,
m∠a + 80° = 180° [Since, they are interior angles]
m∠a= 180° – 80°
m∠a= 100°
Now, line l || line m and line p is a transversal.

So, m∠c = 80° … (i) [By using exterior alternate angles]
Line p || line q and line m is a transversal.

So, m∠b = m∠c … [Since, they are corresponding angles]
m∠b = 80° … [From equation (i)]

∴ The measure of ∠a is 100°, m∠b is 80°, m∠c is 80°.
4. In the adjoining figure, line a || line b. line l is a transversal. Find the measures
of ∠x, ∠y, ∠z using the given information.
Solution:
Given:
Line a || line b and line l is a transversal.
So,
m∠x = 105° … (i) [Since, it is a corresponding angle]
Now,
m∠y = m∠x [Since, they are vertically opposite angles]
So, m∠y = 105° …[From equation (i)]
Now, m∠z + 105° = 180° [Since, angles are in a linear pair]

m∠z = 180°- 105°
m∠z = 75°
∴ The measure of ∠x is 105°, m∠y is 105°, m∠z is 75°.
5. In the adjoining figure, line p || line l || line q. Find ∠x with the help of the
measures given in the figure.
Solution:
Let us mark few points as such,
It is given that,
Line p || line l and line IJ is a transversal.
So,
m∠IJN = m∠JIH [Since they are alternate angles]
m∠IJN = 40° … (i)
Now,
Line l || line q and line MJ is a transversal.
So, m∠MJN = m∠JMK [Since they are alternate angles]
m∠MJN = 30° … (ii)
Now, m∠x = m∠IJN + m∠MJN [By using angle addition property]

We get,
40° + 30° [From equation (i) and (ii)]
m∠x = 70°
∴ The measure of ∠x is 70o.

1. Draw a line l. Take a point A outside the line. Through point A draw a line
parallel to line l.
Solution:
Steps to construct:
a) Let us draw a line segment of any length. Mark it as CD.
b) Now from any point say P on that line segment draw a line perpendicular at any
distance above and name that point A.
c) Now draw another perpendicular line say E of same length as of AP, and in same
direction, name that point as F.
d) Draw a line through those points.
e) This line is parallel to given line l.
2. Draw a line l. Take a point T outside the line. Through point T draw a line
parallel to line l.
Solution:
Steps to construct:
a) Let us draw a line segment of any length. Mark it as CD.
b) Now from any point say P on that line segment draw a line perpendicular at any
distance above or and name that point T.
c) Now draw another perpendicular line say E of same length as of TP, and in same
direction, name that point as F.
d) Draw a line through those points.
e) This line is parallel to given line l.
3. Draw a line m. Draw a line n which is parallel to line m at a distance of 4 cm from

it.
Solution:
Steps to construct:
a) Draw line l.
b) Take two points A and B on the line l.
c) Draw perpendicular lines above to the line l from points A and B with a distance of
4cm, and mark that points as P and Q.
d) Join line PQ.
f) Line PQ is a line parallel to the line l at a distance 4cm. Hence required line is
obtained.
Chapter 3 – Indices and Cube Root

1. Express the following numbers in index form.
(1) Fifth root of 13
(2) Sixth root of 9
(3) Square root of 256
(4) Cube root of 17
(5) Eighth root of 100
(6) Seventh root of 30
Solution:
In general, nth root of ‘a’ is expressed as a1/n. where, a is the base and 1/5 is the index.
So now,
(1) Fifth root of 13
Index form of fifth root of 13is expressed as 131/5.
(2) Sixth root of 9

Index form of sixth root of 9 is expressed as 91/6.
(3) Square root of 256

Index form of square root of 256 is expressed as 2561/2.
(4) Cube root of 17

Index form of cube root of 17 is expressed as 171/3.
(5) Eighth root of 100

Index form of eighth root of 100 is expressed as 1001/8.
(6) Seventh root of 30

Index form of seventh root of 30 is expressed as 301/7.
2. Write in the form ‘nth root of a’ in each of the following numbers.
Solution:
In general, a1/n is written as ‘nth root of a’.
So now,
(1) (81)1/4
(81)1/4 is written as ‘4th root of 81’.
(2) (49)1/2
(49)1/2 is written as ‘square root of 49’.
(3) (15)1/5
(4) (512)1/9
(5) (100)1/19
(6) (6)1/7

1. Complete the following table.
Sr. No. Number Power of the root Root of the power

(1) (225)3/2 Cube of square root of 225 Square root of cube of 225
(2) (45)4/5
(3) (81)6/7
(4) (100)4/10
(5) (21)3/7
Solution:
Generally we can express the number am/n as
am/n = (am)1/n means ‘nth root of mth power of a’.
am/n = (a1/n)m means ‘mth power of nth root of a’.
So by using the above rules let us fill the table:
Sr. No. Number Power of the root Root of the power

(1) (225)3/2 Cube of square root of 225 Square root of cube of 225
(2) (45)4/5 Fourth power of fifth root of 45 Fifth root of fourth power of
45
(3) (81)6/7 Sixth power of seventh root of Seventh root of sixth power
81 of 81
(4) (100)4/10 Fourth power of tenth root of Tenth root of fourth power of
100 100
(5) (21)3/7 Cube of seventh root of 21 Seventh root of cube of 21
2. Write the following number in the form of rational indices.

(1) Square root of 5th power of 121.
(2) Cube of 4th root of 324.
(3) 5th root of square of 264.
(4) Cube of cube root of 3.
Solution:
We know that ‘nth root of mth power of a’ is expressed as (am)1/n.
And ‘mth power of nth root of a’ is expressed as (a1/n) m.
So by using the above rules let us find

(1) Square root of 5th power of 121.
Square root of 5th power of 121 is expressed as (1215)1/2 or (121)5/2.
(2) Cube of 4th root of 324.

Cube of 4th root of 324 is expressed as (3241/4)3 or (324)3/4.
(3) 5th root of square of 264.

5th root of square of 264 is expressed as (2642)1/5 or (264)2/5.
(4) Cube of cube root of 3.

Cube of cube root of 3 is expressed as (31/3)3 or (31)3/3.

1. Find the cube root of the following numbers.
(1) 8000
(2) 729
(3) 343
(4) -512
(5) -2744
(6) 32768
Solution:
(1) 8000
Firstly let us find the factor of 8000
8000 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5
So to find the cube root, we pair the prime factors in 3’s.
8000 = (2 × 2 × 5)3
= (2 × 10)3
= 203
Hence, cube root of 8000 = ∛(8000)
= (203)1/3
= 20
(2) 729
729 = 9 × 9 × 9
729 = 93
= (93)1/3
=9
(3) 343
343 = 7 × 7 × 7
343 = 73
= (73)1/3
=7
(4) -512
Firstly let us find the factor of -512
-512 = (-8) × (-8) × (-8)
-512 = (-8)3
Hence, cube root of -512 = ∛(-512)
= (-83)1/3
= -8
(5) -2744
Firstly let us find the factor of -2744
-2744 = (-14) × (-14) × (-14)
-2744 = (-14)3
Hence, cube root of -2744 = ∛(-2744)
= (-143)1/3
= -14
(6) 32768
32768 = 32 × 32 × 32
32768 = 323
= (323)1/3
= 32
2. Simplify:
Solution:
Chapter 4 – Altitudes and Medians of a Triangle

1. In ∆LMN, ...... is an altitude and ...... is a median. (Write the names of appropriate
segments.)
Solution:
In ∆LMN, LX is the altitude (since it makes a 90° angle) and LY is a median (since it
divides the base into two equal halves i.e., MY = NY).
2. Draw an acute-angled ∆PQR. Draw all of its altitudes. Name the point of
concurrence as ‘O’.
Solution:
Here, is the acute-angled ∆PQR
Seg PA, seg BQ, seg CR are the altitudes of ∆PQR. The point of concurrence is denoted
by the point O.
3. Draw an obtuse-angled ∆STV. Draw its medians and show the centroid.
Solution:
Here, is the obtuse-angled ∆STV.
Seg SP, seg UT and seg RV are medians of ∆STV.

Their point of concurrence is denoted by G.
4. Draw an obtuse-angled ∆LMN. Draw its altitudes and denote the orthocenter by
‘O’.
Solution:
Here, is the obtuse-angled ∆LMN.
The orthocenter of the obtuse triangle lies outside the triangle.

The point O denotes the orthocenter of the obtuse-angled ∆LMN.
5. Draw a right angled ∆XYZ. Draw its medians and show their point of
concurrence by G.
Solution:
Here, is the right angled ∆XYZ.
Their point of concurrence is denoted by G.
6. Draw an isosceles triangle. Draw all of its medians and altitudes. Write your
observation about their points of concurrence.
Solution:
Here, is the isosceles triangle.
About the points of concurrence:

The medians i.e. G and altitudes i.e. O lie on the same line on PS which is the
perpendicular bisector of seg QR.
7. Fill in the blanks.
Point G is the centroid of ∆ABC.

(1) If l(RG) = 2.5 then l(GC) = ......
(2) If l(BG) = 6 then l(BQ) = ......
(3) If l(AP) = 6 then l(AG) = ..... and l(GP) = .....
Solution:
(1) If l(RG) = 2.5 then l(GC) = 5.
We know that the centroid divides each median in the ratio 2:1.
So, CG/RG = 2/1
CG/2.5 = 2/1
CG = 2 × 2.5
=5
(2) If l(BG) = 6 then l(BQ) = 9.

So, BG/QG = 2/1
6/QG = 2/1
6 × 1 = 2 × QG
6 = 2 × QG
6/2 = QG
QG = 3.
Since we have to find I(BQ), and from the figure it can be seen that,
(BQ) = I(BG) + I(QG)
So, I(BQ) = 6 + 3
I(BQ) = 9.
(3) If l(AP) = 6 then l(AG) = 4 and l(GP) = 2.

Here both I(AG) and I(GP) are unknown so,
Let I(AG), I(GP) be 2x and x respectively, from equation (i)
I(AP) = I(AG) + I(GP)

6 = 2x + x
6 = 3x
6/3 = x
x = 2.
I(AG) = 2x = 2×2 = 4.
I(GP) = x = 2.
Chapter 5 – Expansion Formulae

1. Expand:
Solution:
(1) (a + 2) (a – 1)
Let us simplify the expression, we get
(a + 2) (a – 1) = a2 + [(2) + (-1)] a + [(2) × (-1)]
By using the logic,
(x + p) (x + q) = x2 + (p + q)x +(p × q)
Here, x = a, p = 2, q = -1
Now, substitute the value we get
= a2 + (2 – 1)a + (-2)
= a2 + 2a – a – 2
= a2 + a – 2
∴ (a + 2) (a – 1) = a2 + a – 2
(2) (m – 4) (m + 6)
(m – 4) (m + 6) = m2 + [(- 4) + (6)] m + [(- 4) × (6)]
By using the logic,
(x + p) (x + q) = x2 + (p + q)x + (p × q)
Here, x = m, p = -4, q = 6
= m2 + (6 – 4)m + (- 24)
= m2 + 6m – 4m – 24
= m2 + 2m – 24
∴ (m – 4) (m + 6) = m2 + 2m – 24
(3) (p + 8) (p – 3)
(p + 8) (p – 3) = p2 + [(8) + (- 3)] p + [(8) × (- 3)]
By using the logic,
(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x +(a × b)
Here, x = p, a = 8, b = -3
= p2 + (8 – 3)p + (- 24)
= p2 + 8p – 3p – 24
= p2 + 5p – 24
∴ (p + 8) (p – 3) = p2 + 5p – 24
(4) (13 + x) (13 – x)

(13 + x) (13 – x) = (13)2 – (x)2
{We know that (a + b) (a – b) = (a)2 – (b)2}
= 169 + 0(13) – x2
= 169 – x2
∴ (13 + x) (13 – x) = 169 – x2
(5) (3x + 4y) (3x + 5y)

(3x + 4y) (3x + 5y) = (3x)2 + [(4y) + (5y)] 3x + [(4y) × (5y)]
By using the logic,
(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + (a × b)
Here, x = 3x, a = 4y, b = 5y
= 9x2 + [(9y) × (3x)] + 20y2
= 9x2 + 27xy + 20y2
∴ (3x + 4y) (3x + 5y) = 9x2 + 27xy + 20y2
(6) (9x – 5t) (9x + 3t)

(9x – 5t) (9x + 3t) = (9x)2 + [(- 5t) + (3t)] 9x + [(- 5t) × (3t)]
By using the logic,
(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + (a × b)
Here, x = 9x, a = -5t, b = 3t
= 81x2 + [(- 2t) × (9x)] + (- 15t2)
= 81x2 – 18xt – 15t2
∴ (9x – 5t) (9x + 3t) = 81x2 – 18xt – 15t2

1. Expand:
Solution:
(1) (k + 4)3
(k + 4)3 = (k)3 + [ 3 ×(k)2 × (4)] + [ 3 × (k) × (4)2 ] + (4)3
By using the formula,
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
Here a = k, b = 4
= k3 + (3 × 4)k2 + (3 × 16)k + 64
= k3 + 12k2 + 48k + 64
∴ (k + 4)3 = k3 + 12k2 + 48k + 64
(2) (7x + 8y)3

(7x + 8y)3 = (7x)3 + [ 3 × (7x)2 × (8y)] + [ 3 × (7x) × (8y)2 ] + (8y)3
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
Here a = 7x, b = 8y
= 343x3 + (3 × 49 × 8)x2y + (3 × 7 × 64)xy2 + 512y3
= 343x3 + 1176x2y + 1344xy2 + 512y3
∴ (7x + 8y)3 = 343x3 + 1176x2y + 1344xy2 + 512y3
(3) (7 + m)3
(7 + m)3 = (7)3 + [ 3 × (7)2 × (m)] + [ 3 × (7) × (m)2] + (m)3
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
Here a = 7, b = m
= 343 + (3 × 49)m + (3 × 7)m2 + m3
= 343 + 147m + 21m2 + m3

∴ (7 + m)3 = 343 + 147m + 21m2 + m3
(4) (52)3
(52)3 = (50 + 2)3
(50 + 2)3 = (50)3 + [3 × (50)2 × (2)] + [ 3 × (50) × (2)2] + (2)3
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
Here a = 50, b = 2
= 125000 + (3 × 2500 × 2) + (3 × 50 × 4) + 8
= 125000 + 15000 + 600 + 8
= 140608
∴ (52) = (50 + 2)3 = 140608
3
(5) (101)3
(101)3 = (100 + 1)3
(100 + 1)3 = (100)3 + [ 3 ×(100)2 ×(1)] + [ 3 ×(100)×(1)2 ] +(1)3
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
Here a = 100, b = 1
= 1000000 + (3 × 10000 × 1) + (3 × 100 × 1) + 1
= 1000000 + 30000 + 300 + 1
= 1030301
∴ (101) = (100 + 1)3 = 1030301
3

1. Expand:
Solution:
(1) (2m – 5)3
(2m – 5)3 = (2m)3 – [ 3 × (2m)2 × 5 ] + [ 3 × (2m) × (5)2] – (5)3
(a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3
Here, a = 2m, b = -5
= 8m3– [3 × 4m2 × 5] + [ 3 × 2m × 25] – 125
= 8m3 – 60m2 + 150m – 125
∴ (2m – 5)3 = 8m3 – 60m2 + 150m – 125
(2) (4 – p)3
(4 – p)3 = (4)3 – [ 3 × (4)2 × p ] + [ 3 × (4) × (p)2 ] – (p)3
(a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3
Here, a = 4, b = -p
= 64 – [3 × 6 × p ] + [ 3 × 4 × p2 ] – p3
= 64 – 48p + 12p2 – p3
∴ (4 – p)3 = 64 – 48p + 12p2 – p3
(3) (7x – 9y)3

(7x – 9y)3 = (7x)3 – [ 3 × (7x)2 × 9y ] + [3 × (7x) × (9y)2 ] – (9y)3
(a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3
Here, a = 7x, b = -9y
= 343x3 – [3 × 49x2 × 9y] + [3 × 7x × 81y2] – 729y3
= 343x3 – 1323x2y + 1701xy2 – 729y3

∴ (7x – 9y)3 = 343x3 – 1323x2y + 1701xy2 – 729y3
(4) (58)3
(58)3 = (60 – 2)3
(60 – 2)3 = (60)3 – [3 × (60)2 × 2] + [3 × (60) × (2)2] – (2)3
(a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3
Here, a = 60, b = -2
= 216000 – [3 × 3600 × 2] + [3 × 60 × 4] – 8
= 216000 – 21600 + 720 – 8
= 195112
∴ (58) = (60 – 2)3 = 195112
3
(5) (198)3
(198)3 = (200 – 2)3
(200 – 2)3 = (200)3 – [3 × (200)2 × 2] + [3 × (200) × (2)2] – (2)3
(a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3
Here, a = 200, b = -2
= 8000000 – 240000 + 2400 – 8
= 7762392
∴ (198) = (200 – 2)3 = 7762392
3
2. Simplify:
(1) (2a + b)3 – (2a – b)3
(2) (3r – 2k)3 + (3r + 2k)3
(3) (4a – 3)3 – (4a + 3)3
(4) (5x – 7y)3 + (5x + 7y)3
Solution:
(1) (2a + b)3 – (2a – b)3
Let us expand the given expression:
(2a + b)3 –(2a – b)3 = [(2a)3 +{3 ×(2a)2 × b } + {3 ×(2a)×(b)2 } +(b)3 ] - [(2a)3 -{3
× (2a)2 × b } +{3 ×(2a)×(b)2} -(b)3]
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 and (a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3
= [8a3 + {3 × 4a2× b} + {3 × 2a ×b} + b3] – [8a3 – {3 × 4a2× b} +
{3 × 2a × b2} – b3]
= [8a3 + 12a2b + 6ab2 + b3] – [8a3 – 12a2b + 6ab2 – b3]
= 8a3 + 12a2b + 6ab2 + b3 – 8a3 + 12a2b – 6ab2 + b3
= 24a2b + 2b3
∴ (2a + b)3 – (2a – b)3 = 24a2b + 2b3
(2) (3r – 2k)3 + (3r + 2k)3

(3r – 2k)3 + (3r + 2k)3 = [(3r)3 -{3 ×(3r)2 ×(2k)} + {3 ×(3r)×(2k)2 } -(2k)3 ] + [(3r)3 +{3 ×
(3r)2 ×(2k)} + {3 ×(3r)×(2k)2} +(2k)3 ]

= [27r3 – {3 × 9r2 × 2k} + {3 × 3r × 4k2} – 8k3] + [27r3 + {3 × 9r2 ×
2k} + {3 × 3r ×(4k2)} + 8k3]
= [27r3 – 54r2k + 36rk2 – 8k3] + [27r3 + 54r2k + 36rk2 + 8k3]
= 27r3 - 54r2k + 36rk2 – 8k3 + 27r3 + 54r2k + 36rk2 + 8k3
= 54r3 + 72rk2
∴ (3r – 2k)3 + (3r + 2k)3 = 54r3 + 72rk2
(3) (4a – 3)3 – (4a + 3)3

(4a – 3)3 – (4a + 3)3 = [(4a)3 - {3 ×(4a)2 × 3 } + {3 ×(4a)×(3)2 } - (3)3 ] - [(4a)3 +{3 ×
(4a)2 × 3} + {3 ×(4a)×(3)2} + (3)3]
= [64a3 - {3 × 16a2 × 3} + {3 × 4a × 9} - 27] – [64a3 + {3 × 16a2 × 3}
+ {3 × 4a × 9} + 27]
= [64a3 - 144a2 + 108a - 27] – [64a3 + 144a2 + 108a + 27]
= 64a3 - 144a2 + 108a – 27 – 64a3 - 144a2 - 108a - 27
= - 288a2 – 54
∴ (4a – 3)3 – (4a + 3)3 = -288a2 – 54
(4) (5x – 7y)3 + (5x + 7y)3

(5x – 7y)3 + (5x + 7y)3 = [(5x)3 -{3 ×(5x)2 × (7y)} +{3 ×(5x)×(7y)2} -(7y)3] + [(5x)3 +{3
×(5x)2 ×(7y)} +{3 ×(5x)×(7y)2} + (7y)3]
= [125x3 – {3 × 25x2 × 7y} + {3 × 5x × 49y2} – 343y3] + [125x3 +
{3 × 25x2 × 7y} + {3 × 5x × 49y2} + 343y3]
= [125x3 – 525x2y + 735xy2 – 343y3] + [125x3 + 525x2y +
735xy2 + 343y3]
= 125x3 – 525x2y + 735xy2 – 343y3 + 125x3 + 525x2y + 735xy2 +
343y3
= 250x3 + 1470xy2
∴ (5x – 7y)3 + (5x + 7y)3 = 250x3 + 1470xy2

1. Expand:
(1) (2p + q + 5)2
(2) (m + 2n + 3r)2
(3) (3x + 4y – 5p)2
(4) (7m – 3n – 4k)2
Solution:
(1) (2p + q + 5)2
(2p + q + 5)2 = (2p)2 +(q)2 +(5)2 + [ 2 ×(2p)×(q)] + [ 2 ×(q)×(5)] + [ 2 ×(2p)×(5)]
(a + b +c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac
Here, a = 2p, b = q, c = 5
= 4p2 + q2 + 25 + [4pq] + [10q] + [20p]
= 4p2 + q2 + 25 + 4pq + 10q + 20p
∴ (2p + q + 5)2 = 4p2 + q2 + 25 + 4pq + 10q + 20p
(2) (m + 2n + 3r)2
(m + 2n + 3r)2 = (m)2 +(2n)2 +(3r)2 + [2 ×(m)× (2n)] + [2 ×(2n)×(3r)] + [2 ×(m)×(3r)]
(a + b +c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac
Here, a = m, b = 2n, c = 3r
= m2 + 4n2 + 9r2 + [4mn] + [12nr] + [6mr]
= m2 + 4n2 + 9r2 + 4mn + 12nr + 6mr
∴ (m + 2n + 3r)2 = m2 + 4n2 + 9r2 + 4mn + 12nr + 6mr
(3) (3x + 4y – 5p)2

(3x + 4y – 5p)2 = (3x)2 +(4y)2 +(-5p)2 + [2 ×(3x) ×(4y)] + [2 ×(4y)×(- 5p)] + [2 ×(3x)×(-
5p)]
(a + b +c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac
Here, a = 3x, b = 4y, c = 5p
= 9x2 + 16y2 + 25p2 + [24xy] + [– 40yp] + [– 30xp]
= 9x2 + 16y2 + 25p2 + 24xy – 40yp – 30xp

∴ (3x + 4y – 5p)2 = 9x2 + 16y2 + 25p2 + 24xy – 40yp – 30xp
(4) (7m – 3n – 4k)2

(7m – 3n – 4k)2 = (7m)2 +(- 3n)2 +(- 4k)2 + [2 ×(7m)×(-3n)] + [2 ×(-3n)×(-4k)] + [2 ×
(7m)×(-4k)]
(a + b +c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac
Here, a = 7m, b = -3n, c = -4k
= 49m2 + 9n2 + 16k2 + [– 42mn] + [24nk] + [– 56mk]
= 49m2 + 9n2 + 16k2 – 42mn + 24nk – 56mk
∴ (7m – 3n – 4k)2 = 49m2 + 9n2 + 16k2 – 42mn + 24nk – 56mk
2. Simplify:
(1) (x – 2y + 3)2 + (x + 2y – 3)2
(2) (3k – 4r – 2m)2 - (3k + 4r – 2m)2
(3) (7a – 6b + 5c)2 + (7a + 6b – 5c)2
Solution:
(1) (x – 2y + 3)2 + (x + 2y – 3)2
(x – 2y + 3)2 + (x + 2y – 3)2 = [(x)2 +(-2y)2 + (3)2 +{2 ×(x)×(- 2y)} +{2 ×(- 2y)× (3)} +
{2 ×(x)×(3)}] + [(x)2 + (2y)2 + (-3)2 + {2×(x)×(2y)} +{2×(2y)×(- 3)} +{2 ×(x)×(-3)}]
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac
= [x2 + 4y2 + 9 + {– 4xy} + {– 12y} + {6x}] + [x2 + 4y2 + 9
+ {4xy} + {– 12y} + {– 6x}]
= [x2 + 4y2 + 9 – 4xy – 12y + 6x] + [x2 + 4y2 + 9 + 4xy – 12y
– 6x]
= x2 + 4y2 + 9 – 4xy – 12y + 6x + x2 + 4y2 + 9 + 4xy – 12y –
6x
= 2x2 + 8y2 + 18 – 24y
∴ (x – 2y + 3)2 + (x + 2y – 3)2 = 2x2 + 8y2 + 18 – 24y
(2) (3k – 4r – 2m)2 - (3k + 4r – 2m)2

(3k – 4r – 2m)2 - (3k + 4r – 2m)2 = [(3k)2 +(- 4r)2 + (- 2m)2 +{2 ×(3k)×(- 4r)} + {2 ×(-
4r)× (-2m)} +{2 ×(3k)×(- 2m)}] - [(3k)2 + (4r)2 +(- 2m)2 +{2 ×(3k)×(4r)} +{2 × (4r)×(-
2m)} +{2 ×(3k)×(-2m)}]

(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac
= [9k2 + 16r2 + 4m2 + {– 24kr} + {16rm} + {– 12km}] - [9k2 + 16r2 +
4m2 + {24kr} + {– 16rm} + {– 12km}]
= [9k2 + 16r2 + 4m2 – 24kr + 16rm – 12km] - [9k2 + 16r2 + 4m2 + 24kr –
16rm – 12km]
= 9k2 + 16r2 + 4m2 – 24kr + 16rm – 12km – 9k2 – 16r2 – 4m2 – 24kr +
16rm + 12km
= - 48kr + 32rm
= 32rm – 48kr
∴ (3k – 4r – 2m) - (3k + 4r – 2m)2 = 32rm – 48kr
2
(3) (7a – 6b + 5c)2 + (7a + 6b – 5c)2

(7a – 6b + 5c)2 +(7a + 6b – 5c)2 = [(7a)2 +(- 6b)2 +(5c)2 + {2 ×(7a)×(- 6b)} + {2 ×(-
6b)× (5c)} +{2 ×(7a)×(5c)}] + [(7a)2 +(6b)2 +(- 5c)2 +{2 ×(7a)×(6b)} + {2 ×(6b)× (- 5c)}
+{2 ×(7a)×(-5c)}]
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac
= [49a2 + 36b2 + 25c2 + {– 84ab} + {– 60bc} + {70ac}] +
[49a2 + 36b2 + 25c2 + {84ab} + {- 60bc} + {– 70ac}]
= [49a2 + 36b2 + 25c2 – 84ab – 60bc + 70ac] + [49a2 + 36b2 +
25c2 + 84ab – 60bc – 70ac]
= 49a2 + 36b2 + 25c2 – 84ab – 60bc + 70ac + 49a2 + 36b2 +
25c2 + 84ab – 60bc – 70ac
= 98a2 + 72b2 + 50c2 – 120bc
∴ (7a – 6b + 5c)2 + (7a + 6b – 5c)2 = 98a2 + 72b2 + 50c2 – 120bc
Chapter 6 – Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions

1. Factorize:
(1) x2 + 9x + 18
(2) x2 – 10x + 9
(3) y2 + 24y + 144
(4) 5y2 + 5y – 10
(5) p2 – 2p – 35
(6) p2 – 7p – 44
(7) m2 – 23m + 120
(8) m2 – 25m + 100
(9) 3x2 + 14x + 15
(10) 2x2 + x – 45
(11) 20x2 – 26x + 8
(12) 44x2 – x – 3
Solution:
(1) x2 + 9x + 18
On comparing with standard quadratic equation that is ax2 + bx + c.
Let us simplify the given expression, we get
x2 + 9x + 18 = x² + 6x + 3x + 18
= x (x + 6) + 3(x + 6)
= (x + 6) (x + 3)
(2) x2 – 10x + 9
x2 – 10x + 9 = x² – 9x – x + 9
= x (x – 9) – 1(x – 9)
= (x – 9) (x – 1)
(3) y2 + 24y + 144

y2 + 24y + 144 = y² + 12y + 12y + 144
= y(y + 12) + 12(y + 12)
= (y + 12) (y + 12)
(4) 5y2 + 5y – 10

5y2 + 5y – 10 = 5(y² + y – 2) [By taking out the common factor 5]
= 5(y² + 2y – y – 2)
= 5[y(y + 2) – 1(y + 2)]
= 5 (p + 2) (y- 1)
(5) p2 – 2p – 35
p2 – 2p – 35 = p² – 7p + 5p – 35
= p(p – 7) + 5(p – 7)
= (p – 7) (p + 5)
(6) p2 – 7p – 44
p2 – 7p – 44 = p² – 11p + 4p – 44
= p(p – 11) + 4(p – 11)
= (p – 11) (p + 4)
(7) m2 – 23m + 120

m2 – 23m + 120 = m² – 15m – 8m + 120
= m (m – 15) – 8 (m – 15)
= (m – 15) (m – 8)
(8) m2 – 25m + 100

m2 – 25m + 100 = m² – 20m – 5m + 100
= m(m – 20) – 5(m – 20)
= (m – 20) (m – 5)
(9) 3x2 + 14x + 15

3x2 + 14x + 15 = 3x² + 9x + 5x + 15
= 3x(x + 3) + 5(x + 3)
= (x + 3) (3x + 5)
(10) 2x2 + x – 45
2x2 + x – 45 = 2x² + 10x – 9x – 45
= 2x(x + 5) – 9 (x + 5)
= (x + 5) (2x – 9)
(11) 20x2 – 26x + 8

20x2 – 26x + 8 = 2(10x² – 13x + 4) 10 × 4 = 40 [By taking out the common factor 2]
= 2(10x² – 8x – 5x + 4)
= 2[2x (5x – 4) – 1(5x – 4)]
= 2 (5x – 4) (2x – 1)
(12) 44x2 – x – 3
44x2 – x – 3 = 44x² – 12x + 11x – 3
= 4x (11x – 3) + 1(11x – 3)
= (11x – 3) (4x + 1)

1. Factorize:
(1) x3 + 64y3
(2) 125p3 + q3
(3) 125k3 + 27m3
(4) 2l3 + 432m3
(5) 24a3 + 81b3
Solution:
(1) x3 + 64y3
We know that,
a³ + b³ = (a + b) (a² – ab + b²)
x3 + 64y3 = (x)3 + (4y)3
Here, a = x and b = 4y
Now, substituting in the above formula, we get
x³ + (4y)3 = (x + 4y) [x² – x(4y) + (4y)²]
= (x + 4y) (x² – 4xy + 16y²)
(2) 125p3 + q3
We know that,
a³ + b³ = (a + b) (a² – ab + b²)
125p3 + q3 = (5p)³ + q³
Here, a = 5p and b = q
(5p)³ + q³ = (5p + q) [(5p)² – (5p)(q) + q²]
= (5p + q) (25p² – 5pq + q²)
(3) 125k3 + 27m3

We know that,
a³ + b³ = (a + b) (a² – ab + b²)
125k3 + 27m3 = (5k)³ + (3m)³
Here, a = 5k and b = 3m
(5k)³ + (3m)³ = (5k + 3m) [(5k)² – (5k)(3m) + (3m)²]
= (5k + 3m) (25k² – 15km + 9m²)
(4) 2l3 + 432m3

We know that,
a³ + b³ = (a + b) (a² – ab + b²)
2l3 + 432m3 = 2 (l3 + 216m3) [By taking out the common factor 2]
= 2 (l3 + (6m)3)
Here, a = l and b = 6m
2 (l3 + (6m)3) = 2 {(l + 6m) [l2 – l(6m) + (6m)2]}
= 2 (l + 6m) (l2 – 6lm + 36m2)
(5) 24a3 + 81b3

We know that,
a³ + b³ = (a + b) (a² – ab + b²)
24a3 + 81b3 = 3 [(2a)³ + (3b)³] [By taking out the common factor 3]
Here, a = 2a and b = 3b
3 [(2a)³ + (3b)³] = 3 {(2a + 3b) [(2a)² – (2a)(3b) + (3b)²]}
= 3(2a + 3b) (4a² – 6ab + 9b²)

1. Factorize:
(1) y3 – 27
(2) x3 – 64y3
(3) 27m3 – 216n3
(4) 125y3 – 1
(6) 343a3 – 512b3

(7) 64x2 – 729y2
Solution:
(1) y3 – 27
We know that,
a³ - b³ = (a - b) (a² + b² + ab)
y3 – 27 = y³ – (3)³
Here, a = y and b = 3
y³ – (3)³ = (y – 3) [y² + y(3) + (3)2]
= (y – 3) (y² + 3y + 9)
(2) x3 – 64y3
We know that,
a³ - b³ = (a - b) (a² + b² + ab)
x3 – 64y3 = x³ – (4y)³
Here, a = x and b = 4y
x³ – (4y)³ = (x – 4y) [x² + x(4y) + (4y)²]
= (x – 4y) (x² + 4xy + 16y²)
(3) 27m3 – 216n3

We know that,
a³ - b³ = (a - b) (a² + b² + ab)
27m3 – 216n3 = 27 (m³ – 8n³) [By taking out the common factor 27]
= 27 [m³ – (2n)³]
Here, a = m and b = 2n
27 [m³ – (2n)³] = 27 {(m – 2n) [m² + m(2n) + (2n)²]}

= 27 (m – 2n) (m² + 2mn + 4n²)
(4) 125y3 – 1
We know that,
a³ - b³ = (a - b) (a² + b² + ab)
125y3 – 1= (5y)³ – 1³
Here, a = 5y and b = 1
(5y)³ – 1³ = (5y – 1) [(5y)² + (5y)(1) + (1)²]
= (5y – 1) (25y² + 5y + 1)
(6) 343a3 – 512b3

We know that,
a³ - b³ = (a - b) (a² + b² + ab)
343a3 – 512b3 = (7a)³ – (8b)³
Here, a = 7a and b = 8b
(7a)³ – (8b)³ = (7a – 8b) [(7a)² + (7a)(8b) + (8b)²]
= (7a – 8b) (49a² + 56ab + 64b²)
(7) 64x2 – 729y2

We know that,
a³ - b³ = (a - b) (a² + b² + ab)
64x2 – 729y2 = (4x)³ – (9y)³

Here, a = 4x and b = 9y
(4x)³ – (9y)³ = (4x – 9y) [(4x)² + (4x) (9y) + (9y)²]
= (4x – 9y) (16x² + 36xy + 81y²)
2. Simplify:
(1) (x + y)3 – (x – y)3
(2) (3a + 5b)3 – (3a – 5b)3
(3) (a + b)3 – a3 – b3
(4) p3 – (p + 1)3
(5) (3xy – 2ab)3 – (3xy + 2ab)3
Solution:
(1) (x + y)3 – (x – y)3
Let us consider,
Here, a = x + y and b = x – y
[a³ – b³ = (a – b) (a² + ab + b²)]
(x + y)3 – (x – y)3 = [(x + y) – (x – y)] [(x + y)² + (x + y) (x – y) + (x – y)]
= (x + y – x + y) [(x² + 2xy + y²) + (x² – y²) + (x² – 2xy + y²)]
= 2y(x² + x² + x² + 2xy – 2xy + y² – y² + y²)
= 2y (3x² + y²)
= 6x²y + 2y³
(2) (3a + 5b)3 – (3a – 5b)3

Let us consider,
Here, a = 3a + 5b and b = 3a – 5b
[a³ – b³ = (a – b) (a² + ab + b²)]
(3a + 5b)3 – (3a – 5b)3 = [(3a + 5b) – (3a – 5b)] [(3a + 5b)² + (3a + 5b) (3a – 5b) + (3a –
5b)²]
= (3a + 5b – 3a + 5b) [(9a² + 30ab + 25b²) + (9a² – 25b²) + (9a² –
30ab + 25b²)]
= 10b (9a² + 9a² + 9a² + 30ab – 30ab + 25b² – 25b² + 25b²)
= 10b (27a² + 25b²)
= 270a²b + 250b³
(3) (a + b)3 – a3 – b3
[a³ + b³ = a3 + b3 + 3a2b + 3ab2]
By substituting in the above equation, we get
(a + b)3 – a3 – b3 = a³ + 3a²b + 3ab² + b³ – a³ – b³
= 3a²b + 3ab²
(4) p3 – (p + 1)3
[a³ + b³ = a3 + b3 + 3a2b + 3ab2]
By substituting in the above equation, we get
p3 – (p + 1)3 = p³ – (p³ + 3p² + 3p + 1)
= p³ – p³ – 3p² – 3p – 1
= – 3p² – 3p – 1
(5) (3xy – 2ab)3 – (3xy + 2ab)3

Let us consider,
Here, a = 3xy – 2ab and b = 3xy + 2ab
[a³ – b³ = (a – b) (a² + ab + b²)]
(3xy – 2ab)3 – (3xy + 2ab)3 = [(3xy – 2ab) – (3xy + 2ab)] [(3xy – 2ab)² + (3xy – 2ab)
(3xy + 2ab) + (3xy + 2ab)²]

= (3xy – 2ab – 3xy – 2ab) [(9x²y² – 12xyab + 4a²b²) + (9x²y²
– 4a²b²) + (9x²y² + 12xyab + 4a²b²)]
= (- 4ab) (9x²y² + 9x²y² + 9x²y² – 12xyab + 12xyab + 4a²b² –
4a²b² + 4a²b²)
= (- 4ab) (27 xy² + 4a²b²)
= -108x²y²ab – 16a³b³

1. Simplify:
Solution:
Chapter 7 – Variation

1. Write the following statements using the symbol of variation.
(1) Circumference (c) of a circle is directly proportional to its radius (r).
(2) Consumption of petrol (I) in a car and distance traveled by that car (D) are in
direct variation.
Solution:
(1) Circumference = c and radius = r
So, c ∝ r or c = kr, where k = constant
(2) Consumption of petrol in a car = I

Distance traveled by that car = D
So, I ∝ D or I = kD, where k = constant
2. Complete the following table considering that the cost of apples and their number
are in direct variation.
Number of 1 4 … 12 …
apples (x)
Cost of 8 32 56 … 160
apples (y)
Solution:
Number of apples (x) and the cost of apples (y) are in direct variation.
y∝x
y = kx … (i) where k is constant of variation
Now let us consider the conditions,
When, x = 1, y = 8
Substitute the value of x = 1 and y = 8 in (i), we get
8=k×1
k=8
Substituting the value of k = 8 back in (i), we get
y = kx
∴ y = 8x … (ii)
This the equation of variation
When, y = 56, x =?
Substituting y = 56 in (ii), we get
y = 8x
56 = 8x
x = 568
∴x=7
When, x = 12, y =?
Substituting x = 12 in (ii), we get
y = 8x
y = 8 × 12
∴ y = 96
When, y = 160, x =?
Substituting y = 160 in (ii), we get
y = 8x
160 = 8x
x = 1608
∴ x = 20
Number of 1 4 7 12 20
apples (x)
Cost of 8 32 56 96 160
apples (y)
3. If m ∝ n and when m = 154, n = 7. Find the value of m, when n = 14.

Solution:
Given:
m∝n
m = kn … (i) where k is constant of variation.
When m = 154, n = 7
Substitute the value of m = 154 and n = 7 in (i), we get
m = kn
154 = k × 7
k = 1547
k = 22
Now, substitute the value of k = 22 back in (i), we get
m = kn
∴ m = 22n … (ii)
This is the equation of variation.
When, n = 14, m =?
Substitute n = 14 in (ii), we get
m = 22n
m = 22 × 14
m = 308
∴ The value of m is 308.
4. If n varies directly as m, complete the following table.

m 3 5 6.5 … 1.25
n 12 20 … 28 …
Solution:
Given:
n varies directly as m
So, n ∝ m
n = km …(i) where, k is the constant of variation
Now let us consider the conditions,
When m = 3, n = 12
Substitute the value of m = 3 and n = 12 in (i), we get
n = km
12 = k × 3
k=123
k=4
Substitute the value of k = 4 back in (i), we get
n = km
∴ n = 4m … (ii)
When m = 6.5, n =?
Substituting, m = 6.5 in (ii), we get
n = 4m
n = 4 × 6.5
∴ n = 26
When n = 28, m =?
Substituting, n = 28 in (ii), we get
n = 4m
28 = 4m
28 = 4m
m=284
∴m=7
When m = 1.25, n =?
Substituting m = 1.25 in (ii), we get
n = 4m
n = 4 × 1.25
∴n=5
m 3 5 6.5 7 1.25
n 12 20 26 28 5
5. y varies directly as the square root of x. When x = 16, y = 24. Find the constant of
variation and equation of variation.
Solution:
Given:
y varies directly as square root of x.
So, y ∝ √4x
y = k √x … (i) where, k is the constant of variation.
When x = 16, y = 24.

Substituting, x = 16 and y = 24 in (i), we get
y = k√x
24 = k√16
24 = 4k
k =244
k=6
y = k√x
y = 6√x
∴ The constant of variation is 6 and the equation of variation is y = 6√x .
6. The total remuneration paid to laborers, employed to harvest soybeans is indirect

variation with the number of laborers. If remuneration of 4 laborers is Rs 1000, find
the remuneration of 17 laborers.
Solution:
Let total remuneration paid to laborers be = ‘m’ and
Number of laborers employed to harvest soybean be = ‘n’.
Since, the total remuneration paid to laborers, is in direct variation with the number of
laborers.
So, m ∝ n
∴ m = kn … (i) where, k = constant of variation
Remuneration of 4 laborers is Rs 1000.

When n = 4, m = Rs 1000
So, substitute the value of n = 4 and m = 1000 in (i), we get
m = kn
1000 = k × 4
k =10004
k = 250

m = kn
∴ m = 250 n … (ii)
This is the equation of variation
Now, let us find the remuneration of 17 laborers.

When n = 17, m =?
Substituting n = 17 in (ii), we get
m = 250 n
m = 250 × 17
m = 4250
∴ The remuneration of 17 laborers is Rs 4250.

1. The information about numbers of workers and the number of days to complete
work is given in the following table. Complete the table.
Number of 30 20 10
workers
Days 6 9 12 36
Solution:
Let the number of workers be = ‘n’
Number of days required to complete a work be =‘d’
Since, number of workers and number of days to complete a work are in inverse
proportion.
n ∝ (1/d)
n = k × (1/d) where k, is the constant of variation.
∴ n × d = k …(i)
When n = 30, d = 6
Substitute the value of n = 30 and d = 6 in (i), we get
n×d=k
30 × 6 = k
k = 180
n×d=k
∴ n × d = 180 … (ii)
This is the equation of variation
When d = 12, n = 7
Substituting d = 12 in (ii), we get
n × d = 180
n × 12 = 180
n = 18012
∴ n = 15
When n = 10, d =?
Substituting n = 10 in (ii), we get
n × d = 180
10 × d = 180
d = 18010
∴ d = 18
When d = 36, n =?
Substituting d = 36 in (ii), we get
n × d = 180
n × 36 = 180
n = 18036
∴n=5
Number of 30 20 15 10 5
workers
Days 6 9 12 18 36
2. Find constant of variation and write equation of variation for every example
given below:
Solution:
It is given that, p ∝ 1/q

p = k × 1/q where, k is the constant of variation.
∴ p × q = k …(i)
When p = 15, q = 4
Substitute the value of p = 15 and q = 4 in (i), we get
p×q=k
15 × 4 = k
k = 60
p×q=k
∴ p × q = 60
∴ The constant of variation is 60 and the equation of variation is pq = 60.
It is given that, z ∝ 1/w

z = k × 1/w where, k is the constant of variation,
∴ z × w = k …(i)
When z = 2.5, w = 24
Substitute the value of z = 2.5 and w = 24 in (i), we get
z×w=k
2.5 × 24 = k
k = 60
z×w=k
∴ z × w = 60
∴ The constant of variation is 60 and the equation of variation is zw = 60.
It is given that, s ∝ 1/t2

s = k × (1/t2) where, k is the constant of variation,
∴ s × t² = k …(i)
When s = 4, t = 5
Substitute the value of s = 4 and t = 5 in (i), we get
s × t² = k
4 × (5)² = k
k = 4 × 25
k = 100
s × t² = k
∴ s × t² = 100
∴ The constant of variation is 100 and the equation of variation is st² = 100.
It is given that, x ∝ 1/√y

x = k × (1/√y) where, k is the constant of variation,
∴ x × √y = k …(i)
When x = 15, y = 9
x × √y = k
15 × √9 = k
k = 15 × 3
k = 45
x × √y = k
∴ x × √y = 45.
∴ The constant of variation is k = 45 and the equation of variation is x√y = 45.
3. The boxes are to be filled with apples in a heap. If 24 apples are put in a box then
27 boxes are needed. If 36 apples are filled in a box how many boxes will be needed?
Solution:
Let the number of apples in each box be = ‘x’
Total number of boxes required be = ‘y’
The number of apples in each box are varying inversely with the total number of boxes.
So, x ∝ 1/y
x = k × (1/y) where, k is the constant of variation,
∴ x × y = k … (i)
If 24 apples are put in a box then 27 boxes are needed.

When x = 24, y = 27
x×y=k
24 × 27 = k
k = 648
x×y=k
∴ x × y = 648 … (ii)
Now, let us find number of boxes needed when 36 apples are filled in each box.
So, when x = 36, y =?
Substituting x = 36 in (ii), we get
x × y = 648
36 × y = 648
y = 64836
y = 18
∴ If 36 apples are filled in a box then 18 boxes are required.
4. Write the following statements using symbol of variation.

(1) The wavelength of sound (l) and its frequency (f) are in inverse variation.
(2) The intensity (I) of light varies inversely with the square of the distance (d) of a
screen from the lamp.
Solution:
(1) Wavelength of sound (l) and frequency (f) are in inverse proportion.
l ∝ 1/f
(2) Intensity (I) of light varies inversely

With the square of the distance (d)
l ∝ 1/d2
5. x ∝ 1/√y and when x = 40 then y = 16. If x = 10, find y.

Solution:
It is given that, x ∝ 1/√y
x = k × (1/√y) where, k is the constant of variation.
∴ x × √y = k …(i)
When x = 40, y = 16
x × √y = k
40 × √16 = k
k = 40 × 4
k = 160
x × √y = k
∴ x × √y = 160 … (ii)
When x = 10, y =?
Substitute the value of x = 10 in (ii), we get
x × √y = 160
10 × √y = 160
√y = 16010
√y = 16
Square on both the sides, we get
y = 256
∴ Value of y is 256.
6. x varies inversely as y, when x = 15 then y = 10, if x = 20 then y =?

Solution:
Given:
x ∝ 1/√y
x = k × (1/√y) where, k is the constant of variation.
∴ x × y = k …(i)
When x = 15, y = 10
x×y=k
15 × 10 = k
k = 150
x×y=k
∴ x × y = 150 … (ii)
When x = 20, y =?
Substitute the value of x = 20 in (ii), we get
x × y = 150
20 × y = 150
y = 15020
y = 7.5
∴ Value of y is 7.5

1. Which of the following statements is of inverse variation?
(1) The number of workers on a job and time taken by them to complete the job.
(2) The number of pipes of the same size to fill a tank and the time taken by them to
fill the tank.
(3) Petrol filled in the tank of a vehicle and its cost.
(4) Area of the circle and its radius.
Solution:
(1) As the number of workers increases, the time required to complete the job decreases.
Hence, it is of inverse variation.
(2) As the number of pipes increases, the time required to fill the tank decreases.
Hence, it is of inverse variation.
(3) As the quantity of petrol in the tank increases, its cost increases.
Hence, it is of direct variation.
(4) As the area of circle increases, its radius increases.

Hence, it is of direct variation.
2. If 15 workers can build a wall in 48 hours, how many workers will be required to
do the same work in 30 hours?
Solution:
Let the number of workers building the wall be = ‘n’
The time required be =‘t’
Since, the number of workers varies inversely with the time required to build the wall.
n ∝ 1/t
n = k × (1/t) where, k is the constant of variation
∴ n × t = k …(i)
15 workers can build a wall in 48 hours,

when n = 15, t = 48
Substitute the value of n = 15 and t = 48 in (i), we get
n×t=k
15 × 48 = k
k = 720
n×t=k
∴ n × t = 720 … (ii)
Now, let us find number of workers required to do the same work in 30 hours.
When t = 30, n =?
Substitute the value of t = 30 in (ii), we get
n × t = 720
n × 30 = 720
n = 72030
n = 24
∴ 24 workers are required to build the wall in 30 hours.
3. 120 bags of half liter milk can be filled by a machine within 3 minutes find the
time to fill such 1800 bags?
Solution:
Let the number of bags of half liter milk be = ‘b’
The time required to fill the bags =‘t’
Since, the number of bags and time required to fill the bags varies directly.
b∝t
∴ b = kt …(i) where k is the constant of variation.
Since, 120 bags can be filled in 3 minutes

When b = 120, t = 3
Substitute the value of b = 120 and t = 3 in (i), we get
b = kt
120 = k × 3
k = 1203
k = 40
b = kt
∴ b = 40 t … (ii)
Now, let us find the time required to fill 1800 bags

When b = 1800, t =?
Substitute the value of b = 1800 in (ii), we get
b = 40 t
1800 = 40 t
t = 180040
t = 45
∴ 1800 bags of half liter milk can be filled by the machine in 45 minutes.
4. A car with a speed of 60 km/hr takes 8 hours to travel some distance. What
should be the increase in the speed if the same distance is to be covered in 7 ½
hours?
Solution:
Let the speed of car in km/hr be = ‘v’
The time required be =‘t’
Since, speed of a car varies inversely as the time required to cover a distance.
v ∝ 1/t
v = k × (1/t) where, k is the constant of variation.
∴ v × t = k …(i)
Since, a car with speed 60 km/hr takes 8 hours to travel some distance.
When v = 60, t = 8
Substitute the value of v = 60 and t = 8 in (i), we get
v×t=k
60 × 8 = t
k = 480
v×t=k
∴ v × t = 480 … (ii)
Now, let us find the speed of car if the same distance is to be covered in 7 ½ hours.
When t = 7 ½ = 7.5, v =?
Substitute the value of t = 7.5 in (ii), we get
v × t = 480
v × 7.5 = 480
v = 480/7.5
v = 64
The speed of vehicle should be 64 km/hr to cover the same distance in 7.5 hours.
The increase in speed = 64 – 60
= 4km/hr
∴ The increase in speed of the car is 4 km/hr.
Maharashtra Board Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter
8 – Quadrilateral: Constructions and Types

1. Construct the following quadrilaterals of given measures.
(1) In MORE, l(MO) = 5.8 cm, l(OR) = 4.4 cm, m∠M = 58°, m∠O = 105°, m∠R
= 90°.
(2) Construct DEFG such that l(DE) = 4.5 cm, l(EF) = 6.5 cm, l(DG) = 5.5 cm,
l(DF) = 7.2 cm, l(EG) = 7.8 cm.
(3) In ABCD, l(AB) = 6.4 cm, l(BC) = 4.8 cm, m∠A = 70°, m∠B = 50°, m∠C =
140°.
(4) Construct LMNO such that l(LM) = l(LO) = 6 cm, l(ON) = l(NM) = 4.5 cm,
l(OM) = 7.5 cm.
Solution:
(1) In MORE, l(MO) = 5.8 cm, l(OR) = 4.4 cm, m∠M = 58°, m∠O = 105°, m∠R =
90°.
Steps to construct a quadrilateral:
Step 1: Draw a line MO = 5.8cm.
Step 2: At point O, construct an angle of 105o. Such that it forms a line OX.
Step 3: At point M, construct an angle of 58o. Such that it forms a line MZ.
Step 4: With O as the centre and of radius 4.4cm, cut an arc on the line OX and mark that
point as R.
Step 5: Now, at point R construct an angle of 90o. Such that it forms a line RY and the
point E is formed intersecting on the line MZ.
Here, is the required MORE quadrilateral.
(2) Construct DEFG such that l(DE) = 4.5 cm, l(EF) = 6.5 cm, l(DG) = 5.5 cm,
l(DF) = 7.2 cm, l(EG) = 7.8 cm.
Step 1: Draw a line DE = 4.5cm.
Step 2: With D as the centre and radius 7.2cm, draw an arc.
Step 3: With E as the centre and radius 6.5cm, draw an arc cutting the previous arc at F.
Step 4: Join EF and DF.
Step 5: With D as the centre and radius 5.5cm, draw an arc.
Step 6: With E as the centre and radius 7.8cm, draw an arc cutting the previous ac at G.
Step 7: Join DG, EG and GF.
Here, is the required DEFG quadrilateral.
(3) In ABCD, l(AB) = 6.4 cm, l(BC) = 4.8 cm, m∠A = 70°, m∠B = 50°, m∠C =
140°.
Step 1: Draw a line AB = 6.4cm.
Step 2: construct an angle at point B of 50o
Step 3: With B as the centre and radius of 4.8cm, draw an arc cutting the line BX at point
C.
Step 4: construct an angle of 140o at point C and name that line as Y.
Step 5: construct an angle of 70o at point A, such that line AZ and line CY intersect at
point D.
Here, is the required ABCD quadrilateral.
(4) Construct LMNO such that l(LM) = l(LO) = 6 cm, l(ON) = l(NM) = 4.5 cm,
l(OM) = 7.5 cm.
Step 1: Draw a line LM = 6cm.
Step 2: With L as the centre and radius 6cm, draw an arc.
Step 3: With M as the centre and radius 7.5cm, draw an arc cutting the previous arc at O.
Step 4: Join OL and OL.
Step 5: With O as the centre and radius 4.5cm, draw an arc.
Step 6: With M as the centre and radius 4.5cm, draw an arc cutting the previous ac at N.
Step 7: Join ON, MN and OL.
Here, is the required LMNO quadrilateral.

1. Draw a rectangle ABCD such that l(AB) = 6.0 cm and l(BC) = 4.5 cm.
Solution:
Steps to construct a rectangle:
Step 1: Draw a line AB = 6cm.
Step 2: Construct an angle of 90o at point B.
Step 3: With B as centre and radius 4.5cm, draw an arc cutting the line BX at point C.
Step 4: With C as centre and radius 6cm, draw an arc.
Step 5: With A as the centre and radius 4.5cm, draw an arc cutting the previous arc at
point D.
Step 6: Join AD and CD.
Here, is the required ABCD rectangle.
2. Draw a square WXYZ with side 5.2 cm.

Solution:
Steps to construct a square:
Step 1: Draw a line WX = 5.2cm.
Step 2: Construct an angle of 90o at point X.
Step 3: With X as centre and radius 5.2cm, draw an arc cutting the line XP at point Y.
Step 4: With Y as centre and radius 5.2cm, draw an arc.

Step 5: With W as the centre and radius 5.2cm, draw an arc cutting the previous arc at
point Z.
Step 6: Join YZ and WZ.
Here, is the required WXYZ square.
3. Draw a rhombus KLMN such that its side is 4 cm and m∠K = 75°.
Solution:
Steps to construct a rhombus:
Step 1: Draw a line KL = 4cm.
Step 2: Construct an angle of 75o at point K.
Step 3: With K as centre and radius 4cm, draw an arc cutting the line KX at point N.
Step 4: With N as centre and radius 4cm, draw an arc.
Step 5: With L as the centre and radius 4cm, draw an arc cutting the previous arc at point
M.
Step 6: Join LM and NM.
Here, is the required KLMN rhombus.
4. If diagonal of a rectangle is 26 cm and one side is 24 cm, find the other side.
Solution:
Let ABCD be the rectangle.

l(BC) = 24cm, l(AC) = 26cm
In ∆ABC,
m∠ABC = 90° [Angle of a rectangle]
[l(AC)]² = [l(AB)]2 + [l(BC)]²
(26 )² = [l(AB)]² + (24)²

(26)² – (24)² = [l(AB)]²
(26 + 24) (26 – 24) = [l(AB)]² [Since, a² – b² = (a + b) (a – b)]
50 x 2 = [l(AB)]²
100 = [l(AB)]²
l(AB) = √100
By taking square root of both sides, we get
l(AB) =10 cm
∴The length of the other side is 10 cm.
5. Lengths of diagonals of a rhombus ABCD are 16 cm and 12 cm. Find the side and
perimeter of the rhombus.
Solution:
In rhombus ABCD,
It is given that, l(AC) = 16 cm and l(BD) = 12 cm.
Let the diagonals of rhombus ABCD intersect at point O.
l(AO) = 12 l(AC) [Diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other]
l(AO) = 12 × 16
= 8 cm
Also, l(DO) = 12 l(BD) [Diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other]

l(DO) = 12 × 12
l(DO) = 6 cm
In ∆DOA,
m∠DOA = 90° [Diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to each other]
[l(AD)]² = [l(AO)]² + [l(DO)]²
= (8)² + (6)²
= 64 + 36
[l(AD)]² = 100
l(AD) = √100
By taking square root on both sides, we get
l(AD) = 10 cm
l(AB) = l(BC) = l(CD) = l(AD) = 10 cm [Since, sides of a rhombus are congruent]
Perimeter of rhombus ABCD

= l(AB) + l(BC) + l(CD) + l(AD)
= 10+10+10+10
= 40 cm
∴The side and perimeter of the rhombus are 10 cm and 40 cm respectively.
6. Find the length of diagonal of a square with side 8 cm.

Solution:
Let XYWZ be the square of side 8cm.

seg XW is a diagonal.
In ∆ XYW,
m∠XYW = 90° [Angle of a square]
[l(XW)]² = [l(XY)]² + [l(YW)]²

= (8)² + (8)²
= 64 + 64
[l(XW)]² = 128
By taking square root on both sides, we get
l(XW) = √128
= √64 × 2
= 8 √2 cm
∴ The length of the diagonal of the square is 8 √2 cm.
7. Measure of one angle of a rhombus is 50°, find the measures of remaining three
angles.
Solution:
Let ABCD be the rhombus.

m∠A = 50°
m∠C = m∠A [Since, opposite angles of a rhombus are congruent]
∴ m∠C = 50°
Also, m∠D = m∠B …(i) [Opposite angles of a rhombus are congruent]
In rhombus ABCD, we know that sum of the measures of the angles of a quadrilateral is
360°.
m∠A + m∠B + m∠C + m∠D = 360°
50° + m∠B + 50° + m∠D = 360°
m∠B + m∠D + 100° = 360°
m∠B + m∠D = 360° – 100°

m∠B + m∠B = 260° [From (i)]
2m∠B = 260°
m∠B = 260/2
m∠B = 130°
m∠D = m∠B = 130° [From (i)]
∴ The measures of the remaining angles of the rhombus are 130°, 50° and 130°.

1. Measures of opposite angles of a parallelogram are (3x – 2)° and (50 – x)°. Find
the measure of its each angle.
Solution:
Let PQRS be the parallelogram.
m∠Q = (3x – 2)° and m∠S = (50 – x)°
m∠Q = m∠S …..(i) [Since, opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent]

3x – 2 = 50 – x
3x + x = 50 + 2
4x = 52
x = 52/4
x = 13
Now, m∠Q = (3x – 2)°

(3 × 13 – 2)° = (39 – 2)° = 37°
m∠S = m∠Q = 37° [From(i)]
m∠P + m∠Q = 180° [Since, adjacent angles of a parallelogram are supplementary]

m∠P + 37° = 180°
m∠P = 180° – 37° = 143°
m∠R = m∠P = 143° [Since, opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent]
∴ The measures of the angles of the parallelogram are 37°, 143°, 37° and 143°.
2. Referring the given figure of a parallelogram, write the answers of questions

given below.
(1) If l(WZ) = 4.5 cm, then l(XY) = ?

(2) If l(YZ) = 8.2 cm, then l(XW) = ?
(3) If l(OX) = 2.5 cm, then l(OZ) = ?
(4) If l(WO) = 3.3 cm, then l(WY) = ?
(5) If m∠WZY = 120°, then m∠WXY = ? and m∠XWZ = ?
Solution:
(1) It is given that, l(WZ) = 4.5 cm
l(X Y) = l(WZ) [Since, opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent ]
∴ l(X Y) = 4.5cm
(2) It is given that, l(YZ) = 8.2 cm

l(XW) = l(YZ) [Since, opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent]
∴ l(XW) = 8.2cm
(3) It is given that, l(OX) = 2.5 cm

l(OZ) = l(OX) [Since, diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other]
∴ l(OZ) = 2.5cm
(4) It is given that, l(WO) = 3.3 cm

l(WO) = 1/2 l(WY) [Since, diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other]
3.3 = 1/2 l(WY)
3.3 × 2 = l(WY)
∴ l(WY) = 6.6cm
(5) It is given that, m∠WZY =120°

m∠WXY = m∠WZY [Since, opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent]
So, m∠WXY = 120o
Now,
m∠XWZ + m∠WXY = 180° [Since, adjacent angles of a parallelogram are
supplementary]
m∠XWZ + 120° = 180°
m∠XWZ = 180°- 120°
∴ m∠XWZ = 60°
3. Construct a parallelogram ABCD such that l(BC) = 7 cm, m∠ABC = 40°, l(AB) =
3 cm.
Solution:
Steps to construct:
Step 1: Draw a line AB = 3cm.
Step 2: Construct an angle of 40o at point B.
Step 3: With B as centre and radius 7cm, draw an arc cutting the line BX at point C.
Step 4: With C as centre and radius 3cm, draw an arc.
Step 5: With A as the centre and radius 7cm, draw an arc cutting the previous arc at point
D.
Step 6: Join AD and CD.
Opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent.

∴ l(AB) = l(CD) = 3cm
l(BC) = l(AD) = 7 cm
4. Ratio of consecutive angles of a quadrilateral is 1: 2: 3: 4. Find the measure of its

each angle. Write with reason, what type of a quadrilateral it is.
Solution:
Let PQRS be the quadrilateral.
Ratio of consecutive angles of a quadrilateral is 1: 2: 3: 4.
Let us consider ‘x’ be the common multiple.
∴m∠P = x°, m∠Q = 2x°, m∠R = 3x° and m∠S = 4x°
In quadrilateral PQRS,
m∠P + m∠Q + m∠R + m∠S = 360° [Sum of the measures of the angles of a quadrilateral
is 360°]
x° + 2x° + 3x° + 4x° = 360°
10 x° = 360°
x° = 360/10
x° = 36°
∴m∠P = x° = 36°
m∠Q = 2x° = 2 × 36° = 72°

m∠R = 3x° = 3 × 36° = 108° and
m∠S = 4x° = 4 × 36° = 144°
∴The measures of the angles of the quadrilateral are 36°, 72°, 108°, 144°.
Here, m∠P + m∠S = 36° + 144° = 180°

side PQ || side SR [Since, interior angles are supplementary]
m∠P + m∠Q = 36° + 72°
= 108°
≠ 180°
So, side PS is not parallel to side QR.
Since, one pair of opposite sides of the given quadrilateral is parallel.
∴The given quadrilateral is a trapezium.
5. Construct BARC such that l(BA) = l(BC) = 4.2 cm, l(AC) = 6.0 cm, l(AR) =
l(CR) = 5.6 cm.
Solution:
Steps to construct:
Step 1: Draw a line BA = 4.2cm.
Step 2: With B as the centre and radius 4.2cm, draw an arc.

Step 3: With A as the centre and radius 6cm, draw an arc cutting the previous arc at C.
Step 4: Join BC and AC.
Step 5: With A as the centre and radius 5.6cm, draw an arc.
Step 6: With C as the centre and radius 5.6cm, draw an arc cutting the previous ac at D.
Step 7: Join AD, CD and BC.
6. Construct PQRS, such that l(PQ) = 3.5 cm, l(QR) = 5.6 cm, l(RS) = 3.5 cm,
m∠Q = 110°, m∠R = 70°.
If it is given that PQRS is a parallelogram, which of the given information is
unnecessary?
Solution:
Steps to construct:
Step 1: Draw a line PQ = 3.5cm.
Step 2: Construct an angle of 110o at point Q.
Step 3: With Q as centre and radius 5.6cm, draw an arc cutting the line QX at point R.
Step 4: Construct an angle of 70o at point R.
Step 5: With R as the centre and radius 3.5cm, draw an arc cutting the Line RY at point
S.
Step 6: Join RS and PS.
 Since, the opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent.

Either l(PQ) or l(SR) is required.
 To construct a parallelogram, length of adjacent sides and measure of one angle is
required.
Either l(PQ) and m∠Q or l(SR) and m∠R is the unnecessary information given in
the question.
Chapter 9 – Discount and Commission

1. If marked price = Rs 1700, selling price = Rs 1540 then find the discount.
Solution:
Given:
Marked Price = Rs 1700
Selling Price = Rs 1540
Selling price = Marked price – Discount
So,
Discount = Marked Price – Selling Price
Discount = 1700 – 1540
= Rs 160
∴ The discount is Rs 160.
2. If marked price = Rs 990 and percentage of discount is 10, then find the selling
price.
Solution:
Given:
Marked price = Rs 990
discount = 10%
Let the percentage of discount be x
∴ x = 10%
Discount = (Marked price × x) / 100
= (990 × 10) / 100
= Rs 99
Now,
Selling price = Marked price – Discount
= 990 – 99
= Rs 891
∴ The selling price is Rs 891.
3. If selling price = Rs 900. Discount is 20 %, then find the marked price.

Solution:
Given:
Discount = 20%
Now, let us consider the marked price as Rs x.

Given discount is 20% on the marked price.
Discount = 0.2x
Selling Price = Marked Price – Discount
900 = x – 0.2x
900 = 0.8x
x = 900/0.8
= Rs 1125
∴ The marked price is Rs 1125.
4. The marked price of the fan is 3000 rupees. Shopkeeper gave 12% discount on it.
Find the total discount and selling price of the fan.
Solution:
Given:
Discount = 12%
Given discount is 12% on the marked price.
Discount = (12/100) × 3000
= Rs 360
Hence, the discount is Rs 360.
Now, by using the formula,
Selling Price = Marked Price – Discount
= 3000 – 360
= Rs 2640
∴ The selling price is Rs 2640.
5. The marked price of a mixer is 2300 rupees. A customer purchased it for Rs.1955.
Find percentage of discount offered to the customer.
Solution:
Given:
Discount = Marked Price – Selling Price
= 2300 – 1955
= Rs 345
Now, let us consider the percentage of discount as x.
Then,
x/100 = Discount/Marked Price

x/100 = 345/2300
x = (345 × 100)/2300
= 15
∴ The percentage of discount offered is 15%.
6. A shopkeeper gives 11% discount on a television set, hence the cost price of it is
Rs. 22,250. Then find the marked price of the television set.
Solution:
Given:
Discount = 11%
Cost Price = Rs 22250
Let us consider the marked price be Rs x.
It is given discount is 11% on the marked price.
Discount = 0.11x
We also know the cost price is Rs 22250 after a discount of 11% on the marked price.
x – 0.11x = 22250
0.89x = 22250
x = 22250/0.89
= 25000
∴ The marked price is Rs 25000.
7. After offering discount of 10% on marked price, a customer gets total discount of
17 rupees. To find the cost price for the customer, fill in the following boxes with
appropriate numbers and complete the activity.
Suppose, marked price of the item = 100 rupees
Solution:
8. A shopkeeper decides to sell a certain item at a certain price. He tags the price on
the item by increasing the decided price by 25%. While selling the item, he offers
20% discount. Find how many more or less percent he gets on the decided price.
Solution:
Given:
price increase = 25%,
discount offered = 20%
Let the decided price be Rs 100
So, Increase in price = Rs 25
Shopkeeper marks the price = 100 + 25
= Rs 125
∴ marked price = Rs 125
Let the percentage of discount be x

x = 20%
Discount = (marked price × x) / 100
= (125 × 20) / 100
= 2500/100
= Rs 25
So, Selling price = Marked price – Discount

= Rs 125 – Rs 25
= Rs 100
If the decided price is Rs 100, then shopkeeper gets Rs 100.
∴ The shopkeeper gets neither profit nor loss than the decided price i.e. he gets 0% profit
/ loss.

1.
Solution:
Given:
Selling price of the books = Rs 4500
Rate of commission = 15%
Commission = Commission Rate × Selling Price
Commission obtained = 15% of selling price
= (15/100) × (4500)
= 15 × 45
= 675 Rupees.
∴ The total commission obtained by John is Rs 675.
2. Rafique sold flowers worth Rs 15,000 by giving 4% commission to the agent. Find
the commission he paid. Find the amount received by Rafique.
Solution:
Given:
Commission rate = 4%
Commission = (4/100) × 15000
= Rs 600
Rafique paid a commission of Rs 600.
Amount received by Rafique = Selling Price – Commission
Amount received = 15000 – 600
= Rs 14400
∴ The amount received by Rafique is Rs 14400.
3. A farmer sold food grains for 9200 rupees through an agent. The rate of
commission was 2%. How much amount did the agent get?
Solution:
Given:
Commission rate = 2%
= (2/100) × 9200
= Rs 184
∴ The agent got a commission of Rs 184.
4. Umatai purchased following items from a Khadi - Bhandar.

(i) 3 sarees for 560 rupees each.
(ii) 6 bottles of honey for 90 rupees each.
On the purchase, she received a rebate of 12%. How much total amount did Umatai
pay?
Solution:
Given:
Rebate = 15%
Cost of each saree = Rs 560
So, cost of 3 sarees = 3 × 560 = Rs 1680
Cost of each bottle = Rs 90
So, cost of 6 bottles = 6 × 90 = Rs 540
So, total cost of purchased items = 1680 + 540 = Rs 2220
Given rebate rate = 12%

Rebate = Rebate Rate × Cost Price
= (12/100) × 2220
= Rs 266.40
Amount paid by Umatai = Total cost of purchase – Rebate

= 2220 – 266.40
= Rs 1953.60
∴ The total amount paid by Umatai is Rs 1953.60.
5. Use the given information and fill in the boxes with suitable numbers.
Smt. Deepanjali purchased a house for Rs 7,50,000 from Smt. Leelaben through an
agent. Agent has charged 2% brokerage from both of them.
Solution:
(1) Smt. Deepanjali paid = 7,50,000 × 2/100
= 7,500 × 2
= Rs 15,000 brokerage for purchasing the house.
(2) Smt. Leelaben paid brokerage of Rs 15,000
(3) Total brokerage received by the agent is = 15,000 + 15,000 = Rs 30,000
(4) The cost of house Smt. Deepanjali paid is = 7,50,000 + 15,000 = Rs 7,65,000
(5) The selling price of house for Smt.Leelaben is = 7,50,000 – 15,000

= Rs 7,35,000
Chapter 10: Division of Polynomials
Practice Set 10.1 Page No: 64

1. Divide. Write the quotient and the remainder.
(1) 21m² ÷ 7m
Solution:
Thus, quotient = 3m and remainder = 0.
(2) 40a³ ÷ (-10a)

Solution:
Thus, quotient = -4a2 and remainder = 0.
(3) (- 48p4) ÷ (- 9p2)

Solution:
Thus, quotient = 16/3 p2 and remainder = 0.
(4) 40m5 ÷ 30m3

Solution:
Thus, quotient = 16/3 p2 and remainder = 0.
(5) (5x3 – 3x2) ÷ x²

Solution:
Thus, quotient = 5x – 3 and remainder = 0.
(6) (8p3 – 4p2) ÷ 2p2

Solution:
Thus, quotient = 4p – 2 and remainder = 0.
(7) (2y3 + 4y2 + 3) ÷ 2y2

Solution:
Thus, quotient = y + 2 and remainder = 3.
(8) (21x4 – 14x2 + 7x) ÷ 7x3

Solution:
Thus, quotient = 3x and remainder = -14x2 + 7x.
(9) (6x5 – 4x4 + 8x3 + 2x2) ÷ 2x2

Solution:
Thus, quotient = 3x3 – 2x2 + 4x + 1 and remainder = 0.
(10) (25m4 – 15m3 + 10m + 8) ÷ 5m3

Solution:
Thus, quotient = 5m – 3 and remainder = 10m + 8.


1. Divide and write the quotient and the remainder.
(1) (y2 + 10y + 24) ÷ (y + 4)
Solution:
Thus, quotient = y + 6 and remainder = 0
(2) (p2 + 7p – 5) ÷ (p + 3)
Solution:
Thus, quotient = p + 4 and remainder = -17
(3) (3x + 2x2 + 4x3) ÷ (x – 4)

Solution:
Writing the dividend in descending order of their indices, we have

3x + 2x² + 4x³ = 4x³ + 2x² + 3x
Thus, quotient = 4x2 + 18x + 75 and remainder = 300
(4) (2m3 + m2 + m + 9) ÷ (2m – 1)

Solution:
Thus, quotient = m2 + m + 1 and remainder = 10
(5) (3x – 3x2 – 12 + x4 + x3) ÷ (2 + x2)

Solution:

(x4 + x3 – 3x2 + 3x – 12) ÷ (x2 + 2)
Thus, quotient = x2 + x – 5 and remainder = x – 2.
(6) (a4 – a3 + a2 – a + 1) ÷ (a3 – 2)

Solution:
Thus, quotient = a – 1 and remainder = a2 + a – 1.
(7) (4x4 – 5x3 – 7x + 1) ÷ (4x – 1)

Solution:

(4x4 – 5x3 – 7x + 1) = (4x4 – 5x3 + 0x2 – 7x + 1)
Thus, quotient = x3 – x2 – x/4 – 29/16 and remainder = -13/16.

Chapter 11: Statistics

1. The following table shows the number of saplings planted by 30 students. Fill in the boxes and
find the average number of saplings planted by each student.
Solution:
No. of saplings No. of students f i × xi

(Scores) xi (Frequency) fi
1 4 4
2 6 12
3 12 36
4 8 32
N = 30 Ʃ fixi = 84
2. The following table shows the electricity (in units) used by 25 families of Eklara village in a
month of May. Complete the table and answer the following questions.
(1) How many families use 45 units electricity?

(2) State the score, the frequency of which is 5.
(3) Find N, and Ʃ fixi
(4) Find the mean of electricity used by each family in the month of May.
Solution:
Electricity used No. of families f i × xi

(Units) xi (Frequency) fi
30 7 210
45 2 90
60 8 480
75 5 375
90 3 270
N = 25 Ʃ fixi = 1425
(1) 2 families used 45 units od electricity.

(2) The score for which the frequency is 5 is 75.
(3) N = 25 and Ʃ fixi = 1425
(4) The mean of electricity used by each family in the month of May is given by:
Mean (𝑥̅ ) = Ʃ fixi / N
= 1425 / 25
= 57
Thus, the mean of electricity used by each family in the month of May is 57 units.
3. The number of members in the 40 families in Bhilar are as follows:

1, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 7, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 4, 6, 2, 3, 2, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 3, 4, 5, 2, 4, 3, 2, 3, 5, 5, 4, 6, 2, 3, 5, 6, 4, 2.
Prepare a frequency table and find the mean of members of 40 families.
Solution:
Number of members Number of families fixi
(fi)
1 2 2
2 8 16
3 7 21
4 8 32
5 7 35
6 6 36
7 2 14
N = 40 Ʃ fixi = 156
Now,
Mean = Ʃ fixi/ N = 156/ 40 = 3.9
Thus, the mean of members of 40 families is 3.9.
4. The number of Science and Mathematics projects submitted by Model high school, Nandpur in
last 20 years at the state level science exhibition is : 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 1, 5, 4, 2, 3, 1, 3, 5, 4, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2.
Prepare a frequency table and find the mean of the data.
Solution:
Number of Frequency (fi) fixi

projects (xi)
1 3 3
2 6 12
3 6 18
4 3 12
5 2 10
N = 20 Ʃ fixi = 55
Now,
Mean = Ʃ fixi / N = 55/ 20 = 2.75
Thus, the mean of the data = 2.75

1.
(1) State the type of the graph.

(2) How much is the savings of Vaishali in the month of April?
(3) How much is the total of savings of Saroj in the months March and April?
(4) How much more is the total savings of Savita than the total savings of Megha?
(5) Whose savings in the month of April is the least?
Solution:
(1) The given is a bar graph.
(2) The savings of Vaishali in the month of April is Rs 600.
(3) The total savings of Saroj in the months March and April is Rs 800.
(4) From the table it’s seen that, the total savings of Savita = Rs 1000
And, the total savings of Megha = Rs 500
So, the difference in their savings = 1000 − 500 = 500
Hence, the total savings of Savita is Rs 500 more than the total savings of Megha.
(5) The savings of Megha in the month of April is the least i.e. Rs 200.
2. The number of boys and girls, in std 5 to std 8 in a Z.P. school is given in the table. Draw a
subdivided bar graph to show the data.
(Scale: On Y axis, 1cm = 10 students)
Solution:
Given data,
Standard 5th 6th 7th 8th
Boys 34 26 21 25
Girls 17 14 14 20
Total 51 40 35 45
Now,
The subdivided bar graph of the given data is as follows:
3. In the following table number of trees planted in the year 2016 and 2017 in four towns is given.
Show the data with the help of subdivided bar graph.
Solution:
Given data,
Year\Town Karjat Wadgoan Shivapur Khandala
2016 150 250 200 100
2017 200 300 250 150
Total 350 550 450 250
Now,
The subdivided bar graph of the given data is as follows:
4. In the following table, data of the transport means used by students in 8th standard for
commutation between home and school is given. Draw a subdivided bar diagram to show the data.
(Scale: On Y axis: 1 cm = 500 students)
Solution:
Given data,
Town → Paithan Yeola Shahapur
Mean of
communication ↓
Cycle 3250 1500 1250
Bus and Auto 750 500 500
On foot 1000 1000 500
Total 5000 3000 2250
Now,
The subdivided bar diagram of the given data is as follows

1. Show the following information by a percentage bar graph.
Solution:
Given data,
Division of A B C D
standard 8
Number of 45 33 10 15
students securing
grade A
Total number of 60 55 40 75
students
Percentage of (45/60) x 100 = (33/55) x 100 = (10/40) x 100 = (15/75) x 100 =
students securing 75% 60% 25% 20%
grade A
Now, the percentage bar graph is:
2.
(1) State the type of the bar graph.

(2) How much percent is the Tur production to total production in Ajita’s farm?
(3) Compare the production of Gram in the farms of Yash and Ravi and state whose percentage of
production is more and by how much?
(4) Whose percentage production of Tur is the least?
(5) State production percentages of Tur and gram in Sudha’s farm.
Solution:
From the given graph, it can be inferred that:

(1) The given graph is a percentage bar graph.
(2) Percent of tur production to the total production in Ajita’s farm is 60%.
(3) Production of Gram in the farm of Yash = 50%

And, the production of Gram in the farm of Ravi = 30%
So, the difference in the production = 50% – 30% =20%
Thus, Yash’s production of Gram is more and by 20%.
(4) The least production percentage of Tur is of Sudha.
(5) The production percentages of Tur and Gram in Sudha’s farm are 40% and 60% respectively.
3. The following data is collected in a survey of some students of 10th standard from some schools.
Draw the percentage bar graph of the data.
Solution:
Given data,
School 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
Inclination 90 60 25 16
towards science
stream
Inclination 60 20 25 24
towards
commerce
stream
Total 150 80 50 40
Percentage of (90/150) x 100 (60/80) x 100 = (25/50) x 100 = (16/40) x 100 =
students having = 60% 75% 50% 40%
inclination
towards science
stream
Percentage of (60/150) x 100 (20/80) x 100 = (25/50) x 100 = (24/40) x 100 =
students having = 40% 25% 50% 60%
inclination
towards
commerce
stream
The percentage bar graph of the given data is as follows:
Chapter 12: Equations in one variable

1. Each equation is followed by the values of the variable. Decide whether
these values are the solutions of that equation.
(1) x - 4 = 3, x = -1, 7, -7 (2) 9m = 81, m = 3, 9, -3
(3) 2a + 4 = 0, a = 2, -2, 1 (4) 3 - y = 4, y = -1, 1, 2
Solution:
(1) Given equation: x - 4 = 3 … (i)

Firstly, putting x = -1 in (i) we have
(-1) – 4 = 3
⇒ -5 ≠ 3
Thus, x = -1 is not a solution of the given equation.
Secondly, putting x = 7 in (i) we have

(7) – 4 = 3
⇒3=3
Thus, x = 7 is the solution of the given equation.
Lastly, putting x = -7 in (i) we have

(-7) – 4 = 3
⇒ -11 ≠ 3
Thus, x = -7 is not a solution of the given equation.
(2) Given equation: 9m = 81… (i)

Firstly, putting m = 3 in (i) we have
9(3) = 81
⇒ 27 ≠ 81
Thus, m = 3 is not a solution of the given equation.
Secondly, putting m = 9 in (i) we have

9(9) = 81
⇒ 81 = 81
Thus, m = 9 is the solution of the given equation.
Lastly, putting m = -3 in (i) we have

9(-3) = 81
⇒ -27 ≠ 81
Thus, m = -3 is not a solution of the given equation.
(3) Given equation: 2a + 4 = 0… (i)

Firstly, putting a = 2 in (i) we have
2(2) + 4 = 0
4+4=0
⇒8≠0
Thus, a = 2 is not a solution of the given equation.
Secondly, putting a = -2 in (i) we have

2(-2) + 4 = 0
-4 + 4 = 0
⇒0=0
Thus, a = -2 is the solution of the given equation.
Lastly, putting a = 1 in (i) we have
2(1) + 4 = 0
2+4=0
⇒6≠0
Thus, a = 1 is not a solution of the given equation.
(4) Given equation: 3 - y = 4 … (i)

Firstly, putting y = -1 in (i) we have
3 – (-1) = 4
3+1=4
⇒4=4
Thus, y = -1 is not a solution of the given equation.
Secondly, putting y = 1 in (i) we have

3 – (1) = 4
⇒2≠4
Thus, y = 1 is the solution of the given equation.
Lastly, putting y = 2 in (i) we have

3 – (2) = 4
⇒1≠4
Thus, y = 2 is not a solution of the given equation.
2. Solve the following equations.

(1) 17p - 2 = 49
(2) 2m + 7 = 9
(3) 3x + 12 = 2x - 4
(4) 5(x - 3) = 3(x + 2)
(5) 9/8x + 1 = 10
(6) y/7 + (y - 4)/3 = 2
(7) 13x – 5 = 3/2
(8) 3(y + 8) = 10(y - 4) + 8
(9) (x - 9)/ (x - 5) = 5/7
(10) (y – 4)/ 3 + 3y = 4
(11)
Solution:
(1) Given equation,

17p - 2 = 49
Adding 2 on both the sides, we have
17p – 2 + 2 = 49 + 2
17p = 51
Now, dividing by 17 on both the sides, we have
17p/17 = 51/17
p=3
Thus, p = 3 is the solution of the given equation.
(2) Given equation,

2m + 7 = 9
Subtracting 7 from both the sides, we have
2m + 7 – 7 = 9 – 7
2m = 2
Now, dividing by 2 on both sides, we have
2m/2 = 2/2
m=1
Thus, m = 1 is the solution of the given equation.
(3) Given equation,

3x + 12 = 2x – 4
3x + 12 – 12 = 2x – 4 – 12
3x = 2x – 16
Now, subtracting 2x from both the sides, we have
3x – 2x = 2x – 2x – 16
x = -16
Thus, x = -16 is the solution of the equation.
(4) Given equation,

5(x - 3) = 3(x + 2)
On removing the brackets, we get
5x – 15 = 3x + 6
Adding 15 to both sides, we have
5x – 15 + 15 = 3x + 6 + 15
5x = 3x + 21
Subtracting 3x from both the sides, we get
5x – 3x = 3x – 3x + 21
2x = -9
Now, dividing by 2 on both sides, we get
2x/(2) = 21/2
x = 21/2
Thus, x = 21/2 is the solution of the equation.
(5) Given equation,

9/8x + 1 = 10
Multiplying by 8 on both the sides, we have
8 x (9/8x + 1) = 10 x 8
9x + 8 = 80
9x + 8 – 8 = 80 – 8
9x = 72
Now, dividing by 9 on the sides, we have
9x/9 = 72/9
x=8
Thus, x = 9 is the solution of the equation.
(6) Given equation,

y/7 + (y - 4)/3 = 2
On multiplying both sides by 21, we have
21 x (y/7) + 21 x [(y – 4)/3] = 2 x 21
3y + 7(y - 4) = 42
3y + 7y – 28 = 42
10y – 28 = 42
Now, adding 28 on both sides, we have
10y – 28 + 28 = 42 + 28
10y = 70
Lastly, dividing both sides by 10, we have
10y/ 10 = 70/10
y=7
Thus, y = 7 is the solution of the equation.
(7) Given equation,

13x – 5 = 3/2
Multiplying both sides by 2, we have
2 × (13x - 5) = 2 x 3/2
26x – 10 = 3
On adding 10 to both the sides, we have
26x – 10 + 10 = 3 + 10
26x = 13
Now, dividing both sides by 26, we have
26x/ 26 = 13/26
x=½
Thus, x = ½ is the solution of the equation.
(8) Given equation,

3(y + 8) = 10(y - 4) + 8
On removing the brackets, we have
3y + 24 = 10y – 40 + 8
3y + 24 = 10y – 32
Subtracting 3y on both sides, we have
3y – 3y + 24 = 10y – 32 – 3y
24 = 7y – 32
Now, adding 32 to both sides, we have
24 + 32 = 7y – 32 + 32
56 = 7y
Dividing both sides by 7, we get
7y/7 = 56/7
y=8
Thus, y = 8 is the solution of the equation.
(9) Given equation,

(x - 9)/ (x - 5) = 5/7
Multiplying by 7 both the sides, we have
7 x [(x - 9)/ (x - 5)] = 5/7 x 7
(7x - 63)/ (x - 5) = 5
Now, multiplying (x - 5) to both sides, we have
(x - 5) × [(7x - 63)/ (x - 5)] = 5 × (x - 5)
(7x - 63) = 5x – 25
Now, adding 63 on both sides, we have
7x – 63 + 63 = 5x – 25 + 63
7x = 5x + 38
Subtracting 5x from both the sides, we have
7x – 5x = 5x – 5x + 38
2x = 38
Lastly, dividing both sides by 2
2x/2 = 38/2
x = 19
Thus, x = 19 is the solution of the equation.
(10) Given equation,

(y – 4)/ 3 + 3y = 4
On multiplying both sides by 3, we have
3 x [(y - 4)/ 3] + 3 x 3y = 4 x 3
y – 4 + 9y = 12
10y – 4 = 12
Now, adding 4 to both sides, we have
10y - 4 + 4 = 12 + 4
10y = 16
Lastly dividing both sides by 10, we have
10y/10 = 16/10
y = 8/5
Thus, y = 8/5 is the solution of the equation.
b + (b + 1) + (b + 2) = 84
3b + 3 = 84
3b + 3 – 3 = 84 – 3
3b = 81
Now, dividing by 3 both sides, we get
3b/3 = 81/3
b = 27
Thus, b = 27 is the solution of the equation.

1. Mother is 25 year older than her son. Find son’s age if after 8 years ratio of son’s age to
mother’s age will be 4/9.
Solution:
Let’s consider the present age of the son be x years.

Then, the age of the mother = (x + 25) years
Now, after 8 years
Age of son = (x + 8) years
Age of mother = (x + 25+ 8) years = (x + 33) years
From the given information, we have
On cross-multiplying,
9(x + 8) = 4(x + 33)
9x + 72 = 4x + 132
9x – 4x = 132 – 72
5x = 60
⇒ x = 12
Thus, the present age of the son is 12 years.
2. The denominator of a fraction is greater than its numerator by 12. If the numerator is
decreased by 2 and the denominator is increased by 7, the new fraction is equivalent with 1/2. Find
the fraction.
Solution:
Let’s assume the numerator of the fraction to be x.

So,
Denominator = x + 12
The factor = x/(x + 12)
Now, from the given information we have
On cross multiplying,
2 (x - 2) = (x + 12 + 7)
2x – 4 = x + 19
2x – x = 19 + 4
x = 23
Hence, the numerator of the fraction is 23 and the denominator of the fraction is (23 + 12) = 35.
Therefore, the fraction is 23/35.
3. The ratio of weights of copper and zinc in brass is 13:7. Find the weight of zinc in a brass utensil
weighing 700 gm.
Solution:
Given that the ratio of weights of copper and zinc in brass is 13: 7.
So, let the weight of the copper in brass be 13x
And the weight of zinc in brass be 7x
Now, from the given information we have
Weight of brass = 700 gm
⇒ Weight of copper in brass + weight of zinc in brass = 700 gm
13x + 7x = 700
20x = 700
x = 700/20
x = 35
Therefore, the wight of zinc in brass = 7 x 35 = 245 gm.
4. Find three consecutive whole numbers whose sum is more than 45 but less than 54.
Solution:
Let’s take the three consecutive whole numbers to be x, x + 1 and x + 2.

The given conditions are,
45 < x + (x + 1) + (x + 2) and x + (x + 1) + (x + 2) < 54
45 < 3x + 3 and 3x + 3 < 54
45 – 3 < 3x and 3x < 54 – 3
42 < 3x and 3x < 51
14 < x and x < 17
So, x = 15, 16
Now, if x = 15
The other numbers are 16, 17.
If x = 16,
The other number are 17, 18.
Therefore, the three consecutive whole number are 15, 16, 17 or 16, 17, 18.
5. In a two-digit number, digit at the ten’s place is twice the digit at unit’s place. If the number
obtained by interchanging the digits is added to the original number, the sum is 66. Find the
number.
Solution:
Let’s assume the digit at the unit’s place to be x.

Digital at tens place = 2x
Original number = 2x × 10 + x = 21x
Now, the number obtained by interchanged the digits = x × 10 + 2x = 12x
From the given information,
12x + 21x = 66
33x = 66
⇒x=2
So, the unit’s digit = 2 and the ten’s digit = 2 x 2 = 4
Therefore, the number is 42.
6. Some tickets of Rs 200 and some of Rs 100, of a drama in a theatre were sold. The number of
tickets of Rs 200 sold was 20 more than the number of tickets of Rs 100. The total amount received
by the theatre by sale of tickets was Rs 37000. Find the number of Rs 100 tickets sold.
Solution:
Let’s consider the number of tickets of Rs 100 be x.

Then, the number of tickets of Rs 200 = x + 20
100 (x) + 200 (x + 20) = 37000
100x + 200x + 4000 = 37000
300x = 37000 – 400
300x = 33000
⇒ x = 110
The number of tickets of Rs 100 = 110.
And, the number of tickets of Rs 200 = 110 + 20 = 130.
Therefore, the number of tickets of Rs 100 is 110.
7. Of the three consecutive natural numbers, five times the smallest number is 9 more than four
times the greatest number, find the numbers.
Solution:
Let’s consider the three consecutive natural numbers to be x, x + 1 and x + 2.

5 (x) = 4 (x + 2) + 9
5x = 4x + 8 + 9
5x – 4x = 17
⇒ x = 17
So, the three consecutive natural number are 17, 17 + 1 and 17 + 2.
Therefore, the three consecutive natural number are 17, 18 and 19.
8. Raju sold a bicycle to Amit at 8% profit. Amit repaired it spending Rs 54. Then he sold the
bicycle to Nikhil for Rs 1134 with no loss and no profit. Find the cost price of the bicycle for which
Raju purchased it.
Solution:
Let’s assume the cost price of the bicycle for which Raju purchased it be x.
And the selling of the bicycle = 108% of cost price
= 108/100 × x
Also given, Amit repaired the cycle spending Rs 54.
So,
The cost price of the bicycle for which Nikhil purchased = (108/100)x + 54
x = (1080 x 25)/ 27
x = 1000
Therefore, the cost price of the bicycle for which Raju purchased it is Rs 1000.
9. A Cricket player scored 180 runs in the first match and 257 runs in the second match. Find the
number of runs he should score in the third match so that the average of runs in the three matches
be 230.
Solution:
Given,
Runs scored in the first match = 180
Runs scored is the second match = 257
So,
The total run scored in all three matches = Average x Number of matches
= 230 x 3
= 690
Now,
Run scored in third match = 690 – (180 + 257)
= 690 – 437
= 253
Therefore, the runs he should score in the third match is 253.
10. Sudhir’s present age is 5 more than three times the age of Viru. Anil’s age is half the age of
Sudhir. If the ratio of the sum of Sudhir’s and Viru’s age to three times Anil’s age is 5:6, then find
Viru’s age.
Solution:
Let’s take Viru’s present age to be ‘x’ years.

Now, Sudhir’s present age = (5 + 3x) years
Anil’s present age = (5 + 3x)/ 3 years
6 (10 + 8x) = 5 (15 + 9x)

60 + 48x = 75 + 45x
48x – 45x = 75 – 60
3x = 15
x=5
Therefore, Viru’s age is 5 years.
Chapter 13: Congruence of triangles

1. In each pair of triangles in the following figures, parts bearing identical marks are congruent.
State the test and correspondence of vertices by which triangles in each pair are congruent.
Solution:
(i) By SAS test, in the correspondence XWZ ↔ YWZ.

(ii) By Hypotenuse-side test, in the correspondence KJI ↔ LJI.
(iii) By SSS test, in the correspondence HEG ↔ FGE.
(iv) By ASA test, in the correspondence SMA ↔ OPT.
(v) By SAA test, in the correspondence MTN ↔ STN.

1. In each pair of triangles given below, parts shown by identical marks are congruent. State the
test and the one to one correspondence of vertices by which triangles in each pair are congruent
and remaining congruent parts.
Solution:
(1)
In ∆MST and ∆TBM, we have
side MS ≅ side TB …. (given)
∠MST ≅ ∠TBM …. (right angle)
And, side MT is common
Hence, by Hypotenuse-side test ∆MST ≅ ∆TBM.

Now, from corresponding parts of congruent triangles
side ST ≅ side MB,
∠SMT ≅ ∠BTM,
∠STM ≅ ∠BMT.
(2)
In ∆PRQ and ∆TRS, we have
side PR ≅ side RT …. (given)
side QR ≅ side RS …. (given)
∠PRQ ≅ ∠SRT …. (vertically opposite angles)
Hence, by SAS test ∆PRQ ≅ ∆TRS.

side PQ ≅ side ST,
∠QPR ≅ ∠STR,
∠PQR ≅ ∠TSR.
(3)
In ∆DHC and ∆DFC, we have
∠DCH ≅ ∠DCF …. (given)
∠DHC ≅ ∠DFC …. (given)
And, side DC is common
Hence, by AAS test ∆DHC ≅ ∆DFC.

side DH ≅ side DF,
side HC ≅ side FC,
∠HDC ≅ ∠FDC.
2. In the adjacent figure, seg AD ≅ seg EC. Which additional information is needed to show that
ΔABD and ΔEBC will be congruent by A-A-S test?
Solution:
In ∆ABD and ∆EBC, we have

side AD ≅ side EC … (given)
∠ABD ≅ ∠EBC … (vertically opposite angles)
Now,
In order to show that ∆ ABD and ∆ EBC will be congruent by A-A-S test, one of the following is
required:
∠BAD ≅ ∠BCE
or
∠BDA ≅ ∠BEC.
Chapter 14: Compound interest

1. Find the amount and the compound interest.
Solution:
(1) Here we have, P = ₹ 2000; R = 5 %; N = 2 years
= 2000 (105/100)2
= 2000 (21/20)2
= 2205
So, the compound interest after 2 years will be
I = Amount – Principal
= Rs 2205 – Rs 2000
= Rs 205
Therefore, the amount is Rs 2205 and compound interest is Rs 205.
(2) Here we have, P = ₹ 5000; R = 8 %; N = 3 years
= 5000 (108/100)3
= 5000 (27/25)3
= 6298.56
= Rs 6298.56 – Rs 5000
= Rs 1298.56
Therefore, the amount is Rs 6298.56 and compound interest is Rs 1298.56.
(3) Here we have, P = ₹ 4000; R = 7.5 %; N = 2 years
= 4000(1075/1000)2
= 4000(43/40)2
= 4622.50
= Rs 4622.50 – Rs 4000
= Rs 622.50
Therefore, the amount is Rs 4622.50 and compound interest is Rs 622.50.
2. Sameerrao has taken a loan of Rs 12500 at a rate of 12 p.c.p.a. for 3 years. If the interest is
compounded annually then how many rupees should he pay to clear his loan?
Solution:
Here we have, P = ₹ 12500; R = 12 %; N = 3 years
= 12500 (28/25)3
= 17561.60
Therefore, Sameerrao should pay an amount of Rs 17561.60 to clear his loan.
3. To start a business Shalaka has taken a loan of Rs 8000 at a rate of 10 ½ p.c.p.a. After two years
how much compound interest will she have to pay?
Solution:
Here we have, P = ₹ 8000; R = 101212 %; N = 2 years
= 8000 (221/200)2
= 9768.20
= Rs 9768.20 – Rs 8000
= Rs 1768.20
Therefore, Shalaka will have to pay a compound interest of Rs 1768.20 after 2 years.

1. On the construction work of a flyover bridge there were 320 workers initially. The number of
workers were increased by 25% every year. Find the number of workers after 2 years.
Solution:

Here we have, P = Number of workers initially = 320
A = Number of workers after 2 years
R = Rate of increase of number of workers per year = 25 %
N = 2 years
So,
= 320 (5/4)2
= 500
Therefore, the number of workers after 2 years is 500.
2. A shepherd has 200 sheep with him. Find the number of sheeps with him after 3 years if the
increase in number of sheeps is 8% every year.
Solution:

Here we have, P = Number of sheeps initially = 200
A = Number of sheeps after 3 years
R = Rate of increase of number of sheeps per year = 8 %
N = 3 years
So,
= 200 (27/25)3
= 251.94 ~ 252
Therefore, the number of sheeps after 3 years is 252.
3. In a forest there are 40,000 trees. Find the expected number of trees after 3 years if the objective
is to increase the number at the rate 5% per year.
Solution:

Here we have, P = Number of trees initially = 40,000
A = Number of trees after 3 years
R = Rate of increase of number of trees per year = 5 %
N = 3 years
So,
= 40000 (21/20)3
= 46305
Therefore, the expected number of trees after 3 years is 46,305.
4. The cost price of a machine is 2,50,000. If the rate of depreciation is 10% per year find the
depreciation in price of the machine after two years.
Solution:

Here we have, P = Cost price of the machine = 2,50,000
A = Cost price after 2 years
I = Depreciation in price after 2 years
R = Rate of depreciation = 10 %
N = 2 years
So,
= 250000(9/10)2
= 202500
Also, the interest is
I=P−A
= Rs 250000 – Rs 202500
= Rs 47500
Therefore, the depreciation in price of the machine after two years is Rs 47,500.
5. Find the compound interest if the amount of a certain principal after two years is Rs 4036.80 at
the rate of 16 p.c.p.a.
Solution:

Here we have,
P = Principal
A = ₹ 4036.80
I = Compound Interest
R = 16 %
N = 2 years
So,
Now, the interest is

I=A−P
= 4036.80 − 3000
= 1036.80
Therefore, the compound interest is ₹ 1036.80
6. A loan of Rs 15000 was taken on compound interest. If the rate of compound interest is 12
p.c.p.a. find the amount to settle the loan after 3 years.
Solution:

Here we have, P = Principal = ₹ 15000
A = Amount
R = 12 %
N = 3 years
So, the amount
= 15000 (28/25)3
= 21073.92
Therefore, the amount to settle the loan is ₹ 21073.92
7. A principal amounts to Rs 13924 in 2 years by compound interest at 18 p.c.p.a. Find the

principal.
Solution:

Here we have, P = Principal
A = ₹ 13924
R = 18 %
N = 2 years
We know that, the amount is
13924 = P (59/50)2
P = (13924 x 50 x 50)/ (59 x 59)
⇒ P = 10000
Therefore, the principal is Rs 10000.
8. The population of a suburb is 16000. Find the rate of increase in the population if the
population after two years is 17640.
Solution:

Here we have, P = Population of a suburb = 16000
A = Population after two years =17640
R=R%
N = 2 years
We know that, the amount is given by
R/100 = 21/20 – 1
R/100 = 1/20
⇒R=5
Therefore, the rate of increase in the population is 5 p.c.p.a.
9. In how many years Rs 700 will amount to Rs 847 at a compound interest rate of 10 p.c.p.a.
Solution:

Here we have, P = Principal = ₹ 700
A = Amount = ₹ 847
R = 10 %
N = N years
We know that, the amount is given by
⇒N=2
Therefore, the numbers of years is 2 years.
10. Find the difference between simple interest and compound interest on Rs 20000 at 8 p.c.p.a.
Solution:
Given,
P = Principal = ₹ 20000
R=8%
As the time is not given, the question is solved by taking time as 2 years, because simple interest and
compound interest will be same for one year.
N = 2 years
So, the compound interest = Rs 23328 – Rs 20000 = Rs 3328

Now, comparing compound interest and simple interest we have
⇒ Compound interest – Simple interest = Rs 3328 – Rs 3200 = Rs 128
Therefore, the difference between simple interest and compound interest is Rs 128.
Chapter 15: Area

1. If base of a parallelogram is 18 cm and its height is 11 cm, find its area.
Solution:
Given,
Base of parallelogram = 18 cm and it’s height = 11 cm
Area of parallelogram = Base x height
= 18 x 11
= 198 sq. cm
Thus, the area of the parallelogram is 198 sq. cm.
2. If area of a parallelogram is 29.6 sq cm and its base is 8 cm, find its height.
Solution:
Given,
Area of parallelogram = 29.6 sq.cm
Base of parallelogram = 8 cm
We know that,
Area of parallelogram = base x height
⇒ 29.6 = 8 x height
Height = 29.6/8 = 3.7 cm
Thus, the height of the parallelogram is 3.7 cm.
3. Area of a parallelogram is 83.2 sq. cm. If its height is 6.4 cm, find the length of its base.
Solution:
Given,
Area of parallelogram = 83.2 sq. cm
Height of the parallelogram = 6.4 cm
We know that,
Area of parallelogram = base x height
⇒ 83.2 = base x 6.4
Base = 83.2/6.4 = 13 cm
Thus, the base of parallelogram is 13 cm.
Chapter 15: Area

1. Lengths of the diagonals of a rhombus are 15 cm and 24 cm, find its area.
Solution:
Given,
Lengths of the diagonals of a rhombus are 15 cm and 24 cm.
Area of rhombus = ½ x product of diagonals
= ½ x (15 x 24)
= 15 x 12
= 180 sq. cm
Thus, the area of the rhombus is 180 sq. cm
2. Lengths of the diagonals of a rhombus are 16.5 cm and 14.2 cm, find its area.
Solution:
Given,
Lengths of the diagonals of a rhombus are 16.5 cm and 14.2 cm.
Area of rhombus = ½ x product of diagonals
= ½ x (16.5 x 14.2)
= 16.5 x 7.1
= 117.15 sq. cm
Thus, the area of the rhombus is 117.15 sq. cm
3. If perimeter of a rhombus is 100 cm and length of one diagonal is 48 cm, what is the area of the
quadrilateral?
Solution:
Given,
Perimeter of a rhombus = 100 cm
Length of one diagonal = 48 cm
Let’s consider ABCD to be the rhombus. AC and BD are the diagonals
which intersect at point E.
So, l(AC) = 48 cm
And, we know
l(AE) = ½ l(AC) [As diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other]
= ½ x 48
= 24 cm
Now, the perimeter of rhombus = 4 x side
⇒ 100 = 4 x l(AB)
l(AB) = 100/4 = 25 cm
Next in ∆ ABE, we have
m ∠AED = 90o [As diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles]
l(AB)2 = l(EB)2 + l(AE)2
(25)2 = l(EB)2 + (24)2
Chapter 15: Area
625 = l(EB)2 + 576
l(EB)2 = 635 – 576 = 49
l(EB) = √49 = 7 cm (Taking square root on both the sides)
Now,
l(EB) = ½ x l(BD) [As diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other]
l(BD) = 2 x l(EB)
= 2 x 7 = 14 cm
So,
Area of the rhombus = ½ x product of lengths of diagonals
= ½ x l(AC) x l(BD)
= ½ x 48 x 14
= 48 x 7 = 336 sq. cm
Thus, the area of the rhombus is 336 sq. cm.
4. If length of a diagonal of a rhombus is 30 cm and its area is 240 sq. cm, find its perimeter.
Solution:
Given,
Length of a diagonal of a rhombus = 30 cm and it’s area = 240 sq. cm.
Let’s consider ABCD to be the rhombus having AC and BD as the diagonals and the diagonals intersect
at point E.
⇒ l(AC) = 30 cm
Area of rhombus = ½ x Product of lengths of diagonals
240 = ½ x l(AC) x l(BD)
240 = ½ x 30 x l(BD)
240 = 15 x l(BD)
l(BD) = 240/15 = 16 cm
We know that the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each.
So,
l(AE) = ½ x l(AC) = ½ x 30 = 15 cm
And,
l(DE) = ½ x l(BD) = ½ x 16 = 8 cm
Now, in ∆ ADE
m ∠AED = 90o [As diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles]
By Pythagoras Theorem, we have
l(AD)2 = l(AE)2 + l(DE)2
l(AD)2 = (15)2 + (8)2
= 225 + 64 = 289
l(AD) = 289 = 17 cm
So, the perimeter of the rhombus = 4 x side
= 4 x AD
= 4 x 17 = 68 sq. unit
Thus, the perimeter of the rhombus is 68 cm.
Chapter 15: Area

1. In □ ABCD, l(AB) = 13 cm, l(DC) = 9 cm, l(AD) = 8 cm, find the area of □ ABCD.
Solution:
Given, ABCD is a trapezium and side AB || side DC

l(AB) = 13 cm, l(DC) = 9 cm, l(AD) = 8 cm.
Area of trapezium = ½ x sum of lengths of parallel sides x height
= ½ x [l(AB) + l(DC)] x l(AD)
= ½ x [13 + 9] x 8
= ½ x 22 x 8
= 11 x 8 = 88 cm
Thus, the area of the trapezium ABCD is 88 sq. cm.
2. Length of the two parallel sides of a trapezium are 8.5 cm and 11.5 cm respectively and its
height is 4.2 cm, find its area.
Solution:
Given,
Length of the two parallel sides of a trapezium are 8.5 cm and 11.5 cm and it’s height is 4.2 cm.
We know that,
= ½ x [8.5 + 11.5] x 4.2
= ½ x 20 x 4.2
= 10 x 4.2 = 42 sq. cm
Thus, the area of the trapezium is 42 sq. cm.
3. □ PQRS is an isosceles trapezium l(PQ) = 7 cm. seg PM ⊥ seg SR, l(SM) = 3 cm, Distance
between two parallel sides is 4 cm, find the area of □ PQRS.
Solution:
Given,
An isosceles trapezium PQRS, l(PQ) = 7 cm. seg PM ⊥ seg SR, l(SM) = 3 cm.
And, the distance between two parallel sides = 4 cm.
Chapter 15: Area
Let’s draw seg QN ⊥ seg SR.

Now, in □ PMNQ we have
seg PQ || seg MN
∠PMN = ∠QNM = 90o
Hence, □ PMNQ is a rectangle.
So, l(PM) = l(QN) = 4cm and l(PQ) = l(MN) = 7 cm
[Opposite sides of a rectangle]
In ∆ PMS, we have
m ∠PMS = 90o
So, by Pythagoras theorem
l(PS)2 = l(PM)2 + l(SM)2
= 4 2 + 32
= 16 + 9 = 25
l(PS) = √25 = 5 cm [Taking square root on both sides]
Now, as □ PQRS is an isosceles trapezium
l(PS) = l(QR) = 5 cm
In ∆ QNR, we have
m ∠QNR = 90o
l(QR)2 = l(QN)2 + l(NR)2
52 = 42 + l(NR)2
25 = 16 + l(NR)2
l(NR)2 = 25 – 16 = 9
l(NR) = √9 = 3 cm [Taking square root on both sides]
So, l(SR) = l(SM) + l(MN) + l(NR) = 3 + 7 + 3 = 13 cm
= ½ x [l(PQ) + l(SR) x l(PM)]
= ½ x [7 + 13] x 4
= ½ x 20 x 4
= 10 x 4 = 40 sq. cm
Therefore, the area of trapezium PQRS is 40 sq. cm.
Chapter 15: Area

1. Sides of a triangle are cm 45 cm, 39 cm and 42 cm, find its area.
Solution:
Given,
Sides of a triangle are 45 cm, 39 cm and 42 cm.
By Heron’s formula
Here, a = 45cm, b = 39cm, c = 42cm
Semi perimeter of triangle = s = ½ (a + b + c)
s = ½ x (45 + 39 + 42)
s = ½ x 126 = 63
Now, the area of triangle is
= 756 sq. cm
Therefore, the area of the triangle is 756 sq. cm.
2. Look at the measures shown in the adjacent figure and find the area of □ PQRS.
Solution:
From the given figure, its seen that

Area(□ PQRS) = Area(∆ PSR) + Area(∆ PQR)
Now, in ∆ PSR we have
l(PS) = 36 m and l(SR) = 15 m
Area(∆ PSR) = ½ x base x height
= ½ x l(SR) x l(PS)
= ½ x 15 x 36
= 270 sq. m
In right ∆ PSR, we have
Chapter 15: Area
l(PR)2 = l(PS)2 + l(SR)2
= 362 + 152
= 1296 + 225 = 1521
l(PR) = √1521 = 39 m [Taking square root both the sides]
Now,
In ∆PQR, a = 56m, b = 25m, c = 39m
So, the semi-perimeter = ½ x (a + b + c)
= ½ x (56 + 25 + 39)
= 120/2 = 60 m
Hence, the area of ∆PQR is
= 420 sq. m
Therefore, the area of Area(□ PQRS) = 270 + 420 = 690 sq. m
3. Some measures are given in the adjacent figure, find the area of □ ABCD.
Solution:
From the given figure, it’s seen that

Area(□ ABCD) = Area(∆ BAD) + Area(∆ BDC)
Now, in ∆ BAD we have
m ∠BAD = 90°, l(AB) = 40 m, l(AD) = 9 m
Area(∆ BAD) = ½ x base x height
= ½ x 9 x 40 = 9 x 20
= 180 sq. m
Next, in ∆BDC, l(BT) = 13 m, l(CD) = 60 m
Area(∆ BDC) = ½ x base x height
= ½ x l(CD) x l(BT)
= ½ x 60 x 13 = 30 x 13
Chapter 15: Area
= 390 sq. m
Hence,
Area(□ ABCD) = Area(∆ BAD) + Area(∆ BDC)
= 180 + 390 = 570 sq. m
Therefore, the area of □ ABCD is 570 sq. m.
Chapter 15: Area

1. Find the areas of given plots. (All measures are in metres.)
Solution:
(1) From the given figure it’s seen that,

∆QAP, ∆RCS are right angled triangles and □ QACR is a trapezium.
In ∆QAP, l(AP) = 30 m, l(QA) = 50 m
A(∆QAP) = ½ x product of sides forming the right angle
= ½ x l(AP) x l(QA)
= ½ x 30 x 50
= 750 sq. m
In □ QACR, we have
l(QA) = 50 m, l(RC) = 25 m,
l(AC) = l(AB) + l(BC)
= 30 + 30 = 60 m
Now, A(□QACR) = 12 x sum of lengths of parallel sides x height
= 12 x [l(QA) + l(RC)] x l(AC)
= 12 x (50 + 25) x 60
= 12 x 75 x 60
= 2250 sq.m
Next, in ∆RCS we have
l(CS) = 60 m, l(RC) = 25 m
A(∆RCS) = ½ x product of sides forming the right angle
= ½ x l(CS) x l(RC)
= ½ x 60 x 25
= 750 sq. m
And, in ∆PTS, we have
l(TB) = 30 m,
l(PS) = l(PA) + l(AB) + l(BC) + l(CS)
= 30 + 30 + 30 + 60
= 150m
So, A(∆PTS) = ½ x base x height
= 12 x l(PS) x l(TB)
= 12 x 150 x 30
= 2250 sq. m
Hence,
Area of plot QPTSR = A(∆QAP) + A(₹QACR) + A(∆RCS) + A(∆PTS)
Chapter 15: Area
= 750 + 2250 + 750 + 2250
= 6000 sq. m
Therefore, the area of the given plot is 6000 sq. m.
(2) In ∆ABE, we have

m ∠BAE = 90°, l(AB) = 24 m, l(BE) = 30 m
[l(BE)]² = [l(AB)]² + [l(AE)]²
(30)² = (24)² + [l(AE)]²
900 = 576 + [l(AE)]²
[l(AE)]² = 900 – 576 = 324
l(AE) = √324 = 18 m [Taking square root of both sides]
Now,
A(∆ABE) = 12 x product of sides forming the right angle
= 12 x l(AE) x l(AB)
= 12 x 18 x 24
= 216 sq. m
Next,
In ∆BCE, a = 30 m, b = 28 m, c = 26 m
Semi-perimeter of ∆BCE (s) = ½ x (a + b + c)
= ½ x (30 + 28 + 26)
= ½ x 84 = 42 m
So,
A(∆BCE)
= 336 sq. m
And,
In ∆EDC, we have
l(CE) = 28 m, l(DF) = 16 m
A(∆EDC) = ½ x base x height
= ½ x l(CE) x l(DF)
= ½ x 28 x 16 = 224 sq. m
Thus,
Area of plot ABCDE = A(∆ABE) + A(∆BCE) + A(∆EDC)
= 216 + 336 + 224 = 776 sq. m
Therefore, the area of the given plot is 776 sq. m.
Chapter 15: Area

1. Radii of the circles are given below, find their areas.
(1) 28 cm (2) 10.5 cm (3) 17.5 cm
Solution:
(1) Given,
Radius of the circle (r) = 28 cm
Area of the circle = πr²
= 22/7 x (28)²
= 22/7 x 28 x 28
= 22 x 4 x 28
= 2464 sq. cm
(2) Given,
Radius of the circle (r) = 10.5 cm
= 22/7 x (10.5)²
= 22/7 x 10.5 x 10.5
= 22 x 1.5 x 10.5
= 346.5 sq. cm
(3) Given,
Radius of the circle (r) = 17.5 cm
= 22/7 x (17.5)²
= 22/7 x 17.5 x 17.5
= 22 x 2.5 x 17.5
= 962.5 sq. cm
2. Areas of some circles are given below find their diameters.

(1) 176 sq. cm (2) 394.24 sq. cm (3) 12474 sq. cm
Solution:
(1) Given,
Area of the circle =176 sq. cm
⇒176 = 22/7 x r²
r² = (176 x 7)/ 22
r² = 56
r = √56 cm [Taking square root of both sides]
Hence, the diameter = 2r = 2√56 cm
(2) Given,
Area of the circle = 394.24 sq. cm
Chapter 15: Area
⇒ 394.24 = 22/7 x r²
r² = (394.24 x 7)/ 22
r² = 39424 x (7/2200)
r² = (1792/100) x 7
r² = 12544/100
r² = 1122/102
r = 112/10 = 11.2 cm [Taking square root of both sides]
Hence, the diameter = 2r = 2 x 11.2 = 22.4 cm
(3) Given,
Area of the circle = 12474 sq. cm
⇒ 12474 = 22/7 x r²
r² = (12474 x 7)/ 22
r² = 567 x 7
r² = 3969
r = 63 cm [Taking square root of both sides]
Hence, the diameter = 2r = 2 x 63 = 126 cm
3. Diameter of the circular garden is 42 m. There is a 3.5 m wide road around the garden. Find the
area of the road.
Solution:
Given,
Diameter of the circular garden is 42 m.
⇒ Radius of the circular garden (r) = 422 = 21 m
Width of the road = 3.5 m
So, radius of the outer circle (R) = radius (r) + width of the road
= 21 + 3.5
= 24.5 m
Area of the road = area of outer circle – area of circular garden
= πR² – πr²
= π (R² – r²)
= 22/7 [(24.5)² – (21)²]
= 22/7 (24.5 + 21) (24.5 – 21) [As a²-b² = (a+b) (a-b)]
= 227 x 45.5 x 3.5
= 22 x 45.5 x 0.5
= 500.50 sq. m
Therefore, the area of the road is 500.50 sq. m.
Chapter 15: Area
4. Find the area of the circle if its circumference is 88 cm.
Solution:
Given,
Circumference of the circle = 88 cm
Circumference of the circle = 2πr
⇒ 88 = 2 x 227 x r
r = 88 × 72 × 22
∴ r = 14cm
Area of the circle = πr² = 22/7 x (14)²
= 227 x 14 x 14 = 22 x 2 x 14 = 616 sq. cm
Therefore, the area of circle is 616 sq. cm.
Chapter 16: Surface area and Volume

1. Find the volume of a box if its length, breadth and height are 20 cm, 10.5 cm and 8 cm
respectively.
Solution:
Given,
A cuboid shaped box whose length (l) = 20 cm, breadth (b) = 10.5 cm and height (h) = 8cm
So, volume of a box = l x b x h
= 20 x 10.5 x 8
= 1680 cc
Therefore, the volume of the box is 1680 cc.
2. A cuboid shape soap bar has volume 150 cc. Find its thickness if its length is 10 cm and breadth
is 5 cm.
Solution:
Given,
A cuboid shaped soap bar whose length (l) = 10 cm, breadth (b) = 5 cm and volume = 150 cc
Required to find: Thickness of the soap bar (h)
We know that,
Volume of soap bar = l x b x h
150 = 10 x 5 x h
150 = 50h
150/50 = h
⇒ h = 3 cm
Therefore, the thickness of the soap bar is 3 cm.
3. How many bricks of length 25 cm, breadth 15 cm and height 10 cm are required to build a wall
of length 6 m, height 2.5 m and breadth 0.5 m?
Solution:
Given, a cuboidal shape brick having dimensions:

length (l1) = 25 cm,
breadth (b1) = 15 cm,
height (h1) = 10 cm
And, a cuboidal shape wall:
length (l2) = 6 m,
height (h2) = 2.5 m,
breadth (b2) = 0.5 m
Required to find: Number of bricks required to build the wall
From the question it’s understood that,
When all the bricks are arranged to build a wall, the volume of all the bricks is equal to volume of wall.
So,
Number of bricks = Volume of the wall/ Volume of a brick
Now,
Volume of a brick = l1 x b1 x h1
= 25 x 15 x 10 cc
And, we have
l2 = 6m = 6 x 100 [∵ 1m = 100cm]
= 600 cm
h2 = 2.5 m = 2.5 x 100 = 250 cm
b2 = 0.5 m = 0.5 x 100 = 50 cm
So,
Volume of the wall = l2 x b2 x h2
= 600 x 50 x 250 cc
Finally, the Number of bricks = Volume of the wall/ Volume of a brick

= (600 × 50 × 250)/ (25 × 15 × 10)
= 40 x 2 x 25
= 2000 bricks
Therefore, the number of bricks required to build the wall is 2000.
4. For rain water harvesting a tank of length 10 m, breadth 6 m and depth 3m is built. What is the
capacity of the tank? How many litre of water can it hold?
Solution:
Given,
A cuboidal tank whose length (l) = 10 m, breadth (b) = 6 m, depth (h) = 3 m
Required to find: Capacity of the tank and litre of water the tank can hold.
Firstly, converting the given into suitable units
l = 10m = 10 x 100 [∵ 1m = 100cm]
= 1000 cm,
b = 6 m = 6 x 100 = 600 cm,
h = 3 m = 3 x 100 = 300 cm
Now,
Volume of the tank = l x b x h
= 1000 x 600 x 300
= 18,00,00,000 cc
Secondly,
Capacity of the tank = Volume of the tank
= 18,00,00,000 cc
= 18,00,00,0001000 [∵ 1 litre =1000 cc]
= 1,80,000 litre
Therefore, the capacity of the tank is 18,00,00,000 cc and it can hold 1,80,000 litre of water.

1. In each example given below, radius of base of a cylinder and its height are given. Then find the
curved surface area and total surface area.
(1) r = 7 cm, h = 10 cm (2) r = 1.4 cm, h = 2.1 cm (3) r = 2.5 cm, h = 7 cm
(4) r = 70 cm, h = 1.4 cm (5) r = 4.2 cm, h = 14 cm
Solution:
(1) Given, for a cylinder: r = 7 cm and h = 10 cm

Required to find: Curved surface area of cylinder and total surface area
Curved surface area of the cylinder = 2πrh
= 2 x (22/7) x 7 x 10
= 2 x 22 x 10
= 440 sq.cm
Total surface area of the cylinder = 2πr(h + r)
= 2 x (22/7) x 7(10 + 7)
= 2 x (22/7) x 7 x 17
= 2 x 22 x 17
= 748 sq.cm
Thus, the curved surface area of the cylinder is 440 sq.cm and its total surface area is 748 sq.cm.
(2) Given, for a cylinder: r = 1.4 cm and h = 2.1 cm

= 2 x (22/7) x 1.4 x 2.1
= 2 x 22 x 0.2 x 2.1
= 18.48 sq.cm
Total surface area of the cylinder = 2πr (h + r)
= 2 x (22/7) x 1.4 (2.1 + 1.4)
= 2 x (22/7) x 1.4 x 3.5
= 2 x 22 x 0.2 x 3.5
= 30.80 sq.cm
Thus, the curved surface area of the cylinder is 18.48 sq.cm and its total surface area is 30.80 sq.cm.
(3) Given, for a cylinder: r = 2.5 cm and h = 7 cm

= 2 x (22/7) x 2.5 x 7
= 2 x 22 x 2.5
= 110 sq.cm
= 2 x (22/7) x 2.5 (7+ 2.5)
= 2 x (22/7) x 2.5 x 9.5
= 1045/7
= 149.29 sq.cm
Thus, the curved surface area of the cylinder is 110 sq.cm and its total surface area is 149.29 sq.cm.
(4) Given, for a cylinder: r = 70 cm and h = 1.4 cm

= 2 x (22/7) x 70 x 1.4
= 2 x 22 x 10 x 1.4
= 616 sq.cm
= 2 x (22/7) x 70(1.4 + 70)
= 2 x (22/7) x 70 x 71.4
= 2 x 22 x 10 x 71.4
= 2 x 22 x 714
= 31416 sq.cm
Thus, the curved surface area of the cylinder is 616 sq.cm and its total surface area is 31416 sq.cm.
(5) Given, for a cylinder: r = 4.2 cm and h = 14 cm

= 2 x 227 x 4.2 x 14 = 2 x 22 x 4.2 x 2
= 369.60 sq.cm
Total surface area of the cylinder = 2πr (h + r)
= 2 x 227 x 4.2 (14+ 4.2)
= 2 x 227 x 4.2 x 18.2
= 2 x 22 x 0.6 x 18.2
= 480.48 sq.cm
Thus, the curved surface area of the cylinder is 369.60 sq.cm and its total surface area is 480.48 sq.cm.
2. Find the total surface area of a closed cylindrical drum if its diameter is 50 cm and height is 45
cm. (π = 3.14)
Solution:
Given, for cylindrical drum:

Diameter (d) = 50 cm
and height (h) = 45 cm
Required to find: Total surface area of the cylindrical drum
We have, diameter (d) = 50 cm
⇒ radius (r) = d/2 = 50/2 = 25 cm
Now,
Total surface area of the cylindrical drum = 2πr (h + r)
= 2 x 3.14 x 25 (45 + 25)
= 2 x 3.14 x 25 x 70
= 10,990 sq.cm
Thus, the total surface area of the cylindrical drum is 10,990 sq.cm.
3. Find the area of base and radius of a cylinder if its curved surface area is 660 sq.cm and height
is 21 cm.
Solution:
Given,
Curved surface area = 660 sq.cm, and height = 21 cm
Required to find: area of base and radius of a cylinder
We know that,
Curved surface area of cylinder = 2πrh
⇒ 660 = 2 x (22/7) x r x 21
660 = 2 x 22 x r x 3
6602 × 22 × 3 = r
6602 × 66 = r
r = 5 cm
Now,
Area of a base of the cylinder = πr²
= (22/7) x 5 x 5
= 5507
= 78.57 sq.cm
Thus, the radius of the cylinder is 5 cm and the area of its base is 78.57 sq.cm.
4. Find the area of the sheet required to make a cylindrical container which is open at one side and
whose diameter is 28 cm and height is 20 cm. Find the approximate area of the sheet required to
make a lid of height 2 cm for this container.
Solution:
Given, For cylindrical container:

diameter (d) = 28 cm, height (h1) = 20 cm
And, for cylindrical lid:
height (h2) = 2 cm
Required to find: (i) Surface area of the cylinder with one side open
(ii) Area of sheet required to made a lid
We have, diameter (d) = 28 cm
⇒ radius (r) = d/2 = 28/2 = 14 cm
(i) Surface area of the cylinder with one side open = Curved surface area + Area of a base
= 2πrh1 + πr²
= πr (2h1 + r)
= (22/7) x 14 x (2 x 20 + 14)
= 22 x 2 x (40 + 14)
= 22 x 2 x 54
= 2376 sq.cm
(ii) Area of sheet required to made a lid = Curved surface area of lid + Area of upper surface
= 2πrh2 + πr²
= πr (2h2 + r)
= (22/7) x 14 x (2 x 2 + 14)
= 22 x 2 x (4 + 14)
= 22 x 2 x 18
= 792 sq. cm
Thus, the area of the sheet required to make the cylindrical container is 2376 sq. cm and the approximate
area of a sheet required to make the lid is 792 sq. cm.

1. Find the volume of the cylinder if height (h) and radius of the base (r) are as given below.
(1) r = 10.5 cm, h = 8 cm (2) r = 2.5 m, h = 7 m
(3) r = 4.2 cm, h = 5 cm (4) r = 5.6 cm, h = 5 cm
Solution:
(1) Given: r = 10.5 cm and h = 8 cm of a cylinder

Required to find: Volume of the cylinder
Volume of the cylinder = πr²h
= 227 x 10.5 x 10.5 x 8
= 22 x 1.5 x 10.5 x 8
= 2772 cc
Thus, the volume of the cylinder is 2772 cc.
(2) Given: r = 2.5 m and h = 7 m of a cylinder

= 227 x 2.5 x 2.5 x 7
= 22 x 2.5 x 2.5
= 137.5 cu. m
Thus, the volume of the cylinder is 137.5 cu. m.

= 227 x 4.2 x 4.2 x 5
= 22 x 0.6 x 4.2 x 5
= 277.2 cc
Thus, the volume of the cylinder is 277.2 cc.

= 227 x 5.6 x 5.6 X 5 7
= 22 x 0.8 x 5.6 x 5
= 492.8 cc
Thus, the volume of the cylinder is 492.8 cc.
2. How much iron is needed to make a rod of length 90 cm and diameter 1.4 cm?
Solution:
Given: For cylindrical rod: length of rod (h) = 90 cm and diameter (d) = 1.4 cm
Required to find: Iron required to make a rod
We have, diameter (d) = 1.4 cm
⇒ radius (r) = d/2 = 1.42 = 0.7 cm
Volume of rod = πr²h
= (22/7) x 0.7 x 0.7 x 90
= 22 x 0.1 x 0.7 x 90
= 138.60 cc
Thus, 138.60 cc of iron is required to make the rod.
3. How much water will a tank hold if the interior diameter of the tank is 1.6 m and its depth is 0.7
m?
Solution:
Given,
The interior diameter of the tank (d) = 1.6 m and depth (h) = 0.7 m
Required to find: Capacity of the tank
Now,
Interior radius (r) = d/2 = 1.6/2
= 0.8 m
= 0.8 x 10 [∵ 1m = 100cm]
= 80 cm
And, h = 0.7 m = 0.7 x 100 = 70 cm
Capacity of the tank = Volume of the tank = πr²h
= (22/7) x 80 x 80 x 70
= 22 x 80 x 80 x 10
= 1408000 cc
= 1408000/1000 [∵1 litre = 1000 cc]
= 1408 litre
Thus, the tank can hold 1408 litre of water
4. Find the volume of the cylinder if the circumference of the cylinder is 132 cm and height is 25
cm.
Solution:
Given,
Circumference of the base of cylinder = 132 cm and height (h) = 25 cm
We know that,
Circumference of base of cylinder = 2πr
⇒ 132 = 2 x (22/7) x r
(132 × 7)/(2 × 22) = r
(6 × 7)/2 = r
3x7=r
∴ r = 21 cm
Now,
= 227 x 21 x 21 x 25
= 22 x 3 x 21 x 25
= 34650 cc
Thus, the volume of the cylinder is 34650 cc.
Chapter 17: Circle - Chord and Arc

1. In a circle with centre P, chord AB is drawn of length 13 cm, seg PQ ⊥ chord AB, then find
l(QB).
Solution:
Given,
seg PQ ⊥ chord AB and l(AB) = 13 cm
Now,
l(QB) = ½ l(AB
[As the perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to its chord bisects the chord]
⇒ l(QB) = ½ x 13
Thus, l(QB) = 6.5 cm
2. Radius of a circle with centre O is 25 cm. Find the distance of a chord from the centre if length
of the chord is 48 cm.
Solution:
Given,
seg OP ⊥ chord CD and l(CD) = 48 cm
Radius of circle = 25 cm, so OD = 25 cm
Now,
l(PD) = ½ l(CD)
[Perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to its chord bisects the chord]
l(PD) = ½ x 48
⇒ l(PD) = 24 cm … (i)
In ∆OPD, we have
m ∠OPD = 90°
[l(OD)]² = [l(OP)]² + [l(PD)]²
(25)² = [l(OP)]² + (24)² [From (i)]
(25)² – (24)² = [l(OP)]²
(25 + 24) (25 – 24) = [l(OP)]² [Since, a² – b² = (a + b) (a – b)]
49 x 1 = [l(OP)]²
[l(OP)]² = 49
∴l(OP) = √49 = 7 cm [Taking square root of both sides]
Thus, the distance of the chord from the centre of the circle is 7 cm.
3. O is centre of the circle. Find the length of radius, if the chord of length 24 cm is at a distance of
9 cm from the centre of the circle.
Solution:
Let seg OP ⊥ chord AB

l(AB) = 24 cm and l(OP) = 9 cm
Now,
l(AP) = ½ l(AB)
[Perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to its chord bisects the
chord]
l(AP) = ½ x 24
⇒ l(AP) = 12 cm …(i)
In ∆OPA, we have
m ∠OPA = 90°
[l(AO)]² = [l(OP)]² + [l(AP)]²
[l(AO)]² = (9)² + (12)² [From (i)]
= 81 + 144 = 225
⇒ l(AO) = √225 = 15 cm [Taking square root of both sides]
Thus, the length of radius of the circle is 15 cm.
4. C is the centre of the circle whose radius is 10 cm. Find the distance of the chord from the
centre if the length of the chord is 12 cm.
Solution:
Let’s consider a circle of radius 10 cm and centre C.

And, seg AB be the chord of the circle
Now, draw seg CD ⊥ chord AB, l(AB) = 12 cm and l(AC) = 10 cm.
l(AD) = ½ l(AB)
[Perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to its chord bisects the
chord]
l(AD) = ½ x 12
⇒ l(AD) = 6 cm …(i)
So,
In ∆ACD, m ∠ADC = 90°
[l(AC)]² = [l(AD)]² + [l(CD)]²
(10)² = (6)² + [l(CD)]² [From (i) and l(AC) = 10 cm]
(10)² – (6)² = [l(CD)]²
100 – 36 = [l(CD)]²
64 = [l(CD)]²
⇒ l(CD) = √64 = 8 cm [Taking square root of both sides]
Thus, the distance of the chord from the centre of the circle is 8 cm.

1. The diameters PQ and RS of the circle with centre C are perpendicular to each other at C.
State, why arc PS and arc SQ are congruent. Write the other arcs which are congruent to arc PS.
Solution:
Given, diameter PQ ⊥ diameter RS

So, we have
m ∠PCS = m ∠SCQ = m ∠PCR = m ∠RCQ = 90°
We know that, the measure of the angle subtended at the centre by an arc is the measure of the arc.
So,
m (arc PS) = m ∠PCS = 90° … (i)
m (arc SQ) = m ∠SCQ = 90° … (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we see that
m (arc PS) = m (arc SQ)
Hence, arc PS ≅ arc SQ
[If the measures of two arcs of a circle are same, then the two arcs are congruent]
Similarly,
m (arc PR) = m ∠PCR = 90° … (iii)
m (arc RQ) = m ∠RCQ = 90° … (iv)
Hence, from (i), (iii) and (iv) we have
m (arc PS) = m (arc PR) = m (arc RQ)
∴ arc PS ≅ arc PR ≅ arc RQ
Thus, arc PR and arc RQ are congruent to arc PS.
2. In the adjoining figure O is the centre of the circle whose diameter is MN. Measures of some
central angles are given in the figure. Hence find the following
(1) m ∠ AOB and m ∠ COD
(2) Show that arc AB ≅ arc CD.
(3) Show that chord AB ≅ chord CD
Solution:
(1) Given,
Seg MN is the diameter of the circle and m ∠AOM = 100°, m ∠BON = 35°, m ∠DOM = 100° and m
∠CON = 35°
Now,
m ∠AOM + m ∠AON = 180° [Angles in a linear pair]
m ∠AOM + (m ∠AOB + m ∠BON) = 180° [Angle addition property]
100° + m ∠AOB + 35° = 180°
m ∠AOB + 135° = 180°
m ∠AOB = 180°- 135°
⇒ m ∠AOB = 45° … (i)
Also, we have
m ∠DOM + m ∠DON = 180° [Angles in a linear pair]
m ∠DOM + (m ∠COD + m ∠CON) = 180° [Angle addition property]
100° + m ∠COD + 35°= 180°
m ∠COD + 135° = 180°
m ∠COD = 180°- 135°
⇒ m ∠COD = 45° … (ii)
(2) Now, m (arc AB) = m ∠AOB = 45° [From (i)]

And, m (arc DC) = m ∠DOC = 45° [From (ii)]
So, from (i) and (ii)
m (arc AB) = m (arc DC)
Hence,
arc AB ≅ arc CD
(3) We have, arc AB ≅ arc CD [Proved above]

Hence, as the chords corresponding to congruent arcs are congruent
chord AB ≅ chord CD.

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Maharashtra Board Solutions for Class 8 Maths

Chapter 1 – Rational and Irrational Numbers

Practice set 1.1 PAGE NO: 02

Here, the denominator of each fraction is 2.

Here, the denominator of each fraction is 5.

Here, the denominator of each fraction is 8.

Here, the denominator of each fraction is 10.

2. Observe the number line and answer the questions.

(1) Which number is indicated by point B?

(2) Which point indicates the number 1 ¾?

Point C is marked on the 7th equal part on the right side of O.

Practice set 1.2 PAGE NO: 03

(5) 40/29, 141/29

(6) -17/20, -13/20

(7) 15/12, 7/16

(8) -25/8, -9/4

(9) 12/15, 3/5

(10) -7/11, -3/4

Practice set 1.3 PAGE NO: 04

Practice set 1.4 PAGE NO: 05

● Right angled ∆ORQ is obtained by drawing seg OR.

● The point Q on the number line shows the number √2.

● A line perpendicular to the number line is drawn through the point Q.

● Right angled ∆ORQ is obtained by drawing seg OR.

● l(OQ) = √2, l(QR) = 1

By taking square root on both the sides,

2. Represent √5 on the number line.

By taking square root on both the sides,

3. Show the number √7 on the number line.

By taking square root on both the sides,

Practice set 2.1 PAGE NO: 08

Hence, ∠s is the corresponding angle to ∠z.

For Interior alternate angles:

(1) Interior alternate angles

(2) For Corresponding angles

(3) Interior angles

Practice set 2.2 PAGE NO: 11

Firstly, Let us consider ∠z as shown in figure.

Now, let us consider ∠w as shown in the figure.

It is given that, line p || line q and line s is a transversal.

Firstly let us find the measure of ∠a

Now, line l || line m and line p is a transversal.

Line p || line q and line m is a transversal.

m∠b = 80° … [From equation (i)]

Now, m∠z + 105° = 180° [Since, angles are in a linear pair]

Let us mark few points as such,

Now, m∠x = m∠IJN + m∠MJN [By using angle addition property]

Practice set 2.3 PAGE NO: 13

3. Draw a line m. Draw a line n which is parallel to line m at a distance of 4 cm from

Practice set 3.1 PAGE NO: 15

(2) Sixth root of 9

(3) Square root of 256

(4) Cube root of 17

(5) Eighth root of 100

(6) Seventh root of 30

2. Write in the form ‘nth root of a’ in each of the following numbers.

Practice set 3.2 PAGE NO: 16

Sr. No. Number Power of the root Root of the power

am/n = (a1/n)m means ‘mth power of nth root of a’.

So by using the above rules let us fill the table:

Sr. No. Number Power of the root Root of the power

2. Write the following number in the form of rational indices.