Gravitation Level-! (For CBSE & Olympiads)Gravitation When a body is released from a height it falls towards the Earth. Why does any body fall towards the Earth? Why all the planets revolve around the sun? Why does the moon revolve around the Earth? In all of these cases, there must be some force acting on the moon, the planets and the falling bodies. This force acting on them is called gravitational force. One of the long standing goals of physics is to understand the gravitational force, The force that holds you to the Earth, holds the moon in orbit around|the Earth, and holds the Earth in an orbit around the Sun. It also reaches,Out through the whole of our Miky way galaxy, holding together the billions and billions of stars in the galaxy and the countless molecules and particles between stars. Fig. 1 In this chapter we shall learn about the various laws governing gravitation and the motion of objects under the influence of Gravitational force on the Earth INCLUDES Newton's Law of Gravitation Acceleration Due to Gravity Expression for Acceleration Due to Gravity on the Surface of Earth Newton's Third Law of Motion and Gravitation Motion of Objects Under the Influence of Gravitational Force of the Earth Mass and Weight General)idea of Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion Thrust and Pressure Density and Relative Density Pressure in Fluids > Conclusions Buoyant Force or Upward Thrust > Conclusions > Cause of Buoyant Force v Factors Affecting Buoyant Force Archimedes’ Principle > Applications of Archimedes’ Principle Principle of Floatation > Laws of Floatation Quick Recap Assignment ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456(Gravitation (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) NEWTON'S LAW OF GRAVITATION In 1665, the 23 year old Isaac Newton made a basic contribution to physics, when he showed that the force that holds the moon in its orbit is the same force that makes an apple fall. Newton concluded that not only does the earth attract an apple and the Moon but, also that every body in the universe attracts every other body; this tendency of bodies to move towards each other is called gravitation. Newton proposed a law that we call Newton's law of Gravitation. According to this law. “Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force, which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely along propor the line joining the two particles.’ nal to the square of the distance between the two masses. The direction of force Consider two particles A and B of masses m, and m, respectively separated by a distance r as shown in figure, Fig. 2 If Fis the force of attraction between A and B, then Femxm, “0 Fe eo) Combining (i) and (i), we get 2 The SI unit of universal gravitational constant is N&™ kg? and its numerical value is found to be, 87x10" Ne kg? This force between any two particles is not altered by the other objects, even if they are located between the particles. Note : Although Newton's law of gravitation applies strictly to the particles, we can also apply it to real objects as long as the sizes of the objects are very small relative to the distance between them. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level) (Gravitation): Physics would have been much simpler if the tree itself had fallen on Newton instead of apple. Example 1: A sphere of mass 1 kg is placed on the surface of the earth. Calculate the magnitude of the gravitational force on the sphere exerted by the earth. Given, mass of the earth M, = 6.0 x 10% kg and the radius of the earth R, = 64 «108 m. Solution : We have, Given, m, = 1 kg, m, = M, = 6.0 x 10% kg R, = 6.4 * 10° m, G = 6.67 * 10-7 NmPikg? Put the numerical values in equation, we get 6.6710" x1x6,0« 10 (6.4x10°)? _ 40.0210" © 40,96x10 = 0.977 x 10! =98N The earth attracts the body by a force 918 N. Example 2 A sphere of mass 40 kg is placed at a distance of 0.9 m from a sphere of mass 60 kg. If the two spheres attract each other with a force of 0.196 iN. Find the value of gravitational constant. (Given 1 kgf = 9.8 N, 1 UN = 10° N). Solution : We have given, im, = 40 kg, m, = 60 kg, r= F = 0.196 uN Gym, _, Fre _ 1.961077 x(0.9) Pa ms 40x60 = 6.62 « 10-1 Neg? ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456(Gravitation (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Properties of Gravitational Force Itis independent of the medium between the particles. is always attractive in nature, Itis the weakest force in nature. Itis a conservative force i. the work don BY't on a partic doesn't depend on the path taken by the particle; or the work done in moving a particle round alelosed path under the action of gravitational force is zero, 5. The magnitude of force with which one body (Say the earth) attracts the second body (say an apple) is ‘equal to the magnitude of force with which second body (Say apple) attracts the first body (in accordance with Newtons 3 law). 6. Itis a two body interaction ie, gravitational force between two particles is independent of the presence or absence of other particies. 7. Iisa central force ie., acts along the line joining the two particles or centres of the interacting bodies. er Applications of Newton's Law of Gravitation Following are the applications of Newton’s law of gravitation It helps us to determine the mass of the earth, the sun, the moon and the planets. To determine the motion of the moon around the earth. To describe the motion of planets around the sun. To describe the tides due to the moon and the sun. To estimate the mass of the double stars. It helps us to discover new stars and planets. epahene Centripetal Acceleration and Centripetal Force : We already studied in chapter 1 that motion in a circle with constant speed is an example of accelerated motion. This acceleration directed towards the centre which is called centripetal acceleration and product of mass with centripetal acceleration is called centripetal force. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level-) Gravitation] ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY ‘When an unbalanced force acts on a body, it produces acceleration. Whenever a body falls freely towards the earth under the effect of gravitational pull, its velocity changes with time, which produces acceleration. Therefore, the acceleration produced in the motion of a body under the effect of gravity is called acceleration due to gravity. itis independent of mass of the body. It is denoted by g. Note : In finding the value of acceleration due to gravity we ignore air resistance. EXPRESSION FOR ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY ON THE SURFACE OF EARTH Consider the earth to be a perfect sphere of mass M, and radius R, and let a small sphere of mass m be lying on the surface of the earth. Fig. 3 If the size of the sphere is very small as compared to that of earth, then the distance between the centre of the sphere and the centre of earth is approximately equal to the radius of the earth. Force of attraction on the body due to.the earth is givéft by GMm FoR 0 ‘According to the second law of motion, the fofee\on mass fm due to the earth produces acceleration due to gravity g during the course of motion of the body. F=mg (Herea=g) (ti) From equations (i) and (i), Calculation of Value of ‘g’ We are given, M, = 6 * 10 kg, R, = 6.4 * 10° m G = 6.67 «10-1 Nmaikg? 667107610 (Cax10°F la = 9.8 mis? = 9.8 mis? To know more about "How to calculate the value of g (acceleration due to gravity)”, do check out this interesting activity video. To watch the video, scan the given QR code. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456(Gravitation {fits green and wiggles, itis biology. If it stinks, it is chemistry. If it doesnt work, it is physics. TT value of g decreases from pole to equator. Rt | ZONE ‘You enter a laboratory and see an experiment. How will you know which class is it? (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) NEWTON'S THIRD LAW OF MOTION AND GRAVITATION ‘According to the third law, if a body exerts a force on another body, then the other body will also exert same force on the frst body, but its direction is opposite. It also holds good for the force of gravitation. It means when ‘earth exerts a force on a body, then the body also exerts an equal force on the earth in the opposite direction, According to Newton's Second Law of Motion Force = Mass x Acceleration Femxa = ak ™ i.e., for a given force acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of the body. Smaller is the mass of the body, greater is the acceleration in it. Because of this, a falling object is attracted towards the earth, The object also attracts the earth but, due to extremely large mass of earth, acceleration of earth is very small and hence, motion of earth towards the objects. not observed. Example 3 The value of acceleration due to gravity on thé Surface of earth is 9.8 m/s. Find its value on the surface of ‘moon. Given that mass of the earth, My = 6 x 10% kg; radius of the earth, R, = 6.4 x 10® m; mass of the moon, M = 7.4 * 10% kg; and the radius of the moon, R,, = 1.74 * 10° m. Solution : We have, 6x10" x1.74x1, 74x10" x10" 63 mis? ‘The value of g on the moon is found to be = 1.63 mis?| ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level-) Gravitation) (| Gravity was discovered by Sir Isaac Newton. Itis chiefly noticeable in the autumn, when the apples are falling from trees, MOTION OF OBJECTS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GRAVITATIONAL FORCE OF THE EARTH In the case of free fall, acceleration of the body is uniform, which is independent of the mass of the body. Therefore, al the equations of uniformly accelerated motion of the bodies become valid with acceleration ‘a replaced by ‘g. veutgt — (areplaced by gin v=u+ al) he utedoe {s replaced by h and a replaced by g in s = ut ofa) = u+ 29h _(s replaced by h and a replaced by g in =? + 2as) Important Facts for the Motion of Freely Falling Bodies + Directions are arbitrary, we can also take upward motion as negative and vice-versa. + Ifthe body is falling freely vertically downwards, both velocity and acceleration have same sign and therefore velocity increases. ‘If the body is thrown vertically upwards, velocity and acceleration have different signs and therefore velocity decreases. ‘If a body is dropped freely from a height its intial velocity is zero. (ie. u = 0) ‘If a body is thrown vertically upwards its final velocity becomes zero at the top most point (Le, ). 4 The time of ascent (reaching upto the maximum height) is equal to time of descent (reaching at ground) when air resistance is neglected. + The distance travelled by a freely falling body is directly proportional to the square of the time of fal. ‘If a body is thrown up with certain speed, it has same speed when it comes back to that point (when air resistance is neglected). Example 4 A ball is dropped from a height of 20 m above the ground. Calculate the speed of the ball when it hits the ‘ground and the duration for which it remains in air. (g = 10 m/s?) Solution Given, Initial velocity u = 0 Final velocity v=? Displacement of body during downward motion = From the equations of motion of freely falling body, =u? + 2gh = -20 m, g= ~10 mis? ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456(Gravitation (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) v2 = 0+ 2 (-10) x (-20) = 400 v = 400 ea u=0 20 mis (as downward direction is taken as negative) How long ball remains in air means time taken to hit the ground, let it be f, utgt =2s g 10 ‘Thus, the ball takes 2 s to hit the ground with speed 20 mis, ple A ball is thrown vertically upwards and rises to a height of 19.6 m. Calculate (). The inital velocity of the ball (i) Time taken by the ball to reach the maximum height. Given g = 9.8 m/s? Solution : We are given here, (taking upward direction as positive) n= 196m Final velocity v= 0 g = -9.8 mis? () Using, = w+ 2gh O=u+2gh = w= (29h) 196 mis, (i) veusgt 0=196+(-98)xt 0=196-98xt 2x (-9.8) x 19.6 = 19.6 « 19.6 =aE72s Thus, initial velocity, = 19.6 mis and time taken (= 2 s Example 6 A stone is allowed to fall from the top of a tower 100 m high and at the same time another stone is projected vertically upwards from the ground with a velocity of 25 mvs. Calculate when and where the two stones will meet. (Take g = 10 m/s?) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level-) Gravitation} || Solution Let the two stones meet after f second and at the distance x from the ground. For downward motion, (taking upward positive) Stone (A) 9 4,=0 mis (100 — x) 400m| $c 8 By putting the known values in above equation, we get x 4 Stone (6 = (100~ x) =0 + (-10) xt? 4 bigebs or 100 ~x = 5 0) For upward motion, x= 25-52 (i) Adding equation (i) and (ii), 100 - x + x = Sf + 25t- 5? 400 = 25¢ t= 4 second Putting the value of tin equation (i), we get x= 25% 45% (4 =20m x= 20m ‘Thus, the two stones meet after 4 s at a height:of 20 m from the ground, ‘Note : Sometimes value of g is not given in the question. Depending on the numeric value of vertical height ‘and the magnitude of velocity, we need to take g = 10 m/s* or g = 9.8 m/s*, On the basis whether the height and velocity are muttiple of 5 or mutiple 4.9. ‘A Mathematician, an engineer and a physicist sat around a table discussing how to measure the volume of a cow, The Mathematician suggested the use of geometry and symmetry relations of the cow, but his idea was rejected on the grounds of being too time consuming. ‘The engineer suggested placing the cow in a pool of water and measuring the change in height of the ‘water, but his idea was rejected on the grounds of impracticality. “It's easy" said the physicist, “well make an assumption that the cow is a small sphere, calculate the volume and then blow it upto the actual size". ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456(Gravitation (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) =a 1 The evidence to show that there must be a force acting on the earth and directed towards the Sun is (1) Phenomenon of day and night (2) Apparent motion of the Sun around the earth (@) Revolution of the earth around the Sun (4) Deviation of faling bodies towards east The value of gravitational constant (1) Increases with height @) Decreases with height @) Remains same everywhere (4) Is zero at the centre of the earth ‘Two bodies having masses x and y are separated by a distance n, then the gravitational force between them will be () f= 2 ” oy @ F- 9 Ifthe distance between the sun and the earth is increased to three times then the attraction between the two will (1) Remains constant (2) Decrease by 63% (@) Decrease by 83% (4) Decrease by 89% If the masses of two objects are doubled, and the distance between them is halved, then the gravitational force acting between them becomes (1) 4 times as before 2) 2 times as before (3) 16 times as before (4) 3 times as before Ig, and g, denote accelerations due to gravity on the surface of the earth and on a planet respectively, whose mass and radius are twice that of the earth, then (1) 94 = 29, 2) a= 29, @) =a (4) 9, = 2a," ‘A body is allowed to fal from the top of a building 200 m high and at the same time another body is. projected vertically upwards from the ground with a velocity of 80 mis. The two stones will meet above the ground at a height of (Given g= 10 ms-*) (1) 100m @) 120m @) 140m 4) 160m [22 ‘(9 (els “(wy “(ede (ez (edb “suv MASS AND WEIGHT Mass : Mass of a body is the quantity of matter contained in it. It remains same whether the object is on the earth, the moon or anywhere in space. Thus, the mass of a body remains constant, The mass of a body is the measure of its inertia and hence, it is also known as inertial mass. It is a scalar quantity and cannot be negative. The SI unit of mass is kilogram and represented by (kg) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level-) Gravitation} Weight : The weight of a body on earth isthe force with which itis attracted towards the centre of the earth ‘According to Newton's second law, F = ma = mass acceleration ‘The acceleration produced by the gravitational force is known as the acceleration due to gravity (g) Fe mg By definition of weight, he force of attraction of the earth on a body, is the weight of the body on earth. It is denoted by W. $0, W= mg 4 The SI unt of weight is same as the force ie,, newton, 1N=1 kg mis? The weight isa force which acts vertically downward, Itis a vector quantity. It has both magnitude and direction oo Weight is directly proportional to mass of the body. So at a given place, weight of a body is a measure of its mass. * Weight of a body changes from place to place because, acceleration due to gravity varies with position and location of a body. ‘The gravitational unit of weight is kilogr’m weight (kg wt) or kilogtam force (kgf). 11 kg wt is that gravitational force which acts on a body of mass 1 kg. 1 kg wt or 1 kgf = 1 kg * 9.8 mis? = 9:6.N. Similarly 1 gf = 980 dyne ee ee Weight of an Object on the Moon We know that the weight of an objeét on. the earth is the force with which the earth attracts the object. Similarly, the weight of an object on the moon is the force with which the moon attracts that object 1... Wy = MG where, Jn acceleration due to gravity on the moon m_— mass of an object But mass of the moon is less than that of earth, so it attracts an object with lesser force. We can calculate weight of an object on the moon by using Newton’s law of gravitation. GM RE oo) IF =w,, where, ‘My, —> Mass of the moon = 7.36 » 10% kg R,, > Radius of the moon = 1.74 * 108 m Gx7.36x10" xm (1.74x 10° Wo =2.431%10"Gm N (i) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456a (Gravitation (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Similarly, weight of an object of mass m on the earth, GM,m We= Fe il) where, M, > Mass of the earth = 5.98 x 104 kg R, > Radius of the earth = 6.37 x 10° m Gx5.98x10% xm Ww, (6.37x10° =1.474x10"'Gm N W, ~1.474x10" Gm N co) Dividing equation (i) by (iv), we get Wr, _ 2.43110" 4 W. 1.47410" 165 = é Weight of an object on the moon ‘Weight of the same object on the earth ‘Thus, weight of an object on the moon (Wp) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level-) Gravitation| Example 7: If mass of a body on the surface of the earth is 36 kg, what would be its weight on the earth and on the moon? (g = 10 m/s? on the earth) Solution : Given, m= 36 kg, g = 10 mist ‘Weight of the body on the earth, W, = mg W, = 36 x 10 = 360 N Now, weight ofthe body on the moon, is AS, Wy = 2W, n= Me = 4<360=60N = dxs60= ‘Thus, weight of the body on the earth is 360 N and on the moon is 60 N. Example 8 A person can jump upto 1m on the earth. How. high can he jump on'the moon? Solution : He piesa eon, sit gn Dr he oo, o, can RG) his body upto 6 m on the moon, Example 1 Gravitational force on the surface of the moon is only > of the gravitational force on the earth. An object weighs 80 NV on the moon. What wil be its mass and weight on the earth? (Take g, = 10 m/s?) Solution : As, 9, Now, weight of the object on the moon is 80 N gy, = 80. N m= 48 kg ‘As we know that the mass of an object remains same everywhere, Therefore, the mass of an object on earth will be 48 kg, Now, weight of the object on the earth will be w,= mg, w, = 48 « 10 w, = 480 N ‘Thus, the weight of the object on the earth is 480 N. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456DG ed GENERAL IDEA OF KEPLER’S LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION First Law ~ Law of Orbit Earth and other planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits, and the sun is at one of the foci. AE ~ Major axis 5 CD = Minor axis s ne ae E 20 = 08 = AE = semimejor axis Sun Earth co D 0 = 00 = D = semi-minor axis B sicat ort Fig. Second Law — Law of Area The line joining the planet to the sun sweeps out equal aréa in equal intervals of time. It means areal velocity remains constant. If time of travel from A to B is same as that from C to D then the areas SAB and SCD are also equal. Third Law — Law of Period ‘The square of the time period of revolution of any planet about the sun is proportional to the cube of the semi- major axis of its elliptical orbit If Tis the time period of the revolution of the planet and ris the semi major axis, then = Pee ‘ce, smaller the orbit ofthe planet around the sun, shorter is the time taken to complete one revolution ‘A geostationary satelite revolving on equatorial plane of the Earth at a height of about 36,000 km above the surface of Earth with a time period of 24 hours and appears stationary from a point on Earth.(CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Gravitation| A geostationary satelite is orbiting the earth at a height 6R above the surface of the earth, where R is the radius of the earth. What will be the time period of another satellite at a height 2.5R from the surface of the earth? et T= R® Kepler third law Qt T,=24h fo ~ = T= Fy te T,=24 htm pos 6° @ geostationary Seta) = Ty=6V2h 8. Ifthe mass of a body is 50 kg on the surtace of the earth, then its mass on the surface of the moon would be (1) 50kg (2) 5016 kg (3) 6/50 kg (4) 300 kg 9. A body of mass 5 kg is falling freely under gravity from certain height, which of the following physical ‘quantity remains unchanged? (1) Kinetic eneray (2) Mass @) Potential eneray (4) Velocity 10. The weight of a body is measured to be 240 N on the earth. What will be its weight on the moon? (1) 120N (2) 6ON @ 40N (4) 1440.N 11. Choose the correct statement regarding mass and weight. Mass Weight (1) Its value can be negative Its value can never be zero (2) Itis a scalar quantity Itis a vector quantity @) Its SI unit is newton Its SI unit is kg (4) Its value changes with the value of g Its value does not change with the value of g. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offce : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph 011-47623456THRUST AND PRESSURE ‘The net force acting on an object perpendicular to its surface is called thrust. The normal force per unit area is called pressure. Lets consider a situation in which thrust and pressure can be better understood. Mustration When we fix a poster on a bulletin board we press a drawing pin by applying a force with our thumb on the surface area of its head. This force is directed normal to the surface area of the board, and acts on a smaller area at the tip of the pin. Mustration When a person stands on dry sand, his feet go deep into the sand because his body weight is acting on an ‘area equal to the area of his feet. If the person lies down on the sand, you will find that the body of the person does not go that deep into the sand. Because, this time area of contact is larger than that of the feet. It is observed that the effect of the same force (weight of the person in this case) on different areas are different. Since thrust is a force acting on the body perpendicular to its surface area, thrust exerted on the sand is the weight of the person. The effect of thrust depends on the area on it acts. Since thrust is a force, therefore its SI unit is same as that of force ie., newton (N) Pressur : The thrust on unit area is called pressure. ‘rs, rose» Ts Pressure is a scalar quantity SI unit of Pressure : By puting the SI unit of thrust (N) and area (m?) in the above relation, we get newton ON 2 metre? mr(CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Gravitation N weight of water displaced by the body (4) Loss of weight of a body in water > weight of water displaced by the body U(2)9z (ese “(ve “(ez (zlzz suv) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offce : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph 011-47623456(Gravitation (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) PRINCIPLE OF FLOATATION ‘A thing made of wood floats over the surface of water, but a small pin made of iron when put on the surface of water, sinks to the bottom, It can be understood by considering the number of forces acting on a body when itis immersed in a liquid. ‘When a body is immersed in a liquid, there are two forces acting on the body as given below (i) Weight of the body acts vertically downward, which has tendency to sink the body in the liquid due to gravity (i) Upward thrust of the liquid acts vertically upward, which is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the immersed part of the body. This force has a tendency to push the body out of the given liquid, 1 Liquid Two forces acting on a body immersed in a liquid Laws of Floatation 1. When density (d,) of the body is greater than density (d,). of the liquid, or weight of the body is greater than the upward thrust then the body will sink into the, liquid, d,>d, = Vd,> Vd, [V= volume ofthe block] = Mass of the block > mass of the liquid displaced = Vd,g > Vagg ! = W,> W, *, 2. When density of the body (d,) = density of the liquid (d,) or weight of the body (W,) is equal to upward thrust, then the body will loat just below the surface of the liquid and apparent weight of the body is zero, the body will be in the weightless condition. 1, ) ( tee wee [138 anode, dnt 3. When density of the body is less than density of liquid, the weight of the body is less than upward force of the liquid! on completely immersed body. The body will oat partially above the surface of the liquid when released free. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Gravitation) Hore, Wi < We 4,< 4, Here W, is the upward thrust when body is immersed completely/partially in Examples - Ice, wood, cork, plastic etc, have density less than that of water so they all float in water. Egg floats in water Instructions : 4. Pour water into the glass unti itis about half full. 2. Stir in lots of salt (about 6 tablespoons). 3. Carefully pour in plain water until the glass is nearly full (be careful to not disturb or mix the salty water with the plain water). 4. Gently lower the egg into the water and watch what happens, What's happening? Salt water is denser than ordinary tap water, the denser the liquid the easier it is for an object to float in it. When you lower the egg into the liquid it drops through the normal tap water unti it reaches the salty water, at this point the water is dense enough for the egg to flat. If you were careful when you added the tap water to the salt water, they will not have mixed, enabling the egg to amazingly float in the middle of the glass. Applications of laws of floatation 1. An iron nail sinks in water while a ship made of iron does not sink and keeps on floating : This, is because weight of iron nail is greater than weight of water displaced by it so it sinks into water, where as ship is made hollow from inside which reduces the average density of ship than that of water, so it floats on the water. Therefore, even for small part of ship submerged, the weight of the water displaced becomes equal to the weight of the entire ship so it keeps on floating, ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456(Gravitation (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Floatation of icebergs : The density of ice (0.917 glcm’) is less than that of water (1 g/cm’). Hence icebergs float on water. 3. Floatation of man : The average density of human body is about 1.07 gicm* with empty lungs. When lungs are filed with air, it is 1.00 g/cm®. Sea water is more dense as compared to human body, so we can easily swim (float) in sea water. — ~ 4, Floatation of fish : Many species of fish have the ability to increase or decrease the volume of its body by a compressible organ called swim-bladder. In order to come down, the gases from swim-bladder diffuse and fluid comes into bladder which increases its mass. As a result weight of the fish increases and the fish comes down, In order to rise up, the water is removed from its bladder and gas,rushes into it, which reduces its mass. As a result its weight decreases and fish rises up within the water. ‘Swim bladder ‘A submarine is an air tight ship which mainly contains three important compartments namely engine room, ballast tank and compressed air compartment. When the under belly doors of the ballast tank are opened water gushes into the ballast tank, increasing the weight and so the submarine sinks in water. To resurface the submarine again, the compressed air in the steel cylinders placed in compressed air ‘compartment is allowed into the ballast tank, reducing its effective density than water. So the submarine moves up. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456Example 18 The volume of 50 g of a substance is 20 om?. If the density of water is 1 g/cm, will the substance float or sink in water? Solution : Density of water d, = 1 g/em? Mass of the substance (M) = 50 g Volume of the substance (V) = 20 om? mass Density of the substance (d,) volume 5 gfem* ‘The density of substance (d,) > density of water (d,), so it will sink down into water. Example 19 The volume of a 100 g ball is 500 cm. Will the ball float or sink in water if the density of water is 1 g/cm? What wil be the mass of the water displaced by the metal ball? Solution : Density of the ball, dai = = 0.2 glem? 3B etoating ball As the ball is floating in water. Weight of the ball = Buoyant force 100 - Fogg 2.8 N = Weight of the water dl 0.19.8 9. 1kg = 100.9 Mass of the water displaced by the ball = TedQUICK RECAP 1 10. 1 2, 13, 14, 15, Everybody in the universe attracts every other body by a force, F = S72 7 Gravitational force is the weakest force in nature. Gravitational pull of the earth is called gravity. Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth is g = 9.8 mls®, It decreases with altitude and with depth below the surface of the earth, and is zero at the centre of the earth. Weight of an object on earth is the force with which itis attracted towards the centre of earth W= mg. The SI unit of weight is newton (N). 1 Weight of an object on the moon is — times the weight ofthat object on the earth. ‘Mass of a body is the quantity of matter’contained in it The mass of a body remains same everywhere in the universe but the weight of the body changes from place to place. Whenever objects fall towards the earth only tinder thé influence of gravitational force of the earth, we say that the objects are in the state of free fall Thrust : The force acting on an object perPetidicular to its suiface is called thrust. Pressure Tro thst pe unt ress Sf RlbrmbureN% a seta quant ts unt is or pascal a Density : It is defined as the mass of the substance per unit volume. Relative density : It is defined as theratio of density of the substance to the density of water at 4°C. Archimedes’ principle : When a body is\partially or fully immersed in a fluid, it experiences an upthrust which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the immersed part of the body. Laws of floatation : When a solid floats in a fluid, then the weight of the floating body is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the immersed part of the solid aaaVery Short Answer Type Questions : 1 2 no What is the SI unit of universal gravitational constant? ‘What will happen to the value of G, if two bodies are taken at the centre of the earth? Name the force responsible for the revolution of the moon around the earth, How is the time period of a planet around the sun related to the semi-major axis of its ellipticahorbit? Which physical quantity is defined by thrust per unit area? ‘What is the SI unit of density? Name the two forces acting on an object floating on the surface of water. Name the instrument which is used to measure the relative density of liquids. Write the expression for pressure exerted bya liquid What is a manometer? ‘What happens to the force of gravitation between two objects, if the mass of one body is doubled? ‘A person can jump 1 foot high on the earth. How high he will ump on the moon? Name the force which causes the body to move in ‘a circular path. ‘An object is dropped from the top of a multistorey building. After 2 seconds, what will be the magnitude of the velocity of an object? (Take g = 9.8 mis?) What happens to the mass of a body as it is taken from pole to equator? ‘What is the weight of a body whose mass is 1 kg? (g = 9.8 mis*) Why are liquids and gases regarded as fluids? 18. 19. 20. 21. SSL ‘Which is more denser oil or water? In which direction does the buoyant force on an. object immersed in a liquid acts? What should be the value of relative density of a substance so that it may sink in water? Fill in the blanks: (@) Pressure exerted by the liquids depth (b)_‘The net force acting on a body due to the fluid in upward direction is known as (c) Shunit of thrust is (@) According to Archimedes’ principle, buoyant force's equal in magnitude to the weight of the liquid (@) SI unit of pressure is () Upward thrust in a fluid is also called as force, (@) Thrust per unit area is called (h) Density of air at higher attitudes is than that at the surface of earth, (Ifthe density of a body is greater than that of water, then the body wil 0 is the name given to any ‘Substance which has no fixed shape and has the ability to flow. (k) The relative density of water is with Short Answer Type Questions : 1 2 on State universal law of gravitation, Derive an expression for acceleration due to gravity in terms of mass of the earth and the radius of the earth, Define kg wt. or kgf. What is the relationship between kg wt. and newton? Stale Kepler's laws of planetary motion. What do you mean by free fall? (On what factors does the buoyant force depends? ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345610. 1 2 3. 14 15. 16. 7. 18. 19, 20. 21. (Gravitation (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) State Archimedes’ Principle. Write any three applications of Archimedes’ Principle ‘The pressure exerted by the weight of a cubical block of side 3 cm on the surface is § Pa Calculate the weight of the block A sealed can of mass 600 g has a volume of 500 m3, Will this can sink in water? [Density of water = 1 glem*] How does the force of attraction between two objects change, when the distance between them is reduced to quarter? ‘A stone is tied at one end of a thread and made to whir around by our hand. (@)_ Name the physical quantity which keeps the stone in circular path. (ii) What happens when the thread is broken or released? If the distance between two bodies is increased two times, then how many times, the mass of one of the bodies needs to be changed to maintain the same gravitational force? A coin falls freely from the height of 19.6:m, Calculate its final velocity before touching the ground, If masses of two bodies are doubled and the distance between them is also doubled, what happens to the gravitational force between them? Why a tennis ball bounces higher on hills than ih plains? Ii a rescue operation a food packet is dropped from a height of 500 m. Find time taken byit to teach the ground. Also calculate its velocity with which it hits the ground. Take g = 10 mis? Give reason (Weight of a body is more at poles than‘at equator. (i). Time period of a pianet around the sun is loss for smaller orbit. ‘A.body thrown vertically upwards, rises to a height of 15 m, Calculate (The initial velocity with which the body was thrown upwards (i) Time taken to reach the ground (Take g mis?) ‘AS kg wooden block is kept on a table top. If its dimensions are 40 cm * 30 om * 20 om, find the pressure exerted by the wooden block on the table top, if it is made to lie on the table top with its sides of dimensions (40cm x 20 cm (i), 40.em x 30 em Why is it easier to swim in sea water than in ordinary river water? 0 Long Answer Type Questions : 1 Is universal law of gravitation universally accepted? What happens to the force between two objects if the mass of one object is doubled and distance between them reduced to half? Distinguish between mass and weight of a body. ‘Show that weight of a body on the moon is 1/6 times its weight on the earth Define gravitational constant. What are the applications of Newton's law of gravitation? Give reasons () Wooden or concrete sleepers are provided below the rails while laying a rallway track (ii) tt is painful to walk on a road covered with ‘edge pebbles. (i) Wooden block floats on the surface of water. (W) Skiers use long flat skies to slide over snow. A sphere of iron and another sphere of wood of the same radius when held under water experience same buoyant force, why? Give reason. senate) Objective dype Cuéstions : 1 2 When a mango falls from a mango tree then (1) Oniy the earth attracts the mango (2) Only the mango attracts the earth {@). Both the mango and the earth attract each other (@) Both the mango and the earth repel each other I the foree outside the earth surface varies as r, where ris the distance of body from the centre of earth, then the value of n will be ) 4 @2 @) 1 4) 2 (1) 8R (2) 4R (3) 6R (4) 2R (1) Mass of the body (2) Mass of the earth (3) Shape and size of the body (hme oe bey ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level) 5 10. n 2 The value of acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the moon, if mass of the moon is 7.4 x 102 kg, radius of the moon 1740 km and G = 6.67 = 10- Nm2ikg?, is (1) 1.60 mis? (2) 2.4 mis? (3) 1.63 mis? (4) 9.8 mis? The acceleration due to gravity on a planet is 41.96 mis*. If itis safe to jump from a height of 3 mon the earth, the corresponding height on the planet will be (1) 3m (2) 6m @) 9m @) 15m If a person jumps 1 m on the earth, then he will jump 6 m at the surface of the moon. Therefore, the ratio of moon's acceleration due to gravity with respect to earth's acceleration due to gravity would be () 16 @6 @) 06 (4) 0.06 Two planets have radii r, and r, and densities d, and d, respectively. The ratio of the acceleration due to gravity on them will be (nde: a (2) rd ro @) ray :rFdy (4) rd? sod ‘The vertical distance covered by an object dropped from a height is directly proportional to the (1) Time interval (@) Product of square of the timeand the acceleration due to gravity (@) Product of the time and the acceleration due to gravity (4) Square of the acceleration due to gravity When the body is moving up, the acceleration due to gravity will be (1), Downward (2) Upward @) Sideways ) Nil A freely falling body covers half ofits journey from the top of a building in 1s. What is the height of the building? (g = 10 mis?) () 20m @) 10m @) 5m 4) 9m ‘A stone dropped from a certain height can reach the ground in 10 s. If the stone is stopped after 6 s ofits fll and then allowed to fall again, then the lime taken by stone now to reach the ground is () 45 @ 8s @ 25 4) 5s 13, 14, 18, 16, 17. 18, 19, A body is dropped from a certain height and takes 6 5 to reach the ground. How much time does it takes to cover one-ninth the distance starting from the top? () 2s @ 3s @) 258 @ 4s ‘ball dropped from a height ‘h’ reaches the ground in time “T., What is its height at time oa 1 () ah ag 5 3 @ a Oa Two balls are projected simultaneously with same speed from top of a tower, one vertically upward and the other downward, They reach the ground in 9's and 4 s respectively. Height of the tower is (g= 10 ms*) (1) 100m 2) 120m (3) 180m (4) 200 m When a stone is held at the end ofa spring balance, the pointer shows 5 kg weight. Now, release the spring balance. Then, the pointer will read (1) Less than 5 kg-weight (2) More than'§ kg weight (3) Equal to.5 kg weight (4) Zero If the gravitational attraction of the earth suddenly disappears, which of the following statements will be true? (1) The weight of a body will become zero but the mass will remain same (2) The weight of a body will remain same but the mass will become zero (3) Both mass and weight become zero (4) Neither mass nor weight becomes zero A body weighs 81 kg wt. on the surface of earth, How much wil it weigh on the surface of the Mars? (Wass of the Mars = 2th mass of the earth Radius of the Mars = 2 (1) 20 kg wt. (2) 36 kg wt (3) 10 kg wi. (4) 80 kg wt. What is the weight of a 700 kg body on a planet radius of the earth) 2 whose mass is 7th ofthat of earth and rads is times tat he eat? (1) 400g N (2) 300gN (8) 500g N (4) 700g N ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345620. 2 22, 23, 24, 25. 26. (Gravitation (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Which of the following quantities related to planets remains the same during their motion in elliptical orbits around the sun? (1) Angular speed (2) Speed @) Kinetic energy (4) Areal velocity A satellite revolves round the earth in an elliptic orbit. Its speed (1) Is the same at all points of the orbit (2) Is the greatest when it is closest to the earth @) Is the greatest when it is farthest from the earth (4) Depends upon mass of the satellite Which of the following graphs between the square of the time period and cube of the distance of the planet from the sun is correct? Ye Y¢ t, 4 th 0) \ @) ol x ol, Ys 4 JL b fe } @ |. @ ° x oO > x Pe ro ‘The period of revolution of a certain planet in an orbit of radius R is T. Its period of revolution in an orbit of radius 48 will be (1) 27 (2) 22 @ 47 (4) 8r A girl of mass 35 kg balances herself/on a cylindrical stick of mass 3.5 kg and diameter 7 cm. The pressure exerted by the girl on ground will be (Take g = 10 ms) (1) 10 Pa (2) 10° Pa (@) 35% 108 Pa (4) 38.5 x 108 Pa When a ship floats in sea water (1) The weight of water displaced is greater than the weight of the ship (2) The weight of water displaced is less than the weight of the ship (@) The weight of water displaced is equal to the weight of the ship (@) It displaces no water If a spherical ball is floating just below the surface of liquid, then (1) Density of the ball > density of liquid (@) Density of the ball = density of liquid gaa 27 28 34 (3) Density of the ball < density of liquid (4) Density of the ball < density of liquid A body having density equal to the density of liquid floats in a liquid just below the surface. If the body is slightly pressed down and released, then it will (1) Sink to bottom Q) Start oscillating (3) Come back to the same position immediately (4) Come back to the same position slowly A boy is carrying a bucket of water in one hand and a block in the other. After transferring the block to the bucket in which it floats the boy will cary (1) Same load as before @) More load than before (3) Less load than before (4) Either less or more load, depending on the density of the plaster Which of the following statements is incorrect? (1) The pressure in a liquid is same at all points at the same horizontal level (2S we Go deeper in liquid, the pressure increases (3) Buoyant force is independent of acceleration ‘due to gravity (4) Buoyant force depends on the temperature of the fluid ‘A body floats in a liquid contained in a beaker. The whole system as shown in figure falls freely under gravity. The upthrust on the body is aaa (1) Equal to weight of the liquid displaced (2) Equal to the body weight in air (3) Equal to the weight of the immersed portion of the body (4) Zero ‘Aboathaving a length of 3 metre and breadth 2 metre is floating on a lake. The boat sinks by 1 cm when a man gets on it. The mass of the man is (1) 60 kg (2) 72kg (3) 128 kg (4) 62kg ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456Gravitation Level-Il (For CBSE & Olympiads)CHAPTER 3 THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES ‘© Centripetal Force and its Application ‘© Orbital Speed © Escape Velocity ‘© Variation of Acceleration Due to Gravity It is the force which causes the body to move in a circular path. Its direction is always towards the centre. Centre of Mass and Centre of Gravity In the absence of this force, the body flies off along the 4 Force Exerted on a Load by the Floor of a Lift straight line tangent to the path. © Deduction of Law's of Gravitation from Kelper’s Law © Pressiife.at Different Level of a Liquid ‘© Mathematical Expression for Upward Thrust * Verification. of Archimedes’ Principle Fig. 1 Assignment Centripetal force is given by, & nv T a where, ‘m — Mass of the body V— Speed of the body 1 Radius of circular path 4, > Centripetal acceleration ‘Tangent to the circle is a straight line that meets the circle at one and only one point. In the given figure, the straight line ABC meeting the circle at B, is called a tangent to the circle at point 6. A & © Fig. 2 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offce : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph 011-47623456(Gravitation CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Applications of Centripetal Force 1. Motion of the moon around the Earth is due to the centripetal force, which is provided by the force of gravity of the Earth 2. The Earth and other planets are revolving around the Sun due to the centripetal force, which is provided by the force of gravity of the Sun video. To watch the video, scan the given QR code. ‘To further strengthen the concopt of "Gircular Motion”, do check out this interesting activity ee Bas ORBITAL SPEED When satelite of mass im revolves around a planet of mass M in a circular orbit, then gravitational force acting ‘on the satellite due to the planet acts as the centripetal force and minimum speed of satellite required to put the satelite into a given orbit called orbital speed my?___GMm (Reh) (ReHy Where, R~ Radius of planet fh Height above surface of planet v— Orbit speed of Satelite ESCAPE VELOCITY It is the minimum velocity with which a body must be projected away from the surface of Earth so that it may never retum to the Earth [acm R = [20M at R For Earth, v,, = 11.2 km/s Escape velocity Va. VARIATION OF ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY Acceleration due to gravity at a place changes due to the following effects 1. Shape of the earth : As we know that the earth is not a perfect sphere, ‘Also we know, g = a 1 Thus, 9 pr and as, R,>R, => 9, <9p Earth's equatorial radius is greater than its polar radius, and g is inversely proportional to the square of the radius. Thus, the value of g is greater at poles than that at equator. g, = g, + 0.018 mis? 2. With altitude (i) Acceleration due to gravity at height h, decreases, which is given by ; ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456 RohCBSE & Olympiads (Level) Gravitation| (il) Acceleration due to gravity at height ’h’ above the surface of earth when h << R, GM _GM_ oR 9" RonF RE R+hy RE (R, +h) Dn (R, +hy (R, +hy ome | R uM Re a g-oM n= TR aF 8 9- Spe h _ [Rtn] 9-9) ny Earth age % df 4 Fig. 3 2h se git 2h vane (1+ x7 = 1 + mx. (As x << 1 80 we can neglect higher powers of x) [Binomial expression] Where, gh -> Acceleration due to gravity.at.altitude 9 > Acceleration due to’gravity on the surface of earth R,, -» Radius of the earth +h Height from the surface of earth 3. Below the surface of the earth : A uniform sphere may be treated as a single particle of equal mass placed at its centre for calculating the gravitational field Let us consider a point B inside the solid sphere at a depth d. Then, the sphere traced from that point, as shown above, may be treated as a single particle lying at the centre O, while the remaining portion (present above the inner sphere) produces no net acceleration due to gravity at that point B. At surface ( M= Vp, where p = density and V= volume) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456(Gravitation CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Acceleration due to gravity at depth d a, = £26(R, -d)p 4 a, _ gFOR a 9 @ia)RGRp ‘a. _(Ri-d g CR a R, a Ry 94> Acceleration due to gravity at depth d below the surface of the earth lo. 4 where, g— Acceleration due to gravity on the’surface of the earth dd Depth below the surface of the earth Fig. 4 R, > Radius of the earth At the centre of the earth : The value of at the centre of earth\g, is zero. So, the weight of the body at the centre is zero. But, mass of the body remains same, d=R, ional motion of the earth : The earth is rotating about its own polar axis from west to east. So, every body on its surface is moving in a circle /e., in accelerated motion because of this acceleration, g decreases. This decrease in g is maximum at equator. 5. Graphical representation : The variation of acceleration due to gravity with the distance from the centre of Earth may be drawn graphically as Inside the Earth, g’ varies linearly with the distance from centre of Earth i.e., g « rwhile Outside the Earth, 1 g decreases hyperbolically with distance from the centre of earth ie., 9 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Gravitation) = is oT ST] 1. If earth starts rotating 17 times faster, then all objects on equator will become weightless. The effect of rotation of earth on the value of g at the equator is maximum. ‘There is no effect of rotational motion of earth on the value of g at the poles. ‘Measurement of g at different places on earth's surface can be used to guess the presence of ores. (because earth does not have uniform density). Example 1 At what height, acceleration due to gravy reduces to + ofthe gravity on the surface ofthe earth? Radius of earth, R, = 6.4 * 10° m, the value of g on the surface of the earth, g = 9.8 mis? Solution ‘We know that, 1k ERR =V2R h = RW2-1) = 6.4 « 10° (1.414 - 1) = 64x 109 « 0.414 = 2.65 x 10° m Acceleration du to gravity is reduced to at the height of 2.65 « 10% m, 1. If the change in the value of g at the height h above the surface of the earth is the same as at ‘a depth x below it when both x and h are much smaller than the radius of the earth, then () xh @ x=18 (3) x= 2h (4) 2x=h ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456(Gravitation CBSE & Olympiads (Level) 2. An earth satelite of mass m revolves in a circular orbit at a height ‘from the surface of the earth If Ris the radius and g is the acceleration due to gravity, the velocity of satelite in its orbit is gR* os @) Jor gR* ® ® Var 3. Acceleration due to gravity for a nearly spherical planet is directly proportional to its radius for a point (1) Inside it @) On its surface @) Outside it (4) None of these 4. Where will the weight of a body be minimum? (1) Ata height of 100 m above the earth’s surface (2) Ata depth of 100 m below the earth's surface @) Atthe centre of the earth (4) At the surface of the earth [ely (He (riz “(ey suv] Centre of Mass It is defined as a point where whole mass of the body is supposed to be concentrated, For example — A book can be balanced at a point, is supposed that entire mass of the book is concentrated at that point Centre of mass of regular figures (ike - square, rectangle, equilateral triangle, circle, sphere, circular disc) lies at their geometrical centres. Centre of Gravity It is a point where whole weight of the body is supposed to be concentrated. Centre of gravity and centre of ‘mass lie at the same point for regular figures shown in the figure, Weightlessness or Zero Gravity Following are the conditions of weightlessness + When objects fall freely under gravity. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-t10005 Ph.011-47623456