Chapter 23 Turning Effect of Forces In this unit, you will learn * the meaning of the moment of a force. + that the turning effect of a force depends on its magnitude and the perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action of the force. + the use of the tuning effect of forces in some simple machines. the different types of levers and how they make use of the turning effect of forces. What makes the ice-skater turn? (G60) ruming £0 23. a ca In th Fore tap « fore The the | obje they thet inFi the : prodBP Turni 2 Effect of Forces ie Chapter 21, we learnt about the effects of forces. Forces ‘can change the shape, size, speed and direction of objects In this chapter, we shall learn about another effect of forces. Forces can make things turn. When we open a door, turn on a tap or steer a car, we are making use of the turning effect of forces ‘The photographs in Fig. 23.1 show some situations that involve the turning effect of forces. When a force is applied on an object, it can turn the object about a certain point known as the pivot or the fulcrum. This turning effect ofa force is called the moment of a force or torque. Study each situation shown n Fig. 23.1. Indicate the location of the pivot, the direction of the applied force and describe the turning effect of the force produced. () ) Fig. 23.1 Turning effect of forces in use runing ete ores QoThe Moment of a Force @ hat does the moment of a force depend on? Try ine s loosening a nut with a spanner. Is the turning effect d action — greater when you hold the spanner in the middle or at the end of force Of the handle? Is the turning effect greater when you apply a larger or a smaller force? Jin You will find that the turning effect depends on where you hold the spanner and the force applied. In other words, the turning effect or moment of a force depends on * the perpendicular distance, d, from the line of action of the force to the pivot, * the force applied, F. Basec To increase the moment of a force, we can increase the balan perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to @ Whic the pivot or the size of the applied force or both. Hence, it is easier to loosen the nut if you hold the spanner at the end of the handle and if you apply a larger force because the turning effect is larger. The line of action of a force is the line along which the force acts. In Fig. 23.2a, the man finds it easier to close the heavy door in the position shown than that shown in Fig. 23.2b. This is because the perpendicular distance, d, from the pivot to the line of action of the force is bigger in Fig. 23.2a, hence the turning effect of the force is bigger. sciss i —Iine of action of force mact ascr simp (a) (b) ee Fig. 28.2 The perpendicular distance from the line of action of a force affects the moment of the force. ren of eesa Do You Know? [ | | Jimmy Based on wha balance the (@) see-saw, (b) beam balance. Which quantity has been altered in each case? given in each diagram, state the possible ways to Simple Machines Neer acer machines include a spanner, a can opener or a pair of scissors? Common tools are normally not considered as machines by people. However, in science, a machine is any device which helps to make work easier for us. Tools such as a screwdriver, a pair of tongs and a pair of scissors are called simple machines. _*f a= o= screwdriver Apair of tongs BIy§] Science Titbits There is no one machine which can do more work than the work you put Apair of scissors‘Some machines make our work easier by changing the size or Seco direction of a force. A small force is needed to lift a car using ae a jack, but its handle has to be moved a longer distance. 0 rae Machines which can overcome a large force using a small force output . movement are called force magnifiers. Feat . ; Lit Other machines make our work easier by producing more pa movement than we put in. However, the output force is less rr than the input force. Step on a pedal bin, Observe and compare the movements of the pedal and the bin. Which one moves more? Machines which produce a bigger movement from a smaller movement are called movement magnifiers or distance | input v4 multipliers. The fishing rod is an example of such a machine. What is its advantage? Pedal bin movement | Lever — A Simple Machine ee lever is a simple machine which turns about a fixed point : called the fulcrum (F) when a force called effort (B) is mm applied to overcome a resisting force known as the load (L). a Levers can be classified into first class lever, second class lever Inat and third class lever based on the relative positions of the load. fulcrum, the effort and the load. Featu First Class Lever 1 Tey Ina first class lever, the fulcrum is between the effort and the oa load. Ue. 3A Features: ii Ey 1. It produces a large force from a small force (L > E). F aa 2. The effort moves a longer distance than the load. 3. The fulcrum is further from the effort than the load to increase the turning effect of the effort. L F U Examples E Log b F = E pw Pliers Lid opener Scissors Claw hammer ! Ga) Pergo Fes -Second Class Lever Lo In a second class lever, the load is between the fulcrum and F the effort. A Features: || t 1. Itproduces a large force from a small force (L > E) | 2. The fulcrum is further from the effort than the load to increase the turning effect of the effort. Examples E L if i L £ t t papers F t r= _— i Bottle opener Wheelbarrow Nuteracker Paper cutter Third Class Lever Ina third class lever, the effort is between the fulcrum and the load. r Features: a - 1. It produces a large movement from a small movement. 2. The effort moves a shorter distance, but the load moves a longer distance. 3. A large force is used to move a small load (E > L). L Examples e fF 5 Fe 1 Broom Ice tongs Arm Staplerwre 00 r0 Key Points ‘The moment of a force (or torque) is the turning effect of a force. The moment of a force depends on the force applied and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the pivot. The turning effect of a force can be increased by increasing the magnitude of the force or the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the pivot. A machine makes our work easier by either changing the size or direction of a force or by producing a larger ‘movement from a smaller movement. A lever is a simple machine which turns about a fixed point, the fulcrum (F), when a force called effort (E) is applied to overcome a resisting force known as the load (L). There are three different types of levers as shown below. and scissors Claw hammer, lid opener, pliers: paper cutter and nutcracker Wheelbarrow, bottle opener, | E between F andL | Fishing rod, arm, broom, ice pee RENE Review Questions tongs and stapler What does the turning effect of a force depend on? ‘What is meant by the moment of a force? Give three examples of simple machines which make use of the turning effect of forces. State how the simple machine makes work easier in each case. Bs 4,© 4. (a) What is a lever? (©) State the relative positions of the fulerum (F), effort (E) and load (L,) of the following levers @ ~~ wheelbarrow Gi) stapler ii) scissors Gv) oar used to move a boat 1. Name three play equipment in the Moment = Force x Perpendicular playground which make use of the distance from the pivot to turning effect of forces. Draw simple the line of action of the force diagrams of these equipment and label the fulcrum and the applied force in each diagram, Calculate the turning effect of the weight of the girl on the see-saw shown below. 2. Youare given apole. How can you make oid it a (@) first class, (b) second class and (© third class lever? 3. Third class levers require a bigger effort than the load. What then are the advantages of third class levers such as cones eee (b) Which direction, clockwise or anticlockwise, does the weight of the girl cause the see-saw to turn about its pivot? If the direction is clockwise, the moment of the force is called clockwise moment and if the direction is anticlockwise, the moment of the force is called anticlockwise moment. forceps (©) Ifa boy twice the girl’s weight were rake to sit on the opposite side of the see-saw half the distance away from 4. (@ The moment of a force may be the pivot as the girl, the see-saw calculated using the following would be balanced. Which direction formula. would the boy's weight make theEB) reine ee or Force see-saw turn about its pivot? What can you say about the clockwise moment and the anticlockwise moment when the see-saw is balanced? boy-/.30-5, im girl + ' 4 weight = 600 N__ pivot eight = 500M Machines help to make our work: Using a crowbar (o lift a rock is easier than lifting it with your bare Does this mean that I i when you use a crowbar to than using your bare hands? answer. Why i Why « Whyi