PROBLEM BASED LEARNING GFE

UCEST LAHORE LEADS UNIVERSITY

PROBLEM BASE LEARNING
A multi-story building near Kasur road is under construction. Exploration of
construction site showed that the sub surface soil is weak. As geotechnical engineer
you have to recommend the economical solution to improve the weak soil.

SUBMITTED BY:
19 - C - 843 19 - C - 844
19 - C - 846 19 - C - 849
SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. SARDAR BABUR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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Statement of PBL Task

A multi-story building near Kasur road is under construction. Exploration of
construction site showed that the sub surface soil is weak. As geotechnical
engineer you have to recommend the economical solution to improve the
weak soil.

1. STUDY THE LETRATURE REVIEW.

Soil improvement in its broadcast sense is the alteration of any property of a

soil to improve its engineering performance such as:
 Strength
 Reduced compressibility
 Permeability
 Improved ground water conditions

2. Explain That How We Can Improve Different Types Of Weak Soil.

Techniques of Soil Improvement

There are various techniques used for the improvement of the soil based on the construction activity
and type of soil. The soil improvement techniques are,

1. Surface Compaction
2. Drainage Methods
3. Vibration Methods
4. Pre-compression and consolidation
5. Grouting and Injection
6. Chemical Stabilization
7. Soil Reinforcement
8. Geo textiles and Geo membranes
9. Other Methods

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Surface compaction
One of the oldest methods of soil densification is surface compaction. Construction of a new road, a
runway, an embankment or any soft or loose site needs a compacted base for laying the structure. If
the depth to be dandified is less, the surface compaction alone can solve the problem. The usual
surface compaction devices are rollers, tampers and rammers. All conventional rollers like smooth
wheel, rubber-tyred, sheep foot, vibratory and grid rollers can be used.

Drainage methods
Ground water is one of the most difficult problems in excavation work. The presence of water
increases the pore water pressure and decreases the shear strength. Further heavy inflow of water to
the excavations is liable to cause erosion or collapse of the sides of open excavations. Certain
methods are available to control the ground water and ensure a safe and economical construction
scheme.

Common drainage methods are Well-point Systems, Deep- well Drainage, Vacuum Dewatering
system, Dewatering by Electro-osmosis etc.

Vibration Methods

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Vibration methods can be effectively used for rapid densification of saturated non-cohesive soils.
Vibrations and shock waves in loose deposits of such materials cause liquefaction followed by
densification accompanying the dissipation of excess pore water pressures. Some of the mostly
adopted vibration methods are blasting, Vibrating probe, Vibratory rollers, Vibro-displacement
Compaction Piles, Vibro-floatation, and Heavy Tamping etc.

Pre-Compression and Consolidation

This method aims to consolidate the soil before construction. Various techniques adopted are
Preloading and Surcharge Fills, Vertical Drains, Dynamic Consolidation, Electro osmotic
Consolidation etc.

Grouting and Injection

Grouting is a process whereby stabilizers, either in the form of suspension or solution are injected
into subsurface soil or rock for one or more of the following applications:

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 Control of ground water during construction
 Void filling to prevent excessive settlement
 Strengthening adjacent foundation soils to protect them against damage during
excavation, Pile driving, etc.
 Soil Strengthening to reduce lateral support requirements
 Stabilization of loose sands against Liquefaction
 Foundation Underpinning
 Reduction of machine foundation vibrations

Grouting is done by Suspension Grouts which include grouting with Soil, Soil-cement Mixes,
Cement, Lime, Displacement Grouting and by Solution Grouts using "one shot" or "two shot"
systems.

Chemical Stabilization

Chemical Stabilization has been widely used in the form of lime, cement, fly ash and the
combination of the above is widely used in soil stabilization. Chemical Stabilizations reduce
permeability of the soils, improve shear strength, increase bearing capacity, decrease settlement
and expedite construction. Chemical Stabilization is used for surface soils more successfully.
Mixtures of soils and chemicals are mixed either mechanically in place or by batch process. Some
of the chemicals used are Lime, Cement, and Fly Ash etc.

Soil Reinforcement

Soil Reinforcement is in the form of a weak soil reinforced by high-strength thin horizontal
membranes. A large variety of materials such as rubber, aluminum and thermoplastics have been
used successfully.

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Geo textiles and Geo membranes

Geo textiles are porous fabrics manufactured from synthetic materials, which are primarily
petroleum products and others, such as polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene and polyvinyl
chloride, nylon, fiber glass and various mixtures of these. Geo textiles are used as separators,
filters, Drains, reinforcement, geo membranes etc.

3. THREE SITES

 SOUTHERN YALMALO – NENTES REGION OF WESTERN

SIBERIA (RUSSIA)

 SOUTHERN YAKUTIA
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 EASTERN CHUKOTKA

4. Recommendations

AS A GEO TECHNICAL ENGINEER I PREFFER :

 Grouting and Injection FOR DEEP STABILIZATION

 Geo textiles and Geo membranes FOR SURFACE & MEDEAM DEEP
STABILIZATION

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THE END

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