2014 IEEE 17th International Conference on
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)
October 8-11, 2014. Qingdao, China
Current and Future Trends in Applications of Intelligent Transport
Systems on Cars and Infrastructure
A.B. Nkoro and Y.A. Vershinin Member, IEEE

Abstract— The continuous evolution and development of the
world in which we live in vis-à-vis the entire transport industry
is constantly demanding endless and rapid advancement in
vehicle performance and efficiency. This crucial and imperative
need in our transportation system is not only important but
also extremely essential for the present and future of road
network, vehicle and user sustenance.
Improvement in road and vehicle transport technology has
continued to redefine the current expectations and
subsequently future prospects of sustainable transport and
traffic management. In this paper, the current trends and
applications of Intelligent Transport System (ITS) on cars and
infrastructure is discussed and reviewed.
Furthermore this paper also introduces future development in
ITS technology including advancement in combination of
sophisticated control and communication ITS solutions and the
current trends in wireless and satellite vehicle navigation
system, while also exposing the existing challenges of ITS
solutions.
Keywords: Intelligent Transport System (ITS), road telematics,
intelligent infrastructure, intelligent vehicles
I. INTRODUCTION
An Intelligent Transport System (ITS) can be defined as a
controlled system that uses sophisticated road and
telecommunication infrastructure to communicate between
vehicles and the highway so as to improve the safety, vehicle
and road efficiency, as well as adequately manage traffic
flow within the road network. (Cacciabue, Carlo 2007)
describes ITS as a generic concept that covers a wider range
of technological systems such as Advanced Driver Assistance
Systems (ADAS), In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS)
and Roadside Telematics (RT). The European Commission’s
White paper on European transport policy for 2010, in its
brochure describes ITS as the use of information and
communication technologies to facilitate the seamless
transportation of people and goods (European Commission
2001).
Y.A. Vershinin is a Senior Lecturer in Automotive Electronics with the
Department of Mechanical, Automotive & Manufacturing, Coventry
University, Coventry, West Midlands, United Kingdom. CV1 5FB; e-mail:
vershy@coventry.ac.uk
A.B. Nkoro is an Assistant Lecturer in Engineering Management with
the Department of Mechanical, Automotive & Manufacturing, Coventry
University, Coventry, West Midlands, United Kingdom. CV1 5FB; e-mail:
aa7785@coventry.ac.uk
978-1-4799-6078-1/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE
(Williams, Bob 2008) emphasizes that reducing the number
of deaths, injuries and subsequently improving the road
traffic network is the key objective of ITS, arguing that rapid
developments in emerging and developed economies show
increased death rate in road, and other transport network.
Consequently traditional transport solutions are becoming
mostly insufficient in achieving and maintaining sustainable
road and transport systems.
In UK, air pollutant emissions from transport still accounts
for the highest pollution recorded till date as documented by
the 2010 transport statistics report (Department of Transport,
United Kingdom 2014) This statistics reveals the dire need to
adapt suitable and unconventional control measures to reduce
air pollutants which is emitted from vehicles in transit in
order to ensure minimal risks to health, environment as well
as enhance the quality of life.
In another argument (Stough, Roger R. 1997), is of the
opinion that the push for logistics integration requires the
incorporation of sophisticated and coordinated information
infrastructure together with information itself, into
sustainable transportation systems which may result in
several systematic alignments. The main fact being that latest
technology is imposing an increased need for more integrated
and intelligent transport system. This implies subsequently
that Europe as well as the entire developed world is involved
in seeking various improved methodologies to implement
more sophisticated road transport technology that is aimed at
reducing the number of road crashes and fatality rate and also
conserve the environment.
II. ITS APPLICATIONS
(Xiu-feng Chen 2011) while analyzing enhanced transport
system in China, argues that vehicles equipped with ITS
technology are capable of predicting any vehicle hazard well
in advance, and hence reduce reaction times which will in
turn increase traffic safety and lead to reduction in road
accidents. In Italy, (Benza, M. 2012) asserts that in the areas
of freight transport management, ITS will enhance the truck
driver and fleet management as well as provide information
on weather and other critical transport situations.
Maximizing ITS implementation techniques with consistent
improvements demonstrates improved capabilities in
enhanced driver road awareness, it also provides traffic
information and forewarnings which will simultaneously
influence sustainable transport management. Consequently
the application of enhanced ITS solutions will contribute
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significantly to improved transportation conditions and
safety, as well as ensure environment protection.
ITS solutions and applications are quite broad and varied,
nevertheless this report analyses some of the applications of
ITS on cars (intelligent vehicles), and ITS on infrastructure
(intelligent infrastructure). One of the most common in-
vehicle ITS application has been the air bag that
immediately inflates prior to collision, however other
applications of ITS are increasingly being applied within
varied functional uses (Williams, Bob 2008).
Figure 1. The figure below shows the application of ITS on an
intelligent vehicle transmitting information in its travelling environment .
Source: (MIRA Ltd. 2014)
III. ITS APPLICATION ON CARS (INTELLIGENT
VEHICLES)
There have been a number of researches relating to
improving and increasing drivers’ prompt awareness and
response within the host vehicle while on road use.
One of the aspects is in terms of introducing and adapting
superior technologies within the boundaries of the vehicle to
communicate with other moving vehicles as well as the
vehicle environment, which will assist the driver to
undertake better and accurate judgment of its travelling
environment.
(McDonald, Mike 2006) asserts that this Advanced Driver
Assistance Systems was initiated in order to create improved
integration of technologies using the sensor and
communication expertise such that the driver of a vehicle is
able to maneuver more appropriately to avoid collisions,
complex road network negotiations, while following other
vehicles more safely.
A. Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)
The Adaptive Cruise Control is an adaptation of the
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) technology. It
involves a range of technological application that exploits
515
the radar technical knowhow, and hence maintaining
longitudinal motion and speed between vehicles.
The ACC technology is able to keep adjusting the vehicle
speed unlike the conventional cruise control which only
recognizes its pre-set momentum (Williams, Bob 2008).
(Vlacic, Ljubo 2001) identifies some of the applications of
the Adaptive Cruise Control discussed below.
Automatic control of highway traffic and moving
vehicles: This application of the ACC technological system
has been in existence since 1960s, however its use has
evolved rapidly within the last decade. Some practical
examples include inter-vehicle distance warning systems for
trucks in Japan, intelligent cruise control systems for
passengers’ cars in Japan, drive-by-wire controllers in
passenger cars in Sweden (Vlacic, Ljubo 2001).
B. Obstacle Warning
This is a technology that utilises the radar, ultrasound,
infrared and laser knowhow to detect possible collision
while the vehicle is in motion, so that the vehicle driver is
forewarned when any obstacle is sensed. (Williams, Bob
2008) affirms that the obstacle warning technology can be
applied in two ways namely; forward and backward obstacle
warning which senses and detects obstructions when the
vehicle is moving forward or backward and sounds alarm
correspondingly.
C. Lane detection
This involves estimating the direction of the road and the
position of the moving vehicle within its lane. The Lane
keeping aid will caution the driver when the vehicle goes out
of its lane, and furthermore guides the vehicle back to its
initial positioning, where the initial alert is not heeded
(Williams, Bob 2008). The Lane departure warning system
will sound alarm to warn of vehicle when it crosses the
white line using sensors. (Williams, Bob 2008)
Figure 2. Example of communication between intelligent infrastructure
and corresponding vehicle, alerting the host vehicle of possible collision
obstruction ahead. Source: (Papadimitratos, P. 2009)
D. Collision notification and avoidance
Collision notification and avoidance is an application of
intelligent vehicle technology that is developed and design
to detect and report the enormity as well as the exact
location of incidents occurrence to agencies and services
responsible for coordinating appropriate emergency response
actions in the shortest time possible (National Highway
Traffic Safety Administration. United States. 2014),
(McDonald, Mike 2006).
Collision frequencies include; 10Hz for emergency
vehicle warning, intersection collision warning and collision
risk warning. 2Hz for slow vehicle indication, motorcycle
approaching indication and traffic light speed optimal
advisory. 1Hz to 10Hz for speed limits notification (Kosch,
Strassberger and Schroth 2012)
Collision warning and avoidance: this employs a system
of intelligent technologies to alert the vehicle driver of
unfavorable approach of adjacent vehicle through the
application of sensor radars, audio alert and video screen
imaging (Williams, Bob 2008) (Bishop, Richard February
2000).
Figure 3. The figure below illustrates the communication between
intelligent infrastructure and host vehicle. Source: (Papadimitratos, P. 2009)
IV. ITS APPLICATION ON INFRASTRUCTURE
(INTELLIGENT INFRASTRUCTURE)
Successful ITS application cannot be fully achieved
without the use of structural infrastructure to support in-
vehicle based systems as discussed above. It is evident that
for the maximum benefits of in-vehicle systems and overall
ITS application to be maximized the intelligent vehicle
systems will need to transmit and receive information
through relevant technological structures.
According to (McDonald, Mike 2006), information
transmission is witnessed on three levels; (i) vehicle receives
information from highway infrastructure through sensors,
detectors and control systems, (ii) the highway infrastructure
also receives information from the host vehicle, and (iii)
final the information between host vehicle and infrastructure
is exchanged for interpretation and maximum benefit.
The figure above shows communication between intelligent
infrastructure and the moving vehicles.
However conventional infrastructural system has evolved
over the past years to include video based detection and
mobile equipment using wireless communication techniques
(Williams, Bob 2008). In this section, different intelligent
infrastructure systems applied in ITS are reviewed and
discussed.
A. Commercial vehicle administration
Commercial vehicle administration: this involves
systematic application of sensor and ICT technology to carry
out checks and documentation services on commercial
vehicles.
516
Commercial vehicle preclearance: this technology allows
commercial vehicles such as trucks and buses to carry out
necessary credentials and status check automatically at
normal road speed with the least interruption of the traffic
flow and vehicle journey. Some examples include vehicle
safety record monitoring and nonstop preclearance checks
(Williams, Bob 2008).
 Commercial vehicle administrative processes: similar
to the commercial vehicle preclearance, this
technology is aimed at creating ease in the purchase
of annual and ad hoc credentials such as automated
border crossings and automated commercial vehicle
administration documents (Williams, Bob 2008).
B. Transit management
Transit ITS services include surveillance and
communications, such as automated vehicle location
(AVL) systems, computer-aided dispatch (CAD) systems,
and remote vehicle and facility surveillance cameras. This
allows transit agencies to improve the operational
efficiency, safety operations, as well as the security of the
public transportation systems (National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration. United States. 2014)
 Corridor traffic management: a type of high way
transit management that will encourage or discourage
vehicle driver trip decision during traffic congestion
situations (Williams, Bob 2008).
Figure 4. An example of intelligent infrastructure and transport transit
management. Source: (Papadimitratos, P. 2009).
C. Data management
Data management enables automated information
sourcing, storage and sharing for informed planning and
overall transport management. It includes (i) Data
archiving collates relevant ITS transport and traffic
historical data can be stored for improved planning, safety
operations and dissemination (Vlacic, Ljubo 2001)
(Williams, Bob 2008). (ii) Data warehouse refers to
intelligent technology that mergers the individual
information for planning, safety, operations and research
into the ITS regional domain. It enables sourcing,
communicating and organisation of all ITS data.
 V. FUTURE ITS TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS GPS, but it has achieved less success. Nevertheless an
So far, we have discussed and reviewed the current improved designed has been launched into service.
application and trends in intelligent transport and
infrastructure application. However, it is interesting to note d. WAVE
that this discipline is constantly undergoing rapid Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) first
developmental innovations with novel and advanced
started in 2004 (Hartenstein and Laberteaux 2009).
applications being established, researched and experimented.
According to (Emmelmann, Bochow and Kellum 2010), it
According to (Vlacic, Parent and Harashima 2001), these
includes the family of IEEE 1609 standards namely;
technologies have been recognized as technologies that
 WAVE - Resource manager, WAVE – Security
enhance road network safety, operational efficiency,
Services for Applications and Management
increase driving pleasure as well as encourage environment
Messages, WAVE – Networking Services which
protection. Developing technologies continue to increase the
also covers the aspect of WAVE Short Messages
application ranges for the integration of control and
(WSM), and WAVE – Multi-Channel Operations
communication technologies in vehicle and transport
sustainability especially in the area of wireless network
technology. In this section we take a look at some of the e. INERTIA NAVIGATION SYSTEM (INS)
emerging ITS technologies and their applications. Inertia Navigation System enables ground vehicles to
navigate using its signals alert. The inertia sensors provide a
a. GLOBAL POSITIOING SYSTEM (GPS) link between electronics and the movement of the body
being monitored. Unlike the traditional GPS, inertia is
Global Positioning System (GPS) is the United States GPS
independent from external system, and while the Global
system. It has been most successful and been in operational
Positioning System (GPS) can be blocked or jammed, the
about 15years ago. It was however tested for almost two
inertia measurement units (IMU) are quite immured to such
decades and continues to undergo improvement. It was
actions. The inertia sensors can be accelerometers and
initially designed for the military, however it has been
gyroscopes (Bevly and Cobb 2010).
available to civilians from initiation. Its specified signal
accuracy for civilian applications is 9 meters horizontal
(95%) and 15 meters vertical (95%), and it accounts for f. COMPASS
about 20 satellites in operation (Bevly and Cobb 2010). This is China’s initiative to build and launch a Global
Navigation satellite System (GNSS). At least one
b. GALILEO experimental satellite has been launched to date. Compass
will be GPS and GALILEO compatible (Bevly and Cobb
According to (European Commission Directorate-General
2010).
for Energy, and Transport 2003) GALILEO is a trans-
European network satellite navigation system. Its operation
beginning in 2008 has been preceded by the EGNOS g. QZSS
satellite system. GALILEO promises higher degree of In a similar reaction, Japan has announced improvement of
precision, better reliability and more homogenous coverage the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), to enhance GNSS
of about 95% compared to initial 50% coverage. navigation within its network (Bevly and Cobb 2010)
Furthermore (Batarliene 2007) also defines GALILEO as
one of the Europe’s telematics solution which will be
integrated with GPS and GLONASS satellite navigation Table 1 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS).
system. It will enable users to take position with the same Source: (Batarliene 2007)
receiver from any of the satellites integrated with. This is
one of the solution optimizing and synchronizing position
and timing (Emmelmann, Bochow and Kellum 2010)
(Giannopoulos 2004).
 EGNOS: this technology precedes the GALILEO
satellite navigation system. It has been in operation
since 2004 (European Commission Directorate-
General for Energy,and Transport 2003).

c. GLONASS
This is another European satellite navigation system.
Originating from Russia it is used in combination with the
GALILEO navigation system (Batarliene 2007). (Bevly and
Cobb 2010) further states that GLONASS is as old as the

517
 h. AUTONET
(Kosch, Strassberger and Schroth 2012) states that
AutoNet, which refers to automotive internet-working,
involves sending and receiving information through wireless
means to other vehicles and the respective infrastructure.
These communications can take different forms such as
vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-mobile-device (V2M),
vehicle-to-roadside (V2R), vehicle-to-central-infrastructure
(V2Central), vehicle-to-Internet (V2Internet), vehicle-to-
private-network (V2Private). Others will include; car-to-car
(C2C), (C2X) which means from car to an undefined
communication partner, or V2X. AutoNet communication
can be created for certain range or derived and adapted for
application using 5.8GHz DSRC (dedicated short-range
communication) from 30metres (Hartenstein and Laberteaux
2009).
Some examples include; environmental notifications,
collision avoidance, green light optimal speed advisory.
Some of the challenges for AutoNet include; data security
and privacy, distributed knowledge management,
cooperative and individual situational analysis, evaluation
and prediction of individual relevance and occurrence,
amongst others (Kosch, Strassberger and Schroth 2012).
i. VANET
The principle of VANET (Vehicular applications and
inter-networking technologies) is one of the ITS solutions
that serves as a response to safety issues and higher transport
management expectations and has evolved over the years.
(Hartenstein and Laberteaux 2009) sates that communication
can be achieved through one hop or multi hop of vehicles
and infrastructure via inter-vehicle wireless communication.
Similar to the AutoNet, VANET can operate within the
5.9GHz DSRC frequency band from within 30m.
So far several applications have been tested such as; probe
data collection where up vehicles provide location and share
with the road side equipment (RSE), in-vehicle signage
where RSE can trigger display of advisory messages within
a vehicle, electronic payment – tolling and parking. Other
applications include intersection violation warning,
electronic brake warning.
Some of its challenges include; multiple reflecting object
that are capable of degrading effect strength and quality of
signal, inadequate online and centralized management unit,
security and privacy concerns
j. OTHER ITS TECHNOLOGIES IN
FREIGHT
On the other hand (Batarliene 2007) identifies others ITS
solutions for freight, vehicle tracking and control systems
such as EUTELTRACS, SAT TRAC, NAVISAT,
MOBISAFE, SEKLYS, and AUTOGUARD. Most of these
navigation systems are used with GPS and GSM technology.
Figure 5. Automotive internetworking between vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-
to-internet, vehicle-to-infrastructure. Source: (Kosch, Strassberger and
Schroth 2012)
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper concludes by highlighting the benefits,
challenges and future exploitation of ITS. The continuous
application of improved and enhanced telematics technology
otherwise referred to as ITS aims to deliver immense
benefits where applied. ITS utilization will ardently improve
the transport condition in different ways such as reduced
road accidents, better driver information, better road
capacity maximization (Stevens, A. 2012) .
(McDonald, Mike 2006) reiterates that sustainable ITS
application will enable the reduction in carbon dioxide
emission as traffic volume is reduced and managed
In another opinion, the current applications of ITS can be
further maximized as in the case of traveler services to
include enhanced ticketing and intermodal transfer,
including trip information for increased passenger
confidence (McDonald, Mike 2006).
The implementation of ITS is not without its challenges.
(McDonald, Mike 2006) identifies one aspect of ITS
challenge, regardless of the functions of ITS being
introduced, maximum exploitation of all relevant functions
is yet to be fully achieved, which leads to reluctance to
invest in the ITS discipline (Kulmala, R. 2013). Another
opinion is in the area of better legislation of policy for ITS
operation, which is a challenge to ITS and improved
harmonization of government with the private industry.
While there is reasonable benefit from the implementation
of ITS, there is however opportunities for continued
exploration, research work and application. Some suggested
areas for future exploitation and investigation will include
research into standardization, research to identify most
suitable technologies and infrastructure for vehicle to vehicle
and vehicle to roadside communications (McDonald, Mike
2006), as well as further improvement of some of the
communication technologies mentioned in this paper.
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