(Leavell) 

– The level of health of an

Health and Illness individual or group depends on the dynamic
Health  relationship of the agent, host and
environment 
 As defined by the World Health
Organization (WHO): state of  Agent – any internal or external
complete physical, mental and social factor that disease or illness.
well-being, not merely the absence  Host – the person or persons who
of disease or infirmity. may be susceptible to a particular
illness or disease
 Environment – consists of all factors
Characteristics  outside of the host

1. A concern for the individual as a 4. Health – Belief Model – Addresses the

total system
2. A view of health that identifies
internal and external environment
3. An acknowledgment of the
importance of an individual’s role in
life
relationship between a person’s belief and
behaviors. It provides a way of
understanding and  predicting how clients
will behave in relation to their health and
how they will comply with health care
therapies. 

*A dynamic state in which the individual Four Components 

adapts to changes in internal and external
environment to maintain a state of well  The individual is perception of
being  susceptibility to an illness
 The individual’s perception of the
seriousness of the illness
Models of Health and Illness   The perceived threat of a disease
 The perceived benefits of taking the
1. Health-Illness Continuum (Neuman) –
necessary preventive measures
Degree of client wellness that exists at any
point in time, ranging from an optimal 5. Evolutionary – Based Model – Illness and
wellness condition, with available energy at death serves as a evolutionary function.
its maximum, to death which represents Evolutionary viability reflects the extent to
total energy depletion.  which  individual’s function to promote
survival and well-being. The model
2. High – Level Wellness Model (Halbert interrelates the following elements: 
Dunn) – It is oriented toward maximizing
the health potential of an individual.This  Life events
model requires the individual to maintain a  Life style determinants
continuum of balance and purposeful  Evolutionary viability within the
direction within the environment.  social context
 Control perceptions
3. Agent – Host – environment Model
 Viability emotions
  Health outcomes
Rehabilitation 
6. Health Promotion Model – A
“complimentary counterpart models of 1. A dynamic, health oriented process
health protection”. Directed at increasing a that assists individual who is ill or
client’s level of well being. Explain the disabled to achieve his greatest
reason for client’s participation health- possible level of physical, mental,
promotion behaviors. The model focuses on spiritual, social and economical
three functions:  functioning.
2. Abilities not disabilities are
 It identifies factors (demographic emphasized.
and socially) enhance or decrease 3. Begins during initial contact with the
the participation in health patient
promotion 4. Emphasis is on restoring the patient
 It organizes cues into pattern to to independence or regain his pre-
explain likelihood of a client’s illness/predisability level of function
participation health-promotion as short a time as possible
behaviors 5. Patient must be an active participant
 It explains the reasons that in the rehabilitation goal setting an
individuals engage in health din rehabilitation process.
activities
Focuses of Rehabilitation 

Illness  1. Coping pattern

 State in which a person’s physical,
emotional, intellectual, social
developmental or spiritual
functioning is diminished or
impaired. It is a condition
characterized by a deviation from a
normal, healthy state.
Control of bowel and bladder function
3 Stages of Illness 
2. Functional ability – focuses on self-
care: activities of daily living (ADL);
feeding, bathing/hygiene,
dressing/grooming, toileting and
mobility
3. Mobility
4. Integrity of skin

1. Stage of Denial – Refusal to

acknowledge illness; anxiety, fear,
irritability and aggressiveness.
2. Stage of Acceptance – Turns to
professional help for assistance
3. Stage of Recovery (Rehabilitation or
Convalescence) – The patient goes
through of resolving loss or
impairment of function