General Principles of

Endocrine
Dr. Nivin Sharawy
Ass. Professor Physiology Department
Key Points
Types of chemical messenger systems

Chemical Structures of Hormones

Negative & Positive Feedbacks

Cyclical Variations in Hormone Release

Hormone Transport

Hormone receptors

Anterior & posterior pituitary Glands

Pituitary Hormones

 Hypothalamic controls pituitary

Chemical messenger systems
Chemical messenger systems
Chemical messenger systems
Glands
Hormone Systems Regulate Body
Functions
Chemical Structures of Hormones

Proteins and polypeptides

Steroids

Derivatives of the amino

acid tyrosine
Polypeptide and Protein Hormones
Steroid Hormones
 Steroid Hormones

The mechanism of steroid hormone action. (1) Steroid hormones, transported bound to plasma carrier proteins, dissociate from their plasma carriers and
pass through the plasma membrane of their target cell. (2) The steroid hormone binds to receptors, which may be in the cytoplasm. (3) The hormone-bound
receptor translocates to the nucleus, where it binds to DNA. (4) This stimulates genetic transcription, resulting in new mRNA synthesis. (5) The newly
formed mRNA codes for the production of new proteins, which (6) produce the hormonal effects in the target cell
Tyrosine
 Thyroid hormone

(1) Thyroxine ( T4 ), carried to the target cell bound to its plasma carrier protein, dissociates from its carrier and passes through the plasma membrane of its
target cell. (2) In the cytoplasm, T4 is converted into T3 (triiodothyronine), which (3) uses binding proteins to enter the nucleus. (4) The hormone-receptor
complex binds to DNA, (5) stimulating the synthesis of new mRNA. (6) The newly formed mRNA codes for the synthesis of new proteins, which (7) produce
the hormonal effects in the target cell.
Control of Hormone Secretion
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
Cyclical Variations
Hormone Transport
Hormone Receptors
Hormone Receptors
Sensitivity of Hormone Receptors
Pituitary gland
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Posterior Pituitary
Pituitary Hormones
Hypothalamic controls Pituitary
Hypothalamic Releasing and Inhibitory
Hormones
Hormones from Hypothalamus target anterior pituitary

Releasing Hormones

Corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Growth hormone releasing hormone
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Inhibiting Hormones

Prolactin inhibiting factor

 Explain how chemical differences in hormones influence
their endocrine functionality.
TAKE HOME
Explain how normal feedback relationships permit clinical
MESSAGES diagnoses of functional and dysfunctional endocrine
systems.
Explain the mechanisms of action of steroid and thyroid
hormones
 Describe the mechanisms by which other hormones
exert their effects on target cells
Describe the common characteristics of hormones and
neurotransmitters
ADD A SLIDE TITLE
-5