Construction and Building Materials 112 (2016) 949–955

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Study on the classical and rheological properties of castor

oil-polyurethane pre polymer (C-PU) modified asphalt q
Lei Xia a,b, Dongwei Cao a, Haiyan Zhang a,⇑, Yansheng Guo b
a
Research Institute of Highway Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100088, China
b
State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China

h i g h l i g h t s

C-PU modifier was prepared by chemical synthesis.

C-PU can be uniformly dispersed in the matrix asphalt and enhance both the high and low temperature properties.

Complex modulus increased and phase angle descent obviously with the increase of C-PU.

30 wt% is the optimal additive content.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The castor oil-polyurethane pre polymer (C-PU) terminated with ANCO group was synthesized by renew-
Received 15 June 2015 able castor oil and liquefied MDI as asphalt modifier and C-PU modified asphalt with 10–40 wt% C-PU
Received in revised form 16 February 2016 were prepared. Classical and rheological properties were investigated. The results showed that, softening
Accepted 25 February 2016
point and ductility of C-PU modified asphalt were both increased, while penetration was decreased to
some extent. With the increase of C-PU, the modulus increases and the phase angle decreases which
showed an improved resistance to deformation. Among them, 30 wt% is the best dosage. Moreover,
Keywords:
Brookfield viscosity of the modified asphalt varies little at 130 °C with the time prolonged and a fairly
Castor oil-polyurethane pre polymer
Modified asphalt
homogeneous dispersion system was observed by microscope, which indicated that the thermal stability
Modification mechanism of modified asphalt at 130 °C was good. FTIR analysis showed that C-PU with ANCO terminated could
Properties react with water and active hydrogen in asphalt and air. The transition from the simple physical blending
with asphalt to slowly chemical modification process could explain the improvement of the asphalt
performance.
Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Matrix asphalt, by-product from crude oil distillation, has
restriction in road pavement. The using of modified asphalt has
solved the problem fundamentally. Polymer modified bitumen
(PMB) has been growing rapidly in road paving applications over
the last decade [1]. Various of polymers have been added to matrix
asphalt in order to improve rheological and mechanical character-
istics. Such polymers are Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS),
Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber (SBR), Ethylene-Vinyle Acetate (EVA),
Elvaloy AM, High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Low Density
q
Contract grant sponsor: National Natural Science Foundation (51478211) and
High-level talent introduction and training program of Beijing municipal Univer-
sities (No. PXM2013-014210-000165).
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: 13811655369@163.com (H. Zhang).
Polyethylene (LDPE), crumb rubber, and so forth [2]. The special
structure of soft and hard segment combination decides that poly-
urethane is also a kind of polymer of flexible and rigid. The hard
and soft segment are exactly incompatible on thermodynamically
due to their differences in polarity and the crystallinity of hard seg-
ment itself which can occur two phase separation similar to SBS
[3]. From this perspective, Polyurethane can both give the strength
and bring appropriate flexibility after curing in the asphalt system
as modifier to enhance performance.
Alternatively, the research of polyurethane was mostly limited
to elastomers, adhesives, paint, synthetic leather resin, and sealant,
while few in asphalt. The preparation method and application of a
kind of polyurethane asphalt concrete was opened by Chinese
patent CN102617070A, whose materials were non-renewable oil
resources, and must contain catalyst, surfactant, other additives
and the synthetic temperature reached 80–90 °C [4]. The main
research was the combination of polyurethane and traditional

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.207
0950-0618/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
950 L. Xia et al. / Construction and Building Materials 112 (2016) 949–955
modifier such as SBS, SBR, rubber powder and epoxy by Chinese
patent CN103102706A [5] and patent CN103232717A [6]. Unfortu-
nately, both the synthesis process and additives were complex
which even cost more. The high strength of mixture was mostly
dependent on the large rigidity and high strength of epoxy.
Castor oil is natural renewable with low price which can reduce
the cost of polyurethane and benefit environment protection [7].
Moreover, castor oil has high hydroxyl value which can react at
room temperature with relative low energy consumption. The C-
PU modified asphalt system is quite stable without any surfactant
and other additives. Consequently, the enhancement of the perfor-
mance is totally due to C-PU.
In the present work, C-PU was synthesized with castor oil (CO)
and liquefied MDI and the modified asphalt with 10–40 wt% C-PU
were prepared. The classical and rheological properties of modified
asphalt, the modification mechanism and high temperature stabil-
ity at 130 °C were analyzed.
2. Experiments
2.1. Materials
Castor oil (AR) with hydroxyl value of 164 mg KOH/g and 0.1 wt% bromine cre-
sol green as indicator were supplied by national medicine group. Liquefied MDI
(MDI-100LL) with 28–30 wt% content of free –NCO was supplied by Wanhua Chem-
ical Group Co. Ltd. Phosphoric acid (AR), Acetone (AR) and hydrochloric acid (AR)
were obtained from Beijing chemical plant. Matrix asphalt was Shuanglong 70#
and the base properties are shown in Table 1.
2.2. Preparation of C-PU modifier
The castor oil was vacuum dehydrated under 110 °C, 0.1 MPa in vacuum drying
box for 2–3 h, cooled standby. A certain amount of phosphoric acid was taken into a
dried four mouth bottle as resistance agent, then, added a certain proportion of liq-
uefied MDI, stirred for several minutes. A corresponding amount of dehydrated cas-
tor oil was dropped into the four mouth bottle drop by drop with a dropping funnel
under the protection of nitrogen at room temperature. The stirring and dropping
speed were controlled, when the viscosity increases, 35 wt% acetone was added
to adjust and to let the reaction proceed. Then, continued to 50 min reaction to gain
C-PU terminated with –NCO group when dripping was finished. The residual con-
tent of –NCO was controlled between 4.8 and 5.8 wt%, degassed, discharged
standby. The solid content of C-PU was 65%.
2.3. Preparation of C-PU modified asphalt
The C-PU modified asphalts were prepared by three steps. First, the matrix
asphalt was heated to 140 °C and melt in an iron container. Then, C-PU was added
into matrix asphalt with a shearing speed of 3000 r/min to obtain a homogeneous
phase. Last, the dispersion and shearing effect were observed when having a shear-
ing time of 50 min at 120–130 °C.
2.4. Performance measurements
2.4.1. Determination of residual content of -NCO
The residual content of –NCO was measured by two n-butyl amine method [8].
2.4.2. Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) test
Fourier transformation infrared spectrometer was Nicoet560 and the prepara-
tion of sample was used potassium bromide method, the sample was smear evenly
on KBr salt tablets and the resolution was 8 cm1, the number of scanning was 128
times.
Table 1
Base properties of matrix asphalt.
Properties Value
Penetration 25 °C, d mm 65
Softening point (5 °C), °C 46.0
Ductility 5 °C, cm 0 40
Density, g/cm3 1.037
Viscosity 135 °C, Pa s 0.329
2.4.3. Performance test of asphalt
Classical and the rheological properties of asphalt were tested according to the
‘‘Standard Test Methods of Bitumen and Bituminous Mixtures for Highway Engi-
neering (JTG E20-2011)” [9].
2.4.4. Dispersion observation
A drop of sample was first sandwiched between a slide and a cover slip, and
then put onto sample heater heated under 100 °C. The asphalt was heated and
slowly pressed into a thin layer between slide and cover slip. The sample was
placed under the object lens when it evenly spread out. The distribution behavior
of C-PU in the asphalt system was observed by using fluorescence microscopy
and micrographs were taken by using a photo camera.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Study on classical properties of modified asphalt
Classical properties were mainly composed of softening point,
penetration, ductility; Classical properties of C-PU modified
asphalt were measured respectively according to the ‘‘Standard
Test Methods of Bitumen and Bituminous Mixtures for Highway
Engineering (JTG E20-2011) [9]”. It had also been compared with
Shuanglong 70# matrix asphalt, as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 shows that, both the low and high temperature perfor-
mance of modified asphalt had improved compared with matrix
asphalt in different degrees. This is mainly because the soft seg-
ment of castor oil has a long aliphatic chain; molecular chain flex-
ibility was excellent and thus had good tensile performance which
can improve low-temperature performance of modified asphalt.
The hard segment of polyurethane can improve the strength of
the material and had effects on the high temperature performance
of modified asphalt. Moreover, the more dosage, the more obvious
modification effect and the 30% is the optimal additive content.
3.2. Study on rheological properties of modified asphalt
Asphalt, as viscoelastic material, displays different characteris-
tics of application properties in paving industry. Thus, it is crucial
to examine rheological properties of asphalt [10]. In this study, the
frequency sweep and temperature sweep test of the matrix asphalt
and modified asphalt were carried out.
3.2.1. Analysis of frequency sweep test
Frequency sweep test was used to investigate the relationship
between the modulus of asphalt and the driving speed, which
can describe the effect of wheel load on the asphalt pavement.
High frequency represents high speed and low frequency repre-
sents low speed [11].
The frequency sweep experiment was tested by dynamic shear
rheometer (DSR) made in Austria. The sample was fixed in parallel
plate whose diameter is 8 mm and plate spacing is 2 mm. The total
strain was 1%, the test temperature was fixed at 5, 20, and 35 °C
with a loading frequency of 0.1–100 rad/s and each sample has
10 min of constant temperature. The complex shear modulus (G⁄)
and phase angle in different temperature were obtained. The
Table 2
Effects of polyurethane pre polymer content on classical properties.
Content/% Ductility 5 °C, Softening Point Penetration 25 °C,
cm (5 °C), °C d mm
10 10 48.4 117
20 7 51.3 85
30 8 61.0 63
9 55.0 73
Base asphalt 0 46.0 65
70#
 L. Xia et al. / Construction and Building Materials 112 (2016) 949–955
complex shear modulus (G⁄) and phase angle at 35 °C of matrix
asphalt and modified asphalt with different content of C-PU were
shown in Fig. 1.
As shown in Fig. 1, the complex modulus (G⁄) of different
asphalt increases with the increase of the loading frequency, while
the phase angle decreases. When C-PU content was <30 wt%, the
modulus of different asphalts was in order: 0 wt% < 10 wt%
< 20 wt% < 30 wt% and the phase angles changed as the opposite
order, which indicated that elastic components in the internal
structure of the material viscoelastic increased significantly and
the ability of resisting deformation enhanced obviously with the
addition of C-PU modifier. Macroscopically, it was characterized
by the high and low temperature performance of the materials
enhanced. And the more modifier, the higher performance. When
the content was >30 wt%, the modulus decreases and phase angle
increases instead. This is because asphalt was the main phase
and C-PU terminated with –NCO group dispersed uniformly in
asphalt when the content was <30 wt%. It had contact restrictions
for C-PU molecules and C-PU molecules had fewer opportunities to
grow up again. However, when the content increased to 40 wt% by
internal mixing method, the further increase of the content made
C-PU molecules contact with each other and had further reaction
to grow bigger more easily. At this time, the system was unstable
relatively and the two-phase separation will take place, which
made the worse performance. The result of frequency sweep test
was consistent with the classical performance test above.
Time-temperature equivalence principle refers to some equiva-
lent effect about the influence of time and temperature on the
Fig. 1. Complex modulus and phase angle of matrix asphalt and modified asphalt
with different content of C-PU at 35 °C.
951
mechanical relaxation process of viscoelastic materials, which
can achieved by the shift factor Log u to convert the mechanical
data at certain temperature into mechanical data at another tem-
perature [12,13]. Modulus master curve was obtained by horizon-
tal shifting of limited data measured in the short time, and
properties at terminal temperature could be calculated in a wide
time scale [14].
In this paper, it was fitted by CAM equation and the form was as
follows [15]:
Gg
G ¼ m=k
ð1Þ
0 k
½1 þ ðf c =f Þ 
Among them, G⁄g stands for glassy shear modulus, selected 109 Pa
uniformly [16], k, m are the shape fitting parameters of the modulus
master curve, fc is the position fitting parameter and f0 is the conver-
sion frequency, which is calculated according to the following
formula:
0
f ¼ /f ð2Þ
Among them, f is the actual loading frequency; u is the temper-
ature shift factor, and selected WLF equations for fitting equation
as shown below [17]:
D1 ðT  T0 Þ
log/ ¼  ð3Þ
D2 þ ðT  T0 Þ
Among them, T is the actual loading temperature, T0 is the reference
temperature of modulus master curve, and D1, D2 are the fitting
parameters of WLF nonlinear equation.
According to the time-temperature equivalence principle, chose
20 °C as the horizontal shifting temperature, modulus master
curves of frequency sweep test in different temperature was
obtained according to CAM equation, shown in Fig. 2.
As can be observed in Fig. 2, modulus of matrix asphalt and
modified asphalt with 10 wt% C-PU were lower than the modified
asphalt with higher content of C-PU obviously, which indicated
properties improvement was limit when C-PU content was rela-
tively small. The modified asphalt had higher modulus in the
low-frequency region (high temperature region), followed by
30 wt% > 40 wt% > 20 wt% > 10 wt% > 0 wt%, the 30 wt% had the
best performance, which indicated that the high temperature per-
formance of asphalt had improved by adding the C-PU and 30 wt%
is the optimum dosage.
The fitting parameters of CAM equation and WLF equation are
summarized in Table 3.
Fig. 2. Dynamic shear modulus master curves.
952 L. Xia et al. / Construction and Building Materials 112 (2016) 949–955

Table 3
Fitting parameters of master curve and shift factor functions.

Asphalt type fc k m D1 D2
Matrix asphalt 70.37500059 0.185713016 0.590194557 13.887 119.956
10% C-PU 3274.911004 4.999994365 0.430230321 25.149 206.464
20% C-PU 2.355819986 0.16261813 0.745845839 19.991 165.679
30% C-PU 161.6891639 0.197764704 0.501589098 16.56782063 140.6504111
40% C-PU 3764.520233 1.998653281 0.423529717 14.48570923 124.8488702

3.2.2. Analysis of temperature sweep test
The sample was fixed in parallel plate whose diameter is 25 mm
and plate spacing is 1 mm. The temperature scan was tested under
100 Pa stress level and a definite angular frequency of 10 rad/s. The
heating rate is 0.82 °C/min. The changes of complex modulus (G⁄)
and phase angle of modified asphalt with different content of C-
PU were shown in Figs. 3 and 4.
Polymers have a significant effect on enhancing elasticity of
asphalt. Increasing complex modulus (elastic modulus) reflects a
promising rutting resistance at high temperature [18]. And phase
angle isochrones have been used to characterize the elastic
response of polymer modified asphalt. As (d) is generally consid-
ered to be structure sensitive [19].
As illustrated in Figs. 3 and 4, With the increase of temperature,
complex modulus (G⁄) decreases, this is because molecular motion
get fast and the crosslinking between each other reduces which
make the stiffness and the ability of resistance to deformation
decrease at high temperature. When the temperature is lower than
80 °C, the parameter (G⁄) of different content of C-PU modified
asphalt are higher than the matrix asphalt which indicate that
the total resistance of asphalt deformation capacity has been
enhanced after adding C-PU. Among them, the effect is not obvious
when the content is 10 wt%.
With the increase of temperature, phase angle (d) increases
which indicated that viscosity components increased, while the
elastic component reduced. As showed in Fig. 4, the phase angle
(d) of matrix asphalt is higher than the modified asphalt with
different content of C-PU. Then we can draw the conclusion that
the elastic properties get increased and the recovery goes well
when compressed. Among them, it is the most obvious with
the content of 30 wt% which was accordance with the analysis
of classical properties test and frequency sweep test above.

3.3. Analysis of thermal stability

3.3.1. Analysis of thermal stability at 130 °C

Brookfield viscosity value of matrix asphalt and modified
asphalt with different content of C-PU were tested when choose
130 °C as its aging temperature. The value was gained every
15 min during the test to observe the change trend of Brookfield
viscosity with the time prolonged, as shown in Fig. 5.
As shown in Fig. 5, the Brookfield viscosity of matrix asphalt at
130 °C was small and almost do not change with the time pro-
longed which was consistent with the aging temperature at
163 °C according to the specification of petroleum asphalt. With
Fig. 3. Curve of complex modulus (G⁄) versus temperature for asphalt with
different content of C-PU.
the extension of time, Brookfield viscosity of modified asphalts rise
relatively slowly which indicates that the temperature sensitivity
of is good under 130 °C.

Fig. 4. Curve of phase angle versus temperature for asphalt with different content Fig. 5. Curve of Brookfield viscosity versus time for asphalt with different content
of C-PU. of C-PU.
 L. Xia et al. / Construction and Building Materials 112 (2016) 949–955 953

C-PU has many oxygen-containing functional groups which are
easy to high temperature aging. The conventional petroleum
asphalt aging temperature based on specification for petroleum
asphalt had lost the reference value due to this new type of mod-
ified asphalt material. The slope of the curve of the viscosity of the
asphalt can characterize the temperature sensitivity of the asphalt
in the heating case. The anti-aging performance of asphalt under
the condition of being heated can be characterized with the curve
of changes of Brookfield viscosity with the time prolonged [20].
Although the castor oil was belong to three glycerol ester of the
fatty acid which containing many oxygen-containing functional
groups, the polarity of three ester in the long saturated carbon
chain was so great that make it had good compatibility with
asphalt and had high strength which was not easy to decomposi-
tion. C-PU modified asphalt can obviously withstand 130 °C. The
biggest Brookfield viscosity was modified asphalt with 30 wt%
dosage which was consistent with the highest softening point
when it contains 30 wt% modifier. Thus, we choose 120–130 °C,
lower than 130 °C to prepare C-PU modified asphalt.
the dosage increase in the same shearing process which make it
dispersed more evenly in pitch system and gained a trace of net-
work structure. The content of C-PU was overmuch when the
dosage further increased which was easy to agglomerate during
the shearing process. The unstable system was not conducive to
asphalt modification. When the content is higher than 40 wt%, C-
PU in asphalt system is easy to contact with each other and poly
segregation sink with high viscosity, poor mobility and instability.
3.4. Analysis of the modification mechanism
3.4.1. Analysis of new compound of C-PU
The matrix asphalt, modifier (C-PU), C-PU modified asphalt
were tested by Nicoet560 Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,
as shown in Fig. 7.

3.3.2. Analysis of fluorescence dispersion

The micro structures of C-PU modified asphalt with 10–40 wt%
C-PU were observed by the polarizing microscope magnified 100
times. As shown in Fig. 6.
Optical microscopic observation as the direct approach was also
used to study distribution behavior of compound particles and the
phase interface between modifiers and base asphalt at high tem-
perature, and directly determine the storage stability of modified
asphalt [10]. Fig. 6 shows that, C-PU can be uniformly dispersed
in the matrix asphalt because of good shearing effect; we can also
learn that almost no obvious phase interface was observed, pre
polymer particle size became much smaller, and uniformly distri-
bution in base asphalt, indicating that homogenous system was
developed. The opportunity of reaction between the rest of –NCO
group and active hydrogen compounds in asphalt increase when Fig. 7. Comparative analysis of FT-IR spectrum.

Fig. 6. Micro structures of modified asphalt with different content of C-PU.

954 L. Xia et al. / Construction and Building Materials 112 (2016) 949–955
Fig. 8. Characteristic functional group change of C-PU modified asphalt with
different content of C-PU.
The FT-IR spectra confirm the presence of expected functional
group existing in C-PU synthesized. The absorption peak at
3334 cm1 is assigned to the stretching vibration peak of –N–H
and the isocyanine ant symmetric stretching characteristic peaks
of –NCO group was at 2275 cm1, while this two major peaks were
not exist in matrix asphalt of black line. The bands at 2926 cm1
and 2854 cm1 are assigned to C–H in-phase symmetric stretch
and out-of-phase asymmetric stretching vibrations of methylene
groups. It shows that C-PU with terminal –NCO group was gained
as new compound in matrix asphalt to enhance the performance.
3.4.2. FT-IR spectrum of modified asphalt
The functional groups of C-PU and C-PU modified asphalts were
tested and had a comparative analysis as shown in Fig. 8.
Fig. 8 shows that, the urethane structure (–NH–CO–) absorption
peak at 3334 cm1 showed an increasing trend with the increase of
dosage of C-PU. It was benefit for the high temperature perfor-
mance of asphalt and the strength of modified asphalt mixture
after solidified. The absorption peaks intensity of characteristic
functional groups (–NCO) of polyurethane at 2275 cm1 decreased
obviously until zero when added into the matrix asphalt which
indicate that C-PU can continue to react with active hydrogen com-
pounds in the asphalt system. The performance of asphalt can be
further improved because of the transformation from the simple
physical blending modification to the chemical modification.
The curing process was divided into two stages [21]: crystalliza-
tion, solvent and cross-linking preliminary can be happened in the
early stages which was the process of physical curing and can be
embodied in the modified asphalt. C-PU can dispersed physically
in the matrix asphalt system due to preliminary physical curing
which can improve the classical properties of modified asphalt lim-
ited and was consistent with the analysis above.
In the heating process and placement of the C-PU modified
asphalt, the further reaction and cross-linking can be happened
to generate urea due to the water in the air and on the surface of
the material and the active substances such as hydrogen which
can improve the strength of the asphalt. These phenomena con-
clude the complete response of –NCO and the further crystalliza-
tion of polyurethane chains were belong to the process of
chemical curing which can generate ultimate strength. The reac-
tion principle was as follows:
It was shown that the process of chemical curing was ultimate
reason to make C-PU modified asphalt have the final performance,
which can further explain the modification mechanism of the grad-
ual transition process from physical modification to chemical
modification.
4. Conclusions
The C-PU asphalt modifier based on castor oil contained carba-
mate (–NH–CO–) had been gained by chemical synthesis which
contains simply raw materials, and whose modified asphalt has
the advantages of simple preparation process, low shearing tem-
perature, short time, without the need for high temperature devel-
opment, has good compatibility with asphalt on this study. Both
the high and low temperature performance of modified asphalt
were better than the matrix asphalt. The rheological test shows
the complex modulus (G⁄) of modified asphalt was higher than
the base asphalt, while the phase angle became lower which indi-
cate that the resistance of modified asphalt deformation capacity
has been enhanced after adding C-PU, elastic properties has been
increased and the capacity of recovery goes well when com-
pressed. Moreover, 30 wt% is the optimal content and the thermal
stability of modified asphalt at 130 °C was good. In addition, C-PU
with terminal –NCO group can further react with active hydrogen
group in asphalt system which realizes the transition from the sim-
ple physical modification to the process of physical and chemical
modification which can further increase the comprehensive
strength of materials.
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