PREVIOUS LEARNING OUTCOMES (LO):

Students should be able to evaluate the shear force,

bending moment and deflection of statically
determinate beams. To achieve this, therefore, the
students should be able to :

 Draw free body diagram of determinate beams.

 Calculate reaction at the supports.
WEEK 6
CHAPTER 2
_______________________________________
STRESSES AND DEFLECTION OF BEAMS

Siti Zaidah Binti Othman

Lecturer
Faculty of Civil Engineering UiTM
Sarawak
Room:12A 03 048
LEARNING OUTCOMES (LO):

At the end of the lesson, students should be able

to:
 Derive equations in relation to loads, shear
forces and bending moment and draw shear
force and bending moment diagram.
SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT

 A beam is a structure, which is loaded transversely.

 The loads maybe point loads or uniformly distributed loads.
SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT

 The beam may be simply supported or built in.

INTERNAL FORCES
 When a beam carries loads, complex stresses build up in the
material of the beam. The bending that results from the
loading causes some beam fibres to:
 carry tension - these are called tensile forces
 carry compression - these are called compressive forces
 take shear forces.
 These all occur simultaneously.
 Bending theory is complex and relies on mathematical
modelling for solutions. The theory includes the concepts of
bending moments and shear forces.
 When a structural engineer designs a beam the key concerns
are:
 Bending ,shear &deflection.
INTERNAL FORCES
• Shear force and bending moment are examples of internal forces
that are induced in a structure when loads are applied to that
structure. Loading tends to cause failure in two main ways:
SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT
 Consider a beam subjected to transverse loads as shown in
figure, the deflections occur in the plane same as the loading
plane, is called the plane of bending.
 In this chapter we discuss shear forces and bending moments
in beams related to the loads.
SIGN CONVENTION

Positive internal shear force tends to rotate the free-body diagram clockwise.
Positive internal bending moment causes the beam to sag. Also known
(informally) as the smile rule.
SHEAR FORCE & BENDING MOMENT

Summary of Steps for Basic Method:

1. Determine the support reactions for the beam.

2. Section the beam with an imaginary cut at a
distance x, and draw the free-body diagram.
3. Determine shear and bending moment as a
function of x using equilibrium equations.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for all regions between
any two discontinuities of loading.
5. Draw, to scale, the functions on a sketch of the
beam.
BENDING MOMENT
 Bending moment is a torque applied to each side of
the beam if it was cut in two -anywhere along its
length.
 The hinge applies a clockwise (+) moment (torque) to
the RHS, and a counter-clockwise (-) moment to the
LHS.
BENDING MOMENT
EXAMPLE 1:

12kN

A B

3m 3m
6kN 6kN

By using equations of equilibrium;

RA = 6kN
RB = 6kN
BENDING MOMENT
To find the Bending Moment, you must cut the beam in two:

0≤ x ≤ 3
Mx

For LHS: x
6kN
-Mx + 6(x)=0
x Mx
M = 6x (as a function of x )
0 0
3 18
BENDING MOMENT
To find the Bending Moment, you must cut the beam in two:

12 kN
3≤ x ≤ 6
Mx

3m
x
6kN

For LHS: x Mx
3 18
-Mx + 6(x) – 12(x-3)=0
6 0
M = 6x - 12(x-3) (as a function of x )
BENDING MOMENT
 In engineering, we are concerned with the MAXIMUM BM.
How do we find it?
 Ans: The BMD helps us know the MAXIMUM, but also what
the BM is an any location along the beam.

A B

3m

18kNm
BENDING MOMENT
SHEAR FORCE
 Shear force is the internal resistance created in beam cross
sections, in order to balance transverse external load acting
on beam.
 Consider following beam, it does not matter from where you
take a section, when you add forces acting on it, it should be
in equilibrium.
 Shear force is induced exactly for this purpose, to bring the
section to equilibrium in vertical direction. It acts parallel to
cross section.
SHEAR FORCE
 Vertical shear forces are generated in a beam by the applied
loads and by the support reaction.
 The reactions push up while the load pushes down.
 In most cases the maximum value of shear occurs close to the
supports.
SHEAR FORCE
 So just by applying force balance in vertical direction
on the free body diagram, we can determine value of
shear force at a particular cross section. Usual sign
convention of the shear force is as follows.
SHEAR FORCE
SHEAR FORCE
EXAMPLE 2:

12kN

A B

3m 3m
6kN 6kN

By using equations of equilibrium;

RA = 6kN
RB = 6kN
SHEAR FORCE
To find the shear force, you must cut the beam in two:

0≤ x ≤ 3

Vx

x
6kN
x Vx
For LHS:
0 6
-Vx + 6 =0
3 6
Vx = 6
(as a function of x )
SHEAR FORCE
To find the SHEAR FORCE, you must cut the beam in two:
12 kN
3≤ x ≤ 6

vx

3m
x
6kN

x Vx
For LHS: 3 -6
-Vx + 6 – 12=0 6 -6

Vx = -6
(as a function of x )
SOLUTION 2:

Things to keep in mind:

• The area under the SFD
above the x axis should equal
the area between the x-axis
and the SFD below the x
axis. i.e the area should sum
to zero.

6 kN • Check this is true in our

above example.
-6 kN
• Any points where the SFD
cross the x-axis, will be a
max or min Bending Moment

• The SFD should always

equal zero at both ends
 End Of Week 6
7
TUTORIAL 1: ESC208(MAC 2013)(B,A)

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3.33m 1.67m
 ESC208(MAC 2013)

RB + RE = 55
ΣME = 0;
-10(12) + RB(10) -5(5)(9.5) – 10 – 20(1.67) = 0
RB = 40.09 kN
RE = 14.91 kN
ΣMB = 0;
-10(2) -RE(10) -5(2)(1) + 5(3)(1.5) – 10 + 20(3.33+5) = 0
0≤x≤2

VX = -10-5x MX = -10x – 2.5x2

X VX X MX
0 -10 0 0
2 -20 2 -30
2≤x≤5

MX = -10x – 2.5x2
VX = 30.09-5x
+40.09(x-2)

X VX X MX
2 20.09 2 -30
5 5.09 5 7.77
5≤x≤7

MX = -10x – 25(x-2.5)
VX = 5.09
+40.09(x-2)

X VX X MX
5 5.09 5 7.77
7 5.09 7 17.95
7 ≤ x ≤ 12
MX = -10x – 25(x-2.5) +40.09(x-2) -10– 4(x-7)2
3
VX = 5.09-4(x-7)

X VX X MX
7 5.09 7 7.95
12 -14.91 12 0
BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

B C D
A E
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

A C E
B D
TUTORIAL 2 : ECS208, MAC 2014

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 ECS208, MAC 2014
7kNm 20kN
30kN/m
25kN/m

B C

RA RD
1m 1m 2m

ΣMA= 0;
ΣFy= 0;
7 + 20(1) + 30(1)(1/2 +1) + 25(2)(2/2
RA + RD = 100
+2)- RD (4) = 0
RD = 55.5 kN
RA = 44.5 kN
 0≤x≤1

7kNm MX

VX

44.5
x
0≤x≤1
44.5 – Vx = 0 7 + 44.5(x) – Mx = 0

VX = 44.5 MX = 44.5x + 7

X VX X MX
0 44.5 0 7
1 44.5 1 51.5
 1≤x≤2

7kNm 20kN MX
30kN/m

B
1m x -1
Vx
44.5
x
 1≤x≤2
7 +44.5(x) – 20(x-1) – 30(x-1)(x-1)/2 – Mx = 0
44.5 – 20 – 30(x-1) – Vx = 0
MX = 7 +44.5x – 20(x-1) –
VX = 24.5 – 30(x-1) 15(x-1)2

X VX X MX
1 24.5 1 51.5
2 -5.5 2 61
 2≤x≤4

20kN MX
25kN/m
7kNm 30kN/m

B C
1.5m (x – 1.5
1m (x – 2)
44.5 1m VX
(x-1)

x
 2≤x≤4
44.5 – 20 – 30(1) – 25(x-2) – Vx = 0 7 +44.5x – 20(x-1) –30(1)(x-1.5) – 25(x-2)(x-2)/2 –
Mx = 0
VX = -5.5-25(x-2) MX = 7 +44.5x – 20(x-1) –30(1)(x-1.5) – 12.5(x-2)2

X VX X MX
2 -5.5 2 61
4 -55.5 4 0
BENDING MOMENTDIAGRAM

A B C D

MX = 7 +44.5x – 20(x-1) – 15(x-1)2

= 7 +44.5x – 20x+ 20 – 15x2 + 30x -15
dMX =44.5– 20– 30x + 30= 0
dx

x = 1.82 (maximum bending occurs at this point)

M1.82 = 7 +44.5x – 20(x-1) – 15(x-1)2 = 61.5 kNm
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

A B C D
TUTORIAL 3(B, A)

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TUTORIAL 4

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TUTORIAL 5 ECS238-SEPT 2014 (B, A)

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TUTORIAL 6 (B, A)

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OKT 2016
Compiled by: Siti Zaidah Binti Othman Lecturer Room: G337 (Block G)