CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO SIWES

Student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) is one of the industrial training
fund (ITF) programme. It was designed to give Nigerian students studying
occupationally related courses in higher institution the experience that will
supplement their theoretical learning SIWES unit in the university maiduguri was
established in the year 1986 as an industrial coordinating unit catering for mostly
science and some art based students on industrial attachment. The foundation staff
were four(4) that comprised an industrial coordinator who is responsible to the vice
Chancellor for the to the day running of the affair of the office, a secretary/typist and
an office assistant. SIWES unit was finally and officially commissioned on July, 2006.
As an accreditation requirement by the national Universities commission (NUC) the
unit was finally upgraded to directorate under the leadership of the vice Chancellor,
professor Ibrahim Abubakar Njodi . Over the years the clientele students population
has increased. The directorate has been doing it's work with significant impact on
students.
1.1 DEFINITION OF STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE
SCHEME (SIWES)
The students industrial work experience scheme directorate (SIWES) is established to
facilitate the full realization and mandatory skills acquisition and proper training
programmes designed to expose students to the industrial work place environment in
their respective disciplines during their course of study. The students are expected to
develop occupational competence that would facilitate their fitting into the world of
work after graduation.
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES
The programme of SIWES are designed to achieve the following Objectives:
 Provision of avenue for students to acquire industrial skills and experience
during their course of study.
 To prepare students for the work situation they are likely to meet after

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 graduation.
 To expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment
and machineries that they may not be available in the Universities.
 To make the transition from University to the world of work easier and thus
enhance students contacts for later job placement.
 To provide students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge
in real work situations, thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.

1.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Kwara ADP under ministry of agricultural, Ilorin kwara state, Along

Jebba Express Road, Ilorin, Kwara State Ilorin

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1.4 ORGANIZATION CHART

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 CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LECTURE ON BULLDOZER
Bulldozer is a large and powerful tracked equipment used to push quantity of soil,
felling of trees and some other dozer task on the field
Bulldozer is a continuous tracked motorised machine which a very large blade (bucket
or dozer) is attached to it's front which is capable of doing a very big task like felling
of trees pushing of soil levelling of field and so on.
2.0.1 THE COMPONENTS PART OF A BULLDOZER INCLUDE:
 Hydraulic pump.
 Hydraulic pipe.
 Blade.
 Bucket/dozer.
 Track.
 Lever.
 Converter.
 Gasket.
 Cylinder.
 Ripper.
 Roller.
 Injector.
 Transmission.
 Battery.
 Kick.
 Piston.
 Nozzles.
 Filter.
 Bolt e.t.c
2.0.2 IMPORTANCE OF A BULLDOZER
 It is use for clearing bush.
 It is use for felling trees.

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  It is use for land levelling.
 It is use for pushing sand.
 It is use for crushing vegetations on the surface of the soil.
2.0.3 REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE OF A BULLDOZER
 Check the oil if guage before and after use.
 Clean the necessary parts after use.
 Grease/lubricate all moveable parts.
 Worn-out parts should be replace.
 Damage parts should be repair.
 Sharpen or replace the blade completely when blunt.
 It should be kept under shade when not in use.

2.1 LECTURE ON TRACTOR

Tractor is a motorized agricultural machine which perform some operations on the
farm with the help of equipment attached to it.
2.1.1 REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE OF A TRACTOR.
 All moveable parts should be lubricate
 Damage parts should be repair
 The Tyre should be at regulate pressure
 Worn-out parts should be replace
 It should be keep away from direct sunlight and from rain to avoid been rusted

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  Equipment attached should be lose after use

TRACTOR

2.2. LECTURE ON EXCAVATOR

Excavator is a continuous tracked and motorized machine with long hand (fork) at
the front which is capable of pushing, pulling, digging, packing and so on, on the field
of operation.
2.2.1 THE COMPONENTS PART IN EXCAVATOR
 Fork
 Track
 Arm
 Engine
 Hydraulic pump
 Hydraulic hose
 Cylinder
 Gasket
 Lever
2.2.2 REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE OF EXCAVATOR
 Lubricate all moveable parts
 Service the engine after several uses
 Always retain the water in the radiator before use
 The necessary parts should be clean after use
 The worn-out parts should be replace and the damages parts should be repair

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  It should always be kept under shade when not in use
2.2.3 TYPES OF EXCAVATOR
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF EXCAVATOR WHICH ARE:
1. Single pump excavator
2. Double pump excavator
2.3 LECTURE ON GRADER
Grader is a construction machine with long blade which is use to create a flat
surface during the grading process.
2.3.1 THE PARTS IN GRADER
 Blade
 Tyer
 Steering
 Engine
 Transmission
 Filter
 Lever
2.3.2. REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE OF A GRADER
 The long blade should be sharpen when blunt
 The tyer should always be at optimal pressure
 The radiator should be fill with water before use
 The filter should be clean at every end of the season
 The damages parts should be repair

2.4 LECTURE ON PAYLOADER

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 Payloader is a large and powerful motorized machine with a bid/ large blade
attached at it's front which is capable of completing some task on the field such as
loading of sand clearing of minor bushes e.t.c
2.4.1 IMPORTANCE OF A PAYLOADER
 It is use for packing and loading of sand
 It is use for clearing some minor bushes with zero tree
 It is use for filling holes
 It is use for crushing vegetation to the surface of the ground
2.4.2 REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE OF PAYLOADER
o Lubricate all moveable parts
o Sharpen the blade when blunt
o Puncture or change the tyer when flat
o Damages parts should be repair
o Worn-out parts should be replace
o It should be park under shade when not in use to avoid rustage of the metal
parts
o Necessary parts should be clean after use

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 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 INTRODUCTION TO TILLAGE
Tillage can be define as mechanical manipulation of soil to provide favourable
condition for crop production. Soil tillage consists of breaking the compact surface of
Earth to a certain depth and to loose the soil mass as to enable the root of crop to
penetrates and spread into soil.
3.0.1 OBJECTIVES OF TILLAGE
 To obtain deep seedbed suitable for different types of crops
 To add humus and fertility to soil by covering the vegetation
 To destroy and prevent weed
 To aerate the soil for proper growth of crop
 To increase water absorbing capacity of the soil
 To destroy insects,pests and their breeding places
 To reduce soil erosion
3.0.2 CLASSIFICATION OF TILLAGE
There are two classification of tillage which are:
1. Primary tillage
2. Secondary tillage
3.0.3 TYPES OF TILLAGE
 Minimum tillage
 Strip tillage
 Rotary tillage
 Mulch tillage
 Combined tillage
3.1 INTRODUCTION TO TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS
Tillage implements are equipment generally having no driving or moving parts such
as harrow which can be use to provide favourable condition for crop by breaking the
compact surface of Earth and loosen the soil mass.
3.1.1 TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO THREE(3) WHICH
ARE:

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  Hand operated implements
 Tractor drawn implements
 Animal drawn implements
3.1.2 REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE OF TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS
o Cutting edge should be periodically replace or reconditioned
o Keep nuts and bolts tight always
o Blunt blade should be sharpen
o Implements should be kept away from direct sunlight and rainfall
o It should be clean after use
o It should be kept in a room temperature
3.2 LECTURE ON SPRAYER
Sprayer is device, machinery or equipment use for crop protection through the
application of chemicals such as herbicides,weedicides, pesticides, fungicides and
insecticides to control and limit the agents that can damage our crops like pest,
insects,weeds and diseases aiming at the proper germination of the crops and high
yield.
3.2.1 TYPES OF SPRAYER
 Boom sprayer
 Knapsack sprayer
 Compression sprayer
 Engine powered sprayer
 Airplane sprayer
 Solar operated sprayer e.t.c
3.2.2 COMPONENTS PARTS OF A SPRAYER
 Pump
 Tank
 Handle
 Press and nozzles
 Agitator
 Air chamber

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  Pressure regulator
 Vacuum valve
 Tail boom
 Filter
 Delivery hose
 Controlling valves
 By pass line
3.2.3 MAINTENANCE OF A SPRAYER
 Drain and flush tank with clean water
 Lubricate all moving parts
 Clean nozzles and filters and check whether they are clear of sediment
 Flush with clean water before and after replacing the nozzles
 clean the tank by adding 1kg of washing soda per 45lit of water
 Nozzles and filters must be remove, clean and store safely
 Over fill the inside of the pump with oil
 Smear oil on the boom and frame
 No water should be left in the pump
 Release tension on the v-belt if any
 Store the sprayer in a shed
3.2.4 SAFETY PRECAUTION OF A SPRAYER
 Wear protective clothing
 Use large nozzles tip Operated under lower pressure
 Spray when there is no wind or when wind is light
 Avoid smoking when spraying
 Keep out of spray draft to avoid contamination by breathing or skin contact
with chemical
 Shut off spray when nozzles are to be clean
 Wash exposed parts of the body throughout after spraying

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3.3 LECTURE ON SIMPLE FARM TOOLS
Farm tools are equipment/implements use to carry-out various operations on the
farm field.
3.3.1 EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT FARM TOOLS
 Cutlass
 Hoe
 shovel
 Spade
 Sickle
 Wheel barrow
 Watering can
3.3.2 MAINTENANCE OF FARM TOOLS
 The tools should be clean after use
 The tools should be kept in a cool dry place
 The blunt blade should be sharpen
 The damages parts should be repair
 The metal parts should be lubricated all through

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3.4 LECTURE ON DISK PLOUGH
Disc plough is a device use in primary tillage. It is use initially to break some
clods, cut, turn and in some cases break furrow slices by means of separately mounted
large steel disk.
3.4.1 ADVANTAGES OF A DISK PLOUGH
 A disk plough can be forced to penetrate into the soil which is too hard and dry
for working with a mould board plough.
 It works well in sticky soil in which mould board plough can operate
 It is more useful for deep ploughing
 It can be use safely in Stony and stumpy soil without much danger or breakage
 A disk plough works well even after a considerable part of the disk is worn off
in abrassive soil
 It works in loose soil also ( such as peat) without much clogging.
3.4.2 DISADVANTAGES OF DISK PLOUGH
 It is not suitable for covering surface trash and weeds as effectively as mould
board plough does
 Comparatively, the disk plough leaves the soil in rough and more cloddy
condition than that of mould board plough
 Disk plough is much heavier than mould board plough for equal capacities
because penetration of this plough is affected is affected largely by it's weight
rather than suction
3.4.3 TYPES OF DISK PLOUGH
There are two types of dissk plough which are:
 Standard disk plough
 Vertical disk plough

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 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 LECTURE ON FERTILIZER EQUIPMENT
Fertilizer equipment these are equipments use for adding fertilizer to plants
artificially on the field which are classified into two
They are spreaders and distributor.
4.0.1PARTS OF FERTILIZER EQUIPMENTS
 Hopper
 Agitator shaft
 Blanking plates or slides
 Control arm
 Tank
 Pump
 Delivery hose
 Filters
 Pressure gauge
 Vacuum valve
4.0.2 PATTERN OF OPERATION
There are two types of pattern operations which are:
 On flat field
 Between contours.
4.0.3 MAINTENANCE OF FERTILIZER EQUIPMENTS
 Clean the tank by adding 1kg of washing soda per 45lit of water
 Drain and flush tank with clean water
 Lubricate all moving parts
 Smear oil on the frame
 Nozzles and filters must be removed, clean and safely store.
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO GANG TILLER
Gang tiller is a high speed cultivating implement which consists of gangs of spiked
disk called spiders. Gang operation for the first cultivation set . The gangs move the
soil away from the plants in order to leave the plants area clean for hand weeding.

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 For the second cultivation, set the ganges to move the soil towards the plant to
rebuild the ridges.
4.1.1 COMPONENTS PARTS OF GANGS TILLER
 Head stock
 Tool bar /frame
 Disk unit-clamps
 Housing
 Bearing disk
4.2 INTRODUCTION TO DISK HARROW
Disk harrow is a secondary tillage implements which can be used in
packing,harrowing, leveling, cultivating and ridging while operating.
4.2.1 COMPONENTS PARTS OF A DISK HARROW
 Disk gang assembly
 Frame
 Hitch bolts
 Disc scraper e.t.c
4.2.2. OPERATIONS
 Work across sloping Field
 If the surface is uneven, it is advisable to work diagonal
 Mentain a steedy forward speed
 Lift the cultivator before turning at the head land
 Never reverse the tractor with the implement lowered
 If the cultivator collect alot of weeds during work deposit the trash in line for
easy collection.
4.3 INTRODUCTION TO IRRIGATION
Irrigation is the artificial manipulation of soil by the supply of water to plants. It
can also be said to be the process of causing water flow over land, for nourishing
plants.

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4.3.1 TYPES OF IRRIGATION
 Supplementary irrigation
 Full irrigation
Supplementary irrigation is the partial artificial supply of water to crops during rainy
season which will serve as supporting water to supplement the needs of plants.
Full irrigation is the Total application of water to crops, this is done during dry season
to supplement the needs of plants.
4.3.2 METHOD OF IRRIGATION
 Drip irrigation
 Basin irrigation
 Sprinkler irrigation
 Furrow irrigation
4.3.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF IRRIGATION
I. It increase food varieties and production
II. It affects some living organisms in the soil
III. It increase crop yield
IV. It serve as job opportunity
V. it is costly
VI. It consumes time.
4.5 PADDY RICE
Rice milling: process description

1Paddy Cleaning - Essential for removal of undesired foreign matter, paddy cleaning
is given utmost importance to ensure proper functioning of the Rice Milling
machinery. Rough rice is passed through a series of sieves and closed circuit
aspiration system is provided to remove dust and light impurities through positive air
suction.

2. Paddy De-husking - A streamlined paddy flow is directed into a pair of rubber rolls,
rotating at different speeds, in opposite directions. A horizontal inward pressure is
applied on the rubble rollers, pneumatically. Due to the difference in the seed of

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rotation, a shear force is generated on the surface of hull (with two sides being rubber
by tow rubber rolls) that breaks apart of the surface/hull.
Husk, being of lower specific gravity, is then separated form brown rice by a closed
circuit aspiration system.

This process leads to breakage of brown rice. Although a proper horizontal inward
pressure is mot important factor for breakage or rice, de-husking efficiency is equally
important and should be maintained between 75 to 85%.

3. Paddy Separation - Rice surface is smooth as compared to rough paddy surface.

This difference in surface texture is utilized to separate brown rice from paddy
through paddy separator.

Grain surface with smooth texture, being of higher width, is removed off along with
red grains by precision sizes.

4. Rice Whitening - Brown rice is rubbed with a rough surface, created using emery
stones of specific grid size. The rough emery removes off the brown bran layer. The
radial velocity of the stone wheels, grid size of the stones, clearance between stone
surface & the other screen and the external pressure on the outlet chamber of the
whitening machines determine the extent of whiteness.
The bran layer removed from the surface if pneumatically conveyed to a separate
room for further processing /storage.

5. Rice Polishing - The surface of whitened rice is still rough and is smoothened by a
humidified rice polisher. The process involves rubbing of rice surface against another
rice surface with mystified air acting as lubricant between the two surfaces. Usually a
modified version of this process is used to produce superfine silky finish on rice
surface.

The bran layer removed from the surface if pneumatically conveyed to a separate
room for further processing/storage.

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 6 Rice Grading - Broken rice is removed from whole rice by passing the lot
through a cylindrical indented screen rotating at a particular speed. The
broken/small grains, fit into the indents of the rotating cylinder, are lifted by
centrifugal force and gravitational pull falls the grains into a trough. Adjusting
the rotational speed and angle of trough can vary the average length of grains.
7. Rice Colour Sorting - Discoloured rice grains are removed off from the like
coloured grains by Rice colour sorting machines. Photo sensors/CCD
(Charged Coupled Device) sensors generate voltage signal on viewing
discoloured grains, which are then removed off by air jet generated through
solenoid valves.

RICE MILLING - PRESENT STATUS

God is a perfectionist. So is his creation; Nature, where no two things are the same.
We experience this is Rice Kernel. No two rice kernels are the same. It is the
similarity in their appearance, physiological and chemical characteristics that make a
flock homogeneous. This flock helps Rice Technologist device milling machines.
A milling machine should ensure consistency in quality of the end product and hence
enhance the economic value of the raw material. Energy conservation, proper
utilization of human resource and consistently large volumes with least recurring
costs is also a need of the hour.  With over 94% of Rice Milling units in India relying
completely on conventional Paddy and Rice Processing techniques, there is still lot to
be done in the field of Rice Milling Technology adoption and up-gradation.
As observed, a modern rice processing unit, as compared to conventional unit,
produces consistent quality product with as much as 3-5% less breakage of kernel, a
net power saving of 15-20% and practically negligible down time.  The performance
of Rice mill in terms of Milled Rice recovery and quality, not only depends on the
type or the condition of the equipments but also on the quality of rough rice (paddy)
to be converted into milled rice.

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PARAMETERS THAT AFFECT RICE MILLING

The milling potential of rough rice largely determines the performance of the rice mill
in terms of milled rice recovery and quality.  These milling potentials can be varietal
origin, can be related to the quality condition of rough rice, or can be added through
the pre-milling processes. A  brief review of the impact of rough rice quality, specific
varietal characteristics and parboiling on the performance of the rice mills is covered
in the sections below.
Varietal Characteristics

Varieties of rough rice are differently grouped.  They are classed as short, medium,
long and extra long.  A sub-classification – round, bold and slender refers to ratio
between length and breadth of brown rice.  Most of the short varieties (e.g. Japonica)
are round and bold.  Most of the medium varieties are bold or slender and most of the
long and extra long varieties (e.g. Indica varieties) are bold or slender.

1. Hull weight of rough rice - The weight of hull as a percentage of the weight of
rough rice varies from 17 to 24%.  The thicker grains have the lowest
percentage of hull weight and the thinner grains have the highest.  The milled
rice recovery is directly related the brown rice yield.  Therefore a lower hull
weight will result in higher miller rice recovery and vise versa.
2. Grain Shape - This refers to the length-width ratio of the brown rice.  Round
grains with low ratio are difficult to break, whereas the slender grains with
higher ratio are easy to break.
3. Hardness - The surface hardness of the brown rice kernel is a varietal
characteristic that determines the extent to which the grain can resists the
forces applied during milling.  Lower surface hardness facilitates breakage
during milling, resulting in lower milled rice recovery and quality.
4. Chalkiness - Chalkiness can be developed as a result of prevailing weather
conditions during the growth period or introduced as a result of pre-milling

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 processes such as improper parboiling.  Chalkiness reduces the grain’s
resistance to applied milling forces.

QUALITY PARAMETERS OF ROUGH RICE

The extent of quality aspects is determined by prevailing weather conditions during

the production period, applied production practices, soil condition, applied harvesting
methods and applied post harvest practices such as field handling, threshing,
winnowing, drying and storage.

1. Moisture Content - Rough rice has optimum milling potential at moisture

content of about 14%.  The drying process is therefore critical, for it
determines whether or not fissures and/or full cracks are introduced in the
grain structure.  These are important as presence of fissures and/or cracks lead
to breakage in milling, resulting in lower milled rice recovery and quality.
Milling of very dried rough rice (<11% moisture content makes grains too
brittle) results in unnecessary breakage during milling.
2. Cracked Grains - Over exposure of matured rough rice to fluctuating weather
conditions leads to development of numerous fissures resulting into breakage
during the milling process.
3. Immature Grains - Immature grain has a high hull weight and consequently a
low yield of brown rice.  Immature grains are very slender and dominantly
chalky, resulting in excessive production of bran and broken.
4. Damaged Grains - Presence of black spots around the germ end of the brown
kernel, caused by the development of micro-organisms (fungi) leads to
excessive breakage of rice during milling.
5. Varietal impurities - Grains of different varieties vary not only in length-width
ration but also in tensile strength.  Grains of lower tensile strength / higher
length-width ration therefore break in a higher proportion when milled along
with other varieties.

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Impact of Parboiling

Hydro Thermal treatment of rough rice leads to breaking of the tight hull seal, a
structural change of the outer bran layer, gelatintization of the starchy endosperm,
hardening of the grains and discoloration of the grain.

1. Breaking of the hull seal - Enormous swelling of the brown rice leads to
breakage of the hull seal during soaking and steaming of the rice.
2. Structural changes in the bran layer - As a result of steaming and soaking the
structure of bran layers are changed and their components redistributed; heat
treatment results in more sticky bran.
3. Gelatinization of starchy endosperm - This leads to elimination of all fissures
and crack.  The overall structure of the starchy endosperm becomes more
compact and its tensile strength increases many a fold.
4. Discoloration of grain - During the parboiling process, the color of brown rice
kernel changes from translucent white to a yellowish and sometimes a
brownish color.  Color changes result from microbiological activities,
chemical changes and the pigment of hull being absorbed in brown rice along
with water.
5. Increased hardness - The hardness of brown rice kernel increases after
parboiling and drying, improving the grain’s resistance to the milling forces.

Major problems of rice milling in Nigeria

Land tenure and Development: Farmlands in Nigeria are so fragmented that the
average farm holding is about 1–2 ha. This perhaps is due to the land tenure system
that tends to hinder the ownership of land in the country, leaving the potential land
suitable for rice irrigation untapped.
Illiteracy among Local Farmers: Most of our rice farmers are illiterates, unorganized
with low-capital base and employed the use of simple and crude tools with little farm
mechanization equipment usage. And this had limited the profit the farmers could have
gotten.

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Effects of weeds, pests, and diseases on plants: Rice as a crop has been known with its
nature of harbouring various kinds of weeds, pests, and diseases; which unfortunately
hinders the high yield of the crop.
High cost of productive inputs: Rice farming do consume a lot of fund in its process of
farming if farmers really wish for good harvest. This is as a result of the hike in prices
of improved variety seeds, standard fertilizers and other agrochemicals.
Improper handling/management of soil and water resource: Due to the carelessness of
most farmers, farm lands at times got damaged when proper soil maintenance is not
adopted; and this in turn render most land useless or dangerous for commodity rice
farming.
The above mentioned challenges remain the major factors responsible for low profit
ratio in rice farming, but noteworthy are some other challenges like:
In adequate extension services which resulted due to the low ratio of extension worker
to farmers.
1. Non –availability/inadequate credit facility to farmers.
2. Lack of good roads in the rural areas.
3. Irregular and fluctuating prices of rice grains due to seasonal variation.
4. Lack of good linkage between research institutes and farmers.
Despite all these challenges, the prospect for Rice Farming in Nigeria remains
bright and certain if the below mentioned is implemented:
1. Land clearing and development under irrigation should be given serious
attention.
2. Land tenure system should be reviewed so as landownership can be access
with ease.
3. Assess the viability of irrigation schemes through the substantial investments
needed through public private partnership arrangement.
4. GES programme should be pursuit and identified problems associated with
programme solved.
5. Policy environment should clearly be consistent.
6. Make the Nigeria rice consumable and affordable

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7. Production, marketing and processing of rice should be well-integrated
8. Organization of farmers, marketers and millers should be looked-in.
9. There should be synergy in operations between various stakeholders in rice
value chain.
10. Sensitize the Nigerian public for the need to patronize the Nigeria rice
11. Mechanization of the rice farming.
12. Use of hybridization and bio-technology.

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 CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion (SIWES) is a very interesting programme because a lot of
experience are acquired at the programme, and it is most useful for undergraduate. It
enable students to know more about their area of study.
When the students graduate they will be able to practicalize everything
abaut their courses on the field.
.School should make provision for student in the area of attachment for
Convenience and seriousness of students and visitation of student should be of very
great concerned to the institution Finally, government should try to mandate on all
organization to allow students for SIWES programme in their organization.
I here by gives thanks to almighty God for sparing my life to write to the end
of the programme, and Allah mercy should continue to be upon the ministry where I
did my SIWES programme (Amen).
5.1 RECOMMENDATION
The SIWES is aimed of giving students practical and technical knowledge of
what they will be expecting while working in an industry.
The recommendation that I believe if not implemented the objective of this
programme will likely to be valid.
(i) Institution, Supervisor should, always visit at the right time.
(ii) The institution should arrange for the supervisor for their transportation affair
earlier.
(iii) The I.T.F should always try to pay the students, may be half of their money
before going for the training to avoid transportation problem.

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