BÖLÜM

MUKAVEMET

Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
Gerilme ve ekil
John T. DeWolf De i tirme –
Eksenel Yükleme
Dr. Z. Gül Apalak
Dr. Recep Güne
Dr. Recep Ekici
Dr. Mustafa Yıldırım
çerik

*HULOPH HNLO'H L WLUPH(NVHQHO<NOHPH *HQHOOH WLULOPL +RRNH .DQXQX

1RUPDO HNLO'H L WLUPH 'LODWDV\RQ%XON0RGO
*HULOPH HNLO'H L WLUPH 7HVWL .D\PD HNLO'H L LPL
*HULOPH HNLO'H L WLUPH 'L\DJUDPÕ6QHN (ν YH * DUDVÕQGDNLLOL NLOHU
0DO]HPHOHU .RPSR]LW 0DO]HPHOHU
*HULOPH HNLO'H L WLUPH 'L\DJUDPÕ 6DLQW9HQDQW 3UHQVLEL
*HYUHN0DO]HPHOHU *HULOPH<Õ ÕOPDODUÕ
+RRNH .DQXQX(ODVWLNOLN0RGO (ODVWRSODVWLN 0DO]HPHOHU
(ODVWLN  3ODVWLN 'DYUDQÕ 3ODVWLN 'HIRUPDV\RQODU
<RUXOPD .DOÕFÕ*HULOPHOHU
(NVHQHO<NOHPHGH'HIRUPDV\RQ
7HUPDO *HULOPHOHU
3RLVVRQ 2UDQÕ

2-2
Gerilme & ekil De i tirme: Eksenel Yükleme

‡ <DSÕ HOHPDQODUÕQGDNL NXYYHWOHULQ EHOLUOHQPHVL LoLQ KHU ]DPDQ VDGHFH

VWDWLN DQDOL]OHU \HWHUOL GH LOGLU dQN VWDWLN HNLO GH L WLUPH\HQ ULMLW
\DSÕODU NDEOQH GD\DQÕU 0KHQGLVOLNWH \DSÕODU HNLO GH L WLUHELOLU RODUDN
GLNNDWH DOÕQÕU YH \DSÕODUÕQ GHIRUPDV\RQX LQFHOHQLU

‡ dXEXN NXYYHWOHUL YH VWDWLN RODUDN EHOLUVL] VLVWHPOHUGHNL NXYYHWOHU \DSÕQÕQ

GHIRUPDV\RQX GLNNDWH DOÕQDUDN EXOXQXU 'HIRUPDV\RQOD LOJLOL LODYH
GHQNOHPOHU \D]ÕOÕU
‡ (OHPDQGDNL JHULOPH GD ÕOÕPÕQÕQ EHOLUOHQPHVL LoLQ HOHPDQGDNL
GHIRUPDV\RQXQ GD GLNNDWH DOÕQPDVÕQÕ JHUHNLU

‡ %|OP  HNVHQHO \NOHPH HWNLVLQGHNL \DSÕ HOHPDQÕQÕQ GHIRUPDV\RQX LOH

LOJLOLGLU

2-3
Normal ekil De i tirme

P
σ= = *HULOPH
A P P
δ σ= = P
ε= = 1RUPDO HNLO'H L WLUPH A A σ=
L δ A
ε= δ δ
L ε= =
L L
2-4
- "*$ %( ## " (&$
! # " ) " "" -
# " " + & -
& ) "
( # &+ # (& %
$ ! " 5 ) 4
6 $' ) # " ##
" ! %( 7(& %& %$ )
$ ! " -&% * # " ( )
( ( $
# $' " " % !" "
8 " " " " " 4
) " $" # " " + % !" '
) + % !" &
$" ' *
Gerilme- ekil De i tirme Testi

ekil 2.7 hQLYHUVDOoHNPHWHVWPDNLQDVÕ ekil 2.8 dHNPHWHVWQXPXQHVL

2-5
 *HUoHNNRSPDJHULOPHVL
Gerçek Gerilme-ɮekil
Tipik bir Gerilme-ɮekil Deʓiʰtirme Diyagram‘ Deʓiʰtirme Diyagram‘

(Q%\N
dHNPH
ıo JHULOPHVL .RSPD
JHULOPHVL
2UDQWÖ VÖQÖUÖ
ıN HODVWLNVÖQÖU
ıDN $NPDJ Mühendislik Gerilme-

ıR ɮekil Deʓiʰtirme
Diyagram‘

(ODVWLN $NPD 3HNOHûPH %R\XQ

E|OJH E|OJHVL E|OJHVL E|OJHVL
(ODVWLN 3ODVWLNGDYUDQÖû
GDYUDQÖû
Gerilme- ekil De i tirme Diyagramı: Sünek
Malzemeler

.RSPD .RSPD

$NPD HNLOGH L WLUPH6HUWOH PHVL%R\XQOD PD

D' NNDUERQOXoHOLN E$OPLQ\XP$OD ÕPÕ

2-6
Gerilme- ekil De i tirme Diyagramı:Gevrek
Malzemeler

.RSPD

ekil 2.11 *HYUHN0DO]HPHLoLQ*HULOPH HNLO'H L WLUPH

'L\DJUDPÕ

2-7
? $ "*" " "
( $ #% $ # +) $'
( (&$ + ( $
( 7şekil değ. %( " $!
- ( (&$ %
+ % " ),,$ %& ( $
- % @
) $" $ ) % ! )
+ ) ( 7üHNLOGHù
% ( " " $ ( $ #% $ ) )A
( $ # B (&$
!!
Hooke Kanunu: Elastiklik Modülü
Gerilme

6XYHULOLSWHPSHUOHQPL DOD ÕPoHOL L

$ σ = Eε
E = <RXQJ0RGOYH\D
<NVHNNDUERQOXoHOLN (ODVWLNOLN0RGO
$

' NNDUERQOXoHOLN ‡ $OD ÕPODPD ÕVÕO L OHP YH UHWLP

6DIGHPLU L OHPOHUL PDO]HPHQLQ PXNDYHPHWL
QL HWNLOHU IDNDW PDO]HPHQLQ
HODVWLNOLN PRGOQ 5LLMLWOL LQL
ekil 2.15 6DIGHPLUYHIDUNOÕoHOLNOHULoLQJHULOPH NDWÕOÕ ÕQÕ HWNLOHPH]
HNLOGH L WLUPHGL\DJUDPODUÕ

2-8
Malzemenin Elastik - Plastik Davranı ı
‡ ( HU JHULOPH NDOGÕUÕOGÕ ÕQGD
HNLO GH L WLUPH RUWDGDQ
.RSPD NDONDUVD PDO]HPHQLQ HODVWLN
RODUDN GDYUDQGÕ Õ V|\OHQLU
‡ %X ROD\ÕQ JHUoHNOH WL L HQ
E\N JHULOPH GH HULQH
HODVWLN OLPLW GHQLU

‡ *HULOPH NDOGÕUÕOGÕ ÕQGD HNLO

GH L WLUPH VÕIÕUD JHUL G|QPH]VH
PDO]HPHQLQ SODVWLN RODUDN
GDYUDQGÕ Õ V|\OHQLU
ekil 2.18

2-9
Yorulma

• Gerilme-yük tekrarı diyagramları

yorulma özelliklerini gösterir.

Çelik(1020HR)
Gerilme (ksi)

• Bir eleman yük tekrarına maruz

kaldığında kopma dayanımının
altındaki bir gerilme seviyesinde
yorulmadan dolayı kırılabilir.
Alüminyum(2024)

• Herhangi bir yük tekrar sayısı

için, uygulanan gerilmeler sürekli
Yük tekrarı sayısı muhavemet eğrisi altında
kaldığında yorulma kırılması
Şekil 2.21
oluşmaz.

2 - 10
Eksenel Yüklemede Normal ekil De i tirme

‡ +RRNHNDQXQXQGDQ
σ P
σ = Eε ε= =
E AE
‡ HNLOGH L WLUPHWDQÕPÕQGDQ
δ
ε=
L
‡ ( LWOLNOHULQELUOLNWHo|]OPHVL\OH
PL
δ =
AE
‡ 'H L HQ\NOHPHHQLQHNHVLWDODQÕYH
ekil 2.22
PDO]HPH|]HOOLNOHULLoLQ
Pi Li
δ =
i Ai Ei

2 - 11
Örnek 2.01

dg=h0
‡ dXEXN\NX\JXODPDQRNWDODUÕQ
GDQoSDUoD\DD\UÕOÕU

‡ oNXYYHWOHULEXOPDNLoLQKHUELU
E =  × −  SVL SDUoDQÕQVHUEHVWFLVLPGL\DJUDPÕ
D = LQd = LQ oL]LOLU

‡ 3DUoDODUÕQGHIRUPDV\RQXQGDQ
HNLOGH J|VWHULOHQ oHOLN WRSODPGHIRUPDV\RQKHVDSODQÕU
oXEX XQ GHIRUPDV\RQXQX
YHULOHQ \NOHU LoLQ WD\LQ
HGLQL]

2 - 12
dg=h0 ‡ oNXYYHWOHULEXOPDNLoLQKHUELUSDUoDQÕQ
VHUEHVWFLVLPGL\DJUDPÕoL]LOLU
‡ dXEXNoSDUoD\DD\UÕOÕU
P =  ×  OE

P = − ×  OE

P =  × OE

7RSODPGHIRUPDV\RQ

Pi Li  PL P L P L
δ = = + +
A
i i iE E A A  A

=
 ( × ) + (−  × ) + ( × )
 ×   

=  × − LQ

L = L = LQ L = LQ
δ =  ×−LQ
A = A = LQ  A = LQ 

2 - 13
  
3    + 1   *  1  %)$  
+ ,)$%)   *    (&  , !$"
 &+'' /"    ) (   2-/  (&$   #
1$!" -    - * / * (&  , %   $ 
 





 ! 

"#$

"
"R   
Örnek Problem 2.1

dg=h0
‡ %'(oXEX XLoLQVHUEHVWFLVLP
GL\DJUDPÕoL]LOLU AB YHDC
oXEXNODUÕQDHWNLHGHQNXYYHWOHU
EXOXQXU
5LMLW BDE oXEX X AB YH CD NROODUÕ\OD ‡ AB YH DC oXEXNODUÕQGD
PHVQHWOHQPL WLU $% NROX DOPLQ\XP E GHIRUPDV\RQODU B YHD GHNL
 *3D YH NHVLWL  PP  CD NROX oHOLN

VHKLPOHUKHVDSODQÕU
E  *3D YH NHVLWL  PP GLU


‡ (GHNLVHKLPLEXOPDNLoLQ%YH'
HNLOGH J|VWHULOHQ N1 NXYYHW LoLQ a) B ROX DQVHKLPOHUYHVHKLPOHULQ
GHNL  b) D GHNL  YH c) E GHNL VHKLPL JHRPHWULVLGLNNDWHDOÕQÕU
KHVDSOD\ÕQÕ]

2 - 14
Örnek Problem 2.1
dg=h0 B GHNLVHKLP
PL
6HUEHVW&LVLP'L\DJUDPÕBDE δB =
AE

=
(−  ×  1 )( P )
( × P )( × 3D )
= − × −  P
δ B = PP↑
MB = 
D GHNLVHKLP
 = −( N1 ×  P ) + FCD ×  P
FCD = + N1tension PL
δD =
dHNPH AE
0' = 
 = −( N1 ×  P ) − FAB ×  P
=
( ×  1 )( P )
FAB = − N1 compression
%DVPD ( × P )( × 3D )
=  × −  P

δ D = PP↓
2 - 15
Örnek Problem 2.1

BB′ BH
=
DD′ HD
PP (PP ) − x
=
PP x
x = PP

EE ′ HE
=
DD′ HD
δE
=
( +  )PP
PP PP
δ E = PP

δ E = PP↓

2 - 16
Statik Olarak Belirsiz Problemler
‡ o NXYYHWOHUL YH UHDNVL\RQWHSNL NXYYHWOHUL VDGHFH
VWDWLNWHQ WHVSLW HGLOHPL\HQ \DSÕODUÕQ VWDWLN RODUDN
EHOLUVL] ROGX X V|\OHQLU

‡ %LU \DSÕ GHQJH\L VD ODPDN LoLQ JHUHNHQGHQ

GDKD oRN VD\ÕGD PHVQHW EXOXQGXUGX XQGD
VWDWLN RODUDN EHOLUVL]GLU

‡ dÕNDUÕODQ WHSNL ELOLQPH\HQ ELU \NOH GH L WLUL

OLU YH oÕNDUÕODQ WHSNL GHIRUPDV\RQODUÕQ
X\JXQOXN GHQNOHPLQGH GL HU NXYYHWOHUOH
ELUOLNWH GLNNDWH DOÕQÕU
‡ *HUoHN \NOHU YH oÕNDUÕODQ WHSNLGHQ ROX DQ
GHIRUPDV\RQODU D\UÕ RODUDN WHVSLW HGLOLU YH VRQUD
WRSODQÕU YH\D VXSHUSR]H HGLOLU
δ = δL +δR = 

2 - 17
Örnek 2.04
HNLOGH J|VWHULOHQ oHOLN oXEX XQ \NOHPH
GXUXPXQD J|UH $ YH % GHNL WHSNLOHUL EXOXQX]
<NOHU X\JXODQPDGDQ |QFH LNL PHVQHWWH GH
ER OXNVX] JHoPH YDUGÕU
dg=h0
• % GHNL WHSNL\L oÕNDUÕODQ E\NON RODUDN
GLNNDWH DODOÕP oXEX XQ EX PHVQHWLQL
VHUEHVW EÕUDNDOÕP YH X\JXODQDQ \NOHUGHQ
GROD\Õ % GHNL GHIRUPDV\RQ EXOXQXU
‡ %GHNLoÕNDUÕODQWHSNLGHQGROD\ÕROX DQ
GHIRUPDV\RQEXOXQXU
‡ <NOHUGHQYHoÕNDUÕODQWHSNLGHQGROD\ÕROX DQ
GHIRUPDV\RQODUX\JXQOXN DUWÕQÕVD ODPDOÕGÕU
‡ 7RSODPGHIRUPDV\RQVÕIÕUROPDOÕGÕU
‡ $GDNLWHSNLLoLQ%GHEXOXQDQUHDNVL\RQ
NXYYHWLYHX\JXODQDQNXYYHWOHUGLNNDWHDOÕQÕU
2 - 18
Örnek 2.04
dg=h0
• %GHGÕ DUÕGDQX\JXODQDQ\NOHUGHQGROD\ÕROX DQ
GHIRUPDV\RQKHVDSODQÕU
P =  P = P =  × 1 P =  ×  1

A = A =  × −  P  A = A =  × −  P 

L = L = L = L = P

Pi Li  × 
δ/ = =
A
i i iE E

‡ %GHHWNLHGHQ5GHQGROD\ÕROX DQGHIRUPDV\RQ

P = P = − RB

A =  ×−  P  A =  × −  P 

L = L = P

R =
Pi Li
=−
(
 × RB)
i Ai Ei E
2 - 19
Örnek 2.04
‡ dXEXNWDNLWRSODPGHIRUPDV\RQXQVÕIÕUROGX X\D]ÕOÕU

δ = δL +δR = 

δ= −
(
 ×  ×  RB )
=
E E
RB =  ×  1 = N1

‡ %GHNLUHDNVL\RQNXYYHWLYHGÕ \NOHUGLNNDWHDOÕQDUDN
GHQJHGHQ$GDNLPHVQHWUHDNVL\RQXEXOXQXU
Fy =  = R A − N1 −  N1 +  N1
R A =  N1
R A =  N1
RB =  N1

2 - 20
Termal(Isıl) gerilmeler
‡ 6ÕFDNOÕN GH L LPL VRQXFXQGD X]XQOXNWDNL GH L LP
WHUPDO HNLO GH L WLUPHGLU
‡ HNLOGHNL / X]XQOX XQGDNL $% oXEX X VDELW PHVQHW
OHU DUDVÕQGDGÕUdXEX XQ VÕFDNOÕ Õ DUWÕUÕOGÕ ÕQGD
PHVQHWOHU X]DPD\D L]LQ YHUPH] oXEX XQ WRSODP
X]DPDVÕ VÕIÕUGÕU 3UREOHP VWDWLN RODUDN EHOLUVL]GLU %
PHVQHWL NDOGÕUÕOGÕ ÕQGD VÕFDNOÕN DUWÕ ÕQGDQ GROD\Õ
WHUPDO X]DPD ROX XU
PL
δ T = α (∆T )L δP =
AE
α = ,VÕOJHQOH PHNDWVD\ÕVÕ
‡ 7HUPDO X]DPD YH % GHNL PHVQHW NXYYHWL 3 GHQ
GROD\Õ ROX DQ X]DPD WRSODPÕ VÕIÕU ROPDOÕGÕU
δ = δT + δ P =  δ = δT + δ P = 
P = − AEα (∆T )
PL
α (∆T )L + = P
AE σ= = − Eα (∆T )
A

2 - 21
Poisson Oranı
• Eksenel yüklemeye maruz narin bir çubuk
için: σx
εx = σy =σz = 0
E

• x-yönündeki uzamaya diğeryönlerde bir

daralma eşlik eder. Malzemenin izotropik
(yönden bağımsız) olduğu varsayılırsa,

εy = εz ≠ 0

• Poisson oranı şu şekilde tanımlanır

enine şekil degistirme ε ε
ν= =− y =− z
boyuna şekil degistirme εx εx

2 - 22
Genelle tirilmi Hook Yasası

‡ dRN HNVHQOL \NOHPH\H PDUX] ELU HOHPDQ LoLQ

QRUPDO HNLO GH L WLUPH ELOH HQOHUL JHULOPH
ELOH HQOHULQH ED OÕ RODUDN süperpozisyon ilkesi
NXOODQÕODUDN EHOLUOHQHELOLU %XQXQ DUWODUÕ
 HNLOGH L WLUPHYHJHULOPHDUDVÕQGDOLQHHU
LOL NLYDUGÕU
 \HUGH L WLUPHOHUNoNWU

‡ %XNDEXOOHUHJ|UH
σ x νσ y νσ z
εx = + − −
E E E
νσ x σ y νσ z
εy = − + −
E E E
νσ x νσ y σz
εz = − − +
E E E

2 - 23
Dilatasyon: Yığılma Modülü
• Gerilmesiz duruma göre, hacimdeki değişim
[ ] [ ]
e = (1 + ε x )(1 + ε y )(1 + ε z ) − 1 = 1 + ε x + ε y + ε z − 1
= εx +εy +εz
1 − 2ν
= (σ x + σ y + σ z )
E
= dilatasyon (birim hacim basina hacimdeki degisim)

• Üniform hidrostatik basınca maruz eleman için,

3(1 − 2ν ) p
e = −p =−
E k
E
k= = bulk modülü
3(1 − 2ν )
• Üniform basınç altında, dilatasyon negatif olmalıdır,
bu nedenle
0 <ν < 1
2
Kayma şekil değiştirmesi

• Kayma gerilmesine maruz bir kübik eleman baklava

dilimi şeklinde deforme olur. Bununla ilişkili kayma
şekil değiştirmesi kenarlar arasındaki açı
değişiminden ölçülür,
τ xy = f (γ xy )

• Kayma gerilmesine karşılık kayma şekil değiştirme

grafiğinin çizimi daha önce çizilen normal gerilme-
normal şekil değiştirmeninki ile benzerdir, ancak
mukavemet değerleri yaklaşık olarak yarısıdır.
Küçük şekil değiştirmeler için,
τ xy = G γ xy τ yz = G γ yz τ zx = G γ zx
burada G rijitlik modülü veya kayma modülüdür.

2 - 25
Örnek 2.10
dg=h0
‡ %OR XQ ND\PD HNLO GH L WLUPHVLQL
YH\D RUWDODPD DoÕVDO GHIRUPDV\RQX
EHOLUOH\LQ
‡ .D\PD JHULOPHVLQL EXOPDN LoLQ
.D\PD JHULOPHVL YH HNLO GH L WLUPH
LoLQ +RRNH <DVDVÕ¶QÕ X\JXOD\ÕQ
.D\PD PRGO *  NVL RODQ ELU
EOR D LNL \DWD\ ULMLW OHYKD ‡ P NXYYHWLQLEXOPDNLoLQND\PD
\DSÕ WÕUÕOPÕ WÕU$OW OHYKD VDELW VW OHYKD JHULOPHVLWDQÕPÕQÕNXOODQÕQ
3 \DWD\ NXYYHWLQH PDUX]GXU hVW OHYKD
NXYYHW HWNLVL\OH  LQ KDUHNHW
HWPHNWHGLU D PDO]HPHQLQ RUWDODPD
ND\PD HNLO GH L WLUPHVLQL YH E VW
OHYKD\D X\JXODQDQ 3 NXYYHWLQL EXOXQX]

2 - 26
‡ %OR XQND\PD HNLOGH L WLUPHVLQLYH\D
RUWDODPDDoÕVDOGHIRUPDV\RQXEHOLUOH\LQ
 LQ
γ xy ≈ WDQ γ xy = γ xy =  UDG
 LQ

‡ .D\PDJHULOPHVLQLEXOPDNLoLQ.D\PD
JHULOPHVLYH HNLOGH L WLUPHLoLQ+RRNH
<DVDVÕ¶QÕX\JXOD\ÕQ
( )
τ xy = Gγ xy =  × SVL ( UDG ) =  SVL

‡ P NXYYHWLQLEXOPDNLoLQND\PDJHULOPHVL
WDQÕPÕQÕNXOODQÕQ
P = τ xy A = ( SVL )( LQ)( LQ) =  × OE

P =  NLSV

2 - 27
E, ν, ve G arasındaki ili ki
‡ (NVHQHO RODUDN \NOHQPL LQFH ELU oXEXN
HNVHQHO \|QGH X]D\DFDN YH HQLQH
\|QOHUGH NÕVDODFDNWÕU
‡ .ELN HOHPDQ VWWHNL HNLOGHNL JLEL
\|QOHQGLULOPL LVH EX HOHPDQ GLNG|UWJHQ
SDUDOHONHQDUD G|Q U (NVHQHO \N
QRUPDO HNLO GH L WLUPH\H QHGHQ ROXU
‡ ( HU NELN HOHPDQ DOWWDNL HNLOGHNL JLEL
\|QOHQGLULOLUVH EX EDNODYD GLOLPL HNOLQGH
GHIRUPH ROXU (NVHQHO \N D\QÕ ]DPDQGD
ND\PD HNLO GH L WLUPHVLQH QHGHQ ROXU
‡ 1RUPDO YH ND\PD HNLO GH L WLUPHVLQLQ
ELOH HQOHUL DUDVÕQGDNL LOL NL
E
= ( + ν )
G

2 - 28
Örnek Problem 2.5

.DOÕQOÕ Õ t  LQ RODQ JHULOPHVL] ELU

DOPLQ\XP OHYKD ]HULQH d  LQ oDSÕQGD ELU
oHPEHU oL]LOPL WLU /HYKD G]OHPLQH HWNL HGHQ
NXYYHWOHU GDKD VRQUD σ[  NVL YH σ] 
NVL JHULOPHOHULQL PH\GDQD JHWLUPHNWHGLU
E [ SVLYHν  LoLQ
D AB oDSÕQÕQER\XQX
E CD oDSÕQÕQER\XQX
F OHYKDQÕQNDOÕQOÕ ÕQÕYH
G OHYKDQÕQKDFPLQLKHVDSOD\ÕQÕ]

2 - 29
dg=h0
‡ 1RUPDO HNLOGH L WLUPHQLQo ‡ 'HIRUPDV\RQELOH HQOHULQLQ
ELOH HQLQLEXOPDNLoLQ*HQHOOH WLULOPL  GH HUOHQGLULOPHVL
+RRN<DVDVÕQÕX\JXOD\ÕQ −
δB A ( )
= ε x d = +  × LQLQ ( LQ)
σ x νσ y νσ z
εx = + − − δB = + × − LQ
E E E A

=


( NVL ) −  −  ( NVL )

δC D ( )
= ε z d = +  ×− LQLQ ( LQ)
 × SVL
δC = + ×− LQ
= + ×− LQLQ
D

νσ x σ y νσ z
( )
δ t = ε y t = −  ×− LQLQ ( LQ)
εy = − + −
E E E δ t = − ×− LQ
= − ×− LQLQ
‡ +DFLPGH L LPLQLQEXOXQPDVÕ
νσ x νσ yσ
εz = − − + z e = ε x + ε y + ε z =  × − LQ LQ 
E E E
= + × − LQLQ ∆V = eV =  × − ( × × )LQ 
∆V = + LQ 

2 - 30
Kompozit Malzemeler
‡ Fiber-takviyeli kompozit malzemeler UHoLQH PDWULNV
LoHULVLQH J|POP SROLPHU FDP YH\D JUDILW
lamina¶ODUGDQ ROX XU.

‡ 1RUPDO JHULOPHOHU YH HNLO GH L WLUPHOHU +RRNH

<DVDVÕ LOH LOL NLOLGLU IDNDW HODVWLVLWH PRGO \|QH
ED OÕGÕU
σ σy σz
Ex = x Ey = Ez =
εx εy εz

‡ (QLQH NÕVDOPDODU 3RLVVRQ 2UDQÕ¶QÕQ \|QH ED OÕ

GH HUOHUL\OH LOL NLOLGLU |UQH LQ
εy ε
ν xy =− ν xz = − z
εx εx

‡ <|QHED OÕPHNDQLN|]HOOLNOHUHVDKLSPDO]HPHOHU
anizotropik’WLU

2 - 31
Saint-Venant lkesi
‡ 5LMLW SODNDODUGDQ LOHWLOHQ \NOHU
QLIRUP GD ÕOÕPD VDKLS JHULOPH YH
HNLO GH L WLUPHOHUH QHGHQ ROXU

‡ 1RNWDVDO \NOHU LVH \NQ X\JXODQGÕ Õ

QRNWD oHYUHVLQGH E\N JHULOPHOHUH
VHEHS ROXU
‡ *HULOPH HNLO GH L WLUPH GD ÕOÕPODUÕ
\NQ X\JXODQGÕ Õ QRNWDODUGDQ
\HWHULQFH X]DN HOHPDQ JHQL OL LQH
H LW YH\D GDKD E\N PHVDIHGH
QLIRUP ROXUODU
‡ Saint-Venant lkesi:
<NX\JXODQDQQRNWDODUÕQKHPHQ
\DNÕQÕKDULoJHULOPHGD ÕOÕPÕJHUoHN
\NX\JXODPDoH LGLQGHQ
ED ÕPVÕ]GÕU
2 - 32
Gerilme Yı ılması: Delik

.HVLWWHNLVUHNVL]OLNOHU\NVHNE|OJHVHOYH\D σ
K = PD[
konsantre JHULOPHOHUHVHEHSRODELOLU σ DYH

2 - 33
Gerilme Yı ılması: Fillet (yuvarlatma yarıçapı)

2 - 34
Örnek 2.11
.DOÕQOÕNODUÕ  PP JHQL OLNOHUL 
PP YH  PP \XYDUODWPD \DUÕoDSÕ
r  PP RODQ GLNG|UWJHQ NHVLWOL
ELU oHOLN OHYKDQÕQ HPQL\HWOL RODUDN
WD Õ\DELOHFH L HQ E\N P NXYYHWLQL
EXOXQX] 0VDDGH HGLOHELOLU QRUPDO
JHULOPH  03D¶GÕU
dg=h0
‡ *HRPHWULNRUDQODUEHOLUOHQLUYH HNLO
¶GDQJHULOPH\Õ ÕOPDNDWVD\ÕVÕ
EXOXQXU
‡ 0DO]HPHQLQ PVDDGH HGLOHELOLU QRUPDO
JHULOPH YH JHULOPH \Õ ÕOPD IDNW|UQ
NXOODQDUDN PVDGH HGLOHELOLU RUWDODPD
QRUPDO JHULOPH EXOXQXU
‡ 0VDDGHHGLOHELOLU\NEXOPDNLoLQ
QRUPDOJHULOPHWDQÕPÕNXOODQÕOÕU
2 - 35
‡ *HRPHWULNRUDQODUEHOLUOHQLUYH HNLO
¶GDQJHULOPH\Õ ÕOPDNDWVD\ÕVÕ
EXOXQXU
D  PP r  PP
= =  = = 
d  PP d  PP
K = 

‡ 0DO]HPHQLQ PVDDGH HGLOHELOLU QRUPDO

JHULOPH YH JHULOPH \Õ ÕOPD IDNW|UQ
NXOODQDUDN PVDGH HGLOHELOLU RUWDODPD
QRUPDO JHULOPH EXOXQXU

σ PD[  03D

σ DYH = = =  03D
K 

‡ 0VDDGHHGLOHELOLU\NEXOPDNLoLQ
QRUPDOJHULOPHWDQÕPÕNXOODQÕOÕU
P = Aσ ave = ( PP )( PP )( 03D )

=  × 1
P =  N1

2 - 36
Elastoplastik Malzemeler
‡ gQFHNLDQDOL]OHUOLQHHUJHULOPH HNLO
GH L WLUPHLOL NLVLYDUVD\ÕPÕQD
GD\DQPDNWD\GÕ\DQLJHULOPHOHUDNPD
JHULOPHVLQLQDOWÕQGDLGL
‡ %XYDUVD\ÕPDNPDROPDGDQNRSDQJHYUHN
PDO]HPHOHULoLQPDQWÕNOÕGÕU
‡ ( HUVQHNPDO]HPHOHUGHDNPDJHULOPHVL
D ÕOÕUVDR]DPDQSODVWLNGHIRUPDV\RQED ODU
‡ 3ODVWLNGHIRUPDV\RQDQDOL]OHUL
LGHDOOH WLULOPL elastoplastik malzeme
PRGHOOHULNXOODQÕODUDNEDVLWOH WLULOLU
‡ (ODVWRSODVWLNELUPDO]HPHQLQ
GHIRUPDV\RQODUÕHODVWLNYHSODVWLNE|OJHOHre
D\UÕOÕU
‡ $NPDJHULOPHVLQLQ|WHVLQGHNL\NOHPHOHU
Şekil 2.60 NDOÕFÕGHIRUPDV\RQODUDQHGHQROXU

2 - 37
Plastik Deformasyonlar

σ PD[ A ‡ 0DNVLPXPJHULOPHDNPD
P = σ ave A =
K JHULOPHVLQGHQGDKDNoNLVH
GHIRUPDV\RQHODVWLNWLU

‡ 0DNVLPXPHODVWLN\NOHPHGH
σ A PDNVLPXPJHULOPHDNPDJHULOPHVLQH
PY = Y
K
H LWWLU

‡ 0DNVLPXPHODVWLN\NOHPHQLQ|WHVLQGHNL
\NOHPHOHUGH GHOLNFLYDUÕQGDSODVWLN
GHIRUPDV\RQE|OJHVLJHOL LU

‡ <NGDKDGDDUWÕUÕOÕUVDSODVWLNE|OJH
PU = σ Y A DNPDJHULOPHVLQHH LWELUQLIRUP
= K PY JHULOPHLOHOHYKDNHQDUÕQDNDGDU
JHQL OHU

2 - 38
Kalıcı (Artık) Gerilmeler

‡ %LU \DSÕVDO HOHPDQ DNPD JHULOPHVLQLQ |WHVLQGH QLIRUP

RODUDN \NOHQLU YH GDKD VRQUD ER DOWÕOÕUVD \DSÕGD NDOÕFÕ
GHIRUPDV\RQODU EXOXQXU DQFDN WP JHULOPHOHU ND\EROXU
%X JHQHO ELU VRQXo GH LOGLU
‡ Artık gerilmelerin \NOHPHYHER DOWPDGDQVRQUD\DSÕ
]HULQGHNDOPDVÕLoLQ
 \DSÕQÕQELUNÕVPÕQÕQSODVWLNGHIRUPDV\RQDPDUX]
NDOPDVÕ
 <DSÕQÕQIDUNOÕSDUoDODUÕQÕQIDUNOÕSODVWLN
GHIRUPDV\RQODUDPDUX]NDOPDVÕ

‡ <DSÕVDOHOHPDQODUYH\D\DSÕODUÕQG]HQVL]ÕVÕWÕOPDVÕYH\D
VR XWXOPDVÕGDDUWÕNJHULOPHOHUHQHGHQROXU

2 - 39
Örnek 2.13, 2.14, 2.15

6LOLQGLULN ELU oXEXN D\QÕ X]XQOXNWDNL

ELU WSQ LoLQH \HUOH WLULOPL WLU
dXEX XQ YH WSQ ELU XFX ULMLW ELU
GHVWHN GL HU XFX LVH ULMLW ELU SODND
WDUDIÕQGDQ GHVWHNOHQPHNWHGLU 0LOWS
VLVWHPLQH X\JXODQDQ \N VÕIÕUGDQ 
NLSV¶H DUWÕUÕOÕS YH VRQUD VÕIÕUD
G UOUVH
D PLOWSVLVWHPLLoLQNXYYHW\HU Ar =  LQ At =  LQ
GH L WLUPHGL\DJUDPÕQÕoL]LQ Er =  × SVL Et =  ×  SVL
E PDNVLPXPX]DPD\ÕKHVDSOD\ÕQ Y r =  NVL Y t =  NVL

F NDOÕFÕX]DPD\ÕKHVDSOD\ÕQ
G PLOYHWSWHNLNDOÕFÕJHULOPHOHUL
KHVDSOD\ÕQ

2 - 40
Örnek 2.13, 2.14, 2.15
D PLOWSVLVWHPLLoLQNXYYHW\HUGH L WLUPH
GL\DJUDPÕQÕQoL]LOPHVL
( )
PY  r = σ Y  r Ar = ( NVL )  LQ  =  NLSV

σ Y r  × SVL
= εY r L = L=  LQ =  ×  LQ
 × SVL
Y,r
EY  r

( )
PY t = σ Y t At = ( NVL )  LQ  =  NLSV

σ Y t  ×  SVL
= ε Y t L = L=  LQ =  ×  LQ
 × SVL
Y,t
EY t

P = Pr + Pt
δ = δ r = δt

2 - 41
 EFGHWHUPLQHWKHPD[LPXPHORQJDWLRQDQGSHUPDQHQWVHW
Örnek 2.13, 2.14, 2.15
‡ \NP NLSV ROGX XQGDPLOSODVWLNE|OJH\H
XOD PDVÕQDUD PHQWSKDODHODVWLNE|OJHGHGLU
Pr = PY  r =  NLSV
Pt = P − Pr = ( −  ) NLSV =  NLSV
Pt  NLSV
σW = = 
=  NVL
At LQ

σt  × SVL
δ W = εt L = L=  LQ δ PD[ = δ t =  ×− LQ
Et  ×  SVL

‡ 0LOWSVLVWHPLQGH\NQER DOWÕOPDVÕYr GR UXOWXVXQD

SDUDOHORODUDN\DSÕOÕU
 NLSV
m= 
=  NLSV LQ = VORSH
 ×  LQ
PPD[  NLSV
δ′ = − =− = − × − LQ
m  NLSV LQ

δ S = δ PD[ + δ ′ = ( −  )×− LQ δ p =  ×− LQ

2 - 42
Örnek 2.13, 2.14, 2.15
‡ PLOYHWSWHNLDUWÕNJHULOPHQLQKHVDSODQPDVÕ
PLOYHWSWH\NQER DOWÕOPDVÕ\ODROX DQWHUV
JHULOPHOHULKHVDSODYHEXQODUÕPDNVLPXPJHULOPHOHU
LOHWRSOD

δ′−  × − LQ

ε′ = = = − ×− LQ LQ
L  LQ

( )( )
σ r′ = ε ′Er = −  × −  × SVL = − NVL

σ t′ = ε ′Et = (−  ×− )( × SVL ) = − NVL

σ residual  r = σ r + σ r′ = ( −  ) NVL = −. NVL

σ residual t = σ t + σ t′ = ( − ) NVL =  NVL

2 - 43