Lecture 2:

Introduction to: 1) Systemic and Functional Anatomy

2) Basic Cells and Tissues
Regional Anatomy vs. Systemic Anatomy
 Anatomical Nomenclature
• Anatomical Language
– Clear communication and consistency.
– Using anatomical directions, regions, and
landmarks
The Anatomical Position
• important to have a “position”
– Akin to having a 3D compass N,S,E,W… plus up/down
– Directions, movements, and relationships
Planes of Reference
Frontal or Coronal
Plane

Sagittal Plane

Transverse
Plane
Coronal Plane
Sagittal Plane
Transverse Plane
Regions of the Body
• Related to nomenclature
• Regions are sometimes not clearly defined.
Body cavities
• Protect vital organs
• Help to regionally organize the human body
Body compartments
• Separated by joints and fascia
• Share developmental origin
• Share similar function and innervation.

Thigh: 3 compartments
1. Medial
2. Anterior
3. Posterior

Lower leg: 3 compartments

1. Lateral
2. Anterior
3. Posterior
Body Organization
Body Organization: Atoms make Cells
Body Organization: Cells make tissues
1. Nervous Tissue

2. Epithelial tissue

4. Muscle Tissue 3. Connective Tissue

Body Organization
Basic Tissues1 : Epithelia
• Many types in the body:
– Classification uses a 2 name system
• First name indicates layering
• Second names indicates shape
• Layers
– Simple = 1 layer
– Stratified = multilayers
– pseudostratified
• Shape
– Squamous = squashed..wider than they are tall
– Cuboidal = cube…as wide as they are tall
– Columnar = column..taller than they are wide
Basic Tissues 1: Epithelia (cont’d)
• Cells are closely
opposed (cell junctions)
• Form surface linings
and most glands
• Epithelial tissue is
avascular but
innervated
• Cells are polarized
(apical-vs-basal)
• High regenerative
Specialized cells: capacity (very
1. Secrete.
2. Move fluids across.
important!)
3. Move fluids through.
Epithelia: How it works…. (cont’d)

Intestinal wall
Lumen of Intestine Blood
(epithelial)

Digested Food Nutrients

Basic Tissues 2: Connective Tissue
• Most diverse and abundant tissue in the body
• Provides structure and support
• Surrounds, protects, connects structures such as
blood vessels and nerves, as well as other tissues.
• Composed of cells and extracellular matrix (fibres)
• Stores and carries nutrients
• Connective tissue proper: loose (areolar, adipose,
are reticular), dense (regular, irregular, and elastic)
– Table 3.4
• Specialized connective tissue:
• Cartilage (avascular, lacking innervation)
• bone
• blood
 Basic Tissues 2: Connective - Cartilage
• Hyaline
- supports, reinforces Lungs

- resilient cushioning
- resists compressive stress
and friction.
• Elastic
- more elastic than hyaline
- flexible but maintains shape
• Fibrocartilage
- great tensile strength
- absorbs compressive
shock
- Orientated fibres
Basic Tissues 2: Connective - Bone
• rock like compared to other tissues
• abundant collagen fibres, resists tension
• contains inorganic calcium salts that form a
incompressible matrix
• osteoblasts (immature bone) secrete collagen into
matrix where Ca2+ salts precipitate forming a
hardening matrix. Osteocytes (mature bone) inhabit
cavities (lacunae) within the hardened matrix.
• bone is alive with rich capillary network.
• we will discuss further when we take the skeletons
out of the closet next week (Chapter 7 and 8)
Basic Tissues 2:
Connective Tissue - Blood
• ??? WHAT ???
• connects organs through the
cardiovascular system
• termed connective due to embryonic origin…just
like the other connective tissues: mesenchyme
• Blood cells that are surrounded by nonliving matrix
(the plasma).
• Don’t forget Lymph as well!
Basic Tissues 3: Muscle
• Main cell line:
– Muscle fibres or myocytes
• Main Function of Muscle?
• Other functions?
• Three Types of Muscle Tissue
• Skeletal - movement, support
• Cardiac - create blood pressure
• Smooth - autonomic slave,
from bowels to blood pressure
Basic Tissues 4: Nervous
• Main component of nervous organs
• Brain, spinal cord, nerves
• Neurons, highly specialized, generate,
conduct electrical impulses over long
distance
• Longest cells in body!
• Neuroganglia are the supporting cells
that nourish, insulate, and protect the
neurons
• take some neuroscience to learn more
cool stuff!