RC Cantilever Retaining Wall

Appendix E7
R C Cantilever Retaining Wall

GUIDELINE 4
AACRA BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
7 RC CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL ..................................................................................................1

7.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................1
7.2 Design Assumptions ............................................................................................................................1
7.3 Overall Dimensions .............................................................................................................................1
7.4 Material Properties...............................................................................................................................2
7.5 Load Combinations..............................................................................................................................2
7.6 Factors..................................................................................................................................................2
7.6.1 Load Factors .................................................................................................................................2
7.7 Loads....................................................................................................................................................3
7.7.1 Dead Loads ...................................................................................................................................3
7.7.2 Lateral Pressure ............................................................................................................................3
7.8 Bearing Pressure ..................................................................................................................................4
7.8.1 Minimum Dead and Surcharge Loads with Maximum Lateral Pressure......................................4
7.8.2 Maximum Dead and Surcharge Loads with Maximum Lateral Pressure .....................................6
7.9 Stability................................................................................................................................................8
7.9.1 Overturning...................................................................................................................................8
7.9.2 Sliding...........................................................................................................................................8
7.10 Design of Components .....................................................................................................................8
7.10.1 Design of Stem .............................................................................................................................8
7.10.2 Design of Toe Cantilever............................................................................................................10
7.10.3 Design of Heel Cantilever ..........................................................................................................15
FIGURES
Figure 7.1 Concrete Retaining Wall...................................................................................................................1

Figure 7.2 Footing Reaction Force Eccentricity.................................................................................................4
Figure 7.3 Bearing Pressure with Minimum Dead Loads ..................................................................................6
Figure 7.4 Bearing Pressure with Maximum Dead Load ...................................................................................7
Figure 7.5 Toe Flexure with Minimum Dead Load .........................................................................................10
Figure 7.6 Toe Flexure with Maximum Dead Load.........................................................................................11
Figure 7.7 Toe Shear with Minimum Dead Load.............................................................................................13
Figure 7.8 Toe Shear with Maximum Dead Load ............................................................................................14
Figure 7.9 Heel Flexure with Minimum Dead Load ........................................................................................16
Figure 7.10 Heel Flexure with Maximum Dead Load .....................................................................................18
TABLES
Table 7.1: Load Factors......................................................................................................................................2

Table 7.2: Resistance Factors ϕ .........................................................................................................................2
Table 7.3: Dead Loads........................................................................................................................................3
Table 7.4: Lateral loads ......................................................................................................................................3
FINAL DRAFT – Rev 0 January 2003 APPENDIX : E7 R C CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

Page i - i
GUIDELINE 4
7 RC CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL
7.1 Introduction
The following example illustrates the design of a reinforced concrete cantilever retaining wall using the
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification 1998, Section 11.6.3.
7.2 Design Assumptions

It is assumed that vehicles travel parallel to the retaining wall and at a distance of 300 mm from the wall’s
edge.
7.3 Overall Dimensions

The retaining wall should be designed in accordance with the dimensions and notes shown in the figure
below.
Traffic surchlarge q s
0.25
M9
M8 M1
4.80
5.00
Normal
earth F1
pressure
F2 M2
0.40
M6 M4
0.40
0.21
0.30
M7 M3 M5
P2 P1
1.95 0.40 1.00
RETAINING WALL SECTION
Figure 7.1 Concrete Retaining Wall

Page E7-1
GUIDELINE 4
7.4 Material Properties

Steel fy = 400 MPa
Concrete strength fc’ = 20 MPa
Unit weight of concrete γc = 24 kN/m3
Unit weight of soil γs = 19.22 kN/m3
Active earth pressure coef. Ka = 0.38
For gravel: ff = 38 Degrees
fT = 0.90
fTtanff = 0.70
Coef. of friction b/n concrete and foundation material = 0.70
Ultimate bearing resistance of foundation material = 500 kPa
7.5 Load Combinations

The retaining wall shall be investigated at the strength limit state for:
• Bearing failure
• Sliding
• Overall stability
7.6 Factors
7.6.1 Load Factors

Table 7.1: Load Factors
Minimum Maximum
Active horizontal earth pressure 0.90 1.50
Vertical earth pressure 1.00 1.35
Dead load of components 0.90 1.25
Table 7.2: Resistance Factors ϕ

Concrete Soil Rock
Bending 0.90 - -
Shear 0.90 - -
Bearing - 0.45 0.60
Sliding - 0.80 -
APPENDIX : E7 R C CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL FINAL DRAFT – Rev 0 January 2003

Page E7-2
GUIDELINE 4
7.7 Loads
7.7.1 Dead Loads
Table 7.3: Dead Loads

Minimum Maximum
Distance Resisting Minimu
Weight factored Maximum factored
Material Section from toe Moment m
(kN/m) Moment Factor Moment
(m) (kNm/m) Factor
(kNm/m) (kNm/m)
Concrete M1 27.60 1.13 31.05
M2 8.28 1.30 10.76
M3 3.84 1.20 4.61
M4 1.20 0.67 0.80
M5 7.20 0.50 3.60
M6 4.68 2.05 9.59
M7 9.36 2.375 22.23
Concrete total 62.16 82.64 0.90 74.38 1.25 103.30
Soil M8 176.06 2.375 418.14
M9 6.63 1.35 8.95
Surcharge 24.22 2.3 55.70
Soil total 206.91 482.79 1.0 482.79 1.35 651.72
7.7.2 Lateral Pressure
The surcharge load from highway loading shall be evaluated from an equivalent height of soil (heq) as given
in AASHTO LRFD Table 3.11.6.4-2 where heq = 600mm.
The surcharge pressure qs = γs × 0.60 = 11.53kPa

Values of lateral pressure are: P1 = Ka qs = 4.38 kPa
P2 = Ka γs h = 36.52 kPa
Table 7.4: Lateral loads

Maximum
Arm from Driving Moment Maximum
Force (kN) factored
foundation level about toe Factor
Moment
Surcharge F1 21.91 2.50 54.78
Earth Pressure F2 91.30 1.67 152.16
Lateral total 113.21 206.94 1.5 310.41

Page E7-3
GUIDELINE 4
7.8 Bearing Pressure

The footing bearing pressure is calculated by applying the necessary load factors quoted above. Dead load of
the wall and surcharge loads are factored by the minimum and maximum values, whereas the lateral loads
are factored by the maximum values only to give the worst case load combinations.
7.8.1 Minimum Dead and Surcharge Loads with Maximum Lateral Pressure
The summation of moment about the toe:
Mtoe = (82.64 × 0.90) + (482.79 × 1.0) – (206.94 × 1.50) = 246.8 kNm
The total vertical reaction V is:

V = (62.16 × 0.90) + (206.91 × 1.00) = 262.8 kN
From statical equilibrium, the eccentricity e from the centre of the footing to V, is therefore:
e = L/2 – Mtoe/V
= 0.736 m
where:
L= length of footing
V = total reaction under the footing
Centre of footing
Figure 7.2: Footing Reaction Force Eccentricity
(a) If the Foundation Material is Rock

And e = 0.736 > L/4 = 0.558
qmax = 2V/[3(L/2-e)] LRFD Equation 11.6.3.2-4

= 186.62 kN/m2
Page E7-4
GUIDELINE 4
From equilibrium V = L1qmax/2

Therefore L1 = 2V/qmax = 2.817 m
The factored bearing capacity:

= ϕ 500
= 0.60 × 500
= 300 kN/m2 > qmax
qmax = 186.6 kN/m2
L1 = 2.871 m
Figure 7.3: Bearing Pressure with Minimum Vertical and Maximum Lateral Loads on Rock
(b) If the Foundation Material is Soil

qmax = V/L – 2e
= 140.0 kN/m2
Le = V/qmax
= 1.976 m

= ϕ 500
= 0.45 × 500
= 225 kN/m2 > qmax

Page E7-5
GUIDELINE 4
qmax = 140.0 kN/m2
Le = 1.976 m
Figure 7.4: Bearing Pressure with Minimum Vertical and Maximum Lateral Loads on Soil
7.8.2 Maximum Dead and Surcharge Loads with Maximum Lateral Pressure
The summation of moment about the toe:

Mtoe = (82.64 × 1.25) + (482.79 × 1.35) – (206.94 × 1.5) = 444.6 KNm
The total vertical reaction V is:

V = (62.16 × 1.25) + (206.91 × 1.35) = 357.03 kN
The eccentricity e is then:

e = L/2 – Mtoe/V
= 0.430 m
(a) If the Foundation Material is Rock

And e = 0.43 m < L/6 = 3.35/6 = 0.558
qheel = V/L(1-6e/L)
= 24.5 KN/m2
qtoe = V/L(1+6e/L)
= 188.7 KN/m2

= ϕ 500
= 0.60 × 500
= 300 kN/m2 > qtoe
Page E7-6
GUIDELINE 4
qheel = 24.5 kN/m2

qtoe = 188.7 kN/m2
Figure 7.5: Bearing Pressure with Maximum Vertical and Maximum Lateral Loads on Rock
(b) If the Foundation Material is Soil

qmax = V/L – 2e
= 143.4 kN/m2
Le = V/qmax
= 2.490

= ϕ 500
= 0.45 × 500
= 225 > qmax
qmax = 143.4 kN/m2
Le = 2.490 m
Figure 7.6: Bearing Pressure with Maximum Vertical and Maximum Lateral Loads on Soil

Page E7-7
GUIDELINE 4
7.9 Stability
7.9.1 Overturning
(a) If Foundation Material is Rock
For foundations on rock, the location of the resultant of the reaction forces shall be within the middle three-
fourth of the base i.e. e < 3L/8, to ensure stability.
From Section 7.8.1: e = 0.736 < 3L/8 = 1.26 m.
From Section 7.8.2: e = 0.430 < 1.26 m.
The stability criteria is therefore satisfied.
(b) If Foundation Material is Soil
For foundations on soil, the location of the resultant of the reaction forces shall be within the middle half of
the base i.e. e < L/4, to ensure stability.
From Section 7.8.1: e = 0.736 < L/4 = 3.35/4 = 0.838
From Section 7.8.2: e = 0.430 < 0.838
The stability criteria is therefore satisfied.
7.9.2 Sliding
The maximum driving force = 113.21 × 1.5 = 169.8 kN

The minimum resisting force = ϕ × Vmin × Coef. of friction
= 0.80 × 262.8 × 0.70 = 147.2kN < 169.8 kN
Additional resistance to sliding is therefore required. This can be achieved by providing a sunken heel.
7.10 Design of Components
7.10.1 Design of Stem
(a) Design for flexure
The moment at the base of the stem is calculated for a fill height of 4.60m.
Msurcharge = (P1 × 4.6) 4.6/2 = 46.3

Mearth = (P2 × 4.6/5.0 × 0.50 × 4.6) 4.6/3 = 118.5
Msum = 164.8 kNm/m
The factored moment for design is Mfact = 1.5Msum

= 247.2 kNm/m
The cracking moment is given by Mcr = frIg/yt where: Ig = bD3/12 = 5.3×109

Page E7-8
GUIDELINE 4
= 75.1 kNm/m yt = D/2 = 200mm

fr = 0.63√fc = 2.817
D = 400mm
b = 1000mm
At any section of a flexural component the amount of reinforcement shall be adequate to develop a factored
flexural resistance of at least equal to 1.2 times the cracking moment:
1.2Mcr = 75.1 × 1.2 = 90.16 < Mfact (not critical)
Therefore the nominal resistance Mn = 247.2 kNm/m
The amount of steel reinforcement required is determined by solving the following equation for As:
Mn = ϕ As fy (ds – a/2) LRFD Equation 5.7.3.2.2-1
where:
a = As fy/0.85 fc’ b
ds = D – (cover + φb/2) = 340mm
cover = 50mm
φb = bar diameter = 20mm
This requires a quadratic solution for As of form:

As = -b ± √b2 – 4ac/2a where: a = ϕfy2/2 × 0.85fc’b = 4.235
As = 2185 mm2/m b = -ϕfyds = -122.4×103
c = Mn = 247.2×106
As provided = 2214 mm2 (i.e. Y20 @ 140)
Check maximum steel is not exceeded:

c = Asfy/0.85fc’β1b = 61.3 LRFD Equation 5.7.3.3.1-1
c/ds = 61.3/340 = 0.18 < 0.42 β1 = 0.85

The section is therefore under-reinforced.
(b) Design for Shear

The factored shear force at the base of the stem is:
Vu = 1.5 × 113.2 = 169.8 kNm/m
Shear taken by the concrete is:

Vc = ϕ × 0.083 × 2 √fc’ × bds = 227.2 kN > Vu
Shear steel is therefore not required.

Page E7-9
GUIDELINE 4
7.10.2 Design of Toe Cantilever
(a) Design for Flexure

(i) Minimum Dead and Surcharge Loads with Maximum Lateral Pressure
If Foundation Material is Rock
Wc
qmax = 186.6 kN/m2
qa-a = 120.4 kN/m2

a
Figure 7.7: Toe Flexure with Minimum Vertical and Maximum Lateral Loads on Rock
The factored moment for design along a-a is:

Ma-a = qa-a/2 + 0.50(qmax – qa-a)2/3 – (M4/3 + M5/2) 0.90
= 78.7 KNm/m
If Foundation Material is Soil
Wc
qmax = 140 kN/m2
Figure 7.8: Toe Flexure with Minimum Vertical and Maximum Lateral Loads on Soil
Page E7-10
GUIDELINE 4

Ma-a = qmax/2 – (M4/3 + M5/2) 0.90
= 66.4 kNm/m
(ii) Maximum Dead and Surcharge Loads with Maximum Lateral Pressure
Wc
qmax = 188.7 kN/m2
qa-a = 139.7 kN/m2

a
Figure 7.9: Toe Flexure with Maximum Vertical and Maximum Lateral Loads on Rock

Ma-a = qa-a/2 + 0.50(qmax – qa-a)2/3 – (M4/3 + M5/2) 1.25
= 89.3 kNm/m
Wc
qmax = 144.3 kN/m2
Figure 7.10: Toe Flexure with Maximum Vertical and Maximum Lateral Loads on Soil
Page E7-11
GUIDELINE 4

Ma-a = qmax/2 – (M4/3 + M5/2) 1.25
= 67.2 kNm/m
Therefore, the maximum moment at section a-a for design is:

Ma-a = 89.3 kN/m
Mcr = 75.1 kN/m (refer section 7.10.1)
1.2 Mcr = 90.2 kN/m > Ma-a
where:
ds = D – (cover + φb/2) = 319mm
cover = 75mm
φb = bar diameter = 12mm

As = 809 mm2/m b = -ϕfyds = -114.84×103
c = Mn = 90.16×106

c/ds = 25.38/319 = 0.08 < 0.42 β1 = 0.85
Evaluate shear at a distance ds from cantilever face.

Page E7-12
GUIDELINE 4
V
ds
qmax = 186.6 kN/m2
qbb = 120.4 kN/m2

b
Figure 7.11: Toe Shear with Minimum Vertical and Maximum Lateral Loads on Rock
Vb-b = qb-b (1 – ds) + 0.50(qmax – qb-b) (1 – ds) – [7.2 (1 – ds) + 0.556] × 0.90
= 99.6 kN/m
V
ds
qmax = 140 kN/m2
Figure 7.12: Toe Shear with Minimum Vertical and Maximum Lateral Loads on Soil
Vb-b = qmax (1 – ds) – [7.2 (1 – ds) + 0.556] × 0.90

= 90.4 kN/m

Page E7-13
GUIDELINE 4
Evaluate shear at a distance ds from cantilever face.
V
ds
qmax = 188.6 kN/m2
qbb = 155.3 kN/m2

b
Figure 7.13: Toe Shear with Maximum Vertical and Maximum Lateral Loads on Rock
Vb-b = qb-b (1 – ds) + 0.50(qmax – qb-b) (1 – ds) – [7.2 (1 – ds) + 0.556] × 1.25
= 110.3 kN/m
V
ds
qmax = 143.4 kN/m2
Figure 7.14: Toe Shear with Maximum Vertical and Maximum Lateral Loads on Soil

Page E7-14
GUIDELINE 4
Vb-b = qmax (1 – ds) – [7.2 (1 – ds) + 0.556] × 1.25

= 90.6 kN/m
Therefore Vb-b (max) = 110.3 kN/m

Vc = ϕ × 0.083 × 2 √fc’ × bds = 191.8 kN > Vb-b where: ds = D – (cover + φb/2) = 287mm
Shear steel is therefore not required. D = 400 -32 = 368mm
φb = 12mm
7.10.3 Design of Heel Cantilever
(a) Design for Flexure
b a
Soil & surcharge
ds
qb-b = 72.9 kN/m2 qa-a = 93.9 kN/m2
a
b
Figure 7.15: Heel Flexure with Minimum Vertical and Maximum Lateral Loads on Rock

Ma-a = Msoil + Msurchage + Mconc – Mbearing
Where:
Msoil = M8 × 1.95/2 × 1.0 = 171.7 kNm/m
Msurchage= qs × 1.95 × 1.95/2 × 1.0 = 21.9 kNm/m
Mconc = M7 × 1.95/2 × 0.90 + M6/2 × 1.95/3 × 0.90 = 9.6 kNm/m
Page E7-15
GUIDELINE 4
Mbearing = qa-a × 1.47^2/6 = -31.4 kNm/m

Ma-a = 171.8 kNm/m
b a
Soil & surcharge
ds
qmax = 140 kN/m2
0.58 m
a
b
Figure 7.16: Heel Flexure with Minimum Vertical and Maximum Lateral Loads on Soil

Where:
Msoil = M8 × 1.95/2 × 1.0 = 171.7 kNm/m
Mconc = M7 × 1.95/2 × 0.90 + M6/2 × 1.95/3 × 0.90 = 9.6 kNm/m
Mbearing = qmax × 0.58 × 0.58/2 = -23.2 kNm/m
Ma-a = 180.0 kNm/m

Page E7-16
GUIDELINE 4
b a
Soil & surcharge
ds
qb-b = 104.5 kN/m2 qa-a = 120.1 kN/m2
a
b
Figure 7.17: Heel Flexure with Maximum Vertical and Maximum Lateral Loads on Rock

Where:
Msoil = M8 × 1.95/2 × 1.35 = 231.7 kNm/m
Mconc = M7 × 1.95/2 × 1.25 + M6/2 × 1.95/3 × 1.25 = 13.3 kNm/m
Mbearing = (qa-a – 24.5) 0.5 × 1.95 × 1.95/3 +24.5 × 1.95^2/2 = -107.2 kNm/m
Ma-a = 167.4 kNm/m

Page E7-17
GUIDELINE 4
b a
Soil & surcharge
ds
qmax = 143.4 kN/m2
1.09 m
b a
Figure 7.18: Heel Flexure with Maximum Vertical and Maximum Lateral Loads on Soil

Where:
Msoil = M8 × 1.95/2 × 1.35 = 231.7 kNm/m
Mconc = M7 × 1.95/2 × 1.25 + M6/2 × 1.95/3 × 1.25 = 13.3 kNm/m
Mbearing = qmax × 1.09 × 1.09 = - 83.2 kNm/m
Ma-a = 191.4 kNm/m
Critical Ma-a = 191.4 kNm/m
Mcr = 75.1 kN/m (refer section 7.10.1)
1.2 Mcr = 90.2 kN/m < Ma-a


Page E7-18
GUIDELINE 4
where:
ds = D – (cover + φb/2) = 317mm
cover = 75mm
φb = bar diameter = 16 mm

As = 1800 mm2/m b = -ϕfyds = -114.12×103
c = Mn = 191.4×106

c/ds = 55.64/317 = 0.175 < 0.42 β1 = 0.85

Evaluate shear at a distance ds from cantilever face along section b-b.
Vb-b = Vsoil + Vsurchage + Vconc – Vbearing
Where:
Vsoil = γs h (1.95 – ds) 1.0 = 144.4 kN
Vsurchage = qs (1.95 – ds) 1.0 = 18.8 kN
Vconc = γc (1.95 – ds) 0.90 (0.21 + 0.16/2) = 10.2 kN
Vbearing = qb-b (1.417 – 0.317)/2 = -40.1 kN
Vb-b = 133.3 kN

Where:
Vsoil = γs h (1.95 – ds) 1.0 = 144.4 kN
Vsurchage = qs (1.95 – ds) 1.0 = 18.8 kN

Page E7-19
GUIDELINE 4
Vconc = γc (1.95 – ds) 0.90 (0.21 + 0.16/2) = 10.2 kN

Vbearing = qmax (0.576 – 0.317) = -36.3 kN
Vb-b = 137.1 kN
If Foundation is Material is Rock

Where:
Vsoil = 144.4 × 1.35/1.0 = 194.9 kN
Vsurchage = 18.8 × 1.35/1.0 = 25.4 kN
Vconc = 10.2 × 1.25/0.90 = 14.2 kN
Vbearing = -0.5(qb-b – 24.5) (1.95 – 0.317) + 24.5(1.95 – 0.317) = -105.3 kN
Vb-b = 129.2 kN

Where:
Vsoil = 144.4 × 1.35/1.0 = 194.9 kN
Vsurchage = 18.8 × 1.35/1.0 = 25.4 kN
Vconc = 10.2 × 1.25/0.90 = 14.2 kN
Vbearing = -qmax (1.09 – 0.317) = -110.9 kN
Vb-b = 123.6 kN
Therefore Vb-b (max) = 137.1 kN/m

Vc = ϕ × 0.083 × 2 √fc’ × bds = 191.8 kN > Vb-b where: ds = D – (cover + φb/2) = 287mm
Shear steel is therefore not required. D = 370 mm
φb = 16mm

Page E7-20

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Appendix E7

R C Cantilever Retaining Wall

7 RC CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL ..................................................................................................1

Figure 7.1 Concrete Retaining Wall...................................................................................................................1

Table 7.1: Load Factors......................................................................................................................................2

FINAL DRAFT – Rev 0 January 2003 APPENDIX : E7 R C CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

7 RC CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

7.2 Design Assumptions

7.3 Overall Dimensions

RETAINING WALL SECTION

Figure 7.1 Concrete Retaining Wall

FINAL DRAFT – Rev 0 January 2003 APPENDIX : E7 R C CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

7.4 Material Properties

7.5 Load Combinations

7.6.1 Load Factors

Table 7.2: Resistance Factors ϕ

APPENDIX : E7 R C CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL FINAL DRAFT – Rev 0 January 2003

7.7.1 Dead Loads

Table 7.3: Dead Loads

7.7.2 Lateral Pressure

The surcharge pressure qs = γs × 0.60 = 11.53kPa

Table 7.4: Lateral loads

FINAL DRAFT – Rev 0 January 2003 APPENDIX : E7 R C CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

7.8 Bearing Pressure

The total vertical reaction V is:

Figure 7.2: Footing Reaction Force Eccentricity

(a) If the Foundation Material is Rock

qmax = 2V/[3(L/2-e)] LRFD Equation 11.6.3.2-4

From equilibrium V = L1qmax/2

The factored bearing capacity:

qmax = 186.6 kN/m2

(b) If the Foundation Material is Soil

The factored bearing capacity:

FINAL DRAFT – Rev 0 January 2003 APPENDIX : E7 R C CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

qmax = 140.0 kN/m2

The summation of moment about the toe:

The total vertical reaction V is:

The eccentricity e is then:

(a) If the Foundation Material is Rock

The factored bearing capacity:

qheel = 24.5 kN/m2

(b) If the Foundation Material is Soil

The factored bearing capacity:

qmax = 143.4 kN/m2

FINAL DRAFT – Rev 0 January 2003 APPENDIX : E7 R C CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

(b) If Foundation Material is Soil

The maximum driving force = 113.21 × 1.5 = 169.8 kN

7.10 Design of Components

7.10.1 Design of Stem

(a) Design for flexure

Msurcharge = (P1 × 4.6) 4.6/2 = 46.3

The factored moment for design is Mfact = 1.5Msum

The cracking moment is given by Mcr = frIg/yt where: Ig = bD3/12 = 5.3×109

APPENDIX : E7 R C CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL FINAL DRAFT – Rev 0 January 2003

= 75.1 kNm/m yt = D/2 = 200mm

Therefore the nominal resistance Mn = 247.2 kNm/m

This requires a quadratic solution for As of form:

Check maximum steel is not exceeded:

c/ds = 61.3/340 = 0.18 < 0.42 β1 = 0.85

(b) Design for Shear

Shear taken by the concrete is:

FINAL DRAFT – Rev 0 January 2003 APPENDIX : E7 R C CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL