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Plane Waves: Reflection & Transmission: P Chandramouli
Plane Waves: Reflection & Transmission: P Chandramouli
P Chandramouli
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 1 / 36
1 Acoustic Horn
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 2 / 36
Wave propagation in two media
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 3 / 36
Analogy
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 4 / 36
1D Plane Wave
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 5 / 36
1D Plane Wave - 2
The pressure expression then becomes
I p(x, t) = Aei(kx−ωt) + Be−i(kx+ωt)
Euler’s equation in 1D can be written as
∂p
I ρ0 ∂u
∂t = − ∂x
p
For forward and backward waves u = ±ρ0 c
I This ratio is called impedance
I ρ0 c is termed characteristic impedance
Now we examine what happens at the interface between two media
assuming 1D plane waves are propagating
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 6 / 36
Transmission with 2 media
I u1 = 1
ρ1 c1 {pi e
ik1 x
− pr e−ik1 x }
Pressure and velocity in media 2
ω
I p2 = pt eik2 x ; k2 = c2
pt ik2 x
I u2 = ρ2 c2 e
I No backward wave as 2 of infinite extent
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 7 / 36
Transmission with 2 media
Pressure continuity
I pr + pi = pt
Velocity continuity at interface
I u1 = u2 which leads to
pi −pr pt
I
ρ1 c1 = ρ2 c2
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 8 / 36
Transmission with 2 media
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 9 / 36
Intensity Ratios
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 10 / 36
Intensity Ratios - 2
Ir It
Now clearly + =1
Ii Ii
I Conservation of energy/power
What happens when H 1 or H 1?
Ir Ir
I ≈ 1 and ≈0
Ii Ii
Impedance mismatch implies low sound transmission
I Fundamental principle used in noise control design
I Also true for vibration transmission
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 11 / 36
Oblique Incidence
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 12 / 36
Oblique Incidence - 2
Continuity of pressure at x = 0
I pi eik1 sin θi y + pr eik1 sin θr y =
pt eik2 sin θt y
To be true for all y we require
I k1 sin θi = k1 sin θr = k2 sin θt
c1
I sin θi = sin θr ; sin θi = sin θt
c2
I First one implies θi = θr
I Second equation is Snell’s Law
Hence pi + pr = pt
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 13 / 36
Oblique Incidence - 3
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 14 / 36
Oblique Incidence - 4
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 15 / 36
Oblique Incidence - 5
c2
Recall that sin θt = sin θi
c1
If c1 > c2 then θt exists
I θt < θi
c2
If c1 < c2 then θt exists only if sin θi ≤ 1
c1
I Limiting case θic = sin−1 ( cc12 )
I If θi ≤ θic then θt > θi
I If θi > θic then θt is not real
F Transmitted wave propagates in y direction parallel to boundary
F Amplitude decays perpendicular to the boundary
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 16 / 36
Oblique Incidence - 6
F Angle of intromission
I Can exist only if r1 < r2 and c2 < c1 or r1 > r2 and c2 > c1
I For the second case there is a critical angle and θc > θI
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 17 / 36
Case 1: c2 < c1
c2/c1=0.9
0.5 r2/r1 =1.1
θI=46.4๐
0.25
0
0 25 50 75 100
Angle of incidence, deg
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 18 / 36
Case 2: c2 > c1
c2/c1=1.1
0.5 r2/r1 =0.9
θI=43.2๐
θc = 65.5๐
0.25
0
0 25 50 75 100
Angle of incidence, deg
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 19 / 36
Transmission through a finite fluid layer
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 20 / 36
Transmission through a finite fluid layer - 2
r1 r2 r3
x=0 x=L
x0 = 0
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 21 / 36
Transmission through a finite fluid layer - 3
Pressure reflection coefficient
r1 r2 r1
1− cos(k2 L) − i − sin(k2 L)
r3 r r2
I R= 3
r1 r2 r1
1+ cos(k2 L) − i + sin(k2 L)
r3 r3 r2
Intensity transmission coefficient
4
TI =
r3 r1 r22 r1 r3
2+ + cos2 (k2 L) + + 2 sin2 (k2 L)
r1 r3 r1 r3 r2
Special case of r1 = r3 makes the above expression
1
I TI = 2
1 r2 r1
1+ − sin2 (k2 L)
4 r1 r2
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 22 / 36
Transmission through a finite fluid layer - 4
For normal incidence many solids behave the same way as fluids
I One can visualize the fluid 2 to be a solid wall between two rooms
r2
For solid walls r1 sin(k2 L) 2 at most frequencies
2r1 2r1 2
I TI = ( )2 ≈ ( )
r2 sin k2 L r2 k2 L
Consider 1 KHz wave through a concrete wall 0.1 m thick
2×π×1000×0.1
I k2 L = 3100 = 0.203; sin k2 L = 0.201
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 23 / 36
Transmission through a finite fluid layer - 5
r2 r1
For solid panels in water both r1 and r2 are comparable
I Approximation used for TI not applicable
r2
For thin panels or low frequencies r1 sin(k2 L) 1
I TI ≈ 1
I Free-flooding domes of sonar transducers exploit this
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 24 / 36
Transmission through thin partitions
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 25 / 36
Plane waves in a tube
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 26 / 36
Tube with one end closed
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 27 / 36
Modes of the tube
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 28 / 36
Plane waves in a tube
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 29 / 36
Tube with both ends open
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 30 / 36
Modes of Open tube
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 31 / 36
Horn: Governing Equation
dS
Effective horns have dx increase from
throat to mouth
I Horn shapes include hyperbola/ catenary/
exponential and conical
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 32 / 36
Solution for exponential horn
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 33 / 36
Impedance of Horn
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 34 / 36
Horn Impedance
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 35 / 36
Why calculate impedance?
p̄
Now we have Z = ux which implies that p̄ = Zux
Hence the time-averaged sound intensity becomes 12 |ux |2 Re(Z)
In other words the sound power radiated is controlled by the real part
of the impedance (called resistance) and the mean square velocity of
the speaker diaphragm
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 36 / 36