MECHANICAL VALVES
mechanical prosthesis : bileaflet valves
AORTIC Valve Stenosis
BLOOD VESSELS
Blood vessels form a tubular network throughout the
body that allows blood to flow from the heart to every
body cell and then back to the heart.
ARTERY
-carries blood away from the heart
-carries oxygenated blood (except pulmonary arteries
VEIN
carries blood to the heart
-carries DEoxygenated blood (except pulmonary veins)
CAPILLARIES
exchange of materials between the blood and tissue
cells
-smallest and most numerous of the blood vessels
- experience the full force of heart’s pumping
action
- exposed to higher blood pressure
- stronger and more elastic
ELASTIN – allows arteries to stretch and recoil
SMOOTH MUSCLE – allows them to dilate and constrict
- blood pressure is low
- have thinner walls and lumen is larger
- have valves
Factors Aiding Venous Return
1. Muscular pump: contraction of skeletal muscles
"milks" blood toward heart; valves prevent backflow
2. Respiratory pump: pressure changes during
breathing move blood toward heart by squeezing
abdominal veins as thoracic veins expand
3. Venoconstriction under sympathetic control pushes
blood toward heart
CAPILLARIES period of relaxation (diastole)

• Link between arteries and veins - the heart ventricles fill with blood.

• Sites where molecules are exchanged between One complete sequence of filling and pumping blood is
blood and interstitial fluid called a cardiac cycle, or heartbeat.

ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE HEART

Sinoatrial Node (SA node)/ pacemaker

- controls heart's rhythm of contraction

• The heart will beat without input from the

nervous system

• continue to beat, even outside the body, as

long as its cells are alive

• Automaticity is due to the spontaneous

Pulmonary Circuit- blood takes up oxygen in the lungs
electrical activity of the SA node. Electrical
1. Right Ventricle impulses generated from the SA node spread
2. Pulmonary Valve through the heart via a nodal tissue pathway
3. Pulmonary Trunk that coordinates the events of the cardiac
4. Pulmonary Arteries cycle.
5. Pulmonary Arterioles
Components of Blood
6. Capillaries
7. Pulmonary Venules PLASMA
8. Pulmonary Veins
9. Left Atrium - a mixture of: proteins enzymes nutrients
10. Bicuspid Valve wastes hormones gases 
- transport substances around the body
Systemic Circuit- oxygenated blood is distributed to
body tissues.

11. Left Ventricle

12. Aortic Valve
13. Aorta
14. Systemic Arteries
15. Systemic Arterioles
16. Capillaries
17. Systemic Venules
18. Systemic Veins
19. IVC/SVC
20. Right Atrium
21. Tricuspid Valve

The Cardiac Cycle

- alternate contraction and relaxation
of the chambers of the heart
- a rhythmic cycle

period of contraction (systole)

- the ventricles pump blood out through the arteries;

 BLOOD PRESSURE

White Blood Cells (WBC)or leukocytes - generated by heart contractions

- fluid pressure that blood exerts against vessel
- integral part of the human immune system
- walls expressed in mm Hg
- fight infections by attacking bacteria, viruses,
and other foreign pathogens that invade the
body
- too many or too few white blood cells can
indicate a blood disorder
- disorders affecting these cells often result in
the body’s inability to eliminate or control
infections.

Measuring blood pressure

- Sphygmomanometer

DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

• Associated with cholesterol build up called

plaque inside walls of the arteries

• arteries harden and lose their elasticity

Prevention

- Avoid too much fat in the diet!

- Quit smoking!
- Control one’s weight
- Exercise!

STROKE (CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT)

• results from the blockage brought by the

hardening of arteries in the brain or neck
vessels

EMBOLUS – wandering clot

THROMBUS – blood clot fixed within a blood vessel • Causes damage to the heart such as:

HEMORRHAGE – bursting of a diseased artery - damage to one or more heart valves that
remains after an episode of acute rheumatic fever (ARF)
CORONARY HEART DISEASE
- ENDOCARDITIS – inflammation of the
• Inability of the blood to reach the coronary
innermost layer of the heart
arteries of the heart

Caused by:

- aging
- atherosclerosis

Reduced blood flow leads to:

ANGINA PECTORIS- Painful sensation in the chest, left

arm and shoulder

symptoms of moderate to severe RHD can include:

• chest pain
• breathlessness with physical activity or when
lying down
• weakness and tiredness
• and swelling of the legs and face

DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD

HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISEASE
ANEMIA
• Elevated blood pressure
• RBC count stays permanently low (below 4M)
• Results from tightening of arterioles • Caused by nutritional deficiencies, diseases or
injuries associated with organs for blood cell
formation
• Iron-deficiency anemia can be treated with
iron-supplements and iron-rich foods

LEUKEMIA

• Abnormal increase in white blood cells

• One of the most dangerous blood disorders
• (acute leukemia) the marrow produces
monster-sized, cancer-looking WBCs

RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE

• Usually occurs in children

• Strats from untreated bacterial infection

caused by Streptococcus pyogenes

• Patient suffers from rheumatic fever

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Heart Anatomy & Basic Function

• Cardiovascular = Heart, Arteries, Veins, Blood

• Function:

– Transportation

– Blood = transport vehicle

– Carries oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and

hormones
• Human heart has 4 chambers
– Movement provided by pumping of
– 2 Atria
heart
• Superior = primary receiving
CARDIAC TISSUES
chambers, do not actually pump

• Blood flows into atria

– 2 Ventricles

• Pump blood

• Contraction = blood sent out of

heart > circulated

• Chambers are separated by septum…

– Outermost = Pericardium & Epicardium – Due to separate chambers, heart

functions as double pump
– Pericardium is a membrane anchoring
heart to diaphragm and sternum CARDIAC VALVES

– Pericardium secretes lubricant (serous

fluid)

– Epicardium is outermost muscle tissue

– Middle = Myocardium

– Contains contractile muscle fibers

– Innermost = Endocardium MITRAL Valve Stenosis

– Lines Cardiac Chambers

CARDIAC CHAMBERS