Energy – needed for the body to function - stop germs entering the body through the

mouth or the nose.

 Digestion
- contain a lot of white blood cells, which are
 Blood circulation
responsible for killing germs
 Brain function
 Larynx (voice box)
 Breathing
- allows you to talk and make sounds when
Glucose + o2 = ENERGY air moves in and out.
Epiglottis - Makes sure only air passes through the lungs
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) – where molecule energy and food passes through the esophagus
is being stored Pulmonary aspiration is the entry of material such
 No ATP = Death as pharyngeal secretions, food or drink, or stomach
contents from the oropharynx or gastrointestinal tract,
into the larynx (voice box) and lower respiratory tract,
the portions of the respiratory system from
the trachea (windpipe) to the lungs.

Pulmonary aspiration of particulate matter may result

Glucose + o2 = ATP + co2 + n2o – Cellular respiration
 Carbon dioxide – product of CR
Respiratory System
Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body
and environment
Conducting Division – passageways
 Nasal Cavity
- filter and warm the air and make it moist
before it goes into the lungs.
 Pharynx (throat)
- receives air from the nasal cavity, food and
water from the oral cavity.
- Houses several tonsils
- traps dust particles through its mucosa
in acute airway obstruction which may rapidly lead to
death from arterial hypoxemia.
Acid-related - Pulmonary aspiration of acidic material
(such as stomach acid) may produce an immediate
primary injury caused by the chemical reaction of acid
with lung parenchyma, and a later secondary injury as a
result of the subsequent inflammatory response.
Bacterial- Pulmonary aspiration may be followed by
bacterial pneumonia. Community-acquired aspiration
pneumonia is usually caused by anaerobic bacteria,
whereas hospital-acquired aspiration pneumonia is
more often caused by mixed flora, including both
aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.
Death - Pulmonary aspiration resulting in pneumonia, in
some patients, particularly those with physical
limitations, can be fatal.
 Trachea (windpipe)
- Passage connecting your throat and lungs.
- protects the respiratory surface from an
accumulation of foreign particles
 Bronchiole tree – smooth muscles
- Primary - airways that lead from the trachea
into the lungs
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Bronchioles - Small branches of the
bronchial tubes that lead to the alveoli.
In an asthmatic person, the muscles of the bronchial
tubes tighten and thicken (constrict) and the air
passages become inflamed and mucus-filled, making it
difficult for air to move.

 Tonsils
Respiratory Division – gas exchange occurs
 Alveolus
- Tiny sacs: gas exchange occurs
- get oxygen into the blood stream for
transport to the tissues, and to remove
carbon dioxide from the blood stream.
Blood capillaries - Blood vessels in the alveoli walls that
move oxygen and carbon dioxide.

MEDULLA OBLONGATA – part of the human brain that

regulates breathing rate

Mechanisms of Respiration

Gas exchange - allows the body to replenish the oxygen  External respiration 

and eliminate the carbon dioxide.
- gas exchange (OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE) in
Mechanics of breathing alveoli with capillaries
During breathing, the contraction and relaxation of
muscles acts to change the volume of the thoracic
cavity. As the thoracic cavity and lungs move together,
this changes the volume of the lungs, in turn changing
the pressure inside the lungs.
Breathing - physical action of taking oxygen into and
releasing the waste carbon dioxide out of the lungs

Internal Respiration

– process of diffusing oxygen from the blood, into

the interstitial fluid and into the cells.

- waste and carbon dioxide are also diffused the other

direction, from the cells to the blood.
Lung Diseases Affecting the Airways
Your windpipe (trachea) branches into tubes called bronchi, which in turn become smaller tubes throughout
your lungs. Diseases that can affect these airways include:

 Asthma. Your airways are constantly inflamed and may spasm, causing wheezing and shortness of
breath. Allergies, infections, or pollution can trigger asthma symptoms.
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). With this lung condition, you can’t exhale the way
you usually would, which causes trouble breathing.
 Chronic bronchitis. This form of COPD brings a long-term wet cough.
 Emphysema. Lung damage allows air to be trapped in your lungs in this form of COPD. Trouble
blowing air out is its hallmark.
 Acute bronchitis.This sudden infection of your airways is usually caused by a virus.
 Cystic fibrosis. With this condition, you have trouble clearing mucus out of your bronchi. This leads to
repeated lung infections.

Lung Diseases Affecting the Air Sacs (Alveoli)

Your airways branch into tiny tubes (bronchioles) that end in clusters of air sacs called alveoli. These
air sacs make up most of your lung tissue. Lung diseases affecting your alveoli include:

 Pneumonia. An infection of your alveoli, usually by bacteria or viruses, including the

coronavirus that causes COVID-19.
 Tuberculosis Pneumonia that slowly gets worse, caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium
tuberculosis.
 Emphysema. This happens when the fragile links between alveoli are damaged. Smoking is
the usual cause. (Emphysema also limits airflow, affecting your airways.)
 Pulmonary edema. Fluid leaks out of the small blood vessels of your lung into the air sacs
and the area around them. One form is caused by heart failure and back pressure in your
lungs' blood vessels. In another form, injury to your lung causes the leak of fluid.
 Lung cancer. It has many forms and may start in any part of your lungs. It most often
happens in the main part of your lung, in or near the air sacs.
 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This is a severe, sudden injury to the
lungs from a serious illness. COVID-19 is one example. Many people who have ARDS need
help breathing from a machine called a ventilator until their lungs recover.
 Pneumoconiosis. This is a category of conditions caused by inhaling something that injures
your lungs. Examples include black lung disease from coal dust and asbestosis
from asbestos dust.