II-PUC-CHEMISTRY:

MOST LIKELY QUESTIONS FOR MID-TERM EXAMINATION-2021

Solids:
1] what type of solids exhibit electrical conductivity, malleability and ductility?
2] If a = b ≠ c and α = β = γ = 90 ,ͦ what type of crystal system is it?
3]what is the coordination number of hexagonal packing in two dimensions?
4] How are edge length and radius of atom related in BCC unit cell?
5] Give an example for metal excess defect due to anionic vacancy.
6] Give an example for a molecular solid.
7] Name the defect that lowers the density of an ionic crystal
8] How do you differentiate amorphous and crystalline solids based on order of arrangements of particles and
anisotropy?
9] calculate the number of particles(atoms) per unit cell in BCC / FCC lattice
10] Give an example each for i) ionic crystal and ii) covalent crystal
11] a) calculate the packing efficiency of CCP crystal.
b) Silver forms a CCP lattice with an edge length of 408.6 pm. Calculate the density of silver. (molar mass of silver is
107.9 g mol-1.
12] a) calculate the packing efficiency in a simple cubic lattice.
b) Copper crystallises in an FCC unit cell with an edge of 3.608 x 10-8 cm. Density of copper is 8.92 g/cm3.
Calculate the molar mass of copper.
13] What are ferromagnetic/diamagnetic substances? Give an example.
14] Write any two differences between Frenkel and Schottky defects.
15] what are intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors? Explain the principle of n and p-semiconductors.

SOLUTIONS:
1) Give an example for solid in solid solution/ liquid in solid solution
2) Define molarity
3) Between molarity and molality, which one changes with temperature?
4) How does solubility of a gas in liquid vary with pressure?
5) In a solution of mercury of mercury with sodium, what is the physical state of mercury?
6) 2.5g of ethanoic acid is dissolved in 75g of benzene. Calculate the molality of ethanoic acid (molar mass of
ethanoic acid is 60g/mol)
7) Explain the effect of concentration on solubility of a gas in a liquid.
8) State Henry’s law. Give its mathematical form.
9) Explain three applications of Henry’s law.
10) Nitrogen gas is bubbled into water at 4 bar pressure. Its Henry’s law constant is 76.48 x 103 bar. Calculate its mole
fraction in water.
11) Mole fraction of a gas in water is 0.08. Calculate the Henry’s law constant if the pressure of the gas over the
solution is 0.9 bar.
12) State Raoult’s law for a solution of volatile liquids(liquid in liquid solution).Give its mathematical form
13) Write any three differences between ideal solutions and non-ideal solutions.
14) What are colligative properties? Give two examples.
15) State Raoult’s law of relative lowering of vapour pressure. Give its mathematical form.
16) 18.2 g of solid solute in 100 g of water, lowering of vapour pressure is 0.660 bar. If vapour pressure of pure water is
1.226 bar, calculate the molar mass of solid solute.
17) Define i) osmosis, ii) osmotic pressure
18) What is meant by reverse osmosis? Mention any one application of it.
19) Boiling point of benzene is 353.23 K. When 1.8 g of non-volatile solute is dissolved in 90g benzene, boiling point is
raised to 354.11 K. Calculate the molar mass of solute Kb (benzene) is 2.53 K kg mol−1.
20) 1.0 g of a non-electrolyte is dissolved in 50g benzene. Decreases the freezing point of benzene by 0.40K. Calculate
the molar mass of solute. Kf of benzene is 5.12 K kg mol−1.
21) What are isotonic solutions? What happens to a blood cell if it is kept in NaCl solution concentration greater than
0.9%(w/v) ?
22) What is the van’t Hoff factor for i) K2SO4, ii) MgSO4
d & f block elements
1] How many unpaired electrons present in Co2+(Z=27)?(any element may be given)
2] Zn is not a transition metal, why?
3]write the electronic configuration of Ni2+(Z=28)
4] Name the element of 3d-series which shows maximum number of oxidation states?
5] Write the formula used to calculate the spin only magnetic moment and explain the terms.
6] Between Ti2+ (atomic number 22) and V2+ (atomic number 23), which ion has more number of unpaired electrons
7] Calculate the spin only magnetic moment of Mn2+ (Z = 25)( or any ion may be given).
8] *transition metals form complex(coordination) compounds. Give three reasons.
9] *Explain why transition metals and their compounds are good catalysts.
10] Cu2+ is more stable than Cu+ in aqueous medium, why?
11] Give reason: Sc+3 salts are colourless whereas Cr+3 salts are coloured.
12. Write the general electronic configuration for 3d series of elements.
13. *Describe manufacture of KMnO4 from MnO2.
14. *Write equations for the manufacture of K2Cr2O7 from chromite ore.
15. *What are interstitial compounds? Mention any 2 characteristics of interstitial compounds.
16. *What is Lanthanoid contraction? How is it caused? What are the consequences of it?
17. What is Mischmetall?
18. *What is actinoid contraction? Why is it greater than lanthanoid contraction?
19. Study of actinoids more complicated than the study of lanthanoids, why?
20. What is general electronic configuration of f-block elements.
21. What is the most stable oxidation state of lanthanoids? Cerium shows +4 oxidation state,why?
22. Transition metals form coloured compounds. Give reasons.

HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES

1] Write general equation/example for Wurtz reaction/Fittig reaction.
2] What is the IUPAC name of allyl chloride?(any compound may be given)
3]*Identify the product ‘X’ in the following reaction: CH3Br + AgF → X + AgBr. Name this reaction.
4] Name the major product obtained when 2-iodo propane is heated with alcoholic KOH.
5] *Explain Finkelstein reaction with an example
6] What are i) enantiomers and ii) asymmetric carbon?
7] a) Name the first chlorinated organic insecticide
b) chloroform is stored in dark coloured bottles, why?
8] complete the following equation and name the reaction:
Cl Cl

drey ether
anhyd.AlCl3 + 2Na
+ CH3 C l 2

9] how is chlorobenzene converted into phenol?

10] aryl halide is less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution. Give reasons
11] *Write equations for SN1 the mechanism of conversion of tert-butyl bromide to tert-butyl alcohol
12] *Explain the mechanism of SN2 reaction taking chloromethane to methanol conversion as an example
13] Explain the terms i) asymmetric molecule and ii) racemic mixture
14] what is i) racemic mixture, ii) chiral molecule?
15] What are polyhalogen compounds?
16] Mention any 2 harmful effects of DDT/ dichloromethane
17] Write the structure of the major product in the following reactions:

ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS

1. Give an example for preparation of alcohol by acid catalysed dehydration.
2. How is isopropyl alcohol prepared using Grignard reagent?
3. *Write equation for preparation of phenol by ‘cumene process”.
4. *Write the equations for the mechanism of dehydration of ethanol to ethene/alcohol to alkene.
5. Phenol is stronger acid than alcohol. Give any 2 reasons.
6. What is the effect of methyl / nitro group on acid strength of phenol?
7. What is Lucas’ reagent? How are alcohols distinguished using it?
8. Explain Williamson reaction/ether synthesis.

9. Complete the following equations: 10. Complete the following equations:

11. Mention the enzymes and write equations for reactions involved in manufacture of ethanol from molasses.
12. Give an example for the preparation of ester from an alcohol(any one of 3 methods given in the book).
13.Give an example for hydroboration - oxidation reaction.
14. Describe Kolbe reaction
15. Give equations for Reimer-Tieman reaction.

ELECTROCHEMISTRY
1. What are Electrolytes? How are they classified? Give an example for each.
2. What is Electrolysis? Give an example.
3. State Faraday’s I Law of Electrolysis. Give its mathematical form.
4. State Faraday’s II Law of Electrolysis. Give its mathematical form.
5. What is ionic conductance? Mention any 3 factors influencing the conductance of electrolytic solutions.
6. *What is molar conductivity? How is it related to conductivity? Give its SI unit.
7. What is the effect of dilution on conductivity and molar conductivity,(k and m)?
8. State Kohlrausch law. Explain it taking NaCl as an example.
9. A cell with cell constant 2.485 cm-1, filled with 0.01 M KCl gives a resistance of 1758 ohm calculate conductivity
and molar conductivity.
10. Conductivity of 0.0125 M KCl solution is 0.145 Sm-1.Calculate its molar conductivity.
11. 𝜆ͦ𝑚 of HCl, NaCl and CH3−COONa are 425.9, 126.4 and 91.0 S cm2 mol−1. Calculate 𝜆ͦ𝑚 of CH3−COOH.
12. A conducitivity cell has two electrodes of area 1.25 sq cm placed 10.5 cm apart. Calculate i) cell constant
ii) conductivity of an electrolytic solution which offers a resistance of 1995 ohm.
13. Conductivity of 0.0125 M KCl solution is 0.145 Sm-1.Calculate its molar conductivity.
14. A cell with cell constant 1.29cm-1, filled with 0.1M KCl gives a resistance of 100 ohm. Calculate conductivity and
molar conductivity.
15. What is limiting molar conductivity? Explain molar conductivity of strong and weak electrolytes with a schematic
graph.
1. What is a Galvanic OR Voltaic Cell? Give an example.
2. Define Standard Electrode Potential (E0). What are the factors on cell potential it depends?
3. Define e.m.f. of a cell.
4. *Describe the construction of Daniell cell.
5. Give the half cell reactions, cell reactions, cell diagram for a Daniell cell
6. *Write a note on the construction of S.H.E?
7. Calculate the emf of Daniell cell : Given E0Zn = –0.76V and E0Cu = +0.34V.
8. Give Nernst equation for Daniel cell and in general for a Galvanic cell.
9. how is E0 related to equilibrium constant?
10. *Calculate emf of the cell for which the cell diagram is:
+2 + o
Ni(s) | Ni( aq 0.15 M ) || Ag ( aq ) 0.02 M ) (0.15 M) | Ag(s) , E cell = 1.05 V
11. *Reaction of a cell is: Mg(s) + 2Ag+(0.0001M) → Mg2+ (0.130M) + 2Ag(s). calculate the cell potential, if E0 = 3.17V.
12. calculate the equilibrium constant for cell with reaction. Cu(s) + 2Ag+ (aq) → Cu2+ (aq) + 2Ag(s). E0 = 0.46V.
13. Reaction in cell is: 2Fe+3(aq) + 2I−(aq) → 2Fe2+ (aq) + I2(s). Calculate the ∆𝐺 ͦ , given that E0 = 0.236V.
14. what are primary and secondary batteries? Give an example for each.
15. *write equations for the reactions which occur at anode and cathode of a lead-acid battery. Give the overall
reaction.
16. what is a fuel cell? What are the advantages of fuel cells?
17. what is corrosion? Write anodic and cathodic reactions for rusting of iron.
18.How is corrossion/rusting of iron prevented?
19.name the gases liberated when aqueous solution of NaCl is subjected to electrolysis.
20. write equations for the electrolysis of molten NaCl.
21. *explain the construction of H2-O2 fuel cell with the help of a neat diagram.
22. an acetic acid solution has a conductivity of 48.15 S cm2 mol−1. Its  0m is 390.5 S cm2 mol−1. Calculate the degree
of dissociation of acetic acid.
AMINES
1. Give the IUPAC name of CH3 -NH-C2H5 OR (CH3)3N.
2. **Write general equation for Hoffmann bromamide reaction.
3. **Give an example for Hoffmann bromamide reaction.
4. Write general equation for Gabriel phthalimide synthesis.
5. Give an example for Gabriel phthalimide synthesis.
6. Arrange the following in the increasing order of basic strength in gaseous phase: CH3NHCH3, CH3NH2, (CH3)3N
7. Between methyl amine and aniline, which is stronger base and why?
8. **What is Hinsberg reagent?
9. **Explain carbylamine reaction with example/general equation.
10. How are1°, 2°, 3° amines distinguished using Hinsberg reagent.
11. Give an example for diazotization.
12. How do convert aniline into acetanilide?
13. How does aniline react with bromine water?
14. Identify the products in the following:

COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
1. What is the difference between double salt and a complex salt?
2. State the postulates of the Werner’s Theory of Coordination compounds.
3. Give an example for a bidentate and polydentate ligand.
4. What is an ambidentate ligand? Explain with an example.
5. What are Homoleptic and Heteroleptic complexes? Give examples
6. Write the IUPAC names of the following coordination compounds.
i) [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 ii)K3[Al(C2O4)3] iii)[Ni(CO)4]
7. Explain Geometrical isomerism in complex compounds with examples.
8. Explain optical isomerism in complex compounds with examples.
9. Mention the oxidation number and coordination number of central atom/ion in the following:
i) Hg[Co(SCN)4] ii) Co(NH3)5(CO3)]Cl iii) [Ni(CO)4]
10.What is Linkage/ionisation isomerism? Explain with an example.
11. Explain the formation, geometry and magnetic property of (any one will be given)
[NiCl4]2- OR [NiCO4] OR [Co(NH3)6]3+ OR [CoF6]3-
12. Describe crystal field splitting in octahedral/tetrahedral coordination entities.
13. Explain synergic bonding in metal carbonyls.