Government Property

NOT FOR SALE Senior High School

General Physics 1
Quarter 2 - Module 5
Fluid Mechanics

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

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What This Module is About
This module demonstrates your understanding on the concepts of Fluid
mechanics and on how Physics relate density, mass, volume, specific gravity,
pressure and how it is calculated based on their relationship. It also discusses the
application of Pascal’s law, Archimedes’ and Bernoulli’s principle.

Specifically, this module will discuss five (5) lessons:

 Lesson 1- Specific gravity, density, mass, and volume
 Lesson 2–Pressure
 Lesson 3- Pascal’s principle
 Lesson 4- Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
 Lesson 5- Bernoulli’s principle

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

 Relate specific gravity, density, mass, and volume to each other (STEM_GP12FM-llf-
40).
 Relate pressure to area and force (STEM_GP12FM-llf-41)
 Relate pressure to fluid density and depth (STEM_GP12FM-llf-42).
 Apply Pascal’s principle in analyzing fluids in various systems (STEM_GP12FM-llf-43).
 Apply the concepts of buoyancy and Archimedes’ principle (STEM_GP12FM-If-44).
 Apply Bernoulli’s principle and continuity equation, whenever appropriate, to infer
relations involving pressure, elevation, and speed (STEM_GP12FM-Ilf-46).

What I Know (Pre-test)

Multiple Choice. From the given choices, encircle the letter of your best answer.
1) Which of the following is an example of a force?
a) water b) other fluids c) gravity d) mass
2) A fluid can be ______.
a) a gas only b) a liquid only c) a solid or a gas d) a liquid or a gas
3) The velocity of an object is ______.
a) its standard reference point c) the process of speeding it up
b) the rate of change of its position d) its change in direction
4) Earth’s gravity pulls you down with a force ______.
a) greater than your weight c) equal to your weight
b) the size of your feet d) half your weight
5) Which of the following is NOT the SI unit of pressure?
a) N / m2 b) Pa c) Newton d) Pascal
6) Pressure is ______.
a) force x area b) area  force c) force + area d) force  area
7) At higher elevations, air pressure is ______.
a) less because there is less air above
b) greater because there is more air below
c) less because gravity is stronger
d) less because the air is moving faster
8) When pressure is applied to a confined fluid, the increase in pressure is transmitted
equally to all parts of the fluid. This fact is called ______.

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 a) Pascal’s principle b) Newton’s principle
c) Archimedes’ principle d) Bernoulli’s principle
9) An object under water feels lighter than it does in air because of ______.
a) air pressure b) buoyancy c) fluid speed d) temperature
10) An object is dropped into a beaker containing a liquid. The object drops to the bottom of
the beaker. Therefore, the ______.
a) Density of the object is greater than the density of the liquid.
b) Density of the object is less than the density of the liquid.
c) Mass of the object is less than the mass of the liquid.
d) Volume of the liquid displaced is more than the volume of the object.
11) If you blow a steam of air between two balloons that are next to each other, the balloons
a) rise b) move away from each other
c) move toward each other d) move randomly
12) Air above an airplane wing is moving faster than air below an airplane wing. This causes
the plane to ______.
a) accelerate b) slow down c) increase its elevation d) decrease its elevation
13) Fluids exert pressure because they are made up of tiny ______.
a) moving molecules that exert forces
b) forces that sum together
c) molecules that push upward
d) particles that are buoyant
14) Bubbles rise in water because they are ______.
a) so tiny b) less dense than water c) more dense than water d) fluids
15) A fluid is a substance whose volume can easily change.
a) True b) False
16) Water pressure increases as depth increases.
a) True b) False
17) The buoyant force always acts in an upward direction.
a) True b) False
18) Archimedes’ principle states that the buoyant force on an object is equal to the mass of
the fluid displaced by the object.
a) True b) False
19) The density of an object would be changed by changing the object’s volume or its area.
a) True b) False
20) What is the SI unit for pressure?
a) pascal (Pa) b) newton (N) c) kilogram (kg) d.) meter (m)
21) Pressure is ______.
a) force x area b) force  area c) force + area d.) density
22) At higher elevations, there is ______ air pressure.
a) the same b) greater c) less d.) the same
23) As a diver moves deeper in the water, the fluid pressure is ______.
a) the same b) greater c) less d.) did not change
24) Objects in water feel lighter because of the ______
a) buoyant force b) air pressure c) temperature d.) density
25) An object sinks in a bucket of water. The object’s density is ______.
a) less than water’s density c) greater than water’s density
b) the same as water’s density d.) cannot be determine
26) A force on a confined fluid changes the pressure all through the fluid. This is
a) Pascal’s principle b) Archimedes’ principle c) Bernoulli’s principle
27) A hydraulic system uses fluid to ______.
a) cause acceleration b) decrease air pressure c) multiply force
28) As the speed of a moving fluid increases, the fluid pressure ______.
a) decreases b) stays the same c) increases
29) What force pushes up on an airplane wing as it moves through the air?

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 a) gravity b) lift c) air resistance d.) buoyant force
30) Water pressure increases as depth increases.
a) True b) False
31) The buoyant force acts in a downward direction.
a) True b) False
32) The buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid the object displaces.
a) True b) False
33) Archimedes’ principle explains how an airplane flies.
a) True b) False

Refer to the diagram to answer the following 2

questions:

34) This device is a ______.

a) barometer b) hydraulic system
c) buoyant force d.) thermometer

35) This device uses fluid to multiply force. Which

principle explains why this device works?
a) Pascal’s principle b) Archimedes’ principle c) Bernoulli’s principle

Lesson
Specific gravity, density, mass, and volume
1

What I Need to Know

In this lesson you will understand further how to relate specific gravity,
relative density, mass, and volume.

What’s New
Instruction: Answer the questions below as directed. Let’s review for a second.

1. Can you tell me what matter is?

2. What is mass?
3. What is volume ?
4. Why do you think volume is important to you?
5. How do you measure the volume of a solid?
6. How do you measure the volume of an irregular shaped object?
7. Do you think that the shape of an object changes volume? Why or why
not?

What Is It
An object's density is the ratio of mass to volume of an object. The mass is
how much it resists acceleration when a force is applied to it and generally means
how much of an object or substance there is. Volume describes how much space an
object takes up.
mass
Density ( ρ)= SI Unit: kg/m3
volume

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Example: If the water at 4 0C has a mass of 1000kg in a one cubic meter (1m 3), what
is the water density?

m 1000 kg
Solve: ρ= = Therefore: ρ=1000 kg/ m3
V 1 m3

Does density change with mass and volume?

Density is an intensive property of the material or substance and depends
upon the relationship between the mass and volume. Unless the mass changes in
relation to the volume, the density will not change.

Is density proportional to mass and volume?

Note that density is directly proportional to the mass (or weight) and
indirectly proportional to the volume: If volume stays the same as mass increases,
the density will increase by the same factor. ... If the mass stays the same as
the volume is increased, the density will decrease by that factor.

What does specific gravity means?

Specific gravity is the density of a substance divided by the density of water.
Since (at standard temperature and pressure) water has a density of 1000 kg/m3 or
1 gram/cm3 (at 4ºC), and since all of the units cancel, specific gravity is usually very
close to the same value as density (but without any units).

density of an object
SpecificGravity=
density of water

Example: The density of Gold is 19300 kg/m3 . Solve for the specific gravity of Gold.

Solution:
density of Gold 19300 kg /m 3
SpecificGravity= = =19.3
density of water 1000 kg /m 3

Note: There is no specific unit of specific gravity because it is a ratio of one density
to another density so the unit cancel each other.

What’s More: Let’s Work it Out

Let’s Work it Out
A. Solve the water density at 4 0C
1. D= 2000kg÷ 2 m3 → D= __________
2. D= 4000Kg÷4 m 3 → D= __________
3. D= 6000kg ÷6 m 3 → D= __________
4. D= 8000 kg÷8 m 3 → D= __________
5. D= 10000 kg÷ 10 m 3 → D= __________
B. Solve the Gold density
1. D= 19300 kg÷1 m3 → D=__________

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 2. D= 38600kg÷ 2 m3 → D=__________
3. D= 57900kg÷ 3 m3 → D=__________
4. D= 77200 kg÷ 4 m 3 → D=__________
5. D= 96500 kg÷ 5 m3 → D=__________
C. If you change the mass and volume does the density of a fluid changes?
Solve:
1. D= 1000kg÷ 4m3 → D=________
2. D= 1000kg÷ 2 m3 → D=________
3. D= 600Kg÷ 3m 3 → D=________
4. D= 400kg÷3m3 → D=________
D. Solve for the specific gravity of the following objects
density of an object
Formula: SpecificGravity=
density of water
Note: Water density is 1000kg/m3(at 40C)
1. Coconut oil has density of 930kg/m3 → Sg = __________
2. Gasoline vehicle has density of 737 kg/ m3 → Sg = __________
3. Kerosene has density of 820 kg/ m3 → Sg = __________
4. Mercury has density of 13590 kg/m3 → Sg = __________
5. Sea water has a density of 1025 kg/m3 → Sg = __________

What I Have Learned

You Work on This!
1. What is the density of water at 40C? __________________
2. Does the water density changes?_____________________
3. What is the density of Gold? ________________
4. Does the Gold density changes?_______________
5. If you change the mass and volume does the density of a fluid changes?____
6. What does it mean, if the specific gravity of an object is less than one?__________
7. What does it mean, if the specific gravity of an object is greater than one? _______

Lesson
Pressure
2
8. What does it mean, if the specific gravity of an object is equal to one? __________

What’s In
In the previous lesson, you have learned that a fluid has density, mass, volume, and
specific gravity. This time you are going to investigate the relationship between fluid density
and depth; these are factors that may influence Pressure in a fluid.

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you are expected to

1. Relate Pressure to area and force

2. Relate pressure to a fluid density and depth

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What’s New
Direction: Answer the puzzle below to recall your knowledge on Pressure.

ACROSS
2. he states that a change in pressure at points
of an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally to all
parts of that fluid
5. the pressure caused by the weight of the
Earth’s Atmosphere
7. the upward force that a fluid exerts on matter;
opposes gravitational force
8. the amount of matter in a given space; mass
per unit volume
10. any material can flow and that takes the
shape of its container
DOWN
1. he states that any body completely or partially
submerged in a fluid (gas or liquid) at rest is
acted upon by an upward, or buoyant, force, the
magnitude of which is equal to the weight of the
fluid displaced by the body.
3. the froward force produced by an airplane’s
engine; opposes drag
4. he states that the speed of amoving fluid
increase, its pressure decreases
6. the amount of force exerted on a given area
9. an upward force on an object caused by
differences in pressure above and below the
object
11. the force that opposes or restricts motion
through a fluid; opposes thrust

What Is It
Pressure
Pressure is defined as the force exerted on a surface divided by the area over
which that force acts. To find the pressure exerted on a surface, simply divide
the force (in Newtons) by the area that is in contact with the surface (in m2).

Pressure ( P )=Force normal ¿ the surface( F) ¿

Area of the surface( A)
F F
P= → F=PA → A=
A P

Pressure is measured in units of Pascals.

A force of 1 N acting on 1 m2 creates a pressure of 1 Pa

Examples:

1. If a weight of fluid of 200 N acts on a surface of 5 m 2, calculate the pressure

created.

F 200 N
Solution: P= = =40 N m 2=40 Pa
A 5m 2

2. What force must be applied to a surface area of 0.0025 m 2, to create a

pressure of 200,000 Pa?

Solution: F=PA=200,000 Pa x 0.0025 m 2=500 N

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 3. In a hydraulic lift system, what must the surface area of a piston be in cm 2 if a
pressure of 300 kPa is used to give a desired upward force of 2000 N?
2
F 2000 N 2 100 cm
Solution: A= =
P 300 x 10 Pa
3
=0.00667 m
1m( )
=66.67 cm
2

What is the relationship between area and pressure?

The relationship between pressure and area is that pressure and area are
inversely proportional to each other. That is when area decreases pressure exerted
on that area increases. When area increases pressure exerted on
that area decreases.

What happens to pressure when area increases?

With more particles there will be more collisions and so a greater pressure.
Because the area of the container has increased, there will be fewer of these
collisions per unit area and the pressure will decrease. Volume is inversely
proportional to pressure, if the number of particles and the temperature are constant.

Pressure in a liquid - density and depth factors – calculations

Density is a measure of how close the particles are together. The more
compact they are, the greater the density.
As already mentioned, in liquids the density is uniform throughout and
because there is so little space between the particles the
density only slightly decreases with increase in temperature with
the increased kinetic energy of the particles.However, the
volume shows almost no change with increased pressure (so
here you can consider liquids to be virtually incompressible).

All liquids expand on heating - observe a mercury or

alcohol thermometer.

The pressure in a fluid varies and increases with depth -

it doesn't matter whether you are dealing with gases like
the atmosphere or liquids like the water of a lake or ocean.

The greater the height/depth of fluid, the greater the weight of particles that
gravity is pulling down, hence the increase in force per unit area at a particular level,
hence the increase in pressure.

The pressure in a fluid acts in all directions (← → ↑  ↓) because the particles

are moving and colliding with each other, and the sides of the container, at random
in all directions.

Liquid pressure significantly increases with depth as the weight of the

column of liquid increases.

A simple experiment, as shown in the figure, can demonstrate this rule using
a tall container with holes in the side. When you fill it with water, the water gushes

2
out of the holes, but the lower the hole, the greater the water pressure, the faster the
water comes out and travels a greater distance.

The pressure also increases with increase in density of the fluid - so air
and water differ significantly for a pressure created at a specific depth of fluid
(densities: air density 1.2 kg/m3 and water 1000 kg/m3 at room temperature).

From your own experience you may have observed:

Sometimes in a car descending or ascending a few hundred meters on a road can
make your ears 'pop' and hurt slightly because of the change in pressure with height.
But, you only have to dive into a few meters of water to experience the same effect
on your ears. As you suddenly into the water, the pressure is suddenly increased on your
ear drums - the pain comes from the greater external water pressure than the internal body
pressure on the other side of your ear drum. However, for most people, when under the
water at shallow depths, the pressures become equal quite quickly

You can calculate the pressure at a given depth created by the weight of
liquid in the earth's gravitation field using the following formula:

Pressure∈a Liquid= ρgh

Where:

ρ=density of theliquid; g=gravitational field strength; h=depth of the liquid

N
SI Units: Pressure=Pa=
m2

kg N
Density ( ρ ) = Gravitational Field Strength ( g )= Depth ( h )=m
m 3
kg

N
The Gravitational Field Strength, g=9.8 (on the Earth’s Surface)
kg

Examples:
1. Divers have to be careful when working at depth in water and need to
carefully control the dissolving of gases in their blood stream.

A. Calculate the pressure created by a 30 m depth of water given the density of water is
1000 kg/m3 and gravity 9.8 N/kg.

1000 kg
Solution: P= ρgh=
( m3 () 9.8kgN )( 30 m )=294,000 Pa=294 kPa
B. Comment on the dangers when diving at great depths and how to avoid dangerous
problems.

Atmospheric pressure is about 101 kPa, so a diver at these depths will experience
a much greater pressure than on the surface of the water
 Increase in pressure causes more gases to dissolve in the blood stream. This can
have serious consequences if time isn't allowed for the body pressure to adjust to the new

3
 external pressure, particularly when returning back to the surface. The bends, also known
as decompression sickness disease, occurs in divers when dissolved gases (mainly
nitrogen) come out of solution in bubbles and can affect any body area including joints,
lung, heart, skin and brain.
The effects can be fatal unless time is allowed for the body to adjust in a
decompression chamber.

2. The density of sea water is ~1025 kg/m 3, the maximum depth of the Atlantic
Ocean is ~8500 m (8.5 km).

A. Calculate the water pressure at this depth.

1025 kg
P= ρgh=
( m3 () 9.8kgN )( 8500m )=8.54 x 10 Pa
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B. By what factor is the pressure greater at these depths compared to the ocean
surface?

Atmospheric pressure is ~101 kPa

pressure at the bottom of the ocean 8.54 x 107 Pa

Ratio: = =845
pressure at the surface 101 x 103 Pa

Note: This extraordinary increase in pressure mean to explore this 'alien' world you need
a very strong submersible craft. However, evolution has allowed all sorts of creatures
to live down at these depths, all fully pressure adjusted over time! If you (theoretically)
brought any such creatures rapidly to the surface and exposed them to normal
pressure, it would kill them!

 3. At what depth in water is the increased pressure five times greater than
atmospheric pressure (101 kPa)?

Given: P=5 x ( 101kPa ) =505 kPa ; ρ ( water )=1000 kg /m3

P 505 kPa
Solution: P= ρgh→ h= = =51.5 m
ρg (1000 kg /m3 )(9.8 N /kg)

Note: The pressure increase in water increases by about the value of atmospheric pressure
for every 10 m.

 4. At a depth of 12.5 m of a chemical solvent the pressure at the bottom of the
storage tank due to the solvent was 306 kPa. Calculate density of the solvent.

P 306 kPa
Solution: P= ρgh→ ρ= = =2498 kg /m 3
gh (9.8 N /kg)(12.5 m)

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 What’s More:
Let’s Work it Out
Direction: Do as instructed.

1. Calculate the pressure if the force increases and surface area is keep in constant.
Table1.
Force (N) Area (m2 ) Pressure (Pa)
20 2 ?
30 2 ?
40 2 ?
50 2 ?

2. Calculate the pressure if the surface area increases and the force is keep in constant
Table 2.
Force (N) Area (m2 ) Pressure (Pa)
20 1 ?
20 2 ?
20 3 ?
20 4 ?

What I Have Learned

Direction: to sum up what you have learned explain your answer
1. What happens to pressure when Force increases and the surface area is keep in
constant?
2. What happens to pressure when surface area increases and the Force is keep in
constant?
3. How does density affect pressure in liquids?
4. How does pressure vary with depth?
5. Why does water pressure increase with depth?
6. Does pressure depend on density?

5
 Lesson
Pascal's Principle
3

What’s In
In the previous lesson, you have learned that Pressure is defined as
the force exerted on a surface divided by the area over which that force acts. It is
very important to master this principle because this is the bases of the Pascal’s law
for lesson 3.

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you are expected to

1. Apply Pascal’s law in analyzing fluids in various system

What’s New
Associated Activities
Physics - Application of Pascal's Law in Hydraulics –English- Students apply their
understanding of Pascal’s law.
Watch this activity on YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hV5IEooHqIw
Lesson 14 - Pascal's Principle - The Properties of Liquids - Demonstrations in
Physics.
Watch this activity on YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ma4kW3xVT0

What Is It
A fluid can be a liquid or a gas, like air and air is everywhere, and even the air
surrounding us has a weight and exerts a pressure. We do not realize how heavy the
air is, or feel the pressure it exerts upon us because we are accustomed to the
"atmospheric pressure." Pressure is defined as a measure of force over a given
area. 
Discovered by Frenchman Blaise
Pascal, Pascal's law states that a
pressure applied to a fluid in a closed
container is transmitted equally to every
point of the fluid and the walls of the
container. Pascal's principle applies to
incompressible fluids.

P1=P2

where:
F1 F2
P 1= ∧P2=
A1 A2

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Note that a closed system may have two areas; A1 and A2, so the force is different at
the two locations, but the pressure remains the same, as stated by Pascal's law.
Pascal's law is used by
engineers when designing
hydraulic systems that use liquid
power to do work. Some examples
are hydraulic jacks that lift cars up
in repair shops and hydraulic
brakes that apply a pressure to a
large area to stop a large vehicle
such as a train. Pascal's law is also
used in water distribution systems
and sewage systems to move
water throughout a network of
pipelines.

Pascal’s Principle – Sample Problems

1. If the area of A1 = 0.001 m2 and the area of A2 = 0.1
m2 , external input force F1 = 100 N, then the
external output force F2?

Solution: P1=P2

F1 F 2 F A (100 N )(0.1 m 2)
= → F 2= 1 2 = =10,000 N
A1 A2 A1 0.001m 2
2. Area of A is 60 cm2 and area of B is 4,200 cm2, determine the external input force
of F.
Solution: P A =PB

FA FB F A
= → F A= B A
A A AB AB
where
F B=weight=3500 N

F B A A (3500 N )(60 cm2)

F A= = =50
AB 4200 cm2

What’s More
Let’s Work it Out
At the following URL, read how a hydraulic car lift works and do the animation.
Then answer the questions below.
http://webphysics.davidson.edu/physlet_resources/bu_semester1/c23_pressure_pas
cal.html
1.     How does force change in a hydraulic lift?

7
 2.     In the animation of the lift, what happens when you add mass to the small
cylinder?
3.     Explain how a hydraulic lift can raise an object as heavy as a car.

What I Have Learned

A. Direction: Answer the questions:
1. Have you heard of the term hydraulics? ___________
2. What are examples of hydraulic devices? ___________________
B. Problem-Solving: Work out the practice problems on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. An engineering student wants to build a hydraulic pump to lift a 1,815 N crate. The
pump will have two pistons connected via a fluid chamber. The student calculates that
a force of 442 N will be exerted on the small piston, which will have an area of 50.2
cm2. What must the area of the large piston be to exert the desired force?

Lesson
Archimedes’ Principle
4

2. The motor on a construction-grade hydraulic shovel exerts 3.11  107 Pa of pressure

on a fluid tank. The fluid tank is connected to a piston that has an area of 153 cm 2.
How much force does the piston exert?

What’s In
In this lesson you will understand further the vital role of density, gravity, and
the depth in determining the buoyancy in a fluid. Where mastery from the previous
lesson is much needed to master lesson 4.

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you are expected to apply the concept of buoyancy and
Archimedes’ principle
What’s New
Associated Activities
1. Buoyancy & Pressure in Fluids: Soda Bottle Cartesian Diver  - Students observe
Pascal's law, Archimedes' principle and the ideal gas law as a Cartesian diver
moves within a closed system.
Watch this activity on YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=soIey3Q2moE
2. Rock and Boat: Density, Buoyancy & Archimedes’ Principle  - Students observe
Archimedes' principle and use terminology learned in the classroom as well as
critical thinking to derive equations needed to answer a challenge question:
Watch this activity on YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K4Y-52gVcEA

Discussion Questions: This is to your base knowledge of the lesson topics. The

same questions will be asked at lesson end.

8
1. Why ships float?________________________________________________
2. When you are swimming in a pool do you feel lighter or heavier than when you are
walking on Earth?_________________________________________

9
What Is It
Why is it called Archimedes Principle?

Archimedes' principle, named after an inventor and a mathematician who lived

in ancient Greece, states that the buoyant force on a submerged object is equal to
the weight of the fluid that is displaced by the object. Buoyancy is the ability of an
object to float in water or air.

Archimedes Principle Formula

The Archimedes principle states that:

“The upward buoyancy force, F B, exerted on a body
partially or completely immersed in a fluid is equal to
the weight of the fluid that the body displaces and acts
in an upward direction in the center of the mass of the
displaced fluid.”

The Archimedes principle is a fundamental law

of physics for fluid mechanics. It was formulated by Archimedes of Syracuse.

Bouyant Force , F B=weight of fluid displaced , w

F B=w=mg
m
¿( ρ¿¿ f V ) g( ρ= → m=ρV ) ¿
V

Where:
ρ f =density of the fluid g=acceleration due ¿ gravity
V =volume of the object m=mass of the fluid displaced
SI Unit: Newton (N)
Examples:
1. A steel ball of 5cm radius is immersed in water. Calculate the Buoyant Force and
the net Force acting on the ball (lead density = 7900kg/m 3).
4
Solution: F B= ρf gV =ρ f g ( π r 3 )
3

4 3
where: V = π r ∧ρ f =density of water
3

F B=
( 1000m kg )( 9.8s m )[ ( 43 ) π ( 0.05 m ) ]=5.13 N
3 2
3

There are two forces acting on the ball: the upward buoyant force and the weight
of the ball directed downward.

10
 F net=F B −w where :w=mg

To calculate the mass of the ball, we make use of its density value.

m
ρ= → mass ( m )=ρv
v
4 kg
( )(
¿ ( ρ ) π r 3 = 7900 3
3 m ()[ 43 ) π ( 0.05 m ) ]=4.136 kg
3

F net=F B −w=F B−mg=5.13 N−( 4.136 kg )

( 9.8s m )=5.13 N −40.53 N
2

F net=|35.4 N|

2. Weigh a cube of 10cm edge into the air resulting in 19 N and then weighed
immersed in water giving a value of 17 N. Calculate the apparent weight and the
push ( F B).
Solution:
The apparent weight is the weight of the object immersed in a fluid, or in other words, the
result of the actual weight and thrust. Therefore, the apparent weight is 17 N .
The push is: F B=w−wa =19 N −17 N=2 N
All of us have experienced Archimedes' principle, even though we may not be
aware of it.
A common experience is realizing that it is rather easy
to lift a person in a swimming pool. This is because the
water provides partial support in the
form of an upward force called
the buoyant force. The buoyant
force is equal to the weight of the
fluid displaced.
Ships float in water because
the weight of the water displaced by the ship's hull is greater
than the ship's weight, and if the weight of the water
displaced was less than that of the ship, it would sink.

What’s More:
Let’s Work it out
Practice applying Archimedes’ law by doing the brainteaser at this URL:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lasalle/buoyquestion.html
What I Have Learned
Direction: To sum up what you have learned solve and number 1 to 5 and 6-7
explain your answer

Useful information:

11
ρwater =1.0 g/cm 3 ρethanol =0.76 g/cm 3 ρmercury =13.6 g /cm3

ρair =1.20 kg/m3 ρ He =0.18 kg /m3

4 mass
Volume block=LWH Volume sphere = π r 3 Density , ρ=
3 volume
weight =mg Net Force: ∑ F=ma
1. If a block of aluminum measures 4.0 cm x 5.0 cm x 2.0 cm is completely submerged in a
tank of water, what volume of water does it displace? __________
2. What is the mass of the displaced water? ______________
3. What is the weight of the displaced water? __________________
4. How large of a buoyant force acts on the block? ________________
5. The mass of the aluminum block is 108 g. Determine its density. _______
6. If you release the metal block, will it sink, or will it float to the surface? Explain your
reasoning. ____________________________________________________
7. If the block was submerged in ethyl alcohol instead, would the tension in the string be
bigger or smaller? _____
___________________

Lesson
Bernoulli’s Principle
5

What’s In
In this lesson you will understand further how to relate the importance of the
previous concepts involving pressure, density, depth, gravity in application to this
lesson the Bernoulli’s principle.

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you are expected to apply Bernoulli’s principle and continuity
equation, whenever appropriate, to infer relation involving pressure, elevation, and
speed.

What’s New
Associated Activities
1. Adventures with Bernoulli- Demonstrations in Physics  - Students observe
Bernoulli’s principle
Watch this demonstration on YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZClP-m9g24

2. Bernoulli’s Equation -Students observe Bernoulli’s Equation, principle and its

application.
Watch this presentation on YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ytCuHh5PwwY&t=408s

What Is It
Fluid in Motion—Bernoulli’s Principle
The derivation of Bernoulli’s Equation represents an elegant application of the
Work-Energy Theorem. Here we discuss the conditions under which Bernoulli’s
Equation applies and then simply state and discuss the result.

12
 Bernoulli’s Equation applies to a fluid flowing through a full pipe. The degree
to which Bernoulli’s Equation is accurate depends on the degree to which the
following conditions are met:
1. The fluid must be experiencing steady state flow. This means that the flow
rate at all positions in the pipe is not changing with time.
2. The fluid must be experiencing streamline flow. Pick any point in the fluid. The
infinitesimal fluid element at that point, at an instant in time, travelled along a
certain path to arrive at that point in the fluid. In the case of streamline flow,
every infinitesimal element of fluid that ever finds itself at that same point
travelled the same path. (Streamline flow is the opposite of turbulent flow.)
3. The fluid must be non-viscous. This means that the fluid has no tendency to
“stick to” either the sides of the pipe or to itself. (Molasses has high viscosity.
Alcohol has low viscosity.)

What is Bernoulli's principle in simple terms?

Bernoulli's principle is an idea of fluid dynamics. It says that as speed of the
fluid increases, pressure decreases. A higher-pressure pushes (accelerates) fluid
toward lower pressure. So, any change in a fluid's speed must be matched by a
change in pressure (force).

What does Bernoulli's equation State?

Consider a pipe full of a fluid that is flowing through the pipe. In the most
general case, the cross-sectional area of the pipe is not the same at all positions
along the pipe and different parts of the pipe are at different elevations relative to an
arbitrary, but fixed, reference level.

The simplest form of Bernoulli's equation (steady and incompressible

flow) states that the sum of mechanical energy, potential energy and kinetic energy,
along a streamline is constant. Therefore, any increase in one form results in a
decrease in the other. Bernoulli's principle states that pressure and velocity are
inversely related, or that the pressure in a fluid decreases when the fluid's velocity
increases.
1 1
P1 + ρ v 21 + ρg h1=P2 + ρ v 22 + ρg h2
2 2
where:
P1 is the pressure at point 1 P2  is the pressure at point 2
v❑
1  is the velocity of the fluid at point 1 v❑2  is the velocity of the fluid at point 2
h1 is the elevation of point 1 h2  is the elevation of point 2.
ρ is the density of the fluid g is the acceleration due to gravity

13
Examples:
1. A dam holds back the water in a lake. If the dam has a small hole 1.4 meters
below the surface of the lake, at what speed does water exit the hole?
1 2 1 2
Use Bernoulli’s equation: P1 + ρ v 1 + ρg y 1=P2+ ρ v 2+ ρg y 2
2 2
P , v , ρ∧ yare the pressure, speed, density, and height, respectively, of a fluid.
The subscripts 1 and 2 refer to two different points. In this case, let point 1 be on
the surface of the lake and point 2 be at the outlet of the hole in the dam. The
pressure at each point is just atmospheric pressure, so P1=P2
The hole is 1.4 meters below the lake, so y 1− y 2=1.4 m
Because the hole is “small,” you can assume that the level of the lake doesn’t
change much as water leaks out of the hole, so v1 =0
Using these equations in Bernoulli’s equation, you can solve for the speed of the
fluid at point 2:

Because you’re interested in the speed of the water, which is a positive quantity,
use the plus sign in the equation. Thus, the speed of the water coming out of the
hole is 5.2 meters per second.
2. A hose lying on the ground has water coming out of it at a speed of 5.4 meters
per second. You lift the nozzle of the hose to a height of 1.3 meters above the
ground. At what speed does the water now come out of the hose?
1 2 1 2
Use Bernoulli’s equation: P1 + ρ v 1 + ρg y 1=P2+ ρ v 2+ ρg y 2
2 2
P , v , ρ∧ yare the pressure, speed, density, and height, respectively, of a fluid.
The subscripts 1 and 2 refer to two different points. The subscripts 1 and 2 refer
to two different points. In this case, let point 1 be on the ground and point 2 be at
1.3 meters above the ground. At both points, the pressure is atmospheric
pressure, so
P1=P2=101,000 Pa

The difference in heights between points 1 and 2 is y 2− y 1=1.3m

Using these equations, you can solve Bernoulli’s equation for the speed

14
What’s’ more:
Let’s Work it Out
Use Bernoulli’s law to explain what you observe in the demonstrations at this URL:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-xNXrELCmU

What I Have Learned

Problem-Solving:
1. Water is flowing in a fire hose with a velocity of 1.0 m/s and a pressure of 200000 Pa. At
the nozzle the pressure decreases to atmospheric pressure (101300 Pa), there is no
change in height. Use the Bernoulli equation to calculate the velocity of the water exiting
the nozzle. (Hint: The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and gravity g is 9.8 m/s2. Pay
attention to units!)]
2. Through a refinery, fuel ethanol is flowing in a pipe at a velocity of 1 m/s and a pressure
of 101300 Pa. The refinery needs the ethanol to be at a pressure of 2 atm (202600 Pa)
on a lower level. How far must the pipe drop in height in order to achieve this pressure?
Assume the velocity does not change. (Hint: Use the Bernoulli equation. The density of
ethanol is 789 kg/m3 and gravity g is 9.8 m/s2. Pay attention to units!)

Summary
Pascal’s law states that a change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid
is transmitted equally throughout the fluid. The ability of fluids to transmit pressure in
this way can be very useful—from getting toothpaste out of a tube to applying the
brakes on a car.
Archimedes’ determined that an object displaces the same volume of fluid as
its own volume.
·        According to Archimedes’ law, the buoyant force acting on an object equals the
weight of the fluid that the object displaces.
·        The shape of an object may affect how much fluid it displaces and therefore
the buoyant force acting on it. This explains why one object may sink while another
object with the same weight but a different shape may float.

15
 Bernoulli’s law states that the pressure of a moving fluid such as air is less
when the fluid is moving faster. Bernoulli’s law explains how wings of airplanes
and birds create lift and allow them to fly.

Assessment: (Post-Test)
Multiple Choice. Answer the question that follows. Choose the best answer from the
given choices.
1. Pascal’s Principle is the basis for _____________.
a.) Aerodynamics b.) buoyancy c.) pressure d.) hydraulics
2. One day after swimming lessons Melanie decides to stay at the pool for open
swimming. She relaxes by floating on her back in the cool water. She feels weightless
as the water supports her. What allows Melanie to float on the water instead of sink?
a.) Pascals b.) buoyancy c.) pressure d.) volume
3. Bernoulli’s principle explains why ___________.
a) airplanes fly b.) boats float c.) pistons work d.)ice melts
4. Which of the following would be used to measure pressure?
a.)Grams b.) Newtons c.)Pascals d.)Kilograms
5. Which of the following uses Pascal’s principle?
a.)Airplanes b.)Hydraulics and pressure
c.)Boats d.)Snowboards
6. Which of the following uses Bernoulli’s principle?
a.)Airplane wings b.)Pistons c.)Boats d.)Snowboards
7. What is the upward force in a fluid?
a.)Pressure b.)buoyancy c.) kinetic theory d.)Diffusion
8. Bernoulli's principle states that
a) pressure is transmitted equally through a fluid.
b) pressure increases as temperature decreases.
c) buoyant force equals weight of fluid displaced.
d) pressure in a fluid decreases as speed of the fluid increases.
9. As part of a physics demonstration, Mr. Taylor suspends two ping pong balls next to
each other so that they have a small space between them. He then turns on a
hairdryer and has it blow air in the space between the two ping pong balls. Which of
the following should happen?
a) the two balls do not move b) the two balls move upward
c) the two balls move further apart d) the two balls move closer together
8. A large truck passes a car on the highway. According to Bernoulli's principle, which of
the following should occur?
a) Pressure decreases between the vehicles, so the car and truck move slightly apart.
b) Pressure decreases between the vehicles, so the car and truck move slightly
together.
c) Pressure increases between the vehicles, so the car and truck move slightly apart.
d) Pressure increases between the vehicles, so the car and truck move slightly
together.
10. Two tall buildings are separated by a narrow alleyway. On a windy day, wind gusts
move very quickly through the alley. If the buildings are not constructed properly, which
of the following could be a concern when this occurs?
a) The buildings' windows could be blown outward into the alley because of air
pressure differences.
b) The buildings' windows could be blown inward into the building because of air
pressure differences.
c) The buildings' windows could be blown outward into the alley because of
temperature differences.

16
 d) The buildings' windows could be blown inward into the building because of
temperature differences.
11. When constructing a dam, the bottom of the dam is thicker than the top of the dam.
The necessity of having a thick bottom is a result of
a) the volume of the water behind the dam
b) the altitude of the body of water behind the dam.
c) the depth of the water behind the dam.
d) the community surrounding the dam.
12. A dam is designed to withstand a pressure of 7840 lb/ft2. Find the maximum depth of
water that the dam could support. (A dam should not be built this tall—it should be
designed to allow water to run over before reaching such a dangerous condition.)
a) 120 ft b) 125 ft c) 133 ft d) 141 ft
13. What is the purpose of having cylindrical water towers above ground or water tanks at
the top of buildings?
a) To increase the height of the water column, thereby increasing the water pressure in
homes and apartments.
b) To increase the volume of water, thereby increasing the water pressure in homes
and apartments.
c) To displace water so less water is placed behind large dams in reservoirs.
d) To store water for use by consumers.
14. A rectangular water tank is used to store drinking water for a remote cabin. Find the
force that the water applies to the bottom of the 12.0 ft × 6.55 ft × 3.75 ft filled water
tank.
a) 11,200 lb b) 16,300 lb c) 19,500 lb d) 18,400 lb
15. Find the total force on the side of a water-filled tube 2.34 cm high with a radius of 0.300
cm. a) 0.506 N b) 0.0506 N c) 3.41 N d) 1.03 N
16. A small piston of a hydraulic press has an area of 20.0 cm2. If the applied force to the
piston is 75.0 N, what must the area of the connected large piston be to exert a force of
6550 N?
a) 1550 cm2 b) 1750 cm2 c) 1250 cm2 d) 1180 cm2
17. What is the absolute air pressure of a balloon inflated to 11.5 lb/in.2?
a) 26.2 lb/in.2 b) 32.2 lb/in.2 c) 23.5 lb/in.2 d) 11.5 lb/in.2
18. A raft is 2.35 m wide × 1.25 m long × 0.365 m deep. What is the buoyant force on the
raft if only 0.125 m of the raft remains above water?
a) 10500 N b) 3590 N c) 7020 N d) 6910 N
19. Archimedes' principle states
a) the volume of an object placed in a liquid is equal to the weight of the liquid that is
displaced.
b) the volume of an object placed in a liquid is equal to the volume of the liquid that is
displaced.
c) an object placed in the fluid loses weight equal to the weight of the liquid that is
displaced.
d) the weight of an object placed in a liquid is equal to the weight of the liquid that is
displaced.
20. Water is an incompressible fluid. If water flowing down a wide river approaches a
section that is half as wide, what will happen to the speed of the water flow?
a) The speed will double. b) The speed will be cut in half.
c) The speed will stay constant. d) The speed will quadruple.
21. Bernoulli's principle applies to .
a) gases only b) liquids only
c) both gases and liquids d) neither gases or liquids
22. An airplane wing takes advantage of
a) Archimedes' principle. b) Rutherford's model.
c) Bernoulli's principle. d) the Venturi effect.
Use the diagram below to answer the following 3 questions:

17
 1000kg/m The density of gold does not
change.
The density changes as the
volume and mass of the
18
B:
object change. If the mass
(at constant volume)
increases, the density
increases. If the volume (at
constant mass) increases, the
density decreases.
If the specific gravity is less
C: than one, then the
250kg/m3 object floats in water.
500kg/m3 If the specific gravity is
200kg/m3 greater than one, then the
133.3kg/m object sinks in water.
If the specific
gravity is equal to one',
D: this means that the object
0.93 will neither sink nor float.
0.737
0.820
13.59
1.025
LESSON 2
What’s New What’s New What’s More What I have
Archimedes Archimedes 10Pa; 15Pa; Learned
Pascal Pascal 20Pa; 25Pa Increases
Thrust Thrust 20Pa; 10Pa; Decreases
Bernoulli Bernoulli 6.67Pa; 5Pa Directly
Atmospheric Atmospheric Proportional
Pressure Pressure Directly
Pressure Pressure Proportional
Buoyant Buoyant This is because the
Density Density weight of the
Lift Lift column of water
Fluid Fluid above the object
Drag Drag increases.
Yes
KEY ANSWERS
c) the weight of the air pressing down on the object
b) the weight of the water displaced by the object
a) the weight of the object
diagram equal?
25. What does the buoyant force on each object in the
c) Bernoulli’s principle
b) Archimedes’ principle
a) Pascal’s principle
steel block sinks?
24. Which principle explains why the ship floats and the
c) There is no air pressure on the ship
b) There is less gravity on the ship
a) The ship displaces more water
steel bock sinks?
23. The ship and the steel block have the same weight. Why does the ship float while the
 to 1000kg/m3 1000kg/m3
density is constant and equal 1000kg/m3
with temperature. At 40C its 1000kg/m3
Yes. Water density changes A:
Problem-Solving: 1000kg/m3
What I Have Learned
LESSON 3 What I Have Learned: LESSON 1

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19
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20