Market Integration

And Global Interstate System

Introduction
What is Market Integration?
Integration shows the company's market relationship. The extent
of integration affects the company's behavior and thus their
marketing efficiency. A highly integrated market behavior is
different from disintegrated market behavior. Markets differ in
the degree of integration, and thus their degree of efficiency
varies. Kohls and Uhl have defined market integration as a
process that refers to corporate expansion by consolidating
additional marketing functions activities within a single
management framework. 

Example 
 Examples of market integration are the establishment of
wholesaling facilities by food retailers and the setting up
of another plant by a milk processor.
 In each case, there is a concentration of decision making in
the hands of a single management.
Market Integration
Types
 1. Horizontal Integration

 2. Vertical integration

 3. Backward vertical integration

 4. Forward Vertical Integration

 5. Conglomerate Integration

1. Horizontal Integration
Horizontal Integration is a competitive strategy that can create
economies of scale, increase market power over distributors
suppliers, increase product differentiation, and help business
expand their market or enter new markets. 
-By merging companies, they may be able to generate more revenue
than the could have done independently. However, when horizontal
meres succeed, especially if they reduce competition, it is often
at expense of consumers. If horizontal mergers concentrate market
share among
-A small number of companies within the
same industry it creates an oligopoly.
Some companies try to expand their presence in an industry by
acquiring or merging with one of their rivals rather than relying
on their efforts
Example Horizontal Integration
Effects of Horizontal integration

 Buying out a competitor in a time bound way to reduce

competition.
 Gaining larger share of the market and higher profits.
 Attaining economies of scale. Specializing in the trade.
2. Vertical integration
When pursuing a Vertical Integration strategy, a company becomes
involved in new portions of the value chain. This approach may be
desirable if the suppliers or buyers of a company have gained too
much power over the company and use their ability to earn more
profit at the expense of the company.
-By acquiring the supplier or buyer, executives can reduce or
eliminate the leverage the supplier or buyer has over the
company. Considering vertical integration alongside the five-
force model of Porter, it is highlighted that such movements can
create more significant potential for profit.

3. Backward vertical integration

A backward strategy of vertical integration involves a company

moving back or upstream along with the value chain and entering
the business of a supplier. If executives are concerned that a
supplier has too much power over their firms, some firms use this
strategy.
Supply Chain- Starbucks/ Netflix

4. Forward Vertical Integration

A forward strategy of vertical integration involves a company

moving further down the value chain to enter the business of a
purchaser.
5. Conglomerate Integration
A fusion of companies involved in completely unrelated business
activities. 

fusion
A fusion of companies involved in completely unrelated business
activities. There are two kinds of mergers of conglomerates: pure
and mixed. Pure mergers of conglomerates involve companies with
nothing in common, while diverse mergers of conglomerates involve
companies looking for product extensions or market extensions. 

Advantages
There are a few concrete examples of merging benefits. A
conglomerate merger benefits from both companies reaching a
larger target audience. If Y merges with Z, both companies share
the same market base, allowing them to spread their operations.
each company was able to target only their market areas, but the
two companies combined have twice as much reach, allowing both
potential customers and businesses to grow and cross-refer to
each other. 

Potential DownFalls
if one conglomerate that is involved in the merger has an
excessive fortification over the other conglomerate. This type of
coalescence can be detrimental as it limits the marketplace's
newly formed business options. This is accompanied by the
disadvantage of controlling managing such a large conglomerate
entity. When these companies combine, they merge with different
accounts all past customers. they take care of this, the
bureaucracy needed can be detrimental to the new conglomerate.
Regardless, the structure of the company will be changed,
creating potential problems along with the advantages.

Global Interstate System

It is the whole system of human interactions. The modern world-
system is structured politically as an interstate system – a
system of competing and allying states.

Benefits of United Nations brought to Globalization

 Maintain international peace and security.

 Developed friendly relations among nations.
 Each nation cooperate in solving international economic,
social, cultural, and humanitarian problems.
 Center for harmonizing the actions of nations.

Selected Institutions Associated with 

World Trade

1. International Monetary Fund

is an organization of 190 countries, working to foster global

monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate
international trade, promote high employment and sustainable
economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.

International Trade Centre

allows countries to expand their markets and access goods and
services that otherwise may not have been available domestically.

3. International Chamber of Commerce

aims to foster international trade and commerce to promote and

protect open markets for goods and services and the free flow of
capital. The three primary activities that the ICC performs are
the establishment of rules, dispute resolution, and policy
advocacy.

4. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

ensures that goods, services, investment and people move easily

across borders. Members facilitate this trade through faster
customs procedures at borders; more favorable business climates
behind the border; and aligning regulations and standards across
the region.

Role of International Financial Institution in creation of Global

Economy

IFI's
 International Financial Institution. It is chartered by more
than one country and therefore are subjects to international
law. Its owners or shareholders are generally national
governments, although other international institutions and
other organizations occasionally figure as shareholders.
 The most prominent IFls are creations of multiple nations,
although some bilateral financial institutions (created by
two countries) exists and technically IFI.
 The best known IFIs were established after World War II to
assist in the reconstruction of Europe and provide
mechanisms for international cooperation in managing the
global financial system.
The international Financial Institutions (IFIS)
1. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
2. Multicultural Development Bank (MDBs) which include:

a. World Bank Group

b.African Development Bank
c.Asian Development Bank
d. Inter-American Development Bank
e. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
World Trade Organization

is the only global international organization dealing with the

rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO
agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world's
trading nations and ratified in their parliaments.

The purpose of the WTO is to ensure global trade commences

smoothly, freely, and predictably. The WTO creates and embodies
the ground rules for global trade among member nations, offering
a system for international commerce. This means WTO rules become
part of a country's domestic legal system.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development is an
intergovernmental economic organisation with 38 member countries,
founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.
The mission of OECD is to promote policies that will improve the
economic and social wellbeing of people around the world.

Specialized Agencies
Specialized agencies are independent, autonomous organizations
that are part of the broader United Nations system. Specialized
agencies may implement projects or serve as international
standard-setting bodies.

Group 4
GLOBAL : 
DIVIDE THE

Learning objectives 
 At the end of the course the students should be able to:
● To expand the knowledge of real democracy and liberty  from the
history of white Americans and black  
Americans. 
 ● To instill in the minds of the students that the principle  of equality
should be universally applicable regardless  of the origin of race
and be domestically applied by  them.  
● To widen student’s information for reasons as to the 
divisions of the North and the South.

INTRODUCTION
In the 1980s, the Brandt Line  was developed as a way of  showing how the
world was  geographically split into  relatively richer and poorer  nations. Richer
countries are  almost all locatedin the  Northern Hemisphere. Poorer countries
are mostly located in  tropical regions and in the  Southern Hemisphere. 

WHAT IS NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE?

The North-South Divide is a socio
economic and political
categorization  places countries in two distinct group; The North
and the South. The North is comprised of all First World Countries
and most Second World countries while the South is comprise of
Third World Countries. This categorization ignores the  geographic
position of countries with some  countries in the Southern
Hemisphere such  as Australia and New Zealand being labeled as
of the North.One reason for the division of the North and South is
the  difference of economic growth that contributed to the rise  of
regional populations with opposing values and vision for  the
futures of side of the world.  
From 1861 to 1865 which arose the Civil War ended with  violent
conclusion resulting in decades of diversification.  The North and
South created faction from the beginning of  the nineteenth century
and created their various paths,  developing into two distinct and
very different regions.

NORTHSOUTH

GLOBAL NORTH 
The Global North (one quarter of the world population) refers to  developed
societies of Europe and North America, which are  characterized by
established democracy, wealth, technological  advancement, political stability,
aging population, zero population  growth and dominance of world trade and
politics.  

-FIRST WORLD- RICHER AND MORE  DEVELOPED COUNTRIES 

-95% HAS ENOUGH  FOOD AND SHELTER- BUSINESS, MEDICINE  AND
EDUCATION  CAREERS 
-RAILROAD CONSTRUCTIONS- MANY LARGE  CITIES

GLOBAL SOUTH 
 The Global South (three quarters of the world population) represents  mainly agrarian
economies in Africa, India, China, Latin America and  others that are not as
economically sound and politically stable as  their global North counterparts and tend
to be characterized by  turmoil, war, conflict, poverty, anarchy and tyranny (Odeh,
2010)

-THIRD WORLD-POOR AND LESS DEVELOPED  COUNTRIES 

-5% HAS ENOUGH  FOOD AND SHELTER- SOURCES OF RAW  MATERIALS OF 
THE NORTH 
- MILITARY CAREERS  AND AGRICULTURE-NO LARGE CITIES 

THE U.S. ECONOMIC DEPRESSION

ECONOMIC DEPRESSION 
A depression is a severe and prolonged  downturn in economic activity. In  economics,
a depression is commonly  defined as an extreme recession that lasts  three or more
years or which leads to a  decline in real gross domestic product  (GDP) of at least 10%
in a given year.

• After the War of 1812, the United States become stronger and

more independent. 
• National Republicans are the one who believed in Clay's program of high
tariffs, internal improvements, and a national bank.

National Republican Vision

❑ Henry Clay spearheaded  the so-called American  

System.  

American crafting It worked within the skill level of Master, Journeyman and Apprentice. 

The nature of crafting changed dramatically with the transportation revolution and

the demand for large quantities of low-quality goods.
During this period, under Chief  Justice John Marshall, the  U.S Supreme Court set
several  precedents and generally  supported industrial land use. The court ruled in
favor of  Dartmouth College, which was  selling land to local  
entrepreneurs through several  cases, one of which was the  Dartmouth College Case
of  1819. 
Martin v. Hunter
The introduction of industrial  development found to be not successful because many
farmers were unable to take advantage of  these opportunities as the American System
offered them.  
The new working class, the men  and women who entered the factories and received
pennies  day in the textile mills and grist  
Mayo Greenleaf Patch  and his wife, Abigail.

Moral Reform 

Eliminate prostitution  and

the sexual double 
standard and also 
encourage sexual 
abstinence.

Experiences

of the south in

❑ The South in the years between 1815 and 1840 was a  society
tremendously different than the society in the  North during the same
period. In the South, there was  no rise in manufacturing because of
infrastructure. 
❑ During this period, slavery continues to emerge and  affects the
Sothern’s belief because of the slavery  system.  
❑ Southern society was based on the belief that white  equals
independence and black equals dependence. 

Slavery is a big issue that is thought to by three groups of people. 

The planters 

▪ the ones who owned  most of the slaves 

▪ In defense of slavery,  they offered that blacks  could never be  
republican citizens because they were  dependent.  
▪ Some farmers personally  believed that each  
society had a class so
called ”slave” , the mud  class. 
The black belt yeomen 

▪ the ones who owned most  of the slaves 

▪ In defense of slavery, they  offered that blacks could  never be republican citizens 
because they were  
dependent.  
▪ Some farmers personally  believed that each society  had a class so- called  
”slave” , the mud class. 

The group of people from the  upcountry yeomen. 

▪ Also small farmers who are  non-slaveholders. 

▪ These men supported  slavery because they had no  desire to see the same sorts  of
“decay” happening in the  South as was seen in the  North

In South... 

❑ The yeomen protected slavery as it upheld the system that  allowed them to
live in the way they wanted to live. 

❑ Slaves firmly oppose that slavery is against reason. Slavery in  all situation can
never be rational. 

❑ Southern society had no desires or ability to undergo an  industrial

revolution.
THE existence 
of the democratic party
DEMOCRATIC 

It is a form of
government in which
supreme power is vested
in the people and
exercised by them
directly or  indirectly
through a system of 
representation usually
involving periodic free
elections.

SLAVERY
Is the condition in which one human being
 was owned by another. A
slave was  considered by law as property, or chattel,  and was deprived of most of the
rights  ordinarily held by free persons.

This democratization of politics, in which "the common man"  became

increasingly involved in the American political  system did not extend equally
to all inhabitants of the  country.  
In the South, of course, slaves remained without any legal  rights, and had
only the limited and ineffective protections  of the "Slave Codes" designed to
prevent their inhumane  treatment. Indeed, during the 1830s, the "peculiar 
institution" became more entrenched in the deep South as  labor-intensive
cotton production became the foundation of  the economy in states like
Alabama and Mississippi.

Martin Van Buren believes that  the most important economic  issue in
government were; it  was necessary to keep slavery  out of it.

But unforeseen situation came U.S. fell into a terrible economic depression

during  that year, as well as a conflict  over slavery.

However until the election of 1828, when their candidate, Andrew  Jackson, won
the election, the  Democratic Party was out in a cold  and was now able to
further the  party’s belief.  
The Democratic
Party focused
on  the rights of
the state that
have  more
control over the
local that the 
higher power
levels.  
In his
administratio
n there were 
controversial
. The issue
of  nullificatio
n arose
when a
protective
tariff was
passed
which was
seen  as a
threat to
slavery. 

The Nullification Crisis represented a

pivotal  moment in American history as
this is the  first-time tensions between
state and federal  authority almost led to a
civil war. 

President Andrew Jackson announces

that  the government will no longer use
the  Second Bank of the United States,
the country's national bank, on
September 10,  1833. He then used his
executive power to  remove all federal
funds from the bank, in  the final salvo of
what is referred to as the  “Bank War."

The national Republicans call the Whigs to unite againts Jackson and the
Democrats within the populace. The Whigs  won the presidency in 1840,
using many of the Democrats’  pioneering techniques. Since months before
he died, William  Henry Harisson took the position. 

The system of the Second Party was designed to create two  parties in which
people could agree with each other. The  parties; opposing beliefs united people
across the nation under  a banner of either Whig or Demicrat, both North and
South. 
Economics has been the hub of politics through the years, and  slavery has been
shoved far and wide away from politics. Later,  under the states of changing and
conflicting beliefs , the system  would disintegrate, but during this period it grew
and held,  becoming the dream system of Van Buren.

Group 5
ASIAN REGIONALISM
WHAT IS ASIAN REGIONALISM?
Refers to formal economic cooperation and economic arrangements of a group of countries
aimed at facilitating or enhancing regional integration.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REGIONALIZATION AND GLOBALIZATION

REGIONALIZATION
A process of dividing an area into smaller segments called regions.

GLOBALIZATION
A process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and function
together.

WHY COUNTRIES FORM REGIONAL ORGANIZATION?

They form regional organization as a way of coping with the challenges of globalization

ASIAN REGIONALISM
Product of economic interaction between Asian countries.

EVOLUTION OF ASIAN REGIONALISM

 ASEAN – Association of Southeast Asian Nations 
 APEC – Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 
 In 1997, the ASEAN plus Three (Japan, South Korea, and China) was instituted.
 In 2000s, Japan and China competed over how to adapt to the relentless tide of
globalization via the politics of membership

 East Asian Summit – a regional forum held annually by leaders of 16 countries in the
East Asian, Southeast Asian and South Asian regions

 In 2010, the East Asian Summit decided to add two more members, the United States
and Russia
WHAT IS REGIONAL TRADING AGREEMENTS? 
AL TRADING AGREEMEN
– refers to a treaty that is signed by two or more countries to encourage free
movement of goods and services across the borders of its members  (CFI Education Inc.,
2015)
WHEN DID REGIONAL TRADING AGREEMENTS START? 
 Treaty of Rome (1957) forming the European Economic Community (ECC)

 In 1988-89, US agreed to and implemented the Free Trade Area of Canada (CUSFTA)

 During 1990-92, a new custom union was agreed in the eastern half of South America,
called MERCOSUR

 In 1994, the North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA) was created. In Africa, new
PTAs were created. Some of these are Union Economique et Monaitarie de l’Afrique
Occidentale (UEMOA) and Union Douanière et économique de l'Afrique Centrale (UDEAC)

 In Asia, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries agreed in principle
on the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)

TEXTURE AND DIVERSITY

 Page (2000) defined an RTA as country groups which have “created a legal framework of
cooperation with the intention that it will be of indefinite duration, and with the
possibility foreseen that the region will economically evolve in the future.”
 The expansion path of an RTA seems to be linear.

ADVANTAGES OF REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS

 Reduction of trade barriers.
 International relations and peacekeeping.
 Wider market access. 
 Encouraging economic growth.
 Quality improvement and innovation. 

DISADVANTAGES OF REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS

 Crystallize existing inequality between states.

 Increase economic dependence.
 Trade deflection.
 Domestic industry bankruptcy. 
 Reduction of economic sovereignty and independence of economic policies

ROLE OF TNCs IN RTA EXPANSION

BUT FIRST WHAT IS TNC?

A transnational corporation (TNC) – is an enterprise that manages production or delivers
services in more than one country.
According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development there were an
estimated 77 000 Transnational Corporations in the world in 2007, that had almost doubled
since the late 1990s when there were 37 000.
WHAT IS RTA?
A regional trade agreement (RTA) – are define as reciprocal trade agreements between two or
more partners. They include free trade agreements and custom unions.

ROLE OF TNCs IN RTA EXPANSION

TNCs play a proactive role in their expansion. They are known for establishing horizontal and
vertical production linkages in several neighboring countries.

 Global competition has been intensify which market assess strategic market decision
 Developing countries begin to liberalize and reform their economy

 Increase ability to exploit scale economies not only in production but also all along the
value chain.
 Bring in knowledge about the newest technologies, management techniques, and
strategies and ready-made access to markets.
 Follow market trends closely and acquire smaller innovative firms, which in turn makes
them more competitive.

THE SPECTRUM OF FORMAL REGIONAL TRADING ARRANGEMENT

Three Shallow Integration Stages: 

1. Preferential Trade Agreements Partial preferences to trading partners 

2. Free Trade Area Elimination of all tariffs, QRs and NTBs

3. Customs Union Common level of trade barriers vis-a-vis non-members

Two Deep Integration Stages: 

1. Common Market Free Movements of factors of production 

2. Economic Union Integrating national economic policies and a common currency

THE NEW REGIONALISM HAS SEVERAL DISTINCTIVE

CHARACTERISTICS: 
1. The new regionalism is known for cross alliances between developing and industrial
economies.
2. The new regionalism does not seem to be limited to neighbouring economies. 
3. One country can simultaneously be a member of more than one RTA. 
4. The new regionalism is more ambitious. 

TRADE AND INVESTMENT PATTERNS IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION 

Intra-regional trade played a substantial role in integrating regional economies.
  On the Asian crisis in 1997, intra-regional trade was approximately 51 percent of the
total trade in Asia 

 Empirical evidence is available to conclude that with rapid growth 

 The economic structure of newly industrialized economies 12 (NIEs) of Asia 

 The four Southeast Asian economies in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations

 China and a lesser extent 

 The South Asian economies underwent structural transformation 

The Heekseher-Ohlin theory - supports and explains the resulting transformation in the
comparative advantages of different Asian economies and country groups.

Another germane observation in this regard is that there was no characteristic Asian export
path or Asian export route and few generalizations could be made in this regard for the region. 

 Japan 

 Hong Kong, Korea, Taiwan were similar and so were those of Malaysia, Philippines and
Thailand

 Indonesia 
The successful subgroups among Asian economics and their performance can be divided in the
following manner. 

 Japan - first and the most successful in export-led or trade-induced growth 

 ASEAN-4 

 China - largest developing country exporter 

REGIONALISM IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC 

It is a complex, diverse, highly contested and still rapidly evolving phenomenon. In particular,
they consider emerging forms of global governance, and how the Asia-Pacific as a region. 

Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement

(ANZCERTA) – it was signed on 28 March 1983 and has become the cornerstone of the
trade and economic relationship. 

Objectives of ANZCERTA are to: 

 Strengthen the broader relationship 

 Develop closer economic relations 

  Eliminate barriers to trade 

 Develop trade 

ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) – it was established in 1992. 

 Is a trade bloc agreement by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations supporting

local manufacturing in all ASEAN countries. 

 Stands as one of the largest and most important free trade areas (FTA) in the world.

Objectives of the AFTA are to: 

 Create a single market and an international production base; 

 Attract foreign direct investments; and 

 Expand intra-ASEAN trade and investments.

 Kiyoshi Kojima (1968) is credited with posting the concept of the first ever regional
organization for Asia, which he named the Organization for Pacific Trade and
Development (OPTAD) 

 Kojima also introduced the concept of a Pacific Free Trade Area (PAFTA) under the
aegis of OPTAD.

 September 1980- The Pacific Economic Co-operation Conference ( PECC) was born and
was the expression of the next wave of regionalism.

 In 1992, the PECC membership consisted of Australia, Brunei, Darussalam, Canada,

Chile, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru,
Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, US, and the Pacific Island Nations.

 In the end of 1980s, new type of localized economic co-operation began to appear. It is
the regional grouping called “growth triangle” ; (i) the Southern China Growth triangle,
(ii) the Johor-Singapore-Riau Growth triangle, and (iii) the Tumen River Area in
Northeast Asia.

Group 6
A WORLD OF IDEAS:

GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES

Media 
  The term Media, which is the plural of medium, refers to the
communication channels through which we disseminates news, music,
movies, education, promotional messages and other data. 

 Media are the communication  outlets  or tools used to store and deliver
information or data.
Examples of Media
- Tv
- News paper
- Internet
- Cellphone
- Magazine

Culture 

“Culture is a learned meaning system that consists of patterns of traditions,

beliefs, values, norms, and symbols that are passed. from one generation to
the next and are shared to a varying. degree by interacting members of a
community.” (Ting-Toomey, 1999)

The characteristic features of everyday existence ( such as diversions or a way

of life) shared by people in a place or time – Webster

Examples of Culture 

- Gown
- Mano po
- Black cat
- Umuulan umaaraw
Globalization
An international phenomenon defined as the rapidly developing process of
complex interconnectedness between societies, cultures, institutions, and
individuals worldwide. 
It is a social process which involves the compression of time and space,
shrinking distances through a dramatic reduction in time taken – either
physically or representationally – to cross them, so that the world seems
smaller, and, in a certain sense, brings human beings ‘closer’ to one another.

Global media culture explore the relationship between the media, culture and
globalization.
 Globalization entails the spread of various cultures
 Globalization also involve the spread of ideas 
  Globalization relies on media as its main conduit for the spread of global
culture and ideas

The media have a very important impact on cultural  globalization in two

mutually interdependent ways:

1. The media provide an extensive transnational transmission on cultural

products and
2. It contributes to the formation of communicative networks and social
structures.

“Global media culture create  continuous  cultural exchange in which critical

aspects  such as identity, nationality, religion, behavioral norms and lifestyle
are constantly challenge  and questioned.” - Hjarvar, 2001

 Global media promotes a restructuring of cultural and social

communities
 Global media supports the creation of new communities
 The common point of departure is the assumption that a series of
international media constitutes a global cultural supply in itself and
serves as an independent agency for cultural and social globalization, in
which cultural communities are continuously restructured and redefined.

Five periods of globalization and media

1. Oral communication
2. Script
3. Printing press
4. Electronic media 
5. Digital media 
Oral Communication
 The oldest and most enduring of all media.
 The very first and last humans will share at least one thing – the ability
to speak language helped humans move, but it also helped them settle
down. It stored and transmitted important information across time as one
generation passed.

Script
The very first writing allowed human to communicate and share knowledge and
ideas over much larger spaces  and across much longer times.
Some histories of media technology skip this stage or give brief mentions
as a transition between oral and printing press culture.
Printing press
It started the “information revolution” and transformed markets, businesses,
nations, schools, churches, governments, armies and more. The printing press
helped faster globalization – and knowledge of globalization

Electronic Media
A new media that would revolutionized the on going processes of globalization.
It uses electricity and has the ability to transmit speech over distance. First
conceived as a “wireless telegraph”.

Digital Media 
Most often electronic media that rely on digital codes. It allows citizen access to
information from around the world even information that governments would
like to conceal. Digital media have revolutionized daily life.

Global media and cultural imperialism

 The term cultural imperialism is defined by powerful nations over

weaker nations as a kind of cultural domination. 

 Cultural Imperialism Theory state that western nations dominate the

media around the world which in return has a powerful effect on third
world cultures by imposing them western views and therefore destroying
their native culture 

 Cultural imperialism conceptualized as media imperialism, remains a

useful perspective despite its weaknesses.

Cultural flows o network models offer an alternative view of the transmission

process, as influences that do not necessarily originated in the same place or if
it is also possible that receivers are originators. Cultural globalization in this
model correspond to a network that does not have a clearly defined center or
periphery.

Globalization and Global Media in the 21st Century

 The general proposition that a globalization is a multidimensional
process, taking place simultaneously within the sphere of economy,
politics, environment, the institutionalization of technologies and culture
 has received the support of many scholars, researchers, and the general
public.

 Newspaper and periodicals have been written almost exclusively for

domestic audiences to limit their export potential in combination with
language issues. The coming of telegraph and underwater cables in the
mid-19th century marked the drawing of the telecommunication age. 

 Globalization has occurred through many modes such as cross-cultural

trade, religious organizations, knowledge networks, multinational
corporations, banks, international institutions and technological
exchange. 

Thematic Areas

1. The Experience of Modernity in a Global Culture.

The loosening of time and space from the bonds of locality and tradition is a
key element in analysing the experience of modernity as both a general form of
mentality and a made of aesthetic production. 
The dissociation of cultural and social activity from local constraints has
radical consequences in the globalized reality of high modernity almost all
those institutions that ensured a modern structure of cultural and social
experience during the 9th and 20th centuries, typically at local or national level,
were either significantly influenced by globalization or challenged by other
transnational institutions.

2. Socialization and Formation of cultural identity.

The media have become an independent institution for socialization and the
development of cultural identity. With a rapidly expanding international
communication flow bringing media representations of foreign cultures unto
local cultural environments, cultural metabolism’s premises have changed and
cultural flexibility has increased at the individual level.

3. Mediated communities and action

The media and communication technologies, in general, have facilitated the
formation of collective communities. They have also made possible
communicative and social actions across time and space. As part of
globalization, we also see the information of communities that are established
almost exclusively through media cultures.
Democracy and Political Culture.
The major consequence of globalization is the growth of multicultural societies
where people of different cultural backgrounds have to coexist together.
Although individual cultural groups may maintain their language, culture and
tradition, the various groups in multicultural society are forced to address their
collective, mutual problems in a common political/ public sphere.

Globalization of television
Television globalization is often regarded as a matter of program imports
and is largely understood as a consequence of satellite broadcasting
development.

FOUR DIFFERENT AREAS:

1. Institutions
Cooperation and joint ventures between national and international actors
will be analysed to describe current economic strategies and strategies of
program policy.

2. Program production
The impact of new forms of the standardized output and more market
oriented media.

3. Program output and Scheduling

Analysis of developments in program output due to increasing
internalization and of how national and imported programs are scheduled, the
purpose of it is to describe the impact of internationalization on program
policy.

4. Media culture
The interplay between transitional television programs and the national
context of the television reception will be analysed to look at the cultural
consequences of increasing internationalization. 

Global Communication

 It is the term used to describe ways in which geographical, political,

economic, social, and cultural divisions can be connected, shared, related
and mobilized. 
  It involves transferring knowledge and ideas from power centers to
peripheries and imposing a new intercultural hegemony through
worldwide news and entertainment’s “soft power”

Global communication study 

Is an interdisciplinary field that studies the continuous flow of

information used to transfer value, opinions, knowledge and cross-border
culture.

Global or International
Global indicates a claiming role for state and state sovereignty. As a phrase,
there are conceptions of bilateral or multilateral decisions inside
"international." "Global" can represent the desire to the weakening of the state,
as well as dread. "Global" refers to issues and worries of the entire planet,
whereas "international" refers to problems and concerns of two or more
nations.

History

Due to military considerations also economic and political repercussions,

the study of global communication increased fast after World War II. Previous
attempts at theorizing have failed to generate models or study objectives that
accurately represent the current function of worldwide communication.

Between 1945 and 1955, more worldwide communication research was

published, with most of the 1950s studies concentrating on propaganda and
the cold war. By 1970, global communication studies had broadened to include
comparative mass communication systems, communication and country
development, and propaganda and public opinion.

History of Global Media

Pre- Industrial Age 

History of Global Media

Industrial Age 

History of Global Media

Electronic Age 
History of Global Media

Information Age 

Technological Development

The introduction of global communication technology in the nineteenth

century might be seen as the beginning of the worldwide communication
sector. Numerous technological breakthroughs, such as the formation of a new
significant global communication phenomenon, convergences, digital
environments, and the internet, are some of the vital engines pushing the
transition from international to global communication.

Global Power Shift

The shadow of the Cold war has lifted with the collapse of the Society
Union to reveal shifting political, economic, and cultural alliances and
conflicts.

New Agencies and Propagandas

Three significant persons are known as the founders of worldwide news

agencies. In 1835, Charles-Louis Havas established the world's first news
agency; in 1849, Bernhard Wolff began publishing daily news in London,
Amsterdam, and Frankfurt; and in 1870, Paul Julius Freiherr von Reuter
established the Reuter agency and coordinated a worldwide news exchange. 
In 1859, Reuter, Havas, and the German Wolff Agency formed the Allied
Agencies League, commonly known as the "Ring Combination," to
communicate news from throughout the world. The American News Agency
Associated Press, founded in 1848, was legally accepted to the 1887 "Ring
Combination."

Theoretical Approaches and Perspective

 1. Transcultural Political Economy 
2. Communication for Development (C4D)
3. Global Media Studies
4. Global Media Empires
5. Diaspora
6. Technology and Media 
7.  Justice

1. Transcultural Political Economy 

Transcultural Political Economy is a concept introduced by Paula Chakravarty
and Yuezhi Zhao in Global Communication. This idea focuses on global
communication and media studies in three primary areas, worldwide
information and cultural flows, decentralization of conceptual parameters in
worldwide information and media studies, and normative disputes in global
neoliberal communication.

2. Communication for Development (C4D)

It is a practice-oriented facet of global communication which tackles that
approaches worldwide development with an emphasis on social change action
and involvement through communication systems. C4D stresses "voice,
citizenship, and collaborative action."

3. Global Media Studies

It is a global discipline of media research. Media studies are concerned
with the content, history, and impact of media, also the ideas and
methodologies used in cultural studies.

4. Global Media Empires

The world's largest media and media-related corporations have a solid
international prominence. Global media conglomerates such as Disney, News
Corporation, Time Warner, and Viacom-CBS now generate 25-45 percent of
their revenue from outside the United States.

5. Diaspora
Diasporas are minority groups that relate to a greater community outside
the borders on which they now dwell, establishing a feeling of a broader
identity and community, whether imagined or actual, through diasporic media.
In communication studies, diaspora is an identity that connects individuals
beyond time and distance, sometimes existing in areas and sometimes in
imagined "non-space." Diasporic media defines media that caters to the
demands of an ethnic, religious, or linguistic community.
 

6. Technology and Media

 The advancement of media and technology has played a vital role in
globalization and global communication processes. Cable TV, ISDN,
digitalization, direct broadcast satellites, and the internet have created a
situation in which it transfers vast amounts of information worldwide in
seconds.

7. Justice
Justice in communication studies includes, but is not limited to, concern
for the democratic process and the promotion of democratic publics. Jurgen
Habermas defined the public sphere (in The Structural Transformation of the
Public Sphere) as the space forms whenever issues of common concern are
discussed between the state and civil society. Karl Max considered institutions
like parliament, the state, the appropriate public sphere, industrial firms, and
so on as structurally formed and sustained by a capitalist system and
incapable of being mobilized to change.

Group 7

The Contemporary World

Globalization

In bringing about and characterizing globalization,religion and religions have also

played importantroles. One of the consequencesfor a religion of thisimplication
wasthat globalization promotesreligiouspluralism. Religionsidentify with each other
and, due to diasporas and transnational ties, they become less rooted in particular
places.

Globalization also providesfertile ground for a variety of religious manifestations that

are not institutionalized and for the development of religion as a political and cultural
resource.

The term globalization has very recent origins. It first appeared in the business and
sociological literature of the 1988, but by the end of the century, it had become a
broadly invoked expression, in both academic and popular discourse around the
world. It gained a variety of meanings along the way that it's good to understand at
the beginning. They share the common element that the word implies all parts of the
world are increasingly tied into a single, globally expanded social unit.

States' role informs another perspective, one that focuses on global or international
political relations, usually with a parallel focus on Western countries' hegemonic
power. Individual states appear as the primary actors in a globally extended system
of such states in this framework of analysis. There are those variants in all of these
versions that view the process as a relatively recent development and others that
locate beginnings in the past decades and sometimes centuries.
Much of the literature is quite critical, seeing the global as a sort of homogenizing
imposition on the local, a development in which the strong, overtly or insidiously
presume their ways on the relatively weak, dominating or excluding the latter.

Some literature in this regard speaks of the develop a of a transnational civil society
in part to distinguish this kind of globalization from the economic and political kind.
Also, this kind of perspective emphasizes the renewed importance of cultural
differences under globalization conditions. Not only does this world become the
same; it also become more pluralistic. Religions appears as part of the process
rather than as either an irrelevant bystander or a victim almost exclusively under this
meaning of globalization.

For example, one finds theories of the global economic capitalist system or the
global political system of the state. However, several efforts aim to incorporate the
different meanings as different aspects of a single process, often placing the global
and the local a dialogical relationship rather than in opposition to each other. These
approaches argue that local adaptations of globalized structures such as capitalism,
nationalism, or mass media are constitutive of the global; that globalization is not
properly understood if we only think of it as a sort of imperialist spread from one
region to the rest of the world.

For example. African musical styles and Asian martial arts have a significant impact
on art and culture in North America and Europe; and migrants from Indonesia and
Bangladesh seek work in the Middle East, all while maintaining links and sending
remittances to their home countries. These relationships also contribute to
globalization—they are as constitutive as Coca-Cola and the World Bank in their
way.

Religion and Globalization

Together with those emphasizing globalization from below the dialogical approaches
to globalization are of particular significance when it comes to the subject of religion.
By far the largest portion of the now vast globalization literature totally or almost
ignores religion, with the partial exception being the attention that is given to Islam
political extremism. This absence may be attributed to the dominance of
globalization's economic and political understanding, including among those
observers looking at the phenomenon from within religious traditions.

There are two basic possibilities to consider on the relationship between religion and
globalization. On one hand, there are religious responses to globalization and
globalization's religious interpretations. These are, as it were, part of a globalizing
context of doing religion. On the other hand, globalization analyzes are aimed at
understanding the role of religion in globalization and the effects of globalization on
religion

RELIGIOUS PERSPECTIVE ON GLOBALIZATION

THE RELIGION IS FOR AND AGAINST GLOBALIZATION
As against

1. Religion is incommensurate to globalization (according to religious

commentators and representatives of religions)

A. Religion used to facades the capitalist system.

A large number of religious commentators see globalization at once as a process

that is mostly economic, imperialist and homogenizing. They share the cultural,
political, economic, mass perspective, assessing globalization from a threatening
challenge to the manifestation of evil in our world like anywhere else.

Globalization, therefore, results in violence and the unjust oppression of the world'
people.

It threatens local and indigenous culture, placing a heavy burdenon women in

particular.

Religion and religious sensitivities are at the root of globalization

2. Religion is an important dimension of globalization (of Kung's Global

Ethic Project)

Globalized world requires not only a guiding global ethic but also harmonious
relationships and dialog among the religions of the world are key to the development
of that ethic.

This core assumption of Kung's Global Ethic Project points to general features of
how those contributions to the globalizationdebate that do not ignore religion sought
to understand its role in the process: as an important dimension of globalization that
exhibits the characteristic dynamic tennis between global and local between
homogeneity and heterogeneity, between universal and heterogeneity.

Religion and Religions in Globalization

1. Some approaches analyze religion as a global or translational

institution whose diverse manifestations operate largely independently
of economic and political structures, binding together diverse regions
of the world in ways comparable to global trade international relations,
mass media, sport, communications media, or tourism. (Religion as
Transnational Institution)
 2. The role that religious systems play as powerful cultural Resources to
assert identity and seek inclusion in global society. It is in this context
that the most focused attention is given to religion political movements,
including so-called fundamentalisms. (Religion as Cultural and Political
Resource)

3. How religious formation, reformation, and spread were an integral

dimension of globalization assuch. (Religion and religions as a
Globalizing System)

BOTTOMLINE: Each implies a theoretical emphasis somewhat different, and each

also tends to focus on different empirical manifestations of religion in our world.

Religion as Transnational Institution

TRANSNATIONAL RELIGION:

In historical perspective, religions have sometimes performed a major role in the

forces that in the past have played an important role in uniting the various regions of
the world to create a larger, if not geographically global system, the system,
economic trade, and political empire.

At one time, Hindu civilization spread across South and Southeast Asia. Buddhist
teaching and monastic traditions link the vast territories from Sri Lanka and the
Indian subcontinent to Korea, Japan, and most of Southeast Asia through
Afghanistan and China.

The Christian church was the only institution in the early Middle Ages that
dominated and even defined the north-western portion of the Eurasian landmass
known as Europe as a single social unit. And this was largely against his neighbour,
Islam, which was C.E. by the twelfth century. They had succeeded in weaving a
socio-religious tapestry to the farreaches of Southeast Asia from Europe and sub-
Saharan Africa. Before the arrival of the modern era, it undoubtedly informed the
most extensive world system.

Christian religion and Christian institutions

Muslim movements and an organization

As European powers exerted their influence between the sixteenth century

throughout the period this institution is a main contributor. Although Christian
institutions are numerically dominant, they are by no means alone among
transnational religious institutions. Christian organizations and movements are the
vast majority of globally extended religion institution today.
Organization like Fifi and Neofifi or brotherhoods, reformMovements like the
Pakistani Tablighi Jamaat and the Turkish Milli Gurus, and unity foundations like the
World Muslim Congress or the World Muslim League are widespread in various
regions.

Buddhist organizations

Such as the Foguangshan orthe Soka Gakkai have a worldwide presence as do

Hindu movements like the Ramakrishna Math and Mission, the Vishwa Hindu
Parishad, and the Sai Baba movement.

For other major and minor religions ranging from Judaism. Sikhism, and Baha'i to
Mormonism, Scientology and the Brahmakumaris. parallel examples could be
mentioned.

The perspectives of globalization as a characteristic dimension of the globalization

process have not

focused on what are perhaps the most obvious global religious forms. Instead, in the
context of global migration, a growing literature has focused on religion.

Global Migration

The more or less permanent displacement of many people from different regions
and cultures o many other parts of the world, but especially from non- Western to
Western countries, has increasingly drawn the attention of Observers to the number
of people.

Approaches to globalization allow a better understanding of the causes of migration,

of their actions after migration and the dynamics of their integration or these
processes, and it is not surprising that there are increasing Efforts to understand the
role of migration. religion in global migrants.

These contributions focused on the specific religious institutions of migrants in their

new homeland, the immigration and integration policies and attitudes of host
countries, the transnational connections and flows that migrants maintain, and the
influence of these diasporic communities on the religions of the world normally
involved.

Religion as Cultural and Political Resource

Religion both is the means for global connectivity and makes up important content of
global flows. Globalization provides conditions for the development of new and
expanded transnational institutions whose primary reason for existence is religious,
but which also serve a range of other purposes, However, they are important local
institutions at the same time, places where people go for everyday reasons in their
daily lives.

However, the role of religion in providing broadly understood cultural resources in a

global context is not limited to the situation of migrants. Globalization, no matter how
important a single favor may be, is a type of shrinking space where the upheaval
and uprooting characteristics of the migratory experience make up a large part of
the world's population. The global importance of religion as a phenomenon has
brought the greatest attention to the proliferation of successful political religious
movements in almost all parts of the world.

Religion and religions as a Globalizing System

In theoretical approach, It focuses on the degree to which demonstrations or

globalization are both modern institutional forms and a modern understanding of
religion. It has influenced the current globally expanded religious system, which
consists of:

-Composed primarily of a number of mutually identified and widely recognized

religions. These religionsinclude Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism in
virtually every region of the world 

-But a variable list of otherreligions has almost as broad legitimacy. Among these
are Judaism, Sikhism, Taoism and Jainism,

-Followed by anotherset of othersless accepted in a coherent orregional way,such

as Bahai, Shintoism, Candombe, African traditionalreligions, Scientology, etc. 

Religion, Globalization, and the Human Condition

Ideal dimension - how its shapes people's understanding of the world's nature and
purpose and its place in it. Since such issues of ultimate concern or purpose often
appear to define the characteristics of religion, this ideal dimension can also be
conceived asitsreligious dimension, although not necessarily referring to the role
ofreligioustraditions and institutions within it.

IAnalysis of this globalization dimension according to whetherit is viewed as a

positive or negative feature, and whether unity or vision diversity prevails:’

-Positive and unitary interpretations occur- There are stillsome who see globalization
asinevitably moving the world towards a future of ever increasing material
prosperity, political democracy, and equitably shared technological progress among
all peoples. 

-Unitary but negative visions-share most of these features butreject the idea that any
of these developments can have a positive result. Sometimes they take
communitarian directions hat reject the world, advocating withdrawal from the
globalize. This possibility is illustrated by some subdivisions of environmental and
back-to-nature movements. They are mirrorimages of globalized society in many
respects and reflections of it in that respect.

-The world's pluralistic visions are variations on the unitary ones. placing greater
emphasis on the difference orirreconcilability of various world views, respectively. 

The clash of civilization model made famous by Samuel Huntington is representative

of a negative version, dependent asit is on the idea not to say ideal that quasi-
essential civilization with particular characteristics exist logically before the
globalized context in which it might make sense to identify each other. 

Positive pluralist perspectives, on the other hand, are even more mere variations on
the unitary variety: here the value of pluralist and egalitarian inclusion merely is
emphasized more strongly

What is particularly noteworthy about all these representations of the ideal

dimension of globalization isjust how close they are to each other. Without
underestimating the extent to which globalization involves vast differencesin power
and influence between differentregions and different 

peoples without denying the significant dispute, even conflict, between different
views of what the global world is orshould be; this apparent narrowing of alternative
world views may be one of the most powerful symptoms of the world

Major World Religions

HINDUISM

The oldest religion in the world, Hinduism originated in the Indus River Valley about
4,500 years ago in what is now modern-day northwest India and Pakistan. It arose
contemporaneously with ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian cultures. With roughly
one billion followers, Hinduism isthe third-largest of the world’sreligions. Hindus
believe in a divine powerthat can manifest as different entities. Three main
incarnations—Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva—are sometimes compared to the
manifestations of the divine in the Christian Trinity.

HINDUISM

Multiple sacred texts, collectively called the Vedas, contain hymns and ritualsfrom
ancient India and are mostly written in Sanskrit. Hindus generally believe in a set of
principles called dharma, which referto one’s duty in the world that corresponds with
“right” actions. Hindus also believe in karma, orthe notion thatspiritualramifications of
one’s actions are balanced cyclically in thislife or a future life (reincarnation).
BUDDHISM

Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama around 500 B.C.E. Siddhartha

wassaid to have given up a comfortable, upper-classlife to follow one of poverty and
spiritual devotion. At the age of thirty-five, he famously meditated under a sacred fig
tree and vowed not to rise before he achieved enlightenment (bodhi). Afterthis
experience, he became known as Buddha, or“enlightened one.” Followers were
drawn to Buddha’steachings and the practice of meditation, and he later established
a monastic order.

Buddha’steachings encourage Buddhiststo lead a moral life by accepting the four

Noble Truths: 1) life issuffering, 2) suffering arisesfrom attachment to desires,
3)suffering 

ceases when attachment to desires ceases, and 4) freedom from suffering is

possible by following the“middle way.” The concept of the“middle way” is central to
Buddhist thinking, which encourages people to live in the present and to practice
acceptance of others(Smith 1991). Buddhism also tendsto deemphasize the role of
a godhead, instead stressing the importance of personalresponsibility (Craig 2002).

Eightfold Path 

• Right to Understanding 

• Right thought 

• Rightspeech 

• Right action 

• Right livelihood 

• Right effort 

• Right mindfulness 

• Right concentration

JUDAISM

Aftertheir Exodusfrom Egypt in the thirteenth century B.C.E., Jews, a nomadic

society, became monotheistic, worshipping only one God. The Jews’covenant, or
promise of a specialrelationship with Yahweh (God), is an important element of
Judaism, and theirsacred text isthe Torah, which Christians also follow asthe first
five books of the Bible. Talmud refersto a collection ofsacred Jewish oral
interpretation of the Torah. Jews emphasize moral behavior and action in this world
as opposed to beliefs or personal salvation in the next world.

ISLAM

Islam is monotheistic religion and it followsthe teaching of the prophet Muhammad,

born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, in 570 C.E. Muhammad isseen only as a prophet, not
as a divine being, and he is believed to be the messenger of Allah (God), who is
divine. The followers of Islam, whose U.S. population is projected to double in the
next twenty years(Pew Research Forum 2011), are called Muslims.

Islam means“peace” and “submission.” The sacred text for Muslimsisthe Qur’an (or
Koran). As with Christianity’s Old Testament, many of the Qur’an stories are shared
with the Jewish faith. Divisions exist within Islam, but all Muslims are guided by five
beliefs or practices, often called “pillars”: 1) Allah isthe only god, and Muhammad is
his prophet, 2) daily prayer, 3) helping those in poverty, 4) fasting as a spiritual
practice, and 5) pilgrimage to the holy center of Mecca.

Five Pillars of Islam 

-Profession of Faith (shahada)

-Prayer(salat) 

Alms(zakat) 

-Fasting (sawm) 

-Pilgrimage (hajj)

CHRISTIANITY

Today the largestreligion in the world, Christianity began 2,000 years ago in
Palestine, with Jesus of Nazareth, a charismatic leader who taught hisfollowers
about caritas (charity) ortreating others as you would like to be treated yourself.

Christianity isthe faith tradition that focuses on the figure of Jesus Christ. In this
context, faith refers both to the believers’ act of trust and to the content of theirfaith.
It also has generated a culture, a set of ideas and ways of life, practices, and
artifactsthat have been handed down from generation to generation since Jesusfirst
became the object of faith. Christianity isthus both a living tradition of faith and the
culture that the faith leaves behind. The agent of Christianity isthe church, the
community of people who make up the body of believers.
Group 8
What is global population and mobility?
Geographic mobility or population mobility is the measure of how populations and goods move
over time. It is also a statistic that measures migration within a population.
POPULATION- Total number of people or inhabitants in a country, region or area.
MOBILITY - The ability to move or be moved from one place to another. Temporarily or
permanently.

DEMOGRAPHY- The study of human population and the process through which population
change.
Global population and mobility
Global demography
Global migration
Global city
The global population and mobility
The global demography- DEMOGRAPHY the statistical study of human population in
response of several factors such as birth, death, migration, etc.
Why do we need to study the global demography? 
large companies often conduct demographic research to determine and best capture the target
audience. It is valuable to know the current customer and where the potential customer may
come from
Demographic transition model
The Demographic Transition model/ theory is a generalized description that refers to the
changing pattern of mortality, fertility and growth rates as societies move from one demographic
regime to another.

Developed by Frank W. Notestein. The theory originally involves four stages:

-Pre-transition
-early transition
-Late Transition
-Post Transition
Stage 1 Pre-transition
Stage 1 characterized by a balance between birth rates and death rates. This situation was true of
all human populations up until the late 18th century when the balance ended in Western Europe

Death rates were very high at all times in this stage due to lack of knowledge
of disease prevention and cure and occasional food shortages (famine). While
birth rates are suspected to be caused by nonexistent family planning and
contraception

Stage 2: death rate begins to fall. As birth rates remain high, creating a large gap
between both rate causing the population to grow rapidly . The phenomena is
usually referred as "population explosion
Decline in death rate is initially due to significant improvements in public
health and improvements in food production as agricultural practices were
improved in the Agricultural Revolution of the 18th. century

Changes in birth rate is a result of developments in contraceptive; increased literacy

and employment which lowers childbearing and motherhood as measures of the
status of women; and urbanization since urban living raises the cost of having
children to a family

Stage 3: population moves towards stability as Birth rates start to decline. The rate
of population growth decelerates.

stage 4 characterized by a stable population caused by low birth and low death
rates. population growth is negligible, or even enters a decline.

The changes are due to lower rates of diseases and higher production of food.
The changes in birth rate is made possible by improvement in contraception
or women gaining more independence and work opportunities

Frank W. Notestein

Global Migration

Movement of people from one continent to another and from one country to
another has occurred throughout history. These movements are now part of a
global process that is reshaping societies and cultures.

GLOBAL MIGRATION

 MOBILITY - refers to the movement of people from place to place, or job to

job, or social class to social class.

  MIGRATION - the act or process of moving from one place to another with
the intention of staying at the destination permanently or for a long period of
time.

EMIGRATION- is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the
intent to settle
IMMIGRATION- movement of people into a destination which they are not natives or does not
possess citizenship in order to settle or reside.

Factors affect the global migration

The Goals and targets will stimulate action over the next fifteen years in areas of
critical importance for humanity and the planet:

-Economic reason

-Political reason

- social reason

- cultural reason

- push and pull factor

THE GLOBAL MIGRATION 

 Push Factors: Famine 

 War & Civil unrest –

 Rural poverty 

 Climate disasters 

 Lack of Quality Services (eg. medical facilities & educational opportunity

HE GLOBAL MIGRATION 

 Pull Factors 
 Employment opportunities, 
 Better standard of living 
 Better access to Services such as medical facilities) 
 Educational opportunities 
 Entertainment.

Global City

A global city, also called a power city, world city, alpha city or world center, is a city
which is a primary node in the global economic network. 

Characteristics of global city

Economic power

Economic competence and opportunities

High-quality educational institutions and high diversity in culture

Center of authority

Three circle model of sustainability

Why is that many development policies end up being unsustainable? 

Sustainability can be defined as the practice of keeping productivity processes

indefinitely natural or manufactured by replacing resources used with resources of
equal or greater value without degrading or endangering natural biotic systems.

Key to attain sustainability

Environmental sustainability- Environmental sustainability is defined as responsible

interaction with the environment to avoid depletion or degradation of natural
resources and allow for long-term environmental quality. The practice of
environmental sustainability helps to ensure that the needs of today's population are
met without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Economic sustainability refers to practices that support long-term economic growth

without negatively impacting social, environmental, and cultural aspects of the
community.

Social sustainability- Social sustainability is the least defined and least understood
of the different ways of approaching sustainability and sustainable development.
Social sustainability has had considerably less attention in public dialogue than
economic and environmental sustainability. 

Ways to measure sustainability

NATURAL STEP FRAMEWORK

ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT

LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS

QUALITY OF LIFE

WAYS TO MEASURE SUSTAINABILITY

-NATURAL STEP FRAMEWORK
-ECOLOGICAL
 This is used to assess the sustainability of products, and they are being processed
through different systems 
  a methodology for successful organizational planning
 active in eleven countries worldwide - Australia, Brazil, Canada, Japan, New Zealand,
South Africa, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the United States, and most recently in
Italy and France. 
 DR. KARL HENDRIK ROBERT

 one of Sweden’s foremost cancer scientists and the founder of The Natural Step.
 The Natural Step framework complements other environmental tools and
approaches such as life cycle analysis and ISO 14001 by providing a context and
strategic vision that makes them more effective.
Potential Benefits of Implementing The Natural Step Framework
COST SAVINGS
PRODUCT AND SERVICE INNOVATION
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
CUSTOMER AND EMPLOYEE LOYALTY AND TRUST
INCREASED SHAREHOLDER VALUE
THE ABCD PROCESS
AWARENESS AND VISION: Let’s Talk!
BASELINE ANALYSIS: Where do we stand?

CREATIVE SOLUTIONS: The good where going to do to the People & Earth
DECIDE ON PRIORITIES: Let’s do it!
Vision: future
It measures the area of lands and seas that people need to sustain their ways of life. It
indicates the rate and scope of resources that people use.
The world-average ecological footprint was 2.75 global hectares per person (22.6 billion
total) and the average biocapacity was 1.63 global hectares. This means there is a global
deficit of 1.1 global hectares per person.
Approximately 20% of the global population consumes 80% of the resources. 
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
Can you identify some countries on the world map that each picture is referring to?
Top Picture: High Consuming Countries or the Developed countries
Bottom Picture: Low Consuming Countries or the Underdeveloped countries
COMPONENTS OF ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
1. Growing Crops 
2.  Grazing Animals 
3. Harvesting Timber
4. Catching Fish 
5. Accommodating Infrastructure (Housing, Transportation Systems, Industry, Built Up
Land)
6. Absorbing Carbon Dioxide Emissions (Burning Fossil Fuels)
Views the overall conditions of processes and activities required in the aspects of
production, distribution and consumption of goods.
It views the sustainability from the perspective of the person on the quality of his and her
life. This may include the rate of unemployment, access to education and health care,
human rights protection and life expentancy.
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 
 This Agenda is a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity.

  It also seeks to strengthen universal peace in larger freedom. We recognize that
eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions, including extreme poverty, is
the greatest global challenge and an indispensable requirement for sustainable
development. 

 All countries and all stakeholders, acting in collaborative partnership, will

implement this plan. 
 We are resolved to free the human race from the tyranny of poverty and want
and to heal and secure our planet.
The Goals and targets will stimulate action over the next fifteen years in areas of
critical importance for humanity and the planet:
People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace, Partnership
The 2030 Agenda itself consists of 4 sections:
.Political declaration

 The Heads of State and Government and High Representatives, meeting at the
United Nations Headquarters in New York from 25-27 September 2015 as the
Organization celebrates its seventieth anniversary, they have decided the new
global Sustainable Development Goals.

2. Set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets 

• Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere 

• Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture 
• Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages 
• Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all 
• Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

 Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all 
• Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all 
• Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all 
• Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and
foster innovation 
• Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries 
• Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
• Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns 
oal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
• Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
development 
• Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably
manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt
biodiversity loss 
• Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access
to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels 
• Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for
sustainable development

3. Means of implementation

The scale and ambition of the new Agenda requires a revitalized Global Partnership to ensure its
implementation. They are fully committed to this. The Partnership will work in a spirit of global
solidarity, in particular solidarity with the poorest and with people in vulnerable situations. It will
facilitate an intensive global engagement in support of implementation of all the Goals and
targets, bringing together Governments, the private sector, civil society, the United Nations
system and other actors and mobilizing all available resources
4. Framework for follow up and review of the Agenda
The Governments have the primary responsibility for follow-up and review, at the
national, regional and global levels, in relation to the progress made in
implementing the Goals and targets over the coming fifteen years. The High Level
Political Forum under the auspices of the General Assembly and the Economic
and Social Council will have the central role in overseeing follow-up and review at
the global level.
Global Food Security 
Food security is both a complex and challenging issue to resolve as it cannot be
characterized or limited by geography nor defined by a single grouping, i.e.,
demography, education, geographic location or income. Currently, approximately
one billion people (16% of the global population) suffer from chronic hunger in a
time when there is more than enough food to feed everyone on the planet.
World Hunger
UNSUSTAINABLE FOOD
Water pollution- Water pollution is the release of substances into bodies of
water that makes water unsafe for human use and disrupts aquatic ecosystems. 
Result of water pollution
-Destruction of biodiversity
- Contamination of the food chain
-Lack of portable water
-Disease from water
-Infant mortality

Water security- Water security has been defined as "the reliable availability of an
acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods and production,
coupled with an acceptable level of water-related risks"

Group 9

What is Peace Education?

Peace education promotes the knowledge, skills and attitudes to help people prevent
conflict occurring, resolve conflicts peacefully, or create conditions for peace.
Peace education can be delivered to people of all ages, in both formal and informal
settings. Programs exist at local, national, and international levels, and in times of
peace, conflict, and post-conflict.
 Dr. Ian Murray Harris
Peace Research board of directors 2003-2008
“The process of teaching people about the threats of violence and strategies for
peace," 
        – by Dr. Ian Murray Harris
The History of Peace Education
In the early 1900s, women became an especially active part of this modern peace
education movement. Peace educators at this early date, often led by women, began
campaigning for social justice, arguing that poverty and inequality were causes of war
Peace education in its modern form, however, stems primarily from specialized written
traditions and formal schooling. Peace education scholar Ian Harris describes this
modern peace movement as beginning in nineteenth century Europe with many
intellectual efforts to learn about violent conflict, evolving in socialist political thought,
and spreading to the United States and elsewhere before World War I. Scholars began
to study war and started trying to educate the public about its dangers. More and more
people tried to persuade each other and their governments to use mediation instead of
war to solve international conflicts.
Peace studies became a more serious academic subject soon after World War II, and
the threat of nuclear war throughout the Cold War encouraged many scholars to devote
their studies to creating a sustainable peace. From the 1980s in particular, peace
education scholarship has developed in many directions. Some have emphasized
minimizing masculine aggression, domestic violence, and militarism; others have sought
to foster empathy and care in students; and many have argued that critical thinking and
democratic pedagogy are vital.
In documenting peace education's implementation, scholars have found varying
degrees of emphasis on positive or negative peace, on local or global peace, and
subordinate or dominant status of students. Scholars have argued that the context of
the peace education program has become one of the most important factors in shaping
the form it takes. Thus, peace education has been shown to use local peace potentials
and local traditions of conflict transformation. Teachers and others have shaped their
programs to address their communities' needs and goals.
Maria Montessori is one example of an influential mid-20th century theorist who found
new connections between peace and education. She linked teaching methodology to
peace-building, hoping to help the next generation avoid the violence of
authoritarianism. Other peace educators at that time, such as Herbert Read, began
encouraging the use of art and students' creativity to promote peace, while others such
as Paulo Freire focused on training students for critical analysis and reform of society
Peace Education in the Philippines
On June 27-28, 2016, the Dept. of Peace and Conflict Studies of the University for
Peace and the Center for Peace Education of Miriam College organized a Forum on the
theme “Three Decades of Peace Education in the Philippines.” The Forum, held at the
Environmental Studies Institute of Miriam College, Quezon City Philippines, gathered
more than 60 peace educators and advocates from all over the country representing
various groups actively engaged in the peace movement in the Philippines for the past
three decades
Sharing personal stories has long been an inspiring and powerful way of reminding us
how we may be better able to re-vision and respond to what may lie ahead. It has been
more than three decades that peace education in the Philippines has become a goal, a
pedagogy, a program and a movement. The movement for Peace Education in the
country began in the early 1980s, with the efforts of several individuals and groups from
civil society organizations, academic institutions, and international organizations
engaged and mobilized to promote and mainstream education for peace.
What is Human Rights?
Human rights can be defined as those basic standards without which people cannot live
in dignity as human beings. Human rights are the foundation of freedom, justice and
peace. Their respect allows the individual and the community to fully develop. The
development of human rights has its in the struggle for freedom and equality
everywhere in the world. The basis of human rights - such as respect for human life and
human dignity - can be found in most religions and philosophies.
Characteristics of Human Rights
Human rights do not have to be bought, earned or inherited, they belong to people
simply because they are human - human rights are inherent' to each individual.
Human rights are the same for all human beings regardless of race, sex, religion,
political or other opinion, national or social origin. We are all born free, and equal in
dignity and rights - human rights are universal.
Human rights cannot be taken away, no one has the right to deprive another person of
them for any reason. People still have human rights even when the laws of their
countries do not recognize them, or when they violate them.
Example: when slavery is practiced, slaves still have rights even though these rights are
being violated. Human rights are inalienable.
What is Human Rights education?
Human Rights Education is education about, but also for human rights.
Teaching people about international law or about human rights violations such as
torture is teaching about human rights.
Teaching people how to respect and protect rights, is teaching for human rights
The relationship of skills ;  knowledge, attitudes, and methodology skills:  
Such as listening to others, making moral analysis, cooperating, communicating,
problem solving, and questioning the status quo. These skills help children to:
-Analyze the world around them.
-Understand that human rights are a way to improve their lives and the lives of others.
-Take action to protect human rights.
KNOWLEDGE
Such as knowing that human rights documents exist and which rights they contain, and
that these rights are universally applicable to all human beings and inalienable. Also
knowing the consequences of violating human rights. This knowledge helps children to
protect their own rights and the rights of others.
ATTITUDES
Such as that human rights are important, that human dignity is inherent in all people,
that rights should be respected, that cooperation is better than conflict, that we are
responsible for our actions, and that we can improve our world if we try. These attitudes
help children to develop morally and prepare them for positive participation in society.
METHODOLOGY
Participative, interactive methodology involves children fully in learning. Alongside their
teacher, they become active explorers of the world around them, rather than passive
recipients of the teachers' expertise. This methodology is particularly appropriate when
dealing with human rights issues, where there are often many different points of view on
an issue, rather than one correct' answer.

History of Human Rights Education

Today the most influential document used to determine what qualifies as human rights
and how to implement these ideas and rights into everyday life is the Universal
Declaration. This declaration was adopted by the General Assembly in 1948, making
December 10th annual Human Rights Day ever since. To this day the 30 article
compilation is seen as “a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all
nations”.
CONCLUSION
The conceptual core of peace education is violence, its control, reduction, and
elimination. The conceptual core of human rights education is human dignity, its
recognition, fulfillment, and universalization. To each of these forms of peace education,
human rights bring not only the element of concrete experience and observable social
conditions but also a much needed normative and prescriptive dimension.