ISC [XII]

SEMESTER – I
 MATHEMATICS (860)
BIFURCATED SYLLABUS
(As per the Reduced Syllabus for ISC – Class XII year 2022 Examination

SEMESTER - I

UNIT NO. NAME OF THE UNIT NAME OF THE SUB – UNIT

(i) Relations
1. Relations and Functions

(ii) Functions

(iii) Inverse Trigonometric Functions

(i) Determinants

2. Algebra
(ii) Matrices

(i) Continuity and Differentiability

of Functions
3. Calculus

(ii) Differentiation

(iii) Indeterminate Form of Limits

(iv) Application of Derivatives

(v) Maxima and Minima

SECTION – C

8. Application of Calculus Application of calculus in Commerce and Economics

Section – A
 Unit Relations and Functions
cha Relations
edA omd b_be tuonon-emty Sets. Then,-he astesian Produ-AxB_O
Sets A and 8 is deined as Ax0 =2(a, )1acA and be B
2 .Theelement (ab) is aued an0zdentdlair.
3 ILA=} 823, then Az8 =211
4 ond 8 be two mon-emttSels.Then, a sebB is 5aid tobe a-
Keation bom Stba to se 8 il Re Ax0_
5 Lutnumber o elements in Seks Aamd B a p amd esfectiey lhen,
hunler d tlatioms bom A +o Mumbe Suhsets o AxB a-
Leb A be any non-enftsetThen, a stt R is Said to bea Kelatim on a-

LtA be a non-emftySeThen, a xlaion B ona Stt A is lalued ás5-

emptelation 07 Void 2tlation il R=23-
nirsal tlaiomif R=AxA
Cy idei lation, iR=i (a)iaeAj and itis denoted by Ta
) relleivt xlaian, i aa) 62, hrevty aEA
Summeoic zëlation it (o,b) ER Ly GR, z s a,beA
tanitielatonil a, )GR 6,)GR Slaoek,n ty a,h, EA.
ii) equivalene elakion,ilRis tilexive, Symmekic aodtaamsitivd
8 e Abe am ÉRuivalerie tlaion oma Set-A and Leb a&Ahem,iae
deine tne 2Uvalente Uass olasas La-bGA:bis cattd to aj
2 Cha2. Fincdion5
L b A aond 8 be t o non- emfy Sets. Then, a Funttion rom set A to Set-B
iS a u e Cor maf oz mafping or meth od o Corvestondarte) whdh ossodiates
ead eement ol seb A to auni4ue elemert o seb 8.si ssabundion fron
Se A to Set 8,then e danote it byd:A6
2Lat:A be a dunction, then
the set A is Caed he domain unction
) the s t 8 i5 aued the to- domain unton
ii) she Set o auimages of elenment o SeA undard is Called renge
0 image, seb og A undear. I iS denuted by(A) .
S.Rone is alays a Subset b t e o-damain.
4. funtions : 9>G and 9: A 8 aa Said to be. eAuai£a=J),
oe XEA m this ase ue wite i -9
5 .A umdhontA >8 is Said
t obe Ore-One £
loJ LL) Sar au a,b GA
Jo2 ala,b EAa
6. union
d : A 8 i sSaid to Le mant-0meiit is naba One-nekunction
A fun dion f A8iS Said to be osta, it Saz each beB
thert exists
aEA Suh that £a=b,ie.il Range =o-domainfieiL LLA)=8
3 Ahugtionf :A>8 is Saidto be into iit is not an 0nto kun Ction
A untond A S is Said to bebüction if it is bath oe -ene and onto.
Ho. Le A ong nite Set having p'eements Them,
Humbez oone-oneuntorns om Ao A G P
Numbes o t o dumctitns hom 4 to A Got P

(i)umber bijelëve tuntbons rom Ato AGre P

NLet A ond be two non-emfty nite sets such that hlA) p and nCA)=4
hn, tumbepr o duntions bom A to G
lun bo d0ne-one Fun ctions trom A to 8 i P9q

) Aunbes od onto dwnCtons hom A+o 8 G e>

Numbr boeztve tunctions bom Ato f29

12 G)i£ P:A >8 iS ne-ome, then nA) < m(g)

) A8 is todhen ntA) n(B)
 )i A>8 is bijectiontaen nlA)2nLA)D
13.Leb A8 be asiuodion
OT8is a Suhseth Of R,then s Cauda rRak valued durmäon-
G) bath Aand 8 at Suksets Rhens aued aatalkntla-
4 As8 and :8s Le shuD.kmcionsThen,the Comfestion4snd
a dunHon of A3Jesned 4s

1S.oetunttionsf:g-aL 9:8» and bi40ue ha

Er4Joh - Coh)+(Goh)
)C4)ohCsoh(g0h)
Laohoh)goh)
16 ) I l : A 8n d: 8-ac de one -ore then Jos A2is aso one-one
T d A 8 and 9 : 6 a t Onto, then 3o :Ac is auo onto
halYTnvse somom1tai iocHion
Fum icn Domain- Aan9e
-11
Cos Co,T

Cob Co,T)
Sec

(vi) CoseC -(
o table ises the domains and Ranges he inifa vaue
braontkhgs the inxerse tsfonametsc ntinns.
2 Sin(-) =-Sin a a6L

i dtramE):=

5e(-a) = I - Sec'L,lor a oe R-(G)L

) Cos CCoso)= , Jor au 8 E LoT

(i) G Co)_ f o au £ Co,T)_

Sin -0)=-Sine
( ) CsecA=asece.
vi) Cot)a Cot

S Sin I-0) Sinb i ) SinC+A)s -Sin8

) Sin (aT-BJ=-SinA
wi) Cose (21-0)=-oSeLa
 asCT-B)=-to.se o s (T+0)z -os8
) Cos(aT-)=Gs0 (V) SeLCT-0)=-SeLs
S e c CT+ 0)=-Sece vi) S(20-0)= SeLs

amCm-0) -tom0 i ) Cot CT-8)=-otb

i ) ban (21T-)-tend i) CotGT-0)=-ot

()=s ase
whe denotts the kodondisulae, 8denotes-heboseaendHdoest h
hyfotnuseheH daiagge

Sinlstn) =aor
Lae

i )Cose Casec)-,hzoam LER-GD

SecCseTa) , ox au ItR-G,

TT
1-

12) GSe a Sina au ae Y-20

 13 Siot+ Sin'y
Si(y ) L1sa,ys1,y40,inf4
T-Sin (al-y+yv- iLo<,941; tty
ET-Sin(s-yt ys-) I-142,9 <0; H>
19.C 4s s(s-2/-y) if -1£3,4< nd aty2

T-`inCas-q -4 v-) iL-l4Z40, 02Y41,

L-Cos y + - y 2 i £ 04a15=IJ30,a21

CT- Sin (2xv) L -14z - kn

13 3io sin (3x-4) 4xs

192oSlo= os(2-)£'o£xs|
2T- Cos (2-D f-1410

2) 2-ta o n2 i -1cx
 (04)

22.2tan = Si

23.2t Cos - a>o

+2

2 3aoi 3o-T -54I<K3-

3r

3 V
 Uitr 2 Agea
Cha Desutanstnts
Le A be anlY Aare mahóx. we Cam.a45oi ate_a_un:que exlthion 0
numbea- tpith isSant mat Caued deteminant fA
Tis denottd by det.A or la
2ocdony Sut mabix A dern, ur hae
L a : lA) lKAL =Klal
S on wo SAAe maties Aand Ao Sme rdes e ha

Squane matan A is Said to be Stngulaer £lA=o

SLe A:|ylbea Saant matri he Minox My an elemtnt 4jA
istedeteminant thematrix ohtained by deltng i"04 and
#h Coluran A
6 amlemast oastuuanematm odenn2 a
debtstninast ado n-1)
2TeGlactor Ais Aan leneot ai, oa squknt maia ALais
dentd as Aj M
8 1A= Sn Pndutt o cdemants (olony w Cslaon wth theic
Coe5fomding Cafackons.
emets a20w oz laumn) aultielitd with cofattors dny
othe arolo ox olumnthon thelx Sug is Zero
1o eauh elenent ima0wlxblunn)da detrnninant is Zed, dhem-
e vaAe the dabartninant is Zexb
o y buo 3uus (or ohumns.) oadetminat re idesita,hea thenue
|hedetexminantis Ze0.
12 n4wous Cox folunns).aadeteeminat art izterthangtathen Sign
thdettamintntchangts
 aA Salarrk.
+K.A i6 amaddx oltained by multb?lyin 9 each elemert
18.oleties 6Calar muelication
and
19he kodu A6i6 desined ony if he number Coumns ofA
number dous 66re Some
Bhe Koduh AB, temasonxA i5 CaLedize-multiptier and malix
2
Bhmatx i5 Called ost-multiplier mabix-
anSfbse matix A iS the Matix Dbbained by irtecnging the aous.
Gnd Columns A Itis as0 denottd by A
22. eties ef taansfase maknices
hozany maix A, we hame CAJ=A_
Gny maax fomd balan k we hane CK A)=KA.
for omytuo matiteS AandB Same Ordon e hane-

o dny tuo matites A and 8 oruuhich AB is dekned, uehaa

CAeT=_e'
Summeticaix if A =AL
23 A Suat mabix A 1s 5aid-to be
marixi£ A==f
y A SAuae matbix A is Said to be SKeu symmtti
txists a 5uare matix8
25 Let A be a nar matizo ozder nT there
Same0xderd Suth tha At-A=I,then we Say that Ais inveatible
denoted. by A'
The matnx 8 is calued invesát makrix d A and is
inVeSe Intsse.asuaremahix,litexists,isuni9ue
26Uniqueness
desined)e ha
2 4 a onwo 59Maenatices Aand 6 Cbr-wbich AB iS
CAB) 6'a
28. forAm54uaor mabrix A, we ha
_ A A (i) AA- I - Aa'
G AT)- CA
a
29 fox my inibl.e SAua matix A andnon-zea 6tala ,

30e A» laij]be a Sauaat maix oderr nThem, uA dehme adjoint of Aas

dA LA where Aij denotes the Gosacinr a j in A
S. r q uoe mamx A o orderrn dond 5Calarr K, e hae
A Coaj.A)=(oaja)A =lAlI Al= lA|"
iid 1ACaAjAJ|=lAl?_ C ilaaaja)]lA1n-)*
adiKA)= K" adjA) )adi:(jA) lA*A
 ron two SAuAre manices t nd 8 (for uhih A0 i5debned ehaue

33 e_adjoit athe maöx b

3 A `Auase atix is inveti ble ondonyif it is Non-6ingula-

65he imtase a non-áin{ula matix A S gim ay A= L(a
A

36hxnineatile Sqnan aix A oxden, ue hae A|sL

3 he inxse. the matix b 4 L

( a d - b )L - c a
d
33ConSide dhetolowin q system lneas £Anactons intheeViabes-
, a t bySZd axt-b2y z a d atbsytGZd3-
Jhen above System o Auations Cam be witttn lin mahoz om)as-

b2
3b3 3L
Ax-B,-
b x = | i nd B=d
b C2 d
b3 3 Ld3
Jhe matahx A i5 alled oeiGent mabix
39 Set f vaues aYoadz obich Simultrmaneousy Sattsy aLthe
uations the Sustrm is laled a 60uiy athe Sustcm eeAuations
 nib 3: Caalu us
Cha Cotinuibdnd Dlkertrytiabilitg a fun ttions
L D is an 0fen mteavajL in A Gnd cED
OAwntionDR16 Said to beight ontinuous acil.

im Lfx)=i)

i A hentim DR is Saidto bê cortinusus a de it

uni0n DaR isSaidto le discontänualus atiLitis.

not Continuous at 12
2 huaLtion is iSaid to beiCorrtinuous on om ofen inttmaa,
iLis Cortinaks ak e foint et Ca,) icL Lox ta ela,b), uehee

3.AinstkityisSaid t be ontinuols ona dastd intusLabi

iDisxight Catinuous oaaa it. im LHO= tlay_

Kh) is lelt_lostönunus a o-b ic. bmlIJ:f)

4Aumt5on is Said to le Cotilaaus lhestitss onbnusus

5L D be oom Ofen intenal in A ond CED.

A hnionf DA is Saidto be aight dieeocntiahle at xa
ithe Jinit im(C+h)-C)ists inite
ho
h
h:s limi s Calued kt-hoxnd dervatit dsaat 7andis denated hy R£G.
A AmttionDAS Saido be lelt dietatentiahleakaac Lthe
Amit im
ho
h)L exists sinite
This lianits Caled lelthand dasivakivt oa a nd isdesnbel hu L'C)
i)A kuntiby i D>R is Saidto be dioeatntiable a a c
 it 1sboth Iel ditertrsiahle ond rght dittenretiabe isl,lL L
both She limits,i n th)-A andum £lc)-£C exst inibey
ho ho
-h and art eAua-
Auatson Ais 5oid to be non-ditertiable at1al,ilitis
Nob dilrtntiable ah IaC
4 n t i o nS Saidt o be dittertntiable
onan Dftn interal a,k) i
isdierentiable a eery faint e Cab) ie. if lor ery céG6)5-
e ha L£(c)=RL'CO
unctions Said be diHertatiable en a Cdosedintera La,b] it
O1s diletgiable a at oint of the fen inttrral a , -
dis ght dikateatnti ableat a-a itXimlth)-La eistsinitey.
ho

i s elt_diclestastiahie a b it liml-h-L)
ho
eaisls inity
-h

A udon-is Said to be diltestntiahle augwhese i s dilkotntiable

a een ?bint de he zia Aine-
Sun,»ktnnte, kodut, guotiet and Coomfosition o too ortmuOuS
A5 uell as Diteoetiabe dunctions ae CostinuousmdDidlentmtiahie-
Evtdieentiable uation is ontinuous but a Cotänuous tmtim
m.a not bedieoentiable
2ha R. Dieatstiathon
Cn)= 0 , uhere n 5.a onttast

2. C")- na whezt n is a Constayt

3 Uo F) = L d (E) wheve F is a susctibnef

4 e = e d ) , whtnt fisa fun ton

5 a oAa f) whet f is aduncton
amd aiS a Cornt
du

ose)=Sinf d whene f isasum tion X

CCoF) -Cosec2e 2(F)

1o. secF)seLftan F ( )

12 in E)N (inf)
where N i5 Constast
13. os)=dosF os F) f15a unton oa
and 6 m 2adians
d

16 Csee F)- Nsee (ecE)

 08

18 E+h-) G+d(6)-4 G,)

do
LGore bn ctions
1 Cf)=d ¢ e) whert, Ais aCanstet andfis a untion

2
euncti ons
22.dF")- NE4 (E) Lwhest i5.a anstenb and Eis aknitim z
23 F) =L (E) _Lwhast fiS a suncioy e
2F
. g (F]= LF+
dol

wheot, F5 And
F F Grt kanitions dfx-

2 L =A(EJ
d

29T ndat bmetedby a exfesSion j theoam Lz,4)=0,

then e 50ydnctYiSdeinRd implititly inttns y is aued
apliait dnction of
30 Aand ye too duntioms in_asingle vasabie 9, sa atle) and
9 ( Atheatae huacöons-oo Andy-ae
lalled lorametric dunchions-
nd 9is Calledthe farameter
31 nctionin thefaaametaic.dsam, Say tlo), aa1A) usbart
AD Bovided
d d
to
2. 5ia) =

23 Cs
d
34 Ctan') =

35. Lot) =1 R3.

+2

36 5a)

3 Casecx) , zR-LJ
38 z= lu) ond u-3C), them dz - dz d

i s sule is aued thaih l e ty indirngthedeisavtive

Camositio to dunttion.
39 z-luy, u9(v) md v-h(x,the ddz s d
dL
dd

his ule s Colled chain le tor inding e deivatie

Cornfa
Stionthekuncthms
40 Y=lay ond z=J) Kon deivatie La)wztJ)
isitn by 4 Hldz badded dz 4o-
dz/r
L a_suncihon tla)isdiflareriabi thea its deaivractit)i
KnoLon as the bastoder deivDtive t al theunction'a) s
aainditkertrtiablLe, thm its dezivatie"C) 1s known as he
SRLomd adexr deivatint ofL
2.for a untäon m theanameboc storm,Say yelA),a-J)
-d/48_and d L
e havt, d
3cha Tndeteraninthe dommits
LHnse:ta's Bute eor ferm

Sufosean e dilletntiable nctions andjl#0 by an

hatr
ofen inttna omtainin aestept lossibility ata), and
Lim 1tl]:o and lim Lixol=0

a a Lg G)J

Jim£)
a L3
| limFa)
a a La'()_|

2LHos:tad's kuue cos dor

dunttions nd g a ) o on an
Sullabe dand9 a r e diltertntiable
a a) md that
0Pemiterval Catainin a Cexcel=fo ssibility
Jim LPlx] = o and im Ly (xJ=_

lim O =1 lwhee l is knite,+o o-R),Lhory

aaLg'()J
im
a a L3 ()_
ChaL ARplicaeion e Doivatives
Sone imfortant Rbulbs om Cordin ake. Jeomeby
G Slof& ofa.lIne fassina tmg, 4 ) ond , 4 ) is

SLote Lm)=
a-
Li 6Loea line hawin eauLe on ax+by C is m-9

Sloe dakine main anjle with fositive diesion a-axis

SLofe a - i s is D
t t olines baun1 stofes m, and ma are farauel thtn m ,
o lnes haángslofesm,anda a fessendiudar then n,n
2 d eitsets the slole o tangent the.aume H=ko)
aa,£la)
3 elrtSents the tangent to theune Yedi) r the faint lzI-

5ole
rtanjent totheCuae yadl) APla, B) -

Slote npzmal dohe ame y£Cy ab PaA)=-

(d/ax)ey9
6Faationof a line lassin4thaongh , J ) ndhaná slofe m s

obonent to the une ydl) a P4 ) s

EAatioy
-=d (I-A)
i5
2Mr) at lla,A)
8 Eauadon noma to tae une

1 L e b e a ral-vauecum tion and let I be an4 intemval in the_domain

NStoict4 inlreasin4onIit lor au,Z3eL,ue hase 4 a L)< Hx)_

inireasing m I, br aL I1,11eI e han 3,ii2 tEJ< Pl)
 P
loCanseaat unttion 1s bothinaeasingand delaeasin tuntten.
Evecsicy inartasingunttäom isan intGrta[in unttion, but an
niseAsing, knction-mantbe Smcty inCrtAsing-
For instance Constantzunciom, PLooxcdunchon, eslinq function, et ae
intaeasin u nob.stictyinaeasing
12Eg 5tity deeasing dunttion i5.a delreabing.kunttion, but a

_deleensin uncion may notbe stitty dleasin9

r
mstente onstanuntim is deCreasinbutr not 5ticydetreasint
13 astr Deivatjin ESt
Lerbea Continubus hanitim o a bmddisteremtiable on la b

T f(a)ko foz each e la,b)themtis soictyda teeasinonlab

) #a)=o foeAth oreCa,L) then tis Canstont nction on a,b
l4 he abov theoztm_oml4 Jiles tdhe Susiient Gnditin doa the dimtionf
be siCty intasing stictydkCartabing o Const-aat
Dnothezz 0ords
15 he Coneoe d the aboue theozem Deed not betue
Lis Stict4 incotasing_m la,bJthen thé tondition dhatlc)>o
fo all CE La, ma not betmuee
SChal 12 Maima ondMinima
bea Aamtson dehmed on a tonaL T. hen,
QUis sSaidbo hat a maximum vaue Lie,absolute maámum ornatsoluve
inthe intenval I , itthere exlsts a fotnb c6I Suth tar # ) H a ,
dor auL E I The number FQ is Galedte Manimum Vallue t int
Gndthe lointc isCaledthe foint e masimum Valune £ in I

i s So'dto hae aminimum vlne Cie ahsoute minimum leastvaue

mthe intaad I,it betRaissa fointceI Suth that O £HO,-
T
Fo EI.he numbex LOIs Caled the minimum value aLin
ndhefolntCis lalted hefoint o_minimum value & E
i i sSoid to hae an exteme value in the intenvalI,ithere exists
fointCGI sueh thabr EU iS eithen a Maximunm Valle 0r Minimum

Maueodin Ihe numhe )is Called the extaeme Value int

amd the aint c is Called the Rxkatmt faigt in T.
etbeaan inteaSing kumuton ona dnsea intnval la,bth
attain5 its dh6oLute_Maximum value db and ahSolute minimum Value uta

Let be a dalatasing fmttion onaLsed inteaoraalab, themattains its

adhsolt maimum Valu ataand absoue minimlum valuL, a b
4Evtu ontinuDu5 unltiom ma dsed interval has ah lRas One absnLute
MaÁOum auumdaLeast omeabsoluute Mmimum VaLue_
S.|Let bea xRa-vauued huntion in aealvaable nd Let c beany hint.
n the omain d Then,
G Ci5 Cadeaa loiot otadmaxima,i/thent eists h>o Suth that

Thenumbe tLc i6 Called aloaLmazimum valne b .

i)cisGuteda oirst- ef Loca minima,ihext exisls ho Suelhthat
P (x), foxau aé (h,cth)
The numberyC i5 CalLeda lotal minimum Value td
.keValues.o tor which 'Ca)=o ore aled Sbutionay faintsotunig Si
heNalues a hrhth.esthtxPla)o.oz Fa)does nat.existere
aleCatia Points..
8.fastDodvative TeStLerbeadileartntiablsuation man Tnttosa E
and Jet a_ET
T )>0, hrvalwesb? a SAughtly ess thoa.c andl)<o, oy
Vaues1 slughty.moethanl,thtn as latalmaxinum at the st T=c.
Also, be fhont de is Caed a Koirnt bJacalnaximaamd KL)is luta
moxinum Vaue &
 It)

i £a)Lofbrvoues ok a sghtly besthan L and Pla)>0, o r

Yalues o a 5ghtu more them C,thencf has JaCal mlnimum abBe fosnt = .
A0,the PointaisCalled afoint ot AooA inima and tlO15,Lota
mmimu value d - -
) T £ a ) keels theSaneSiq doarvaluesa s k g h t ye s tham t nd2
Values asliaty moe than thermthasneitera Joal maimun
or lMaLminimum atthefeint deCid the faint E1SalLeda
oint i n feLtion
Seconddeivale est Letf b asumtion dined on an intevalI
Ondce T Let4 be taideditlerentiable kunttio)-

)T|LCO -0 dnd"e) L0,thenÍ has laaa maximum athe oint

A Aso the sint a=t is ralled a fant i Aacadmaaim4 and
LC) is acad maaimum value e ,
idTL=0_andf'lJ>D, sen&has lical minirolum the fant
a=LAeothePsintaacislalleda oint a Joalm.inhagaond
£lOisocalminimum ame bS
(Ri) I y-o
_amdL)-o then ue hae no.ancusiom mm the
Seignd deivative-test
ego batkothe shdeivative test to md whether artsaPoint
dotamaxima,LoCa minim.au 0d0afoint inflexion
Section – C
 Unib ALncion a l Cuus
hak 26. 9qglication o altulus noromtste. ond Eronomi
ed Cost Tt Conaists odu yPes.o osts uwhith do not thange witht
reLe bodubion It S denoted hy F and indefondent
horinsbame, banes, Interest, inSusamte, t n t ebe.
2 Vaable o s t b onists od-thase. yfeo costs which thanje wthne Jen

oducion Suh as material,labous, lockeging, delinayet,5

Tis.denobed hy vand is-defen.dent on a
3 t Huncion The Lost kmtion Ca)elrebents bhe total Costr

hoduulangaondmaakthn its omooodity

IisGin by Cla)= F +v ) , whese fiste
dixedlost Omd vl) 6 Hevamahle Cost (delondent o o)
4emand ugbionThedemand unction elresentsthe elatdonshipbetiueen-
he demandand fpite aa oomadityTisgitay-

SKosaesnut unkion hetMaue stumtion Rlx)>eiebtnts thetata

GmauntreteivtdonSelLing a units ammodity-
Tt6 Jivtn by KI)=p,uhet Pis heirite ker
ani&heGmmodity-
6 Tattionhe ofit kunction fla)ebesents the totalamlust
Ronedaomthe-fodiuttbonamd Sale bthe
Commodit4-

Caa-thetemue
kntiom Ond aStdunction2esetbdu
akExtn mnth brtak-even foinb isteJeet bodustion whesn
bhe
aeAne3tleitdbpomhe5ales is eAualtthe ost
oductton and 5aJeAt baeak-extm foint,-
he bo is Aualto Zeait Pla)=0
ic R(a)-da)=0 it R(I)= lay-
8Autae funttiom hssunctiontesSes the dhangein me uanti Otra
SeLihedange o valuestheothecuabiy
Mainal funcction Ths luntin Rxlti[es ne Chanjein one quantit 0vtra
S0a chomge in thevoas toteruantity-
L0AtaqsCosti Tis desned_at theoster Unitt a Lommadis4.
daishe numbearod-units oalammpdity foduzed and Cis
the toteLOLt ok oducng dnd Macke-tin4 taeseuatDA
Gn.mndty,hentheaenage cost,derooted ky Aci5.Jitn hy Ac=C
 MaaAinaLast i s dakntd as te instontaneo us rabeot change
tobad lostab any lael fouthfut
T is the number o units oadmamodrty Bndued
Ond Cis the borbad doSt oduing ondmatebng ese
units Commodityhen the marinal tost, demoted
by M, is JienbyMCd

2Mana ost is the kastdeivatie ofthe totaa.cost CCaJwith >tsfet

4oteeelfoutfutb
Mina AvtaeCastna) isthea g i n aunttion t astnage caSt
MALd A

Avesoa Magina ost (AMs he atmoe untiay mainaast

i AMLa M

1S Retnue I isdokned abthe tnueforwostaLosmodity

T s he numbexDg_nitsaommodi-y odued
Gnd Ais the trtak rtmke dn seuingheseaunits-
o Cosmnditythn theAveageatenul,danotd byA 2
i sGen byAR

16Maina Reamue Ttisdekned.as t,einstantacntous aabe ad.change

tob>eenue ot-ony eeodoubfut-
afis the_numbe Units a oonodity ioduted
GndRBe-totsdatitnuestlinqhe units f
Coonnadisty*hene naginal=tutrale, donatedbymR
15iaby MRd
da

17Manal Averoge AeenuemAA) is the Manginad duncton o Bmnegezedmue

MAR dLAR)
d
18AAal Moina Ranerue Ama) stheaescsedunction mafina
RAAaue AmA MA

1 9tlonomits,-when t e p Pexuit a Commodity is indelendert oftee

Deeaoutfurt tihe businesi5 Saidto loe oferattd Unde-lu Confettion
20.wben_no omfetition ise.set, e business is said to be ofevatd
-monofoy bubines.
2Cosanbe 0bbekned by integaabneman9inal ust,
C whet KIs the Constant s
integaabion,andls eauaAto the dixed 4st
22Reenuean be obtanedby inteating he MandinaiMNLUEL
ReMAdatkhed kisaLanstart viegatian
NoteR=0,4han-a0 isto beubed ox deteminini te-

deteeminatiom aostdunction Tha value ykan be obtsntd-

hexed.cost iethe ast ohen I00athe totalostat nH
anbitaoo Vaume Jien-
21ta pduzhioa Cas Lor dunils hnduled=md
25Tbaa Resenut tox dunits s0dd AJdo
26elahonbetweenAcamd ML- L A = MA)»0

24 hen Mc A

i ACintataies_uoith a and AL t is aisin9

23 ohemM - A L
misase MCa4C M-A0 heattart bomdA)=0
d
ALis Consttant iC-0oge Cot aemalns onstant akall enels foutft
29whon &Ac
Tnthis Case -ACL0 LAg2o ^fom(0}

ACdelreaseS wth amsiS kaluing